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  • 61 Introduction

       Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.
       Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.
       Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.
       Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).
       Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.
       Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.
       LAND AND PEOPLE
       The Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).
       For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.
       Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into the
       Atlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.
       Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:
       1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)
       1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)
       1864 4,287,000 first census
       1890 5,049,700
       1900 5,423,000
       1911 5,960,000
       1930 6,826,000
       1940 7,185,143
       1950 8,510,000
       1960 8,889,000
       1970 8,668,000* note decrease
       1980 9,833,000
       1991 9,862,540
       1996 9,934,100
       2006 10,642,836
       2010 10,710,000 (estimated)

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Introduction

  • 62 cumbre

    adj.
    1 summit.
    2 peak, pinnacle (punto culminante).
    3 summit (conference) (politics).
    f.
    summit, peak, hilltop, acme.
    * * *
    1 (de montaña) summit, top
    3 (reunión) summit conference, summit meeting
    * * *
    noun f.
    height, peak, summit, top
    * * *
    1.
    SF (Geog) summit, top; (fig) top, height

    conferencia en la cumbre — (Pol) summit, summit conference

    2.
    ADJ INV
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( de montaña) top
    b) ( apogeo) height
    2) (Pol) summit (meeting)
    3) (como adj inv)

    el momento cumbre — ( de carrera) the peak; (de película, novela) the high point

    * * *
    = pinnacle, summit, peak, crest.
    Ex. There are, it is assumed, 'high' and 'low' forms of culture, especially in the field of the creative arts which are conceived of as somehow the pinnacle and foremost end of human life.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Getting to the summit: how do you get there from here? A climber's guide to consortium formation'.
    Ex. Rob's death came as he neared the culmination of a personal quest to climb the highest peaks on each of the seven continents.
    Ex. In the crest of the timeworn Black Mountains lies the summit of Mount Mitchell, the highest point east of the Mississippi.
    ----
    * alcanzar el momento cumbre = reach + summit.
    * alcanzar la cumbre de = reach + the pinnacle of, reach + the height of.
    * cumbre de la colina = hilltop.
    * cumbre de la fama, la = pinnacle of renown, the, pinnacle of fame, the.
    * cumbre del éxito, la = pinnacle of success, the.
    * Cumbre Iberoamericana, la = Ibero-American Summit, the.
    * Cumbre Mundial sobre la Sociedad de la Información = World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS).
    * en la cumbre = at the top of the tree.
    * en la cumbre de = at the height of.
    * reunión cumbre = summit.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( de montaña) top
    b) ( apogeo) height
    2) (Pol) summit (meeting)
    3) (como adj inv)

    el momento cumbre — ( de carrera) the peak; (de película, novela) the high point

    * * *
    = pinnacle, summit, peak, crest.

    Ex: There are, it is assumed, 'high' and 'low' forms of culture, especially in the field of the creative arts which are conceived of as somehow the pinnacle and foremost end of human life.

    Ex: The article is entitled 'Getting to the summit: how do you get there from here? A climber's guide to consortium formation'.
    Ex: Rob's death came as he neared the culmination of a personal quest to climb the highest peaks on each of the seven continents.
    Ex: In the crest of the timeworn Black Mountains lies the summit of Mount Mitchell, the highest point east of the Mississippi.
    * alcanzar el momento cumbre = reach + summit.
    * alcanzar la cumbre de = reach + the pinnacle of, reach + the height of.
    * cumbre de la colina = hilltop.
    * cumbre de la fama, la = pinnacle of renown, the, pinnacle of fame, the.
    * cumbre del éxito, la = pinnacle of success, the.
    * Cumbre Iberoamericana, la = Ibero-American Summit, the.
    * Cumbre Mundial sobre la Sociedad de la Información = World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS).
    * en la cumbre = at the top of the tree.
    * en la cumbre de = at the height of.
    * reunión cumbre = summit.

    * * *
    A
    las cumbres coronadas de nieve the snow-capped peaks o mountain tops
    alcanzaron la cumbre they reached the summit o the top
    2 (apogeo) height
    estaba en la cumbre del éxito he was at the pinnacle o height of his success
    B ( Pol) summit, summit meeting reunión
    su novela cumbre his most outstanding o important novel
    el momento cumbre de su carrera the peak o the high point of her career
    * * *

     

    cumbre sustantivo femenino

    b) ( apogeo) height;



    cumbre sustantivo femenino
    1 (de un monte) summit, peak
    2 figurado (culminación) pinnacle, peak
    en la cumbre de su carrera, at the peak of his career
    3 (de gobernantes) summit (conference)
    ' cumbre' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cresta
    - elevarse
    - ganar
    - inaccesible
    - llegar
    English:
    apex
    - height
    - peak
    - summit
    - zenith
    - hill
    - mountaintop
    - pinnacle
    - top
    - within
    * * *
    ♦ adj inv
    el momento cumbre de su carrera the peak o high point of his career;
    su obra cumbre her most outstanding work
    ♦ nf
    1. [de montaña] summit
    2. [punto culminante] peak, high point
    3. [política] summit (conference)
    la Cumbre de la Tierra the Earth Summit
    * * *
    f tb
    POL summit;
    cumbre de la economía mundial world economic summit
    * * *
    cumbre nf
    cima: top, peak, summit
    * * *
    1. (de montaña) summit / top
    2. (culminación) high point

    Spanish-English dictionary > cumbre

  • 63 quedarse sin

    v.
    1 to miss the opportunity to, to lose the chance to.
    María se quedó sin ver a su ídolo Mary missed the opportunity to see her idol.
    2 to run out of, to go short of, to lack, to be out of.
    Nos quedamos sin gasolina We ran out of gasoline.
    3 to be left without, to be left alone without.
    Nos quedamos sin dinero We were left alone without money.
    * * *
    (v.) = run + short (of), miss out on, run out of, run out
    Ex. The arguments are well known but we must realise that there was a very real fear that society would run short of manual labour = Los argumentos son bien conocidos pero debemos darnos cuenta de que había existía un miedo real de que la sociedad se quedase sin mano de obra.
    Ex. The author regrets the struggle which Greco-Roman studies have to survive in the USA arguing that US students miss out on understanding the origins of much of their culture and government.
    Ex. The philosophy of science lacks a time dimension and seems to have run out of language to cope with all the abstractions needed.
    Ex. He continued writing for two years until his ink ran out.
    * * *
    (v.) = run + short (of), miss out on, run out of, run out

    Ex: The arguments are well known but we must realise that there was a very real fear that society would run short of manual labour = Los argumentos son bien conocidos pero debemos darnos cuenta de que había existía un miedo real de que la sociedad se quedase sin mano de obra.

    Ex: The author regrets the struggle which Greco-Roman studies have to survive in the USA arguing that US students miss out on understanding the origins of much of their culture and government.
    Ex: The philosophy of science lacks a time dimension and seems to have run out of language to cope with all the abstractions needed.
    Ex: He continued writing for two years until his ink ran out.

    Spanish-English dictionary > quedarse sin

  • 64 valentía

    f.
    courage, manhood, daring, valor.
    * * *
    1 (valor) bravery, courage
    2 (acto) heroic deed, bold act
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=valor) bravery, courage; (=atrevimiento) boldness; (=resolución) resoluteness
    2) (=jactancia) boastfulness
    3) (=acto de valor) brave deed, heroic exploit
    4) pey (=dicho) boast, brag
    * * *
    femenino bravery, courage
    * * *
    = courage, bravery.
    Ex. In this novel the central themes are courage and cowardice and what these are.
    Ex. Contributing to the problem are the harsh desert environment, & a society based on patriarchy, in which a code of honor, esprit de corps, & bravery takes precedence over intelligence & culture.
    * * *
    femenino bravery, courage
    * * *
    = courage, bravery.

    Ex: In this novel the central themes are courage and cowardice and what these are.

    Ex: Contributing to the problem are the harsh desert environment, & a society based on patriarchy, in which a code of honor, esprit de corps, & bravery takes precedence over intelligence & culture.

    * * *
    bravery, courage
    hay que tener valentía para decir todo eso it takes a lot of courage to say all that
    lo condecoraron por su valentía he was decorated for bravery o gallantry
    * * *

    valentía sustantivo femenino
    bravery, courage;

    valentía sustantivo femenino bravery: no tuvo la valentía de reconocerlo, he did not have the courage to admit it

    ' valentía' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    afrontar
    - gallardía
    - rasgo
    - valor
    - abismante
    English:
    bear
    - bravery
    - byword
    - command
    - congratulate
    - courage
    - gallantry
    - instil
    - instill
    - prove
    - prowess
    - the
    - try
    - with
    - valor
    * * *
    1. [valor] bravery
    2. [hazaña] act of bravery
    * * *
    f bravery
    * * *
    : courage, valor
    * * *
    valentía n bravery

    Spanish-English dictionary > valentía

  • 65 genio

    f. & m.
    1 genius, person with extraordinary talents.
    2 genius, great talent.
    3 temper, nature, temperament.
    4 genius.
    5 genie, goblin, djinn, jinn.
    m.
    1 genius (talento).
    un genio del arte moderno one of the geniuses of modern art
    2 genie.
    tener mucho genio to be quick-tempered
    tener mal genio to be bad-tempered
    4 nature, disposition.
    * * *
    1 (carácter) temper, disposition
    2 (facultad) genius
    3 (espíritu) spirit
    \
    estar de mal genio to be in a bad mood
    tener mal genio to have a bad temper
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=temperamento) temper

    ¡menudo genio tiene! — he's got such a temper!

    genio vivo — quick temper, hot temper

    2) (=carácter) nature, disposition

    tener buen genio — to be good natured, be even tempered

    corto de genio — timid, spiritless

    3) (=estado de ánimo)

    estar de mal genio — to be in a bad temper, be in a bad mood

    4) (=talento) genius

    ¡eres un genio! — you're a genius!

