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  • 21 Riquet, Pierre Paul

    SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Civil engineering
    [br]
    b. 29 June 1604 Béziers, Hérault, France
    d. 1 October 1680 buried at Toulouse, France
    [br]
    French canal engineer and constructor of the Canal du Midi.
    [br]
    Pierre Paul Riquet was the son of a wealthy lawyer whose ancestors came from Italy. In his education at the Jesuit College in Béziers he showed obvious natural ability in science and mathematics, but he received no formal engineering training. With his own and his wife's fortunes he was able to purchase a château at Verfeil, near Toulouse. In 1630 he was appointed a collector of the salt tax in Languedoc and in a short time became Lessee General (Fermier Général) of this tax for the whole province. This entailed constant travel through the district, with the result that he became very familiar with this part of the country. He also became involved in military contracting. He acquired a vast fortune out of both activities. At this time he pondered the possibility of building a canal from Toulouse to the Mediterranean beyond Béziers and, after further investigation as to possible water supplies, he wrote to Colbert in Paris on 16 November 1662 advocating the construction of the canal. Although the idea proved acceptable it was not until 27 May 1665 that Riquet was authorized to direct operations, and on 14 October 1666 he was given authority to construct the first part of the canal, from Toulouse to Trebes. Work started on 1 January 1667. By 1669 he had between 7,000 and 8,000 men employed on the work. Unhappily, Riquet died just over six months before the canal was completed, the official opening beingon 15 May 1681.
    Although Riquet's fame rightly rests on the Canal du Midi, probably the greatest work of its time in Europe, he was also consulted about and was responsible for other projects. He built an aqueduct on more than 100 arches to lead water into the grounds of the château of his friend the marquis de Castres. The plans for this work, which involved considerable practical difficulties, were finalized in 1670, and water flowed into the château grounds in 1676. Also in 1676, Riquet was commissioned to lead the waters of the river Ourcq into Paris; he drew up plans, but he was too busy to undertake the construction and on his death the work was shelved until Napoleon's time. He was responsible for the creation of the port of Sète on the Mediterranean at the end of the Canal du Midi. He was also consulted on the supply of water to the Palace of Versailles and on a proposed route which later became the Canal de Bourgogne. Riquet was a very remarkable man: when he started the construction of the canal he was well over 60 years old, an age at which most people are retiring, and lived almost to its completion.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1973, From Sea to Sea, London: Allen Lane; rev. ed. 1994, Bridgwater: Internet Ltd.
    Jean-Denis Bergasse, 1982–7, Le Canal de Midi, 4 vols, Hérault:—Vol. I: Pierre Paul Riquet et le Canal du Midi dans les arts et la littérature; Vol II: Trois Siècles de
    batellerie et de voyage; Vol. III: Des Siècles d'aventures humaine; Vol. IV: Grands Moments et grands sites.
    JHB

    Biographical history of technology > Riquet, Pierre Paul

  • 22 Treadgold, Arthur Newton Christian

    [br]
    b. August 1863 Woolsthorpe, Grantham, Lincolnshire, England
    d. 23 March 1951 London, England
    [br]
    English organizer of the Yukon gold fields in Canada, who introduced hydraulic mining.
    [br]
    A direct descendant of Sir Isaac Newton, Treadgold worked as a schoolmaster, mostly at Bath College, for eleven years after completing his studies at Oxford University. He gained a reputation as an energetic teacher who devoted much of his work to sport, but he resigned his post and returned to Oxford; here, in 1897, he learned of the gold rush in the Klondike in the Canadian northwest. With a view to making his own fortune, he took a course in geology at the London Geological College and in 1898 set off for Dawson City, in the Yukon Territory. Working as a correspondent for two English newspapers, he studied thoroughly the situation there; he decided to join the stampede, but as a rather sophisticated gold hustler.
    As there were limited water resources for sluicing or dredging, and underground mining methods were too expensive, Treadgold conceived the idea of hydraulic mining. He designed a ditch-and-siphon system for bringing large amounts of water down from the mountains; in 1901, after three years of negotiation with the Canadian government in Ottawa, he obtained permission to set up the Treadgold Concession to cover the water supply to the Klondike mining claims. This enabled him to supply giant water cannons which battered the hillsides, breaking up the gravel which was then sluiced. Massive protests by the individual miners in the Dawson City region, which he had overrun with his system, led to the concession being rescinded in 1904. Two years later, however, Treadgold began again, forming the Yukon Gold Company, initially in partnership with Solomon Guggenheim; he started work on a channel, completed in 1910, to carry water over a distance of 115 km (70 miles) down to Bonanza Creek. In 1919 he founded the Granville Mining Company, which was to give him control of all the gold-mining operations in the southern Klondike region. When he returned to London in the following year, the company began to fail, and in 1920 he went bankrupt with liabilities totalling more than $2 million. After the Yukon Consolidated Gold Corporation had been formed in 1923, Treadgold returned to the Klondike in 1925 in order to acquire the assets of the operating companies; he gained control and personally supervised the operations. But the company drifted towards disaster, and in 1930 he was dismissed from active management and his shares were cancelled by the courts; he fought for their reinstatement right up until his death.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    L.Green, 1977, The Gold Hustlers, Anchorage, Alaska (describes this outstanding character and his unusual gold-prospecting career).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Treadgold, Arthur Newton Christian

  • 23 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

  • 24 К-300

    В КОРНЕ PrepP Invar adv
    1. \К-300 изменить что, измениться, не соглашаться и т. п. to change sth., change, disagree etc) totally, entirely
    radically
    completely absolutely fundamentally.
    ...Ему в корне чужды были побуждения к бунту... (Айтматов 2)....He was absolutely impervious to any incitement to revolt... (2a).
    2. пресечь, истребить и т. п. что - (to destroy sth.) at the very source, completely, (to stop sth.) just as it is getting started: (nip sth.) in the bud
    root out sth (cut off sth.) at the root.
    Сидоров был настоящий хозяин, знал производство... всякие махинации пресекал в корне. При нем фабрика процветала... (Рыбаков 1). Sidorov was a fine boss who knew all about production....(He) would nip any attempt at deception in the bud. The factory flourished under him (1a).
    Советским детям не полагается никакой самостоятельности, они должны делать то и только то, что им сказано. Резвость, озорство, подвижность - естественные свойства нормально развитого ребёнка - советская школа стремится истребить в корне... (Буковский 1). Soviet children are not supposed to exhibit any independence, they have to do only what they are told. Playfulness, mischievousness, restlessness-the natural attributes of a normal child-are rooted out at all costs (1a)
    «Ну что ж, Филипп, в управлении ты хозяин, бюро обкома знает только тебя. Любые сепаратные действия Запорожца пресекай в корне, мы тебя поддержим» (Рыбаков 2). "Well, Philip, you're the boss of your organization The bureau only acknowledges you. You must cut off any of Zaporozhets' separate operations at the root. And we'll support you" (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > К-300

  • 25 О-18

    ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ОБОРОТ что VP subj: human more often pfv)
    1. special \О-18 деньги, капитал to put (money) into commercial-industrial operations with the goal of receiving profits
    X пустил деньги в оборот ' X invested money. (3-й гость:) Процентные бумаги дают весьма немного дивиденда, а пускать деньги в оборот чрезвычайно опасно (Чехов 4). (Third Guest:) Interest-bearing securities yield exceedingly small returns, and to invest money is extraordinarily dangerous (4a).
    2. coll to utilize sth.: X пустил Y в оборот — X made use of Y
    X put Y to use X used Y.
    «Когда же жить? - спрашивал он опять самого себя. -Когда же, наконец, пускать в оборот этот капитал знаний, из которых большая часть еще ни на что не понадобится в жизни?» (Гончаров 1). "When am I to live?" he used to ask himself. "When shall I ever be permitted to make use of this store of knowledge, most of which will serve no purpose in my life?" (1b).
    (Хлестаков:) Разве из платья что-нибудь пустить в оборот? Штаны, что ли, продать? (Гоголь 4). ( context transl) (Kh.:) Maybe I can raise some cash on my clothes? Sell my pants? (4f).
    3. Also.
    ВВОДИТЬ/ВВЕСТИ В ОБОРОТ
    ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ОБРАЩЕНИЕ to bring sth. into general, widespread use
    X ввёл Y в оборот = X started (using) Y
    X put (introduced) Y into (widespread) circulation X put Y into use.
    ...Всё, что мог, он (Горький) уже совершил. Образец для подражания следующим поколениям соцреалистов - роман «Мать» - уже написал. Ленина и Сталина прославил. И свою знаменитую фразу «Если враг не сдаётся - его уничтожают» уже пустил в обращение (Войнович 1). ( context transl) Не (Gorky) had already accomplished all he was capable of. He had already written Mother, the novel that would serve as the model for coming generations of socialist realists. He had sung the praises of Lenin and Stalin. And his most famous phrase "If the enemy does not surrender, he is wiped out" was already in circulation (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > О-18

  • 26 в корне

    [PrepP; Invar; adv]
    =====
    1. в корне изменить что, измениться, не соглашаться и т.п. to change sth., change, disagree etc) totally, entirely:
    - fundamentally.
         ♦...Ему в корне чужды были побуждения к бунту... (Айтматов 2)....He was absolutely impervious to any incitement to revolt... (2a).
    2. пресечь, истребить и т.п. что в корне (to destroy sth.) at the very source, completely, (to stop sth.) just as it is getting started:
    - (nip sth.) in the bud;
    - (cut off sth.) at the root.
         ♦ Сидоров был настоящий хозяин, знал производство... всякие махинации пресекал в корне. При нем фабрика процветала... (Рыбаков 1). Sidorov was a fine boss who knew all about production....[He] would nip any attempt at deception in the bud. The factory flourished under him (1a).
         ♦ Советским детям не полагается никакой самостоятельности, они должны делать то и только то, что им сказано. Резвость, озорство, подвижность - естественные свойства нормально развитого ребёнка - советская школа стремится истребить в корне... (Буковский 1). Soviet children are not supposed to exhibit any independence; they have to do only what they are told. Playfulness, mischievousness, restlessness-the natural attributes of a normal child-are rooted out at all costs (1a)
         ♦ "Ну что ж, Филипп, в управлении ты хозяин, бюро обкома знает только тебя. Любые сепаратные действия Запорожца пресекай в корне, мы тебя поддержим" (Рыбаков 2). "Well, Philip, you're the boss of your organization The bureau only acknowledges you. You must cut off any of Zaporozhets' separate operations at the root. And we'll support you" (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > в корне

  • 27 ввести в оборот

    • ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ОБОРОТ что
    [VP; subj: human; more often pfv]
    =====
    1. special ввести в оборот деньги, капитал to put (money) into commercial-industrial operations with the goal of receiving profits:
    - X пустил деньги в оборот≈ X invested money.
         ♦ [3-й гость:] Процентные бумаги дают весьма немного дивиденда, а пускать деньги в оборот чрезвычайно опасно (Чехов 4). [Third Guest:] Interest-bearing securities yield exceedingly small returns, and to invest money is extraordinarily dangerous (4a).
    2. coll to utilize sth.:
    - X пустил Y в оборот≈ X made use of Y;
    - X used Y.
         ♦ "Когда же жить? - спрашивал он опять самого себя. - Когда же, наконец, пускать в оборот этот капитал знаний, из которых большая часть еще ни на что не понадобится в жизни?" (Гончаров 1). "When am I to live?" he used to ask himself. "When shall I ever be permitted to make use of this store of knowledge, most of which will serve no purpose in my life?" (1b).
         ♦ [Хлестаков:] Разве из платья что-нибудь пустить в оборот? Штаны, что ли, продать? (Гоголь 4). [context transl] [Kh.:] Maybe I can raise some cash on my clothes? Sell my pants? (4f).
    3. Also: ВВОДИТЬ/ВВЕСТИ В ОБОРОТ; ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ОБРАЩЕНИЕ to bring sth. into general, widespread use:
    - X ввёл Y в оборот≈ X started (using) Y;
    - X put < introduced> Y into (widespread) circulation;
    - X put Y into use.
         ♦...Всё, что мог, он [ Горький] уже совершил. Образец для подражания следующим поколениям соцреалистов - роман " Мать" - уже написал. Ленина и Сталина прославил. И свою знаменитую фразу "Если враг не сдаётся - его уничтожают" уже пустил в обращение (Войнович 1). [context transl] Не [Gorky] had already accomplished all he was capable of. He had already written Mother, the novel that would serve as the model for coming generations of socialist realists. He had sung the praises of Lenin and Stalin. And his most famous phrase "If the enemy does not surrender, he is wiped out" was already in circulation (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > ввести в оборот