    5) (=peculiaridad) genius, peculiarities pl

    el genio andaluz — the Andalusian spirit, the spirit of Andalucía

    6) (=ser fantástico) genie
    7) (=divinidad) spirit
    * * *
    a) ( carácter) temper

    tener buen/mal genio — to be even-tempered/bad-tempered

    estar con or tener el genio atravesado — (fam) to be in a bad mood o in a temper

    tener el genio pronto or vivo — to be quick-tempered

    b) ( talento) genius
    c) ( lumbrera) genius
    d) ( ser fantástico) genie
    * * *
    = genius, temper, genie [genies/genii, -pl.], savant, temperament.
    Ex. The mass-market novelist who would probably be happier to be described as a good 'craftsman' or 'craftswoman' than as a literary ' genius'.
    Ex. A society without a literature has that much less chance of embodying within its temper and so within its organizations something of the fullness of human experience.
    Ex. The article 'The genie is out of the bottle' considers the growth of local on-line information retrieval in parallel with conventional methods.
    Ex. The subsequent debate, which engaged astrologers, doctors, theologians, & savants, reveals the tensions in French culture at the dawn of the Enlightenment.
    Ex. The temperaments of the two founders were such that lasting success was unlikely.
    ----
    * de mal genio = bad-tempered, curmudgeonly, crusty [crustier -comp., crustiest -sup.], irascible, shrewish, short-tempered, ill-natured.
    * genio en ciernes = budding genius.
    * idiota genio = idiot savant.
    * mal genio = bile, short temper.
    * necesitar ser un genio = call for + nothing less than genius.
    * tonto genio = idiot savant.
    * * *
    a) ( carácter) temper

    tener buen/mal genio — to be even-tempered/bad-tempered

    estar con or tener el genio atravesado — (fam) to be in a bad mood o in a temper

    tener el genio pronto or vivo — to be quick-tempered

    b) ( talento) genius
    c) ( lumbrera) genius
    d) ( ser fantástico) genie
    * * *
    = genius, temper, genie [genies/genii, -pl.], savant, temperament.

    Ex: The mass-market novelist who would probably be happier to be described as a good 'craftsman' or 'craftswoman' than as a literary ' genius'.

    Ex: A society without a literature has that much less chance of embodying within its temper and so within its organizations something of the fullness of human experience.
    Ex: The article 'The genie is out of the bottle' considers the growth of local on-line information retrieval in parallel with conventional methods.
    Ex: The subsequent debate, which engaged astrologers, doctors, theologians, & savants, reveals the tensions in French culture at the dawn of the Enlightenment.
    Ex: The temperaments of the two founders were such that lasting success was unlikely.
    * de mal genio = bad-tempered, curmudgeonly, crusty [crustier -comp., crustiest -sup.], irascible, shrewish, short-tempered, ill-natured.
    * genio en ciernes = budding genius.
    * idiota genio = idiot savant.
    * mal genio = bile, short temper.
    * necesitar ser un genio = call for + nothing less than genius.
    * tonto genio = idiot savant.

    * * *
    1 (carácter) temper
    tener buen/mal genio to be even-tempered/bad-tempered
    ¡qué genio tiene este niño! this child has such a temper o has a terrible temper!
    estar con or tener el genio atravesado ( fam); to be in a bad mood o in a temper
    genio y figura hasta la sepultura a leopard never changes its spots
    tener el genio pronto or vivo to be quick-tempered
    2 (talento) genius
    un pintor con mucho genio a very talented painter, a painter of genius
    3 (lumbrera) genius
    es un genio con el pincel she's a brilliant painter, she's a genius with the paint brush
    * * *

     

    genio sustantivo masculino

    ◊ tener buen/mal genio to be even-tempered/bad-tempered



    genio sustantivo masculino
    1 (talante, temperamento) temperament
    (mal carácter) temper: está de mal genio, he's in a bad mood
    tengo mal genio, I have a bad temper
    2 (talento, capacidad) genius: es un genio, he's brilliant
    3 (ente fantástico) genie: al frotar la lámpara apareció el genio, when he rubbed the lamp the genie appeared
    ' genio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    botón
    - carácter
    - considerar
    - excitable
    - fenómena
    - fenómeno
    - fiera
    - heredar
    - inspiración
    - lado
    - monstruo
    - rey
    - sombra
    - uva
    - endemoniado
    - endiablado
    - gastar
    English:
    bad-tempered
    - bile
    - bound
    - disposition
    - flare up
    - genie
    - genius
    - hot
    - quick
    - quicktempered
    - short
    - short-tempered
    - surliness
    - temper
    - whiz
    - whiz kid
    - whizz
    - wish
    - wizard
    - bad
    - petulant
    - violent
    * * *
    genio nm
    1. [talento] genius;
    2. [persona] genius;
    un genio del arte moderno one of the geniuses of modern art
    3. [carácter] nature, disposition;
    4. [personalidad fuerte] spirit;
    tiene mucho genio she's very feisty
    5. [mal carácter] bad temper;
    estar de mal genio to be in a mood;
    tener mal o [m5] mucho genio to be bad-tempered
    6. [ser fantástico] genie
    7. Mitol genie
    * * *
    m
    1 talento, persona genius
    2 ( carácter) temper;
    tener mal genio be bad-tempered;
    estar de buen/mal genio be in a good/bad mood
    * * *
    genio nm
    1) : genius
    2) : temper, disposition
    de mal genio: bad-tempered
    3) : genie
    * * *
    1. (carácter) temper
    2. (persona) genius [pl. geniuses]

    Spanish-English dictionary > genio

  • 66 культура (общество)

    1. Kultur

     

    культура (общество)
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    EN

    culture (society)
    The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits constituting a distinct complex of tradition of a racial or social group. (Source: WEBSTE)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Русско-немецкий словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > культура (общество)

  • 67 Kultur

    1. культура (общество)

     

    культура (общество)
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    EN

    culture (society)
    The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits constituting a distinct complex of tradition of a racial or social group. (Source: WEBSTE)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Kultur

  • 68 SCS

    1) Медицина: Saethre-Chotzen syndrome
    5) Сельское хозяйство: Seed Conservation Service
    6) Химия: Solution Case Study
    8) Грубое выражение: Super Crap Service
    10) Музыка: Star Crest Soloist
    11) Телекоммуникации: SNA Character String
    15) Вычислительная техника: Silicon Controlled Switch, Small Computer System, (systimax) Structured Cabling System (AT&T), Switch Control Software (ForeRunner, ATM), SNA Character String (IBM), Singapore Computer Society (organization, Singapur)
    17) Стоматология: Screw Carrying System
    18) Картография: State Coast Service
    19) Транспорт: Stop Control System
    20) Фирменный знак: Specialist Courier Services
    21) Экология: Soil Conservation Service
    22) Деловая лексика: Store Connection System, Supply Chain Solution
    23) Образование: School Computing Service
    24) Сетевые технологии: structured cabling system
    25) Программирование: Scalable Command Set
    26) Автоматика: supervisory control system
    27) Сахалин Р: Subsea Control System
    28) Химическое оружие: Sample collection system, site communication system
    29) Молочное производство: Soybean Corn Silage
    30) Безопасность: secure communications service
    31) Газоперерабатывающие заводы: станционная система управления (station control system)
    32) Карачаганак: СДТУ (система диспетчерского телеуправления - напр. http://docinfo.ru/annot-5511-15.html)
    34) Должность: Spanish Cultural Studies
    35) Чат: Soc Culture Soviet
    37) Программное обеспечение: Sound Cue System

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > SCS

  • 69 scs

    1) Медицина: Saethre-Chotzen syndrome
    5) Сельское хозяйство: Seed Conservation Service
    6) Химия: Solution Case Study
    8) Грубое выражение: Super Crap Service
    10) Музыка: Star Crest Soloist
    11) Телекоммуникации: SNA Character String
    15) Вычислительная техника: Silicon Controlled Switch, Small Computer System, (systimax) Structured Cabling System (AT&T), Switch Control Software (ForeRunner, ATM), SNA Character String (IBM), Singapore Computer Society (organization, Singapur)
    17) Стоматология: Screw Carrying System
    18) Картография: State Coast Service
    19) Транспорт: Stop Control System
    20) Фирменный знак: Specialist Courier Services
    21) Экология: Soil Conservation Service
    22) Деловая лексика: Store Connection System, Supply Chain Solution
    23) Образование: School Computing Service
    24) Сетевые технологии: structured cabling system
    25) Программирование: Scalable Command Set
    26) Автоматика: supervisory control system
    27) Сахалин Р: Subsea Control System
    28) Химическое оружие: Sample collection system, site communication system
    29) Молочное производство: Soybean Corn Silage
    30) Безопасность: secure communications service
    31) Газоперерабатывающие заводы: станционная система управления (station control system)
    32) Карачаганак: СДТУ (система диспетчерского телеуправления - напр. http://docinfo.ru/annot-5511-15.html)
    34) Должность: Spanish Cultural Studies
    35) Чат: Soc Culture Soviet
    37) Программное обеспечение: Sound Cue System

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > scs

  • 70 educación

    f.
    1 education, breeding, background, bringing-up.
    2 education, refinement, culture, politeness.
    * * *
    1 (preparación) education
    2 (crianza) upbringing, breeding
    3 (modales) manners plural, politeness
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) [en el colegio] education

    educación preescolar — pre-school education, nursery education

    Educación Secundaria Obligatoria — Esp secondary education, for 12- to 16-year-olds

    2) [en familia] upbringing

    Rosa recibió una educación muy estricta — Rosa had a very strict upbringing, Rosa was very strictly brought up

    3) (=modales) manners pl, good behavior (EEUU)

    • buena educación — good manners pl

    • con educación, se lo pedí con educación — I asked her politely

    • falta de educación, eso es una falta de educación — that's rude

    ¡qué falta de educación! — how rude!