  • 28 вводить в оборот

    • ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ОБОРОТ что
    [VP; subj: human; more often pfv]
    =====
    1. special вводить в оборот деньги, капитал to put (money) into commercial-industrial operations with the goal of receiving profits:
    - X пустил деньги в оборот≈ X invested money.
         ♦ [3-й гость:] Процентные бумаги дают весьма немного дивиденда, а пускать деньги в оборот чрезвычайно опасно (Чехов 4). [Third Guest:] Interest-bearing securities yield exceedingly small returns, and to invest money is extraordinarily dangerous (4a).
    2. coll to utilize sth.:
    - X пустил Y в оборот≈ X made use of Y;
    - X used Y.
         ♦ "Когда же жить? - спрашивал он опять самого себя. - Когда же, наконец, пускать в оборот этот капитал знаний, из которых большая часть еще ни на что не понадобится в жизни?" (Гончаров 1). "When am I to live?" he used to ask himself. "When shall I ever be permitted to make use of this store of knowledge, most of which will serve no purpose in my life?" (1b).
         ♦ [Хлестаков:] Разве из платья что-нибудь пустить в оборот? Штаны, что ли, продать? (Гоголь 4). [context transl] [Kh.:] Maybe I can raise some cash on my clothes? Sell my pants? (4f).
    3. Also: ВВОДИТЬ/ВВЕСТИ В ОБОРОТ; ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ОБРАЩЕНИЕ to bring sth. into general, widespread use:
    - X ввёл Y в оборот≈ X started (using) Y;
    - X put < introduced> Y into (widespread) circulation;
    - X put Y into use.
         ♦...Всё, что мог, он [ Горький] уже совершил. Образец для подражания следующим поколениям соцреалистов - роман " Мать" - уже написал. Ленина и Сталина прославил. И свою знаменитую фразу "Если враг не сдаётся - его уничтожают" уже пустил в обращение (Войнович 1). [context transl] Не [Gorky] had already accomplished all he was capable of. He had already written Mother, the novel that would serve as the model for coming generations of socialist realists. He had sung the praises of Lenin and Stalin. And his most famous phrase "If the enemy does not surrender, he is wiped out" was already in circulation (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > вводить в оборот

  • 29 пускать в оборот

    • ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ОБОРОТ что
    [VP; subj: human; more often pfv]
    =====
    1. special пускать в оборот деньги, капитал to put (money) into commercial-industrial operations with the goal of receiving profits:
    - X пустил деньги в оборот≈ X invested money.
         ♦ [3-й гость:] Процентные бумаги дают весьма немного дивиденда, а пускать деньги в оборот чрезвычайно опасно (Чехов 4). [Third Guest:] Interest-bearing securities yield exceedingly small returns, and to invest money is extraordinarily dangerous (4a).
    2. coll to utilize sth.:
    - X пустил Y в оборот≈ X made use of Y;
    - X used Y.
         ♦ "Когда же жить? - спрашивал он опять самого себя. - Когда же, наконец, пускать в оборот этот капитал знаний, из которых большая часть еще ни на что не понадобится в жизни?" (Гончаров 1). "When am I to live?" he used to ask himself. "When shall I ever be permitted to make use of this store of knowledge, most of which will serve no purpose in my life?" (1b).
         ♦ [Хлестаков:] Разве из платья что-нибудь пустить в оборот? Штаны, что ли, продать? (Гоголь 4). [context transl] [Kh.:] Maybe I can raise some cash on my clothes? Sell my pants? (4f).
    3. Also: ВВОДИТЬ/ВВЕСТИ В ОБОРОТ; ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ОБРАЩЕНИЕ to bring sth. into general, widespread use:
    - X ввёл Y в оборот≈ X started (using) Y;
    - X put < introduced> Y into (widespread) circulation;
    - X put Y into use.
         ♦...Всё, что мог, он [ Горький] уже совершил. Образец для подражания следующим поколениям соцреалистов - роман " Мать" - уже написал. Ленина и Сталина прославил. И свою знаменитую фразу "Если враг не сдаётся - его уничтожают" уже пустил в обращение (Войнович 1). [context transl] Не [Gorky] had already accomplished all he was capable of. He had already written Mother, the novel that would serve as the model for coming generations of socialist realists. He had sung the praises of Lenin and Stalin. And his most famous phrase "If the enemy does not surrender, he is wiped out" was already in circulation (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > пускать в оборот

  • 30 пускать в обращение

    • ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ОБОРОТ что
    [VP; subj: human; more often pfv]
    =====
    1. special пускать в обращение деньги, капитал to put (money) into commercial-industrial operations with the goal of receiving profits:
    - X пустил деньги в оборот≈ X invested money.
         ♦ [3-й гость:] Процентные бумаги дают весьма немного дивиденда, а пускать деньги в оборот чрезвычайно опасно (Чехов 4). [Third Guest:] Interest-bearing securities yield exceedingly small returns, and to invest money is extraordinarily dangerous (4a).
    2. coll to utilize sth.:
    - X пустил Y в оборот≈ X made use of Y;
    - X used Y.
         ♦ "Когда же жить? - спрашивал он опять самого себя. - Когда же, наконец, пускать в оборот этот капитал знаний, из которых большая часть еще ни на что не понадобится в жизни?" (Гончаров 1). "When am I to live?" he used to ask himself. "When shall I ever be permitted to make use of this store of knowledge, most of which will serve no purpose in my life?" (1b).
         ♦ [Хлестаков:] Разве из платья что-нибудь пустить в оборот? Штаны, что ли, продать? (Гоголь 4). [context transl] [Kh.:] Maybe I can raise some cash on my clothes? Sell my pants? (4f).
    3. Also: ВВОДИТЬ/ВВЕСТИ В ОБОРОТ; ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ОБРАЩЕНИЕ to bring sth. into general, widespread use:
    - X ввёл Y в оборот≈ X started (using) Y;
    - X put < introduced> Y into (widespread) circulation;
    - X put Y into use.
         ♦...Всё, что мог, он [ Горький] уже совершил. Образец для подражания следующим поколениям соцреалистов - роман " Мать" - уже написал. Ленина и Сталина прославил. И свою знаменитую фразу "Если враг не сдаётся - его уничтожают" уже пустил в обращение (Войнович 1). [context transl] Не [Gorky] had already accomplished all he was capable of. He had already written Mother, the novel that would serve as the model for coming generations of socialist realists. He had sung the praises of Lenin and Stalin. And his most famous phrase "If the enemy does not surrender, he is wiped out" was already in circulation (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > пускать в обращение

  • 31 пустить в оборот

    • ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ОБОРОТ что
    [VP; subj: human; more often pfv]
    =====
    1. special пустить в оборот деньги, капитал to put (money) into commercial-industrial operations with the goal of receiving profits:
    - X пустил деньги в оборот≈ X invested money.
         ♦ [3-й гость:] Процентные бумаги дают весьма немного дивиденда, а пускать деньги в оборот чрезвычайно опасно (Чехов 4). [Third Guest:] Interest-bearing securities yield exceedingly small returns, and to invest money is extraordinarily dangerous (4a).
    2. coll to utilize sth.:
    - X пустил Y в оборот≈ X made use of Y;
    - X used Y.
         ♦ "Когда же жить? - спрашивал он опять самого себя. - Когда же, наконец, пускать в оборот этот капитал знаний, из которых большая часть еще ни на что не понадобится в жизни?" (Гончаров 1). "When am I to live?" he used to ask himself. "When shall I ever be permitted to make use of this store of knowledge, most of which will serve no purpose in my life?" (1b).
         ♦ [Хлестаков:] Разве из платья что-нибудь пустить в оборот? Штаны, что ли, продать? (Гоголь 4). [context transl] [Kh.:] Maybe I can raise some cash on my clothes? Sell my pants? (4f).
    3. Also: ВВОДИТЬ/ВВЕСТИ В ОБОРОТ; ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ОБРАЩЕНИЕ to bring sth. into general, widespread use:
    - X ввёл Y в оборот≈ X started (using) Y;
    - X put < introduced> Y into (widespread) circulation;
    - X put Y into use.
         ♦...Всё, что мог, он [ Горький] уже совершил. Образец для подражания следующим поколениям соцреалистов - роман " Мать" - уже написал. Ленина и Сталина прославил. И свою знаменитую фразу "Если враг не сдаётся - его уничтожают" уже пустил в обращение (Войнович 1). [context transl] Не [Gorky] had already accomplished all he was capable of. He had already written Mother, the novel that would serve as the model for coming generations of socialist realists. He had sung the praises of Lenin and Stalin. And his most famous phrase "If the enemy does not surrender, he is wiped out" was already in circulation (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > пустить в оборот

  • 32 пустить в обращение

    • ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ОБОРОТ что
    [VP; subj: human; more often pfv]
    =====
    1. special пустить в обращение деньги, капитал to put (money) into commercial-industrial operations with the goal of receiving profits:
    - X пустил деньги в оборот≈ X invested money.
         ♦ [3-й гость:] Процентные бумаги дают весьма немного дивиденда, а пускать деньги в оборот чрезвычайно опасно (Чехов 4). [Third Guest:] Interest-bearing securities yield exceedingly small returns, and to invest money is extraordinarily dangerous (4a).
    2. coll to utilize sth.:
    - X пустил Y в оборот≈ X made use of Y;
    - X used Y.
         ♦ "Когда же жить? - спрашивал он опять самого себя. - Когда же, наконец, пускать в оборот этот капитал знаний, из которых большая часть еще ни на что не понадобится в жизни?" (Гончаров 1). "When am I to live?" he used to ask himself. "When shall I ever be permitted to make use of this store of knowledge, most of which will serve no purpose in my life?" (1b).
         ♦ [Хлестаков:] Разве из платья что-нибудь пустить в оборот? Штаны, что ли, продать? (Гоголь 4). [context transl] [Kh.:] Maybe I can raise some cash on my clothes? Sell my pants? (4f).
    3. Also: ВВОДИТЬ/ВВЕСТИ В ОБОРОТ; ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ОБРАЩЕНИЕ to bring sth. into general, widespread use:
    - X ввёл Y в оборот≈ X started (using) Y;
    - X put < introduced> Y into (widespread) circulation;
    - X put Y into use.
         ♦...Всё, что мог, он [ Горький] уже совершил. Образец для подражания следующим поколениям соцреалистов - роман " Мать" - уже написал. Ленина и Сталина прославил. И свою знаменитую фразу "Если враг не сдаётся - его уничтожают" уже пустил в обращение (Войнович 1). [context transl] Не [Gorky] had already accomplished all he was capable of. He had already written Mother, the novel that would serve as the model for coming generations of socialist realists. He had sung the praises of Lenin and Stalin. And his most famous phrase "If the enemy does not surrender, he is wiped out" was already in circulation (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > пустить в обращение

  • 33 baja

    f.
    1 drop, fall (descenso).
    redondear el precio a la baja to round the price down
    el precio del cacao sigue a la baja the price of cocoa is continuing to fall
    tendencia a la baja downward trend
    2 redundancy (cese) (forzado).
    dar de baja a alguien to lay somebody off; (en empresa) to expel somebody (en club, sindicato)
    3 sick leave (por enfermedad) (permiso). (peninsular Spanish)
    estar/darse de baja to be on/take sick leave
    baja por maternidad maternity leave
    4 loss, casualty (military).
    bajas civiles civilian casualties
    5 pasha, Moslem honorary title, Moslem honourary title, pacha.
    6 doctor's excuse, doctor's line, doctor's note.
    7 lay off period.
    8 termination of employment.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: bajar.
    * * *
    1 (descenso) fall, drop
    2 MILITAR casualty
    3 (por enfermedad) sick leave; (justificante) medical certificate, doctor's note
    \
    dar de baja (a enfermo) to give a sick note to 2 (a socio de club) to expel 3 (a soldado) to declare missing
    darse de baja (de un club) to cancel one's membership, leave, drop out 2 (en una suscripción) to cancel one's subscription 3 (por enfermedad) to take sick leave
    estar de baja (enfermo) to be off sick 2 (pasado) to be dropping, on the way out
    estar en baja to be dropping, on the way out
    ser baja (deportista) to be injured, not be playing 2 (militar) to be reported missing
    * * *
    1. f., (m. - bajo) 2. noun f.
    2) fall, drop, slump
    •
    - darse de baja
    - estar de baja
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=descenso) fall, drop

    • a la baja — [evolución, tendencia] downward

    • abrir a la baja — (Bolsa) to open down

    • cerrar a la baja — (Bolsa) to close down

    la Bolsa cerró a la baja en el día de ayer — the Stock Exchange closed down o was down at the close of trading yesterday

    • corregir algo a la baja — to adjust sth downwards

    • cotizarse a la baja — (Bolsa) to trade low

    • estar en baja — to be in decline

    la Bolsa está en baja — there is a downward trend in the Stock Exchange, the Stock Exchange is in decline

    2) (=cese)
    [en organización, suscripción, trabajo]

    el nuevo estilo de la revista ha causado numerosas bajas — the new style of the magazine has led many people to cancel their subscription

    • dar de baja — [+ socio] to expel; [+ abogado, médico] to strike off; [+ militar] to discharge; [+ empleado] to dismiss, fire; [+ empresa, sociedad] to dissolve; [+ coche] to take out of circulation; [+ avión, tren] to decommission; [+ teléfono, luz] to have disconnected

    la dieron de baja del club por no pagar la suscripción — her membership of the club was cancelled because she had failed to pay her subscription

    • darse de baja — [de club, institución, partido] to leave; [de revista, periódico] to cancel one's subscription

    • pedir la baja — to hand in one's resignation

    baja voluntaria — [por dimisión] voluntary redundancy; [por jubilación] early retirement

    3) (=ausencia laboral)

    • dar de baja, se le dará de baja a partir del día de la operación — she will be on sick leave from the day of the operation

    • estar de baja — to be on sick leave, be off sick

    • pedir la baja — to ask for o apply for sick leave

    4) (Dep) [por descalificación] suspension; [por lesión] injury
    5) Esp (Med) (=certificado) medical certificate, sick note *
    6) (Mil) (=víctima) casualty
    * * *
    1) ( descenso) fall, drop

    a la baja: tendencia a la baja downward trend; los que juegan a la baja — those who are selling for a fall, the bears