    • mala educación — bad manners pl

    4) [de voz, oído, animal] training
    * * *
    1) ( enseñanza) education; ( para la convivencia) upbringing
    2) ( modales) manners (pl)

    es una falta de educación — it's rude, it's bad manners

    * * *
    = education, instruction, manner, schooling, civility, decency, upbringing.
    Ex. The social sciences class, 300, subsumes Economics, Politics, Law and education.
    Ex. Probably in most libraries instruction in library use and the use of information retrieval tools needs to be available in a number of different modes.
    Ex. But there was no trace of sinisterness in Balzac's manner.
    Ex. Some people with little schooling do use the library, and for valuable purposes but they are more of an exception than the rule.
    Ex. Matters of civility rather than criminality are the focus of the discussion.
    Ex. He has a decency and character that is both enviable and especially rare in today's world of expediency and self-service.
    Ex. Children in modern society are faced with a ceaseless stream of new ideas, and responsibility for their upbringing has generally moved from parents to childminders and teachers.
    ----
    * ALISE (Asociación para la Educación en Biblioteconomía y Documentación) = ALISE (Association for Library and Information Science Education).
    * ampliar la educación de uno = extend + Posesivo + education.
    * base de datos de educación = ERIC.
    * centro de educación de adultos = adult learning centre, adult learner centre.
    * centro de educación infantil = early education centre.
    * centro de educación sanitaria = consumer health centre, consumer health information centre.
    * ciencias de la educación = educational science.
    * clase de educación de adultos = adult learning class, adult learner class.
    * clase de educación especial = special education class.
    * clase de educación física = physical education class.
    * delegación de educación y ciencia = local education authority (LEA).
    * Educación a Distancia = distance education, Open College.
    * educación agrícola = agricultural education.
    * educación bibliotecaria = library education.
    * educación bilingüe = bilingual education, bilingual education.
    * educación cívica = civic education, civic responsibility, civics.
    * educación compensatoria = remedial education.
    * educación de adultos = adult education, literacy tutoring.
    * educación de apoyo = remedial education.
    * educación de consumidores = consumer education.
    * educación familiar = upbringing.
    * educación física = physical education, P.E. (Physical Education).
    * educación liberal = liberal education.
    * educación literaria = literary education.
    * educación medioambiental = environmental education.
    * educación para la salud = health education, consumer health information, consumer health education.
    * educación personal = independent education.
    * educación sanitaria = health education, consumer health information, consumer health education.
    * educación secundaria = secondary education.
    * educación sexual = sex education.
    * educación superior = higher education.
    * educación universitaria = college-trained.
    * Espacio Europeo para la Educación Superior (EEES) = European Space for Higher Education (ESHE).
    * estudiante de ciencias de la educación = education student, student teacher.
    * facultad de ciencias de la educación = teachers college, teacher training college.
    * falta de educación = impoliteness.
    * información sobre educación = education information.
    * institución de educación pública = public education institution.
    * investigación en educación = educational research.
    * mala educación = impoliteness.
    * mercado de la educación = education market, educational market.
    * Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia = Department of Education and Science.
    * Ministro de Educación, el = Education Secretary, the.
    * profesional de la educación = educational professional.
    * profesor de educación básica = school teacher.
    * relacionado con la educación = education-related.
    * sicología de la educación = educational psychology, psychology of education.
    * sicólogo de la educación = educational psychologist.
    * Tesauro Británico de Educación = British Educational Thesaurus (BET).
    * universidad nacional de educación a distancia (UNED) = open university.
    * * *
    1) ( enseñanza) education; ( para la convivencia) upbringing
    2) ( modales) manners (pl)

    es una falta de educación — it's rude, it's bad manners

    * * *
    = education, instruction, manner, schooling, civility, decency, upbringing.

    Ex: The social sciences class, 300, subsumes Economics, Politics, Law and education.

    Ex: Probably in most libraries instruction in library use and the use of information retrieval tools needs to be available in a number of different modes.
    Ex: But there was no trace of sinisterness in Balzac's manner.
    Ex: Some people with little schooling do use the library, and for valuable purposes but they are more of an exception than the rule.
    Ex: Matters of civility rather than criminality are the focus of the discussion.
    Ex: He has a decency and character that is both enviable and especially rare in today's world of expediency and self-service.
    Ex: Children in modern society are faced with a ceaseless stream of new ideas, and responsibility for their upbringing has generally moved from parents to childminders and teachers.
    * ALISE (Asociación para la Educación en Biblioteconomía y Documentación) = ALISE (Association for Library and Information Science Education).
    * ampliar la educación de uno = extend + Posesivo + education.
    * base de datos de educación = ERIC.
    * centro de educación de adultos = adult learning centre, adult learner centre.
    * centro de educación infantil = early education centre.
    * centro de educación sanitaria = consumer health centre, consumer health information centre.
    * ciencias de la educación = educational science.
    * clase de educación de adultos = adult learning class, adult learner class.
    * clase de educación especial = special education class.
    * clase de educación física = physical education class.
    * delegación de educación y ciencia = local education authority (LEA).
    * Educación a Distancia = distance education, Open College.
    * educación agrícola = agricultural education.
    * educación bibliotecaria = library education.
    * educación bilingüe = bilingual education, bilingual education.
    * educación cívica = civic education, civic responsibility, civics.
    * educación compensatoria = remedial education.
    * educación de adultos = adult education, literacy tutoring.
    * educación de apoyo = remedial education.
    * educación de consumidores = consumer education.
    * educación familiar = upbringing.
    * educación física = physical education, P.E. (Physical Education).
    * educación liberal = liberal education.
    * educación literaria = literary education.
    * educación medioambiental = environmental education.
    * educación para la salud = health education, consumer health information, consumer health education.
    * educación personal = independent education.
    * educación sanitaria = health education, consumer health information, consumer health education.
    * educación secundaria = secondary education.
    * educación sexual = sex education.
    * educación superior = higher education.
    * educación universitaria = college-trained.
    * Espacio Europeo para la Educación Superior (EEES) = European Space for Higher Education (ESHE).
    * estudiante de ciencias de la educación = education student, student teacher.
    * facultad de ciencias de la educación = teachers college, teacher training college.
    * falta de educación = impoliteness.
    * información sobre educación = education information.
    * institución de educación pública = public education institution.
    * investigación en educación = educational research.
    * mala educación = impoliteness.
    * mercado de la educación = education market, educational market.
    * Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia = Department of Education and Science.
    * Ministro de Educación, el = Education Secretary, the.
    * profesional de la educación = educational professional.
    * profesor de educación básica = school teacher.
    * relacionado con la educación = education-related.
    * sicología de la educación = educational psychology, psychology of education.
    * sicólogo de la educación = educational psychologist.
    * Tesauro Británico de Educación = British Educational Thesaurus (BET).
    * universidad nacional de educación a distancia (UNED) = open university.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Educ) (enseñanza) education
    no recibió ningún tipo de educación formal he had no formal education whatsoever
    Compuestos:
    correspondence courses (pl), distance learning
    special education, education for children with special needs
    state education
    physical education
    (en Esp) ≈ primary education
    (en Esp) ≈ preschool education educación infantil (↑ educación a1)
    preschool education, nursery education ( BrE)
    primary education Primaria (↑ primario a1)
    private education
    secondary education
    sex education
    higher education
    university education, college education ( AmE)
    ( AmS) careers guidance
    B (modales) manners (pl)
    no tiene educación he has no manners
    es una falta de educación hablar con la boca llena it's rude o it's bad manners to talk with your mouth full
    * * *

     

    educación sustantivo femenino
    1 ( enseñanza) education;
    ( para la convivencia) upbringing;

    educación física physical education;
    educación general básica ( en Esp) primary education;
    educación para adultos adult education;
    educación primaria/secundaria/superior primary/secondary/higher education;
    educación universitaria university education, college education (AmE);
    educación vocacional (AmS) careers guidance
    2 ( modales) manners (pl);
    ◊ es una falta de educación it's rude, it's bad manners

    educación sustantivo femenino
    1 education
    2 (crianza) upbringing: su tía se hizo cargo de su educación, his aunt took care of his upbringing
    3 (urbanidad, cortesía) compórtate con educación, be polite
    no hagas eso, es una falta de educación, don't do that, it's rude
    ' educación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    benéfica
    - benéfico
    - confiar
    - desdecir
    - EGB
    - estudio
    - finura
    - incorrección
    - instrucción
    - mayor
    - mejorar
    - ministerio
    - preescolar
    - regla
    - rozar
    - transparentarse
    - UNED
    - bachillerato
    - barniz
    - ciencia
    - considerar
    - denotar
    - distancia
    - enseñanza
    - falta
    - formación
    - mixto
    - preparación
    - rigidez
    - rígido
    - sexual
    English:
    abide
    - adult
    - background
    - battlefield
    - bear
    - breeding
    - courtesy
    - decency
    - education
    - exempt
    - game
    - manner
    - PE
    - physical education
    - politely
    - politeness
    - precedence
    - rounded
    - rub off
    - schooling
    - sex education
    - sphere
    - step down
    - tertiary
    - upbringing
    - adult education
    - ill
    - learning
    - physical
    - point
    - polite
    - rudeness
    - sex
    - uneducated
    - up
    * * *
    1. [enseñanza] education;
    quieren educación de calidad para sus hijos they want high-quality education for their children;
    el Ministerio de Educación the Ministry of Education
    educación de adultos adult education;
    educación ambiental environmental education;
    educación a distancia distance education;
    educación escolar schooling;
    educación especial special education;
    educación física physical education;
    Antes educación general básica = stage of Spanish education system for pupils aged 6-14;
    educación infantil infant education;
    educación obligatoria compulsory education;
    educación preescolar preschool education;
    educación primaria primary education;
    educación secundaria secondary education;
    Educación Secundaria Obligatoria = mainstream secondary education in Spain for pupils aged 12-16;
    educación sexual sex education;
    educación superior higher education;
    educación vial road safety education
    2. [crianza] upbringing, rearing
    3. [modales] good manners;
    no tienes ninguna educación you have no manners;
    ¡qué poca educación! how rude!;
    ¡un poco de educación! do you mind!;
    mala educación bad manners;
    es una falta de educación, es de mala educación it's bad manners;
    * * *
    f
    1 ( crianza) upbringing
    2 ( modales) manners pl ;
    con mucha educación persona extremely polite; pedir extremely politely;
    no tener educación have no manners
    * * *
    educación nf, pl - ciones
    1) enseñanza: education
    2) : manners pl
    ♦ educacional adj
    * * *
    1. (formación) education
    2. (crianza) upbringing
    3. (modales) manners
    es de mala educación it's bad manners / it's rude
    educación física physical education / games

    Spanish-English dictionary > educación

  • 71 representar

    v.
    1 to represent.
    este cuadro representa la Última Cena this painting depicts the Last Supper
    Ellos representan campiñas They depict fields.
    María representa a la madrastra Mary plays the part of the stepmom.
    Esto representa lo malo This represents the bad.
    representa a varios artistas she acts as an agent for several artists
    3 to look.
    representa unos 40 años she looks about 40
    4 to mean.
    representa el 50 por ciento del consumo interno it accounts for 50 percent of domestic consumption
    representa mucho para él it means a lot to him
    5 to perform (Teatro) (función).
    6 to act out, to represent, to act.
    Ella representó bien esa escena She acted the scene out very well.
    7 to act in someone's representation, to represent, to act in behalf of, to act in representation of.
    María representa a Ricardo Mary acts in John's representation.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to represent
    2 (símbolo) to represent, stand for
    3 TEATRO (obra) to perform; (papel) to play (the part of)
    4 (aparentar) to appear to be, look
    5 (importar) to mean
    1 (imaginarse) to imagine, picture
    * * *
    verb
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=actuar en nombre de) [+ país, votantes] to represent; [+ cliente, acusado] to act for, represent
    2) (=simbolizar) to symbolize, represent
    3) (=reproducir) to depict

    nuevas formas de representar el mundo — new ways of representing o portraying o depicting the world

    4) (=equivaler a) [+ porcentaje, mejora, peligro] to represent; [+ amenaza] to pose, represent

    obtuvieron unos beneficios de 1,7 billones, lo que representa un incremento del 28% sobre el año pasado — they made profits of 1.7 billion, which represents an increase of 28% on last year

    los bantúes representan el 70% de los habitantes de Suráfrica — the Bantu account for o represent 70% of the inhabitants of South Africa

    5) (=requerir) [+ trabajo, esfuerzo, sacrificio] to involve
    6) (Teat) [+ obra] to perform; [+ papel] to play

    ¿quién va a representar el papel que tenía antes la URSS? — who's going to play the part o role previously played by the USSR?