    2)
    a) (Esp) (Rels Labs) ( permiso) sick leave; ( certificado) medical certificate

    está (dado) de baja — he's off sick o on sick leave

    b) (Dep)
    c) (Mil) ( muerte) loss, casualty
    3)

    ha habido varias bajas — ( en clase) several students have dropped out o left; ( en asociación) several members have left

    darse de baja — ( en club) to cancel one's membership, leave; ( en partido) to resign, leave

    causó baja en nuestra empresa — (Esp) he left our employment

    b) (Mil) ( cese) discharge
    c) ( en puesto)

    el equipo lo dio de baja — the club cut him (AmE), the club released him (BrE)

    •
    * * *
    1) ( descenso) fall, drop

    a la baja: tendencia a la baja downward trend; los que juegan a la baja — those who are selling for a fall, the bears

    2)
    a) (Esp) (Rels Labs) ( permiso) sick leave; ( certificado) medical certificate

    está (dado) de baja — he's off sick o on sick leave

    b) (Dep)
    c) (Mil) ( muerte) loss, casualty
    3)

    ha habido varias bajas — ( en clase) several students have dropped out o left; ( en asociación) several members have left

    darse de baja — ( en club) to cancel one's membership, leave; ( en partido) to resign, leave

    causó baja en nuestra empresa — (Esp) he left our employment

    b) (Mil) ( cese) discharge
    c) ( en puesto)

    el equipo lo dio de baja — the club cut him (AmE), the club released him (BrE)

    •
    * * *
    baja1
    1 = drop, fall.

    Ex: Perfect recall can only be achieved by a drop in the proportion of relevant documents considered.

    Ex: There has been a rapid increase in the number and costs of science, technology and medicine scholarly titles in recent years, and a fall in subscriptions.
    * a la baja = on the wane.
    * estar a la baja = be down.
    * ir a la baja = be down.
    * Nombre + a la baja = Nombre + down.

    baja2
    2 = leave.

    Ex: The induction course will give all the necessary employment details relating to such matters as the amount of leave entitlement, insurance stoppages, what to do in case of sickness, etc..

    * baja maternal = maternity leave, maternal leave.
    * baja paternal = paternal leave.
    * baja por enfermedad = sick leave, sickness leave.
    * baja por maternidad = maternity leave, parental leave, maternal leave.
    * baja por paternidad = paternal leave.
    * baja temporal = temporary leave.
    * dar de baja = take out of + circulation.
    * estar de baja = be off work.
    * estar de baja por enfermedad = be off work sick.

    baja3

    Ex: No area of library operations would be unaffected -- from the selection of materials to the hiring and termination of personnel.

    * dado de baja = written-off.
    * darse de baja de una suscripción = unsubscribe.

    baja4

    Ex: Unfortunately, there are indications that the use of rubber stamps in libraries may be among the first casualties of the information revolution.

    * baja de guerra = war casualty.
    * baja en combate = combat casualty.

    * * *
    A (descenso) fall, drop
    una baja en el número de inscripciones a fall o drop in the number of enrollments
    su popularidad está en baja his popularity is waning o declining o on the wane
    hubo una baja de tensión ( RPl); there was a drop in voltage
    a la baja: el precio del crudo sigue a la baja the price of crude oil continues to fall
    continúa la tendencia a la baja en las cuatro bolsas the downward trend continues o stocks continue to fall on all four exchanges
    los que jugaban a la baja those who were selling for a fall, the bears
    B
    1
    ( Esp) ( Dep): Pardo es baja para el partido del domingo Pardo is out of Sunday's game
    el equipo tiene varias bajas the team is without several of its usual players
    2 ( Mil) (muerte) loss, casualty
    los rebeldes tuvieron trece bajas the rebels lost thirteen men
    registraron varias bajas they suffered several casualties o the loss of several men
    3 ( Esp) ( Rels Labs) (permiso) sick leave; (certificado) medical certificate
    debe presentar la baja you must produce your medical certificate
    está (dado) de baja desde hace dos meses he's been off sick o on sick leave for two months
    Compuesto:
    maternity leave
    C
    1
    (en un club, una organización): ha habido or se han registrado or se han producido varias bajas (en una clase) several students have dropped out o left; (en una asociación) several members have left
    lo dieron de baja en el club por no pagar la cuota they canceled his membership of the club o threw him out of the club for not paying his subscription
    darse de baja (en un club) to cancel one's membership, leave; (en un partido) to resign, leave; (en el consulado) to have one's name removed from the register; (de un sitio web) to unsubscribe
    2 ( Mil) (cese) discharge
    pidió la baja en el ejército he applied for a discharge o to be discharged from the army
    fue dado de baja he was discharged
    3
    (en un puesto): la empresa lo dio de baja the company dismissed him, the company cut him ( AmE), the company sacked him ( BrE)
    lo dieron de baja por invalidez he was dismissed because of illness o on health grounds
    durante los tres meses posteriores a la fecha de la baja in the three months following termination of employment
    causó baja en nuestra organización en mayo de 2008 ( Esp); he left our employment o ( frml) employ in May 2008
    Compuestos:
    voluntary redundancy ( with incentive payment)
    reducir la plantilla mediante bajas vegetativas to reduce the workforce by attrition ( AmE) o ( BrE) natural wastage
    voluntary redundancy
    * * *

     

    Del verbo bajar: ( conjugate bajar)

    baja es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    baja    
    bajar
    baja sustantivo femenino
    1 ( descenso) fall, drop;
    ◊ una baja en los precios a fall o drop in prices;

    la baja de las tasas de interés the cut in interest rates;
    tendencia a la baja downward trend
    2
    a) (Esp) (Rels Labs) ( permiso) sick leave;

    ( certificado) medical certificate;
    ◊ está (dado) de baja he's off sick o on sick leave;

    baja por maternidad (Esp) maternity leave
    b) (Dep):


    c) (Mil) ( muerte) loss, casualty

    3 ( en entidad):


    ( en partido) to resign, leave;
    (Mil) ( cese) discharge;

    bajar ( conjugate bajar) verbo intransitivo
    1
    a) [ascensor/persona] ( alejándose) to go down;

    ( acercándose) to come down;
    ◊ baja por las escaleras to go/come down the stairs;

    ya bajo I'll be right down
    b) ( apearse) baja de algo ‹de tren/avión› to get off sth;

    ‹ de coche› to get out of sth;
    ‹de caballo/bicicleta› to get off sth
    c) (Dep) [ equipo] to go down

    2

    b) [fiebre/tensión] to go down, drop;

    [ hinchazón] to go down;
    [ temperatura] to fall, drop
    c) [precio/valor] to fall, drop;

    [ calidad] to deteriorate;
    [ popularidad] to diminish;

    verbo transitivo
    1 ‹escalera/cuesta› to go down
    2 ‹brazo/mano› to put down, lower
    3
    a) baja algo (de algo) ‹de armario/estante› to get sth down (from sth);

    ‹ del piso de arriba› ( traer) to bring sth down (from sth);
    ( llevar) to take sth down (to sth)
    b) baja a algn de algo ‹de mesa/caballo› to get sb off sth

    4
    a) ‹persiana/telón› to lower;

    ‹ ventanilla› to open

    5 ‹ precio› to lower;
    ‹ fiebre› to bring down;
    ‹ volumen› to turn down;
    ‹ voz› to lower
    bajarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( apearse) bajase de algo ‹de tren/autobús› to get off sth;
    ‹ de coche› to get out of sth;
    ‹de caballo/bicicleta› to get off sth;
    ‹de pared/árbol› to get down off sth
    2 ‹ pantalones› to take down;
    ‹ falda› to pull down
    bajo,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 low
    2 (de poca estatura) short: es muy bajo para jugar al baloncesto, he's a bit too short to play basketball
    3 (poco intenso) faint, soft: en este local la música está baja, the music isn't very loud here
    4 (escaso) poor: su nivel es muy bajo, his level is very low
    este queso es bajo en calorías, this cheese is low in calories
    5 Mús low
    6 fig (mezquino, vil, ruin) base, despicable: tiene muy bajos instintos, he's absolutely contemptible
    bajos fondos, the underworld
    la clase baja, the lower class
    II adverbio low: habla bajo, por favor, please speak quietly
    por lo b., (a sus espaldas, disimuladamente) on the sly: con Pedro es muy amable, pero por lo bajo echa pestes de él, she's very nice to Pedro, but she's always slagging him off behind his back
    (como mínimo) at least: ese libro cuesta cinco mil pesetas tirando por lo bajo, that book costs at least five thousand pesetas
    III sustantivo masculino
    1 Mús (instrumento, cantante, instrumentista) bass
    2 (de un edificio) ground floor
    3 (de una prenda) hem
    IV mpl Mec underneath: las piedras del camino le rozaron los bajos del coche, we scratched the bottom of the car against the stones on the road
    V preposición
    1 (lugar) under, underneath
    bajo techo, under shelter
    bajo tierra, underground
    bajo la tormenta, in the storm
    2 Pol Hist under
    bajo la dictadura, under the dictatorship 3 bajo cero, (temperatura) below zero
    4 Jur under
    bajo fianza, on bail
    bajo juramento, under oath
    bajo multa de cien mil pesetas, subject to a fine of one hundred thousand pesetas
    bajo ningún concepto, under no circumstances
    firmó la declaración bajo presión, she signed the declaration under pressure
    La traducción más común del adjetivo es low. Sin embargo, recuerda que cuando quieres describir a una persona debes usar la palabra short: Es muy bajo para su edad. He's very short for his age.
    baja sustantivo femenino
    1 (informe médico) sick note
    baja por enfermedad, sick leave
    baja por maternidad, maternity leave
    2 (descenso) drop, fall
    3 Mil (víctima, herido) casualty: nuestro ejército no ha sufrido bajas, we haven't suffered any casualties
    ♦ Locuciones: coger la baja, (por enfermedad) to take sick leave
    darse de baja, (de una asociación, una actividad) to resign [de, from], drop out [de, of]
    estar de baja, (por enfermedad) to be off sick
    Fin jugar a la baja, to operate for a fall
    bajar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (descender) to come o go down: bajé corriendo la cuesta, I ran downhill ➣ Ver nota en ir 2 (llevar algo abajo) to bring o get o take down: baja los disfraces del trastero, bring the costumes down from the attic
    3 (un telón) to lower
    (una persiana) to let down
    (la cabeza) to bow o lower
    4 (reducir el volumen) to turn down
    (la voz) to lower
    5 (los precios, etc) to reduce, cut
    6 (ropa, dobladillo) tengo que bajar el vestido, I've got to let the hem down
    7 Mús tienes que bajar un tono, you've got to go down a tone
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 to go o come down: bajamos al bar, we went down to the bar
    2 (apearse de un tren, un autobús) to get off
    (de un coche) to get out [de, of]: tienes que bajarte en la siguiente parada, you've got to get off at the next stop
    3 (disminuir la temperatura, los precios) to fall, drop: ha bajado su cotización en la bolsa, its share prices have dropped in the stock exchange
    ' baja' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bajar
    - bajinis
    - bajo
    - borrarse
    - cabeza
    - cámara
    - despacio
    - estar
    - estofa
    - forma
    - fresca
    - fresco
    - grosera
    - grosero
    - jugar
    - marea
    - media
    - medio
    - planta
    - riñón
    - telebasura
    - temblor
    - temporada
    - tensión
    - tintorro
    - voz
    - clase
    - fondo
    - incapacidad
    - petiso
    - renacuajo
    - roto
    English:
    alternate
    - attrition rate
    - breath
    - breathe
    - casualty
    - discharge
    - downstairs
    - downturn
    - downward
    - downwards
    - fall behind
    - floor
    - form
    - ground floor
    - house
    - low-calorie
    - lower
    - lower-class
    - off
    - off-peak
    - quietly
    - season
    - shoddiness
    - sick
    - sick-leave
    - simmer
    - slide
    - undertone
    - voice
    - whisper
    - work
    - down
    - drop
    - go
    - ground
    - hushed
    - low
    - red
    - slump
    - small
    - sweep
    - tide
    - under
    - voluntary
    - water
    - way
    * * *
    baja nf
    1. [descenso] drop, fall;
    una baja en las temperaturas a drop in temperature;
    no se descarta una baja en los tipos de interés a cut in interest rates isn't being ruled out;
    redondear el precio a la baja to round the price down;
    el precio del cacao sigue a la baja the price of cocoa is continuing to fall, the slump in the price of cocoa is continuing;
    la bolsa de Madrid sigue a la baja share prices on the Madrid stock exchange are continuing to fall;
    tendencia a la baja downward trend;
    las eléctricas cotizaron ayer a la baja share prices for the electricity companies fell yesterday;
    Fin
    jugar a la baja to bear the market
    2. [cese] lay-off, Br redundancy;
    han anunciado veinte bajas [forzadas] they have announced twenty lay-offs o Br redundancies;
    la empresa ha sufrido bajas entre sus directivos [voluntarias] a number of managers have left the firm;
    la pérdida de las elecciones provocó cientos de bajas en el partido the election defeat caused hundreds of people to leave the party;
    dar de baja a alguien [en una empresa] to lay sb off;
    [en un club, sindicato] to expel sb;
    darse de baja (de) [dimitir] to resign (from);
    [salirse] to drop out (of);
    pedir la baja [de un club, organización] to ask to leave;
    [del ejército] to apply for a discharge baja incentivada voluntary lay-off o Br redundancy;
    baja retribuida paid leave;
    baja no retribuida unpaid leave;
    baja con sueldo paid leave;
    baja sin sueldo unpaid leave
    3. Esp [por enfermedad] [permiso] sick leave;
    [documento] sick note, doctor's certificate;
    estar/darse de baja to be on/take sick leave
    baja por enfermedad sick leave;
    baja por maternidad maternity leave;
    baja por paternidad paternity leave
    4. Mil loss, casualty;
    se registraron numerosas bajas en el combate they suffered heavy casualties in the battle, a number of people were lost in the battle
    5. Dep [por lesión] casualty, injured player;
    [por sanción] suspended player;
    al no haberse recuperado todavía, el brasileño causa o [m5] es baja para el próximo encuentro as he still hasn't recovered from injury, the Brazilian is out of the next game;
    acudieron a la final con varias bajas importantes they went into the final with a number of important players missing
    * * *
    f
    1 descenso fall, drop;
    jugar a la baja FIN gamble on a bear market
    2 persona casualty;
    bajas pl MIL casualties
    :
    causar baja resign, leave;
    dar de baja dismiss;
    darse de baja resign, leave ( por because of);
    estar de baja (por enfermedad) be off sick, be on sick leave
    * * *
    baja nf
    1) descenso: fall, drop
    2) : slump, recession
    3) : loss, casualty
    4)
    dar de baja : to discharge, to dismiss
    5)
    darse de baja : to withdraw, to drop out
    * * *
    baja n
    1. (disminución) fall / drop
    3. (persona muerta) casualty [pl. casualties]
    4. (documento) sick note / doctor's note
    estar de baja to be off sick / to be on sick leave