    7) (=aparentar) [+ edad] to look
    8) (=hacer imaginar) to point out
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <persona/organización/país> to represent
    2) < obra> to perform, put on
    3) ( aparentar) to look
    4) ( simbolizar) to symbolize
    5) ( reproducir) dibujo/fotografía/escena to show, depict; obra/novela to portray, depict
    6) (equivaler a, significar) to represent

    esto representa un aumento del 5% — this represents a 5% increase

    2.
    representarse v pron to picture, imagine
    * * *
    = account for, act out, become + cast, depict, depict, embody, package, represent, stage, stand for, render, portray, symbolise [symbolize, -USA], enact, dramatise [dramatize, -USA], plot, chart, map, incarnate, stand as, betoken, picture, construct, encapsulate.
    Ex. The major four categories of physical forms outlined so far account for most of the published indexes and catalogues.
    Ex. The use of the form connotes peculiarity (the people so described are acting out a somewhat inappropriate role) and passiveness (they are not actively participating in that role).
    Ex. Any action that is repeated frequently become cast into a pattern which can be reproduced with an economy of effort which, ipso facto, is apprehended by its performer as a pattern.
    Ex. Trial procedures aiming to increase service recognition and service usage, and the evaluation thereof, are then depicted.
    Ex. A globe is a model of a celestial body, usually the earth or the celestial sphere, depicted on the surface of a sphere.
    Ex. In alphabetical indexing languages, such as are embodied in thesauri and subject headings lists, subject terms are the alphabetical names of the subjects.
    Ex. Documents rarely exactly match a user's requirements because information can be packaged in almost as many different ways as there are participants in a subject area.
    Ex. Cartographic materials are, according to AACR2, all the materials that represent, in whole or in part, the earth or any celestial body.
    Ex. Book shops also participated by staging similar special features.
    Ex. MARC stands for Machine Readable Cataloguing.
    Ex. The eventuality is, admittedly, remote but it is also necessary to render the imprint statement in this amount of detail.
    Ex. Hardy had a tragic vision of life and that indeed is what the novels portray.
    Ex. The library symbolises freedom for the reader to pursue his own desires, however inchoate.
    Ex. The author describes how, as a teacher, she introduced pre-school children to books by reading to them, and developed older children's critical interest by reading, discussing and enacting popular fables.
    Ex. This article describes how a group of 12-18 teenage volunteers formed a group to dramatise children's books for young children and their parents at a public library.
    Ex. The technique 'Trend Projection' graphically plots future trends based on past experience.
    Ex. This article describes how Australia was depicted on early maps of the world charted by the Portuguese and Dutch seafarers from 1452 to the present day.
    Ex. Defining a revolution in progress is like mapping the lava flow from an active volcano well nigh impossible and extremely dangerous.
    Ex. For them, it incarnated modernity and materialism, civilization rather than culture, materialism rather than spiritualism.
    Ex. Meantime, our new library stand as as a confident symbol of the importance of ALL librarires to the nation's cultural, educational and economic success.
    Ex. The faintly irritating moralising tone of this book betokens a real human interest, which must be recovered if there is to be a dialogue of real content.
    Ex. In most cases authors pictured incest as an assault against the innocent, but they often saw the abuser, especially the father, as a victim of himself and he is rarely punished with prison.
    Ex. It is argued that newspaper reporting of bigamy constructs bigamists as being a threat to the institution of marriage.
    Ex. The Manifesto encapsulates the principles and priorities of public libraries in widely varying contexts.
    ----
    * estar demasiado representado = overrepresent.
    * imposible de representar = unmappable.
    * que no representa reto = unchallenging.
    * representar a = act for.
    * representar con una gráfica = graph.
    * representar en exceso = overrepresent.
    * representar en mente = visualise [visualize, -USA].
    * representar gráficamente = map.
    * representar insuficientemente = underrepresent [under-represent].
    * representar la diferencia entre... y = represent + the difference between... and.
    * representar mal = misrepresent.
    * representar una idea = dramatise + idea.
    * representar una obra = put on + performance, put on + play.
    * representar un peligro = pose + danger.
    * término que representa un único concepto = one concept term.
    * volver a representar = remap.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <persona/organización/país> to represent
    2) < obra> to perform, put on
    3) ( aparentar) to look
    4) ( simbolizar) to symbolize
    5) ( reproducir) dibujo/fotografía/escena to show, depict; obra/novela to portray, depict
    6) (equivaler a, significar) to represent

    esto representa un aumento del 5% — this represents a 5% increase

    2.
    representarse v pron to picture, imagine
    * * *
    = account for, act out, become + cast, depict, depict, embody, package, represent, stage, stand for, render, portray, symbolise [symbolize, -USA], enact, dramatise [dramatize, -USA], plot, chart, map, incarnate, stand as, betoken, picture, construct, encapsulate.

    Ex: The major four categories of physical forms outlined so far account for most of the published indexes and catalogues.

    Ex: The use of the form connotes peculiarity (the people so described are acting out a somewhat inappropriate role) and passiveness (they are not actively participating in that role).
    Ex: Any action that is repeated frequently become cast into a pattern which can be reproduced with an economy of effort which, ipso facto, is apprehended by its performer as a pattern.
    Ex: Trial procedures aiming to increase service recognition and service usage, and the evaluation thereof, are then depicted.
    Ex: A globe is a model of a celestial body, usually the earth or the celestial sphere, depicted on the surface of a sphere.
    Ex: In alphabetical indexing languages, such as are embodied in thesauri and subject headings lists, subject terms are the alphabetical names of the subjects.
    Ex: Documents rarely exactly match a user's requirements because information can be packaged in almost as many different ways as there are participants in a subject area.
    Ex: Cartographic materials are, according to AACR2, all the materials that represent, in whole or in part, the earth or any celestial body.
    Ex: Book shops also participated by staging similar special features.
    Ex: MARC stands for Machine Readable Cataloguing.
    Ex: The eventuality is, admittedly, remote but it is also necessary to render the imprint statement in this amount of detail.
    Ex: Hardy had a tragic vision of life and that indeed is what the novels portray.
    Ex: The library symbolises freedom for the reader to pursue his own desires, however inchoate.
    Ex: The author describes how, as a teacher, she introduced pre-school children to books by reading to them, and developed older children's critical interest by reading, discussing and enacting popular fables.
    Ex: This article describes how a group of 12-18 teenage volunteers formed a group to dramatise children's books for young children and their parents at a public library.
    Ex: The technique 'Trend Projection' graphically plots future trends based on past experience.
    Ex: This article describes how Australia was depicted on early maps of the world charted by the Portuguese and Dutch seafarers from 1452 to the present day.
    Ex: Defining a revolution in progress is like mapping the lava flow from an active volcano well nigh impossible and extremely dangerous.
    Ex: For them, it incarnated modernity and materialism, civilization rather than culture, materialism rather than spiritualism.
    Ex: Meantime, our new library stand as as a confident symbol of the importance of ALL librarires to the nation's cultural, educational and economic success.
    Ex: The faintly irritating moralising tone of this book betokens a real human interest, which must be recovered if there is to be a dialogue of real content.
    Ex: In most cases authors pictured incest as an assault against the innocent, but they often saw the abuser, especially the father, as a victim of himself and he is rarely punished with prison.
    Ex: It is argued that newspaper reporting of bigamy constructs bigamists as being a threat to the institution of marriage.
    Ex: The Manifesto encapsulates the principles and priorities of public libraries in widely varying contexts.
    * estar demasiado representado = overrepresent.
    * imposible de representar = unmappable.
    * que no representa reto = unchallenging.
    * representar a = act for.
    * representar con una gráfica = graph.
    * representar en exceso = overrepresent.
    * representar en mente = visualise [visualize, -USA].
    * representar gráficamente = map.
    * representar insuficientemente = underrepresent [under-represent].
    * representar la diferencia entre... y = represent + the difference between... and.
    * representar mal = misrepresent.
    * representar una idea = dramatise + idea.
    * representar una obra = put on + performance, put on + play.
    * representar un peligro = pose + danger.
    * término que representa un único concepto = one concept term.
    * volver a representar = remap.

    * * *
    vt
    A ‹persona/organización/país› to represent
    no estaba representado por un abogado he was not represented by a lawyer
    representó a Suecia en los campeonatos he represented Sweden in the championships, he played ( o swam etc) for Sweden in the championships
    los que no puedan asistir deben hacerse representar por alguien those who cannot attend should send a representative o proxy
    B ‹obra› to perform, put on; ‹papel› to play
    representó el papel de Cleopatra she played Cleopatra o the part of Cleopatra
    C (aparentar) to look
    no representa la edad que tiene he doesn't look the age he is
    representa unos cuarenta años she looks about forty
    no representa lo que costó it doesn't look as expensive as it was
    D (simbolizar) to symbolize
    la paloma representa la paz the dove symbolizes o is a symbol of peace
    E (reproducir) «dibujo/fotografía» to show, depict
    la medalla representa a la Virgen the medallion depicts the Virgin Mary
    la escena representa una calle de los arrabales the scene shows o depicts a street in the poor quarters
    la obra representa fielmente la sociedad de fines de siglo the play accurately portrays society at the turn of the century
    F (equivaler a, significar) to represent
    esto representa un aumento del 5% con respecto al año pasado this represents a 5% increase on last year
    nos representa un gasto inesperado it means o involves an unexpected expense
    introducir la modificación representaría tres días de trabajo introducing the modification would mean o involve three days' work
    to picture
    ¿te lo puedes representar sin barba? can you picture o imagine him without a beard?
    * * *

     

    representar ( conjugate representar) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹persona/organización/país› to represent
    2 ‹ obra› to perform, put on;
    ‹ papel› to play
    3 ( aparentar) to look;