    Spanish-English dictionary > baja

  • 34 movimiento


    movimiento sustantivo masculino 1 el movimiento surrealista the surrealist movement; movimiento pictórico school of painting; movimiento sísmico earth tremor
    b) (Fís, Tec) motion, movement;
    se puso en movimiento it started moving
    c) (agitación, actividad) activity;
    2 (Mús) ( parte de obra) movement; ( compás) tempo 3 (Jueg) move
    movimiento sustantivo masculino
    1 movement Fís Téc motion
    2 (actividad) activity
    3 Com Fin (de una cuenta) operations
    4 (alzamiento, manifestación social) movement
    el movimiento feminista, the feminist movement
    5 Mús (de una composición) movement ' movimiento' also found in these entries: Spanish: abajo - ademán - animación - bloquear - delante - desplazamiento - detenida - detenido - ejercicio - en - entre - febril - gestarse - gravitatoria - gravitatorio - inerte - inmovilizar - intranquila - intranquilo - obrera - obrero - oscilación - pendular - quieta - quieto - refleja - reflejo - retroceso - revigorizar - sacudida - sandinista - suelta - suelto - tic - trabar - traslación - vaivén - vanguardista - ver - veloz - viaje - adelante - adentro - adherir - afuera - ágil - arriba - ascendente - avance - brusco English: along - anywhere - approach - astir - away - backward - bandwagon - bob - bump - by - check - dive - dodge - double-jointed - down - flap - flick - flow - forward - gesture - in - indoors - into - jerk - laboured - liberation - measured - motion - move - movement - off - on - over - past - perpetual - perpetual motion - poof - pro-life - set - sharp - sideways - smooth - speed - stamp - sudden - turnover - uncontrollable - underground - way - women's lib

    English-spanish dictionary > movimiento

  • 35 comenzar operaciones

    v.
    to begin operations, to begin operation, to begin to roll, to start rolling.
    Las máquinas iniciaron ayer The machines started=began operation yesterday

    Spanish-English dictionary > comenzar operaciones

  • 36 Ford, Henry

    (1863–1947) Gen Mgt
    U.S. industrialist. Founder of the Ford Motor Company, who organized the assembly line along the scientific management principles of Frederick Winslow Taylor and recorded his philosophy in My Life and Work (1922)
         After spending time as a machinist’s apprentice, a watch repairer, and a mechanic, Ford built his first car in 1896. He quickly became convinced of the vehicle’s commercial potential and started his own company in 1903. His first car was the Model A. After a year in business he was selling 600 a month.
         In 1907 Ford professed that his aim was to build a motor car for the masses. In 1908 his Model T was born. Through innovative use of new mass-production techniques, 15 million Model Ts were produced between 1908 and 1927.
         At that time, Ford’s factory at Highland Park, Michigan, was the biggest in the world. Over 14,000 people worked on the 57-acre site. He was quick to establish international operations as well. Ford’s first overseas sales branch was opened in France in 1908 and, in 1911, Ford began making cars in the United Kingdom.
         In 1919 Henry Ford resigned as the company’s president, letting his son, Edsel, take over. By then the Ford company was making a car a minute and Ford’s market share was in excess of 57%.

    The ultimate business dictionary > Ford, Henry

  • 37 Cobham, Sir Alan John

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 6 May 1894 London, England
    d. 21 October 1973 British Virgin Islands
    [br]
    English pilot who pioneered worldwide air routes and developed an in-flight refuelling system which is in use today.
    [br]
    Alan Cobham was a man of many parts. He started as a veterinary assistant in France during the First World War, but transferred to the Royal Flying Corps in 1917. After the war he continued flying, by giving joy-rides and doing aerial photography work. In 1921 he joined the De Havilland Aircraft Company (see de Havilland, Geoffrey) as a test and charter pilot; he was also successful in a number of air races. During the 1920s Cobham made many notable flights to distant parts of the British Empire, pioneering possible routes for airline operations. During the early 1930s Sir Alan (he was knighted in 1926) devoted his attention to generating a public interest in aviation and to campaigning for more airfields. Cobham's Flying Circus toured the country giving flying displays and joy-rides, which for thousands of people was their first experience of flying.
    In 1933 Cobham planned a non-stop flight to India by refuelling his aircraft while flying: this was not a new idea but the process was still experimental. The flight was unsuccessful due to a fault in his aircraft, unrelated to the in-flight refuelling system. The following year Flight Refuelling Ltd was founded, and by 1939 two Short flying boats were operating the first inflight-refuelled service across the Atlantic. Inflight refuelling was not required during the early years of the Second World War, so Cobham turned to other projects such as thermal de-icing of wings, and a scheme which was not carried out, for delivering fighters to the Middle East by towing them behind Wellington bombers.
    After the Second World War the fortunes of Flight Refuelling Ltd were at a low ebb, especially when British South American Airways abandoned the idea of using in-flight refuelling. Then an American contract and the use of their tanker aircraft to ferry oil during the Berlin Airlift saved the day. In 1949 Cobham's chief designer, Peter Macgregor, came up with an idea for refuelling fighters using a probe and drogue system. A large tanker aircraft trailed a hose with a conical drogue at the free end. The fighter pilot manoeuvred the probe, fitted to his aircraft, so that it locked into the drogue, enabling fuel to be transferred. Since the 1950s this system has become the effective world standard.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1926. Air Force Cross 1926.
    Bibliography
    1978, A Time to Fly, ed. C.Derrick, London; pub. in paperback 1986 (Cobham's memoirs).
    Flight to the Cape and Back, 1926, London; Australia and Back, 1926, London;
    Twenty Thousand Miles in a Flying Boat, 1930, London.
    Further Reading
    Peter G.Proctor, 1975, "The life and work of Sir Alan Cobham", Aerospace (RAeS) (March).
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Cobham, Sir Alan John