    4 ( simbolizar) to represent, symbolize
    5 ( reproducir) [dibujo/fotografía/escena] to show, depict;
    [obra/novela] to portray, depict
    6 (equivaler a, significar) to represent;
    ◊ esto representa un aumento del 5% this represents a 5% increase;

    eso representaría tres días de trabajo that would mean o involve three days' work
    representar verbo transitivo
    1 (un símbolo) to symbolize, represent: la paloma representa la paz, the dove stands for peace
    2 (un cuadro, fotografía, ilustración) to depict: el cuadro representa una escena de caza, the painting depicts a hunting scene
    3 (un ejemplo o modelo) to represent
    4 (a una persona, un país, una institución) to represent
    5 (una edad) to look: no representa la edad que tiene, she doesn't look her age
    6 (en la imaginación) to imagine
    7 (en valor, importancia) to mean, represent: su ascenso representó una gran alegría, I/he/she, etc. was overjoyed by his promotion
    ese chico no representa nada para mí, that guy means nothing to me
    8 Teat (una obra) to perform
    (un papel) to play: mi amigo representa al emperador Augusto, my friend plays Emperor Augustus
    ' representar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aparentar
    - constituir
    - hacer
    - jugar
    - vida
    - significar
    English:
    act
    - act out
    - depict
    - deputize
    - do
    - enact
    - nation
    - perform
    - picture
    - play
    - portray
    - represent
    - role-play
    - speak for
    - stage
    - stand for
    - pose
    * * *
    1. [simbolizar, ejemplificar] to represent;
    este cuadro representa la Última Cena this painting depicts the Last Supper;
    la coma representa los decimales the comma indicates decimal places;
    Dalí representa perfectamente el surrealismo Dali is the ultimate surrealist painter
    2. [actuar en nombre de] to represent;
    el delegado sindical representaba a sus compañeros the shop steward represented his fellow workers;
    ha participado en dos festivales representando a su país she has represented her country at two festivals;
    representa a varios artistas she acts as an agent for several artists
    3. [aparentar] to look;
    representa unos cuarenta años she looks about forty;
    representa muchos menos años de los que tiene she looks a lot younger than she is
    4. [significar] to mean;
    representa el 50 por ciento del consumo interno it accounts for 50 percent of domestic consumption;
    diez millones no representan nada para él ten million is nothing to him;
    representa mucho para él it means a lot to him
    5. Teatro [función] to perform;
    [papel] to play
    6. Com to represent
    * * *
    v/t
    1 ( simbolizar) represent
    2 obra put on, perform; papel play
    :
    * * *
    1) : to represent, to act for
    2) : to perform
    3) : to look, to appear as
    4) : to symbolize, to stand for
    5) : to signify, to mean
    * * *
    1. (un papel) to play
    2. (una obra) to perform
    la compañía representará "Yerma" the company will perform "Yerma"
    3. (simbolizar) to represent
    5. (aparentar) to look

    Spanish-English dictionary > representar

  • 72 inquietud

    f.
    1 worry, anxiety.
    2 restlessness, unrest, anxiety, concern.
    * * *
    1 (agitación) restlessness
    2 (preocupación) worry, anxiety
    3 (interés) interest
    \
    tener inquietudes to have many interests
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) concern, uneasiness
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=preocupación) concern
    2) (=interés) interest

    mi hijo no tiene ninguna inquietud — my son isn't interested in anything, my son has no interest in anything

    es persona de inquietudes culturales — she has an interest in culture, she has cultural interests

    * * *
    a) ( preocupación) worry
    b) ( interés)
    c) ( agitación) restlessness
    * * *
    = concern, disquiet, agitation, unrest, trepidation, uneasiness, worry, fidgets, the, fidgeting, restlessness, interest, unsettling.
    Ex. There is some concern that much of the value of the data base may be negated if it does not seek to cover all materials which libraries might acquire.
    Ex. There is not any great disquiet or discomfort.
    Ex. Historically, similar forces appear to be responsible for the agitation to decentralise libraries on university campuses.
    Ex. The subjects referred to recur frequently in the writings of the 'socially committed' -- drugs, sex, racism, student unrest, riots, scandals in government, conservation, the role of women in society are among them.
    Ex. This trepidation is somewhat quieted when students discover the abundance of bibliographical guides that list and describe reference works.
    Ex. Uneasiness evidenced by some inquirers at the reference desk seems to stem from unfamiliarity with the personnel and service, and a fear of appearing ignorant.
    Ex. Their worries are not altogether unfounded but they are sometimes carried too far.
    Ex. Surely the fidgets in general are just a sign of nervous energy, and almost all young people fidget.
    Ex. But fidgeting is a bad sign in adults, and the mental version of the fidgets is practically a defining mark of the age we live in now.
    Ex. A five- to ten-fold increase of the soporific dose resulted in restlessness and disorientation instead of sleep.
    Ex. An abstracting bulletin is generally a weekly or monthly current-awareness service containing abstracts of all documents of interest that have passed into the library or information unit during that time.
    Ex. Perhaps the unsettling that is experienced in a predicament is because these situations create an opening for messy emotional responses that draw on feelings.
    ----
    * inquietud motora = akathisia.
    * * *
    a) ( preocupación) worry
    b) ( interés)
    c) ( agitación) restlessness
    * * *
    = concern, disquiet, agitation, unrest, trepidation, uneasiness, worry, fidgets, the, fidgeting, restlessness, interest, unsettling.

    Ex: There is some concern that much of the value of the data base may be negated if it does not seek to cover all materials which libraries might acquire.

    Ex: There is not any great disquiet or discomfort.
    Ex: Historically, similar forces appear to be responsible for the agitation to decentralise libraries on university campuses.
    Ex: The subjects referred to recur frequently in the writings of the 'socially committed' -- drugs, sex, racism, student unrest, riots, scandals in government, conservation, the role of women in society are among them.
    Ex: This trepidation is somewhat quieted when students discover the abundance of bibliographical guides that list and describe reference works.
    Ex: Uneasiness evidenced by some inquirers at the reference desk seems to stem from unfamiliarity with the personnel and service, and a fear of appearing ignorant.
    Ex: Their worries are not altogether unfounded but they are sometimes carried too far.
    Ex: Surely the fidgets in general are just a sign of nervous energy, and almost all young people fidget.
    Ex: But fidgeting is a bad sign in adults, and the mental version of the fidgets is practically a defining mark of the age we live in now.
    Ex: A five- to ten-fold increase of the soporific dose resulted in restlessness and disorientation instead of sleep.
    Ex: An abstracting bulletin is generally a weekly or monthly current-awareness service containing abstracts of all documents of interest that have passed into the library or information unit during that time.
    Ex: Perhaps the unsettling that is experienced in a predicament is because these situations create an opening for messy emotional responses that draw on feelings.
    * inquietud motora = akathisia.

    * * *
    una serie de inquietudes relacionadas con la ecología a series of ecology-related worries o concerns
    existe gran inquietud por el futuro de los astilleros there is a great deal of anxiety o concern over the future of the shipyards
    la creciente inquietud por su estado the increasing worry o anxiety o uneasiness over its state
    2
    (interés): es una persona sin inquietudes she has no interest in anything
    la inquietud filosófica del poeta the poet's philosophical preoccupations
    3 (agitación) restlessness
    * * *

     

    inquietud sustantivo femenino

    inquietud por algo concern about sth
    b) ( interés):


    su inquietud filosófica his philosophical preoccupations
    inquietud sustantivo femenino
    1 (falta de sosiego) worry
    2 (falta de quietud) restlessness
    3 (interés, inclinación) (más en pl) no tiene inquietudes, he has no interest in anything
    ' inquietud' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    malestar
    - menear
    - preocupación
    English:
    agitation
    - alarm
    - anxiety
    - legitimate
    - queasiness
    - worry
    - concern
    - discomfort
    - disquiet
    - disturb
    - trepidation
    - unease
    * * *
    1. [preocupación] worry, anxiety;
    esperan el resultado con inquietud they are anxiously awaiting the result;
    hay inquietud por el comportamiento de la inflación people are worried o concerned about inflation
    2. [afán de saber]
    desde pequeño mostró sus inquietudes musicales she showed musical leanings from an early age;
    tener inquietudes to have an inquiring mind;
    tiene inquietudes por la botánica he's very interested in botany;
    mis alumnos no tienen inquietudes de ningún tipo my pupils aren't interested in anything
    * * *
    f
    1 worry, anxiety
    2 intelectual interest
    * * *
    1) : anxiety, uneasiness, worry
    2) agitación: restlessness
    * * *

    Spanish-English dictionary > inquietud

  • 73 frustrate

    •• frustration, frustrate, frustrating

    •• Frustrate prevent somebody from doing something; prevent somebody’s plans from being carried out (A.S. Hornby).
    •• Кто-то неплохо сказал: странно, что в русском языке нет слова для описания этого чувства, ведь испытываешь его в России на каждом шагу. Добавлю: в том числе, когда приходится переводить английские предложения со словом frustration. Чем тут помочь? Профессиональные психологи не стали мучиться, а заимствовали это понятие; они говорят о фрустрации, фрустрированности. Переводчик не всегда может позволить себе такую роскошь – его просто не поймут (в прямом и переносном смысле). В зависимости от контекста frustration и frustrate (например, во фразе I get increasingly frustrated) можно переводить при помощи самых разных слов. Тут и отчаяние, и раздражение, и разочарование, и безвыходное положение, и досада, и озлобленность, и чувство безысходности, бессилия, и многое другое. Главное – проникнуться глубинной семантикой этого слова (ощущение невозможности что-либо сделать, чтобы изменить положение к лучшему), почувствовать его «внутренний образ». Может быть, для этого достаточно пожить месяц-другой в условиях нашего быта (или просто постоять в очереди на паспортный контроль в аэропорту).
    •• Несколько примеров:
    •• 1. [English] spelling and pronunciation are capricious and frustrating for non-native speakers (Time). Возможный перевод: ...невероятно трудны для иностранцев (приводят иностранцев в отчаянье);
    •• 2....the venom with which he was attacked may be attributed to their frustrated rage (J.H. Plumb). – ...возможно, был следствием их бессильной ярости;
    •• 3. Post-war Britain was a frustration to the advertising man (E.S. Turner). – В послевоенной Великобритании мастеров рекламы подстерегали сплошные разочарования;
    •• 4. Last August, Walter’s predecessor, Alex Mandl, resigned after a six-month tenure, similarly frustrated in his quest to become CEO (Time). – ...ушел в отставку, проработав на своем посту шесть месяцев, и тоже не сумев занять место первого руководителя;
    •• 5. Lippmann correctly foretold the frustrations of an essentially reactionary foreign policy based on containment (Henry Kissinger). В этом интересном примере frustrations можно перевести как тупики. В другом примере из того же автора перевод слова frustration облегчается глаголом, который «подсказывает» конкретизацию (конкретизация и генерализация – два великих помощника переводчика, особенно устного, и обращаться к их услугам надо тем смелее, чем меньше времени у вас на размышления): Nixon inherited a society rent by frustration. – Никсон унаследовал общество, раздираемое противоречиями.
    •• * Изучение бездонного в смысле переводческих проблем слова frustration может идти по двум линиям: во-первых, можно до бесконечности множить примеры контекстуального перевода, что по-своему поучительно. Во-вторых, можно попытаться выделить некое достаточно аморфное смысловое ядро, помогающее в поисках перевода, – при недостатке времени оно может выручить переводчика как компромиссный запасной вариант.
    •• Попытки выделить его глубинный смысл не всегда удачны. Так, например, автор замечательной колонки в газете Moscow Times Мишель Берди (Michele A. Berdy), рассуждая о том, почему это слово не имеет однозначного соответствия в русском языке, пишет:
    •• Here’s my theory: Frustration in the Western sense of irritation over relatively petty and minor annoyances doesn’t exist here [in Russia].
    •• Мне кажется, что такая трактовка этого слова подтверждается далеко не всегда.Вот лишь один пример, где frustration относится отнюдь не к мелким тяготам жизни:
    •• As the United Nations mourned its dead, including its respected chief Iraq representative, Sergio Vieira de Mello, Annan voiced frustration with the lack of security and the failure of the U.S.-led occupation powers to anticipate the dangers and hardships of Iraq after Saddam Hussein’s government fell. (Washington Post)
    •• Здесь frustration, конечно, не раздражение, а крайнее недовольство. Недовольство удачно характеризует реакцию субъекта и в следующих предложениях:
    •• Finally, it would bring to an end the ability of governments throughout the region to divert their peoples’ frustration about their own governing failures toward hatred of the United States for its unwillingness to move Israel. (Washington Post) - И, наконец, правительства стран региона уже не смогут переключать внимание своих народов, недовольных/возмущенных провалами их политики, на Соединенные Штаты, обвиняемые в нежелании надавить на Израиль.
    •• Mr. Wolfowitz, meanwhile, expressed frustration with reports on Iraq from Arab news media that he said had inflamed opinion against the American presence.
    •• Здесь – недовольство освещением иракской тематики в арабских СМИ.
    •• Часто хорошими контекстуальными вариантами могут стать слова, трудные для перевода c русского языка. К числу таких слов А. Шмелев в своей книге справедливо относит слово обида ( обидный). Мне кажется, оно хорошо подойдет в переводе следующей фразы из New York Times:
    •• An article yesterday on the frustrations of Hans Blix, the retiring chief weapons inspector for the United Nations, misstated his age.
    •• Есть, по-моему, в этой фразе щепотка иронии, и перевод вчерашняя статья об обидах Ханса Бликса... может быть воспринят таким же образом.
    •• А вот переводческая задачка, связанная со словом frustratingly:
    •• Mr Blair said that the parties to the Northern Ireland political process were “ frustratingly close” to an agreement but had yet to finalise a deal. (BBC)
    •• Мне кажется, что здесь напрашивается перевод до обидного близки к договоренности. Здесь опять-таки тот случай – кстати, не такой уж редкий, – когда труднопереводимое слово одного языка удачно подходит для перевода трудного, хотя по своему содержанию на первый взгляд довольно далекого от него слова из другого языка. Это еще одно подтверждение того, что в словарях, претендующих на полноту и ориентированных на переводчиков, наречия должны в ряде случаев рассматриваться отдельно (см. также слово historically).
    •• Забавное слово, которое, возможно, является выражением крайней степени «frustration по-русски» встретилось в одном из интервью М.С. Горбачева: Ярость, бедность, осточертелость выплеснутся.
    •• Подробнее о втором направлении поисков, на мой взгляд более интересном и плодотворном. У меня создается впечатление, что в последнее время условным смысловым ядром слова frustration (frustrating, to frustrate) можно считать понятие деморализации и близкое к нему ощущение тупика. Вот пара свежих примеров. Первый – из выступления в ООН:
    •• Where there are gaps in the criminal justice chain, the work of the police could be incomplete and frustrating.
    •• Выбор у переводчика большой, да только все варианты длинные (например, ...в работе полиции возникают изъяны, чреватые морально-психологическими последствиями/подрывом морального духа личного состава или, несколько короче, ...работа полиции может давать сбои и казаться безрезультатной/тщетной). Но, наверное, в устном переводе возможно и такое решение («палочка-выручалочка»): ...опасность сбоев и деморализации.
    •• Другой пример, из New York Times:
    •• While some Iranians still believe in their theocracy, the majority want a sweeping transformation. They do not want to be told what to think, what to wear, what to read, what to watch and how to behave, and they are frustrated by the glacial pace of change.
    •• Опять-таки выбор переводческих решений достаточно велик, но вариант «навскидку» – ...они деморализованы крайне медленными темпами перемен – пожалуй, не худший из возможных.
    •• В статье в New York Times об американских военнослужащих в Ираке читаем:
    •• Our exhausted and frustrated soldiers are in a hideously difficult environment they’re not familiar with, dealing with a culture America only dimly understands.
    •• Пожалуй, лучший вариант по-русски:
    •• Наши измотанные и деморализованные солдаты...
    •• Одна из возможных стратегий перевода слова frustration – перенос акцента с эмоционального состояния человека на причину или результат этого состояния. Например, когда человек is frustrated, то он обычно – что вполне естественно – крайне недоволен этим. Поэтому фраза из статьи в Washington Post:
    •• Part of it stemmed from his frustration with the culture of the White House
    •• вполне может быть переведена как
    •• Отчасти это было связано с его крайним недовольством порядками, царящими в Белом доме.
    •• Тот же прием буквально напрашивается и в следующем примере из статьи в New York Times о сериале Sex and the City:
    •• Last season found the fantastic foursome mired in the realities of motherhood, career frustration and heartbreak.
    •• По-русски проще всего – и вполне верно – сказать карьерные неудачи. Вместо описания состояния – его причина. В «Моем несистематическом словаре» я писал, что русское слово неудача часто бывает несколько мягче английского failure. Поэтому frustration = неудача – довольно закономерное контекстуальное соответствие.
    •• Надо, однако, согласиться, что часто это слово выражает состояние, гораздо менее сильное, чем предполагают такие русские слова, как отчаяние или безысходность (соответствия, приводимые во многих словарях). Вот фрагмент рецензии из газеты Chicago Tribune на фильм режиссера Эндрю Джареки Capturing the Friedmans:
    •• One former student describing Arnold’s basement sessions as nothing more than a boring computer class is followed by the lead investigator characterizing them as a “free-for-all.” At first this lack of resolution is frustrating, like Jaracki owes it to us to solve this case in a way that investigators and journalists couldn’t.
    •• Здесь, наверное, можно сказать отсутствие вывода/сохранение неопределенности приводит зрителя в замешательство (неплохо также ставит в тупик или вызывает раздражение).
    •• Наконец, иногда слова этого корня приходится переосмысливать полностью. Так, в начале истории с ЮКОСом в журнале Time появилась следующая характеристика поведения российского президента: Mr. Putin has remained frustratingly silent. Конечно, можно сказать к досаде..., Путин сохраняет молчание – но к чьей «досаде»? Журналистов, наблюдателей, публики? Или «ко всеобщей досаде»? Все это будет домысливанием. Так что лучше, наверное, сказать что-то вроде сохраняет загадочное/непроницаемое молчание.