  • 38 Handley Page, Sir Frederick

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 15 November 1885 Cheltenham, England
    d. 21 April 1962 London, England
    [br]
    English aviation pioneer, specialist in large aircraft and developer of the slotted wing for safer slow flying.
    [br]
    Frederick Handley Page trained as an electrical engineer but soon turned his attention to the more exciting world of aeronautics. He started by manufacturing propellers for aeroplanes and airships, and then in 1909 he founded a public company. His first aeroplane, the Bluebird, was not a success, but an improved version flew well. It was known as the "Yellow Peril" because of its yellow doped finish and made a notable flight across London from Barking to Brooklands. In 1910 Handley Page became one of the first college lecturers in aeronautical engineering. During the First World War Handley Page concentrated on the production of large bombers. The 0/100 was a biplane with a wing span of 100 ft (30 m) and powered by two engines: it entered service in 1916. In 1918 an improved version, the 0/400, entered service and a larger four-engined bomber made its first flight. This was the V/1500, which was designed to bomb Berlin, but the war ended before this raid took place. After the war, Handley Page turned his attention to airline operations with the great advantage of having at his disposal large bombers which could be adapted to carry passengers. Handley Page Air Transport Ltd was formed in 1919 and provided services to several European cities. Eventually this company became part of Imperial Airways, but Handley Page continued to supply them with large airliners. Probably the most famous was the majestic HP 42 four-engined biplane, which set very high standards of comfort and safety. Safety was always important to Handley Page and in 1920 he developed a wing with a slot along the leading edge: this made slow flying safer by delaying the stall. Later versions used separate aerofoil-shaped slats on the leading edge that were sometimes fixed, sometimes retractable. The HP 42 was fitted with these slats. From the 1930s Handley Page produced a series of bombers, such as the Heyford, Hampden, Harrow and, most famous of all, the Halifax, which played a major role in the Second World War. Then followed the Victor V-bomber of 1952 with its distinctive "crescent" wing and high tailplane. Sir Frederick's last venture was the Herald short-haul airliner of 1955; designed to replace the ubiquitous Douglas DC-3, it was only a limited success.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1942. CBE 1918. Lord Lieutenant of the County of Middlesex 1956–60. Honorary Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society.
    Bibliography
    1950, "Towards slower and safer flying, improved take-off and landing and cheaper airports", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society.
    Further Reading
    D.C.Clayton, 1970, Handley Page: An Aircraft Album, London (for details of his aircraft).
    C.H.Barnes, 1976, Handley Page Aircraft since 1907, London.
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Handley Page, Sir Frederick

  • 39 Polhem, Christopher

    [br]
    b. 18 December 1661 Tingstade, Gotland, Sweden d. 1751
    [br]
    Swedish engineer and inventor.
    [br]
    He was the eldest son of Wolf Christopher Polhamma, a merchant. The father died in 1669 and the son was sent by his stepfather to an uncle in Stockholm who found him a place in the Deutsche Rechenschule. After the death of his uncle, he was forced to find employment, which he did with the Biorenklou family near Uppsala where he eventually became a kind of estate bailiff. It was during this period that he started to work with a lathe, a forge and at carpentry, displaying great technical ability. He realized that without further education he had little chance of making anything of his life, and accordingly, in 1687, he registered at the University of Uppsala where he studied astronomy and mathematics, remaining there for three years. He also repaired two astronomical pendulum clocks as well as the decrepit medieval clock in the cathedral. After a year's work he had this clock running properly: this was his breakthrough. He was summoned to Stockholm where the King awarded him a salary of 500 dalers a year as an encouragement to further efforts. Around this time, one of increasing mechanization and when mining was Sweden's principal industry, Pohlem made a model of a hoist frame for mines and the Mines Authority encouraged him to develop his ideas. In 1693 Polhem completed the Blankstot hoist at the Stora Kopparberg mine, which attracted great interest on the European continent.
    From 1694 to 1696 Polhem toured factories, mills and mines abroad in Germany, Holland, England and France, studying machinery of all kinds and meeting many foreign engineers. In 1698 he was appointed Director of Mining Engineering in Sweden, and in 1700 he became Master of Construction in the Falu Mine. He installed the Karl XII hoist there, powered by moving beams from a distant water-wheel. His plan of 1697 for all the machinery at the Falu mine to be driven by three large and remote water-wheels was never completed.
    In 1707 he was invited by the Elector of Hanover to visit the mines in the Harz district, where he successfully explained many of his ideas which were adopted by the local engineers. In 1700, in conjunction with Gabriel Stierncrona, he founded the Stiersunds Bruk at Husby in Southern Dalarna, a factory for the mass production of metal goods in iron, steel and bronze. Simple articles such as pans, trays, bowls, knives, scissors and mirrors were made there, together with the more sophisticated Polhem lock and the Stiersunds clock. Production was based on water power. Gear cutting for the clocks, shaping hammers for plates, file cutting and many other operations were all water powered, as was a roller mill for the sheet metal used in the factory. He also designed textile machinery such as stocking looms and spinning frames and machines for the manufacture of ribbons and other things.
    In many of his ideas Polhem was in advance of his time and Swedish country society was unable to absorb them. This was largely the reason for the Stiersund project being only a partial success. Polhem, too, was of a disputatious nature, self-opinionated almost to the point of conceit. He was a prolific writer, leaving over 20,000 pages of manuscript notes, drafts, essays on a wide range of subjects, which included building, brick-making, barrels, wheel-making, bell-casting, organ-building, methods of stopping a horse from bolting and a curious tap "to prevent serving maids from sneaking wine from the cask", the construction of ploughs and threshing machines. His major work, Kort Berattelse om de Fornamsta Mechaniska Inventioner (A Brief Account of the Most Famous Inventions), was printed in 1729 and is the main source of knowledge about his technological work. He is also known for his "mechanical alphabet", a collection of some eighty wooden models of mechanisms for educational purposes. It is in the National Museum of Science and Technology in Stockholm.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1729, Kort Berattelse om de Fornamsta Mechaniska Inventioner (A Brief Account of the Most Famous Inventions).
    Further Reading
    1985, Christopher Polhem, 1661–1751, TheSwedish Daedalus' (catalogue of a travelling exhibition from the Swedish Institute in association with the National Museum of Science and Technology), Stockholm.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Polhem, Christopher

  • 40 simple network

    A type of operations network in which one operation is started and completed before the next operation begins.

    English-Arabic terms dictionary > simple network

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