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > frustrate

  • 74 frustrating

    •• frustration, frustrate, frustrating

    •• Frustrate prevent somebody from doing something; prevent somebody’s plans from being carried out (A.S. Hornby).
    •• Кто-то неплохо сказал: странно, что в русском языке нет слова для описания этого чувства, ведь испытываешь его в России на каждом шагу. Добавлю: в том числе, когда приходится переводить английские предложения со словом frustration. Чем тут помочь? Профессиональные психологи не стали мучиться, а заимствовали это понятие; они говорят о фрустрации, фрустрированности. Переводчик не всегда может позволить себе такую роскошь – его просто не поймут (в прямом и переносном смысле). В зависимости от контекста frustration и frustrate (например, во фразе I get increasingly frustrated) можно переводить при помощи самых разных слов. Тут и отчаяние, и раздражение, и разочарование, и безвыходное положение, и досада, и озлобленность, и чувство безысходности, бессилия, и многое другое. Главное – проникнуться глубинной семантикой этого слова (ощущение невозможности что-либо сделать, чтобы изменить положение к лучшему), почувствовать его «внутренний образ». Может быть, для этого достаточно пожить месяц-другой в условиях нашего быта (или просто постоять в очереди на паспортный контроль в аэропорту).
    •• Несколько примеров:
    •• 1. [English] spelling and pronunciation are capricious and frustrating for non-native speakers (Time). Возможный перевод: ...невероятно трудны для иностранцев (приводят иностранцев в отчаянье);
    •• 2....the venom with which he was attacked may be attributed to their frustrated rage (J.H. Plumb). – ...возможно, был следствием их бессильной ярости;
    •• 3. Post-war Britain was a frustration to the advertising man (E.S. Turner). – В послевоенной Великобритании мастеров рекламы подстерегали сплошные разочарования;
    •• 4. Last August, Walter’s predecessor, Alex Mandl, resigned after a six-month tenure, similarly frustrated in his quest to become CEO (Time). – ...ушел в отставку, проработав на своем посту шесть месяцев, и тоже не сумев занять место первого руководителя;
    •• 5. Lippmann correctly foretold the frustrations of an essentially reactionary foreign policy based on containment (Henry Kissinger). В этом интересном примере frustrations можно перевести как тупики. В другом примере из того же автора перевод слова frustration облегчается глаголом, который «подсказывает» конкретизацию (конкретизация и генерализация – два великих помощника переводчика, особенно устного, и обращаться к их услугам надо тем смелее, чем меньше времени у вас на размышления): Nixon inherited a society rent by frustration. – Никсон унаследовал общество, раздираемое противоречиями.
    •• * Изучение бездонного в смысле переводческих проблем слова frustration может идти по двум линиям: во-первых, можно до бесконечности множить примеры контекстуального перевода, что по-своему поучительно. Во-вторых, можно попытаться выделить некое достаточно аморфное смысловое ядро, помогающее в поисках перевода, – при недостатке времени оно может выручить переводчика как компромиссный запасной вариант.
    •• Попытки выделить его глубинный смысл не всегда удачны. Так, например, автор замечательной колонки в газете Moscow Times Мишель Берди (Michele A. Berdy), рассуждая о том, почему это слово не имеет однозначного соответствия в русском языке, пишет:
    •• Here’s my theory: Frustration in the Western sense of irritation over relatively petty and minor annoyances doesn’t exist here [in Russia].
    •• Мне кажется, что такая трактовка этого слова подтверждается далеко не всегда.Вот лишь один пример, где frustration относится отнюдь не к мелким тяготам жизни:
    •• As the United Nations mourned its dead, including its respected chief Iraq representative, Sergio Vieira de Mello, Annan voiced frustration with the lack of security and the failure of the U.S.-led occupation powers to anticipate the dangers and hardships of Iraq after Saddam Hussein’s government fell. (Washington Post)
    •• Здесь frustration, конечно, не раздражение, а крайнее недовольство. Недовольство удачно характеризует реакцию субъекта и в следующих предложениях:
    •• Finally, it would bring to an end the ability of governments throughout the region to divert their peoples’ frustration about their own governing failures toward hatred of the United States for its unwillingness to move Israel. (Washington Post) - И, наконец, правительства стран региона уже не смогут переключать внимание своих народов, недовольных/возмущенных провалами их политики, на Соединенные Штаты, обвиняемые в нежелании надавить на Израиль.
    •• Mr. Wolfowitz, meanwhile, expressed frustration with reports on Iraq from Arab news media that he said had inflamed opinion against the American presence.
    •• Здесь – недовольство освещением иракской тематики в арабских СМИ.
    •• Часто хорошими контекстуальными вариантами могут стать слова, трудные для перевода c русского языка. К числу таких слов А. Шмелев в своей книге справедливо относит слово обида ( обидный). Мне кажется, оно хорошо подойдет в переводе следующей фразы из New York Times:
    •• An article yesterday on the frustrations of Hans Blix, the retiring chief weapons inspector for the United Nations, misstated his age.
    •• Есть, по-моему, в этой фразе щепотка иронии, и перевод вчерашняя статья об обидах Ханса Бликса... может быть воспринят таким же образом.
    •• А вот переводческая задачка, связанная со словом frustratingly:
    •• Mr Blair said that the parties to the Northern Ireland political process were “ frustratingly close” to an agreement but had yet to finalise a deal. (BBC)
    •• Мне кажется, что здесь напрашивается перевод до обидного близки к договоренности. Здесь опять-таки тот случай – кстати, не такой уж редкий, – когда труднопереводимое слово одного языка удачно подходит для перевода трудного, хотя по своему содержанию на первый взгляд довольно далекого от него слова из другого языка. Это еще одно подтверждение того, что в словарях, претендующих на полноту и ориентированных на переводчиков, наречия должны в ряде случаев рассматриваться отдельно (см. также слово historically).
    •• Забавное слово, которое, возможно, является выражением крайней степени «frustration по-русски» встретилось в одном из интервью М.С. Горбачева: Ярость, бедность, осточертелость выплеснутся.
    •• Подробнее о втором направлении поисков, на мой взгляд более интересном и плодотворном. У меня создается впечатление, что в последнее время условным смысловым ядром слова frustration (frustrating, to frustrate) можно считать понятие деморализации и близкое к нему ощущение тупика. Вот пара свежих примеров. Первый – из выступления в ООН:
    •• Where there are gaps in the criminal justice chain, the work of the police could be incomplete and frustrating.
    •• Выбор у переводчика большой, да только все варианты длинные (например, ...в работе полиции возникают изъяны, чреватые морально-психологическими последствиями/подрывом морального духа личного состава или, несколько короче, ...работа полиции может давать сбои и казаться безрезультатной/тщетной). Но, наверное, в устном переводе возможно и такое решение («палочка-выручалочка»): ...опасность сбоев и деморализации.
    •• Другой пример, из New York Times:
    •• While some Iranians still believe in their theocracy, the majority want a sweeping transformation. They do not want to be told what to think, what to wear, what to read, what to watch and how to behave, and they are frustrated by the glacial pace of change.
    •• Опять-таки выбор переводческих решений достаточно велик, но вариант «навскидку» – ...они деморализованы крайне медленными темпами перемен – пожалуй, не худший из возможных.
    •• В статье в New York Times об американских военнослужащих в Ираке читаем:
    •• Our exhausted and frustrated soldiers are in a hideously difficult environment they’re not familiar with, dealing with a culture America only dimly understands.
    •• Пожалуй, лучший вариант по-русски:
    •• Наши измотанные и деморализованные солдаты...
    •• Одна из возможных стратегий перевода слова frustration – перенос акцента с эмоционального состояния человека на причину или результат этого состояния. Например, когда человек is frustrated, то он обычно – что вполне естественно – крайне недоволен этим. Поэтому фраза из статьи в Washington Post:
    •• Part of it stemmed from his frustration with the culture of the White House
    •• вполне может быть переведена как
    •• Отчасти это было связано с его крайним недовольством порядками, царящими в Белом доме.
    •• Тот же прием буквально напрашивается и в следующем примере из статьи в New York Times о сериале Sex and the City:
    •• Last season found the fantastic foursome mired in the realities of motherhood, career frustration and heartbreak.
    •• По-русски проще всего – и вполне верно – сказать карьерные неудачи. Вместо описания состояния – его причина. В «Моем несистематическом словаре» я писал, что русское слово неудача часто бывает несколько мягче английского failure. Поэтому frustration = неудача – довольно закономерное контекстуальное соответствие.
    •• Надо, однако, согласиться, что часто это слово выражает состояние, гораздо менее сильное, чем предполагают такие русские слова, как отчаяние или безысходность (соответствия, приводимые во многих словарях). Вот фрагмент рецензии из газеты Chicago Tribune на фильм режиссера Эндрю Джареки Capturing the Friedmans:
    •• One former student describing Arnold’s basement sessions as nothing more than a boring computer class is followed by the lead investigator characterizing them as a “free-for-all.” At first this lack of resolution is frustrating, like Jaracki owes it to us to solve this case in a way that investigators and journalists couldn’t.
    •• Здесь, наверное, можно сказать отсутствие вывода/сохранение неопределенности приводит зрителя в замешательство (неплохо также ставит в тупик или вызывает раздражение).
    •• Наконец, иногда слова этого корня приходится переосмысливать полностью. Так, в начале истории с ЮКОСом в журнале Time появилась следующая характеристика поведения российского президента: Mr. Putin has remained frustratingly silent. Конечно, можно сказать к досаде..., Путин сохраняет молчание – но к чьей «досаде»? Журналистов, наблюдателей, публики? Или «ко всеобщей досаде»? Все это будет домысливанием. Так что лучше, наверное, сказать что-то вроде сохраняет загадочное/непроницаемое молчание.

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > frustrating

  • 75 frustration

    •• frustration, frustrate, frustrating

    •• Frustrate prevent somebody from doing something; prevent somebody’s plans from being carried out (A.S. Hornby).
    •• Кто-то неплохо сказал: странно, что в русском языке нет слова для описания этого чувства, ведь испытываешь его в России на каждом шагу. Добавлю: в том числе, когда приходится переводить английские предложения со словом frustration. Чем тут помочь? Профессиональные психологи не стали мучиться, а заимствовали это понятие; они говорят о фрустрации, фрустрированности. Переводчик не всегда может позволить себе такую роскошь – его просто не поймут (в прямом и переносном смысле). В зависимости от контекста frustration и frustrate (например, во фразе I get increasingly frustrated) можно переводить при помощи самых разных слов. Тут и отчаяние, и раздражение, и разочарование, и безвыходное положение, и досада, и озлобленность, и чувство безысходности, бессилия, и многое другое. Главное – проникнуться глубинной семантикой этого слова (ощущение невозможности что-либо сделать, чтобы изменить положение к лучшему), почувствовать его «внутренний образ». Может быть, для этого достаточно пожить месяц-другой в условиях нашего быта (или просто постоять в очереди на паспортный контроль в аэропорту).
    •• Несколько примеров:
    •• 1. [English] spelling and pronunciation are capricious and frustrating for non-native speakers (Time). Возможный перевод: ...невероятно трудны для иностранцев (приводят иностранцев в отчаянье);
    •• 2....the venom with which he was attacked may be attributed to their frustrated rage (J.H. Plumb). – ...возможно, был следствием их бессильной ярости;
    •• 3. Post-war Britain was a frustration to the advertising man (E.S. Turner). – В послевоенной Великобритании мастеров рекламы подстерегали сплошные разочарования;
    •• 4. Last August, Walter’s predecessor, Alex Mandl, resigned after a six-month tenure, similarly frustrated in his quest to become CEO (Time). – ...ушел в отставку, проработав на своем посту шесть месяцев, и тоже не сумев занять место первого руководителя;
    •• 5. Lippmann correctly foretold the frustrations of an essentially reactionary foreign policy based on containment (Henry Kissinger). В этом интересном примере frustrations можно перевести как тупики. В другом примере из того же автора перевод слова frustration облегчается глаголом, который «подсказывает» конкретизацию (конкретизация и генерализация – два великих помощника переводчика, особенно устного, и обращаться к их услугам надо тем смелее, чем меньше времени у вас на размышления): Nixon inherited a society rent by frustration. – Никсон унаследовал общество, раздираемое противоречиями.
    •• * Изучение бездонного в смысле переводческих проблем слова frustration может идти по двум линиям: во-первых, можно до бесконечности множить примеры контекстуального перевода, что по-своему поучительно. Во-вторых, можно попытаться выделить некое достаточно аморфное смысловое ядро, помогающее в поисках перевода, – при недостатке времени оно может выручить переводчика как компромиссный запасной вариант.
    •• Попытки выделить его глубинный смысл не всегда удачны. Так, например, автор замечательной колонки в газете Moscow Times Мишель Берди (Michele A. Berdy), рассуждая о том, почему это слово не имеет однозначного соответствия в русском языке, пишет:
    •• Here’s my theory: Frustration in the Western sense of irritation over relatively petty and minor annoyances doesn’t exist here [in Russia].
    •• Мне кажется, что такая трактовка этого слова подтверждается далеко не всегда.Вот лишь один пример, где frustration относится отнюдь не к мелким тяготам жизни:
    •• As the United Nations mourned its dead, including its respected chief Iraq representative, Sergio Vieira de Mello, Annan voiced frustration with the lack of security and the failure of the U.S.-led occupation powers to anticipate the dangers and hardships of Iraq after Saddam Hussein’s government fell. (Washington Post)
    •• Здесь frustration, конечно, не раздражение, а крайнее недовольство. Недовольство удачно характеризует реакцию субъекта и в следующих предложениях:
    •• Finally, it would bring to an end the ability of governments throughout the region to divert their peoples’ frustration about their own governing failures toward hatred of the United States for its unwillingness to move Israel. (Washington Post) - И, наконец, правительства стран региона уже не смогут переключать внимание своих народов, недовольных/возмущенных провалами их политики, на Соединенные Штаты, обвиняемые в нежелании надавить на Израиль.
    •• Mr. Wolfowitz, meanwhile, expressed frustration with reports on Iraq from Arab news media that he said had inflamed opinion against the American presence.
    •• Здесь – недовольство освещением иракской тематики в арабских СМИ.
    •• Часто хорошими контекстуальными вариантами могут стать слова, трудные для перевода c русского языка. К числу таких слов А. Шмелев в своей книге справедливо относит слово обида ( обидный). Мне кажется, оно хорошо подойдет в переводе следующей фразы из New York Times:
    •• An article yesterday on the frustrations of Hans Blix, the retiring chief weapons inspector for the United Nations, misstated his age.
    •• Есть, по-моему, в этой фразе щепотка иронии, и перевод вчерашняя статья об обидах Ханса Бликса... может быть воспринят таким же образом.
    •• А вот переводческая задачка, связанная со словом frustratingly:
    •• Mr Blair said that the parties to the Northern Ireland political process were “ frustratingly close” to an agreement but had yet to finalise a deal. (BBC)
    •• Мне кажется, что здесь напрашивается перевод до обидного близки к договоренности. Здесь опять-таки тот случай – кстати, не такой уж редкий, – когда труднопереводимое слово одного языка удачно подходит для перевода трудного, хотя по своему содержанию на первый взгляд довольно далекого от него слова из другого языка. Это еще одно подтверждение того, что в словарях, претендующих на полноту и ориентированных на переводчиков, наречия должны в ряде случаев рассматриваться отдельно (см. также слово historically).
    •• Забавное слово, которое, возможно, является выражением крайней степени «frustration по-русски» встретилось в одном из интервью М.С. Горбачева: Ярость, бедность, осточертелость выплеснутся.
    •• Подробнее о втором направлении поисков, на мой взгляд более интересном и плодотворном. У меня создается впечатление, что в последнее время условным смысловым ядром слова frustration (frustrating, to frustrate) можно считать понятие деморализации и близкое к нему ощущение тупика. Вот пара свежих примеров. Первый – из выступления в ООН:
    •• Where there are gaps in the criminal justice chain, the work of the police could be incomplete and frustrating.
    •• Выбор у переводчика большой, да только все варианты длинные (например, ...в работе полиции возникают изъяны, чреватые морально-психологическими последствиями/подрывом морального духа личного состава или, несколько короче, ...работа полиции может давать сбои и казаться безрезультатной/тщетной). Но, наверное, в устном переводе возможно и такое решение («палочка-выручалочка»): ...опасность сбоев и деморализации.
    •• Другой пример, из New York Times:
    •• While some Iranians still believe in their theocracy, the majority want a sweeping transformation. They do not want to be told what to think, what to wear, what to read, what to watch and how to behave, and they are frustrated by the glacial pace of change.
    •• Опять-таки выбор переводческих решений достаточно велик, но вариант «навскидку» – ...они деморализованы крайне медленными темпами перемен – пожалуй, не худший из возможных.
    •• В статье в New York Times об американских военнослужащих в Ираке читаем:
    •• Our exhausted and frustrated soldiers are in a hideously difficult environment they’re not familiar with, dealing with a culture America only dimly understands.
    •• Пожалуй, лучший вариант по-русски:
    •• Наши измотанные и деморализованные солдаты...
    •• Одна из возможных стратегий перевода слова frustration – перенос акцента с эмоционального состояния человека на причину или результат этого состояния. Например, когда человек is frustrated, то он обычно – что вполне естественно – крайне недоволен этим. Поэтому фраза из статьи в Washington Post:
    •• Part of it stemmed from his frustration with the culture of the White House
    •• вполне может быть переведена как
    •• Отчасти это было связано с его крайним недовольством порядками, царящими в Белом доме.
    •• Тот же прием буквально напрашивается и в следующем примере из статьи в New York Times о сериале Sex and the City:
    •• Last season found the fantastic foursome mired in the realities of motherhood, career frustration and heartbreak.
    •• По-русски проще всего – и вполне верно – сказать карьерные неудачи. Вместо описания состояния – его причина. В «Моем несистематическом словаре» я писал, что русское слово неудача часто бывает несколько мягче английского failure. Поэтому frustration = неудача – довольно закономерное контекстуальное соответствие.
    •• Надо, однако, согласиться, что часто это слово выражает состояние, гораздо менее сильное, чем предполагают такие русские слова, как отчаяние или безысходность (соответствия, приводимые во многих словарях). Вот фрагмент рецензии из газеты Chicago Tribune на фильм режиссера Эндрю Джареки Capturing the Friedmans:
    •• One former student describing Arnold’s basement sessions as nothing more than a boring computer class is followed by the lead investigator characterizing them as a “free-for-all.” At first this lack of resolution is frustrating, like Jaracki owes it to us to solve this case in a way that investigators and journalists couldn’t.
    •• Здесь, наверное, можно сказать отсутствие вывода/сохранение неопределенности приводит зрителя в замешательство (неплохо также ставит в тупик или вызывает раздражение).
    •• Наконец, иногда слова этого корня приходится переосмысливать полностью. Так, в начале истории с ЮКОСом в журнале Time появилась следующая характеристика поведения российского президента: Mr. Putin has remained frustratingly silent. Конечно, можно сказать к досаде..., Путин сохраняет молчание – но к чьей «досаде»? Журналистов, наблюдателей, публики? Или «ко всеобщей досаде»? Все это будет домысливанием. Так что лучше, наверное, сказать что-то вроде сохраняет загадочное/непроницаемое молчание.

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > frustration

  • 76 Bomtempo, João Domingos

    (1775-1842)
       Portuguese composer who began his musical studies under his father, Francisco Saveiro Bomtempo, the oboist in the royal court of King José I (1750-77). At the age of 14, he became a singer in the Royal Chapel of Bemposta and, after his father's death, took his place as court oboist at age 20. In 1801, he decided to go to France to continue his musical studies instead of Italy, which was the custom in his day. In Paris, he associated with a group of exiled Portuguese liberals from whom he absorbed liberal ideas and became a committed constitutional monarchist. During his time in Paris, he began his career as a virtuoso pianist and, inspired by Clementi, Cramer, and Dussek, wrote his first compositions: the Grande Sonata para Piano, Primeiro Concerto em Mi bemol para Piano e Orquestra, and the Secundo Concerto para Piano.
       After Napoleon's armies were defeated by a combined Portuguese-British army commanded by General Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington), Bomtempo's prospects in France deteriorated and he left for London in 1810, where he was well received and became a well-regarded professor of piano. During this period, he published many compositions, such as the Terceiro Concerto para Piano, and Capricho e Variações Sobre " GodSave the King." Bom-tempo became active in the Masons at this time. In 1813, to celebrate the final defeat of the French, Bomtempo composed a cantata titled Hino Lusitano, with verses by the liberal poet Vicente Pedro Nolasco da Cunha. He also composed the Primeira Grande Sinfonia and the Quarto Concerto para Piano during this period.
       In 1815, Bomtempo returned to Portugal, where he founded a philharmonic society in order to fill a serious lacuna in the musical culture of Portugal. With the return of the royal court from Brazil and the increasing repression of Portuguese Masons, the situation in Lisbon became untenable for liberals. Bomtempo, who favored a constitutional monarch, returned to London, where he dedicated his work to the "Portuguese nation." He returned to Portugal in 1818, where he composed his best-known work: O Requiem: A Memória de Camões. In 1820, he composed a second requiem in memory of General Gomes Freire, the grand master of Portuguese masonry, who was hanged in 1817. In 1822, his philharmonic society began periodic concerts, but these were forbidden by the absolutist King Miguel I (1802-66) in 1828, and Bomtempo took refuge in the Russian consulate in Lisbon, where he lived for five years until a constitutional monarchy was established by King Pedro IV (1798-1834) in 1834.
       With the establishment of constitutionalism, Bomtempo returned to his artistic activities. In 1835, he composed the Segunda Sinfonia e um Libera Me, dedicated to the memory of King Pedro IV who, exhausted from his struggle against his brother during the " War of the Brothers," died soon after returning to the throne. In 1836, Bon-tempo was made music director of the Court Orchestra and professor of piano in the royal music school, where he introduced the musical pedagogy of Clementi. He continued to compose and direct until his death on 18 August 1842.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Bomtempo, João Domingos

  • 77 культура по отношению к окружающей среде

    1. environmental culture

     

    культура по отношению к окружающей среде
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    EN

    environmental culture
    The total of learned behavior, attitudes, practices and knowledge that a society has with respect to maintaining or protecting its natural resources, the ecosystem and all other external conditions affecting human life. (Source: ANT / TOE)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > культура по отношению к окружающей среде

  • 78 культура по отношению к окружающей среде

    1. Umweltkultur

     

    культура по отношению к окружающей среде
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    EN

    environmental culture
    The total of learned behavior, attitudes, practices and knowledge that a society has with respect to maintaining or protecting its natural resources, the ecosystem and all other external conditions affecting human life. (Source: ANT / TOE)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Русско-немецкий словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > культура по отношению к окружающей среде

  • 79 Umweltkultur

    1. культура по отношению к окружающей среде

     

    культура по отношению к окружающей среде
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    EN

    environmental culture
    The total of learned behavior, attitudes, practices and knowledge that a society has with respect to maintaining or protecting its natural resources, the ecosystem and all other external conditions affecting human life. (Source: ANT / TOE)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Umweltkultur

  • 80 culturización

    f.
    habituation, familiarization, enculturation.
    * * *
    SF education, enlightenment
    * * *
    = acculturation, enculturation, culturation.
    Ex. Increasingly, US historians are carrying out research into the acculturation of immigrants to the USA.
    Ex. This document discusses a seminar in which participants focused on the enculturation of boys into American society.
    Ex. The author discusses the social development of infants in terms of a set of tasks which include identity, culturation, and reproduction.
    * * *
    = acculturation, enculturation, culturation.

    Ex: Increasingly, US historians are carrying out research into the acculturation of immigrants to the USA.

    Ex: This document discusses a seminar in which participants focused on the enculturation of boys into American society.
    Ex: The author discusses the social development of infants in terms of a set of tasks which include identity, culturation, and reproduction.

    * * *
    education, enlightenment
    * * *
    la culturización de los indígenas por los conquistadores the way in which the conquistadors taught their culture to the indigenous population

    Spanish-English dictionary > culturización

Страницы

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