sequential-+analysis

1) метод; способ (см. тж. technique 1)

2) ООП метод (функция - элемент определения класса (class) в языке Smalltalk, в C++ - см. member function)

•

- access method

1) задача; проблема

2) неисправность

3) трудность, затруднение

•

- absorption problem

- abstract problem

- accompanying problem

- adjoint problem

- advertizing problem

- algebraic problem

- algorithmically unsolvable problem

- applied problem

- approach problem

- arithmetical problem

- assignment problem

- asymptotic problem

- attack-and-defense problem

- augmented problem

- auxiliary problem

- axially symmetric problem

- ballistic problem

- ballot problem

- barrier problem

- basic maximum problem

- betting problem

- bidual problem

- bifurcation problem

- biharmonic problem

- binary problem

- birthday problem

- blending problem

- bottleneck problem

- boundary problem

- bounded problem

- bounded-variable problem

- brachistochrone problem

- burglar problem

- cake-cutting problem

- calculability problem

- canonical problem

- capacitated transportation problem

- cataloguing problem

- caterer problem

- Cauchy problem

- center problem

- center-and-focus problem

- central asymptotic problem

- chance-constrained problem

- characteristic problem

- characterization problem

- check problem

- classical problem

- classification problem

- closed problem

- coercitive problem

- coexistence problem

- coin-tossing problem

- coin-weighing problem

- coloring problem

- combinatorial problem

- compactness problem

- competitive problem

- compression problem

- computational problem

- conceptual problem

- conjugate problem

- constant problem

- construction problem

- continuum problem

- contract-awards problem

- control problem

- convergence problem

- convex programming problem

- correspondence problem

- counterfeit coin problem

- crossing problem

- dancing problem

- decidability problem

- decision problem under certainty

- decoding problem

- degenerate problem

- delivery problem

- diet problem

- differentiation problem

- diffusion problem

- dimensionality problem

- direct problem

- Dirichlet's problem

- disorder problem

- distribution problem

- divisor problem

- domino problem

- econometric problem

- effectivity problem

- eigenvalue problem

- election problem

- embedding problem

- empirical problem

- encounter problem

- entrance-fee problem

- enumerability problem

- enumeration problem

- epistemological problem

- equilibrium problem

- equivalence problem

- equivalent problem

- error minimization problem

- estimation problem

- evolutionary problem

- explosion problem

- extended problem

- extension problem

- extremal problem

- feasibility problem

- feasible problem

- feed mix problem

- filtering problem

- finitary problem

- five queens problem

- fixed-charge problem

- flow problem

- forecasting problem

- foreman problem

- gambler ruin problem

- general problem

- generalized problem

- gold-mining problem

- graph-theoretic problem

- halting problem

- hill-climbing problem

- homogeneity problem

- homogeneous problem

- homotopy problem

- identification problem

- identity problem

- ill-conditioned problem

- ill-defined problem

- ill-posed problem

- ill-structured problem

- improperly posed problem

- index of problem

- infeasible problem

- inference problem

- infinite medium problem

- infinitesimal problem

- information retrieval problem

- inhomogeneous problem

- initial problem

- initial-value problem

- inner problem

- insoluble problem

- integration problem

- interpolation problem

- intractable problem

- intricate problem

- invariant problem

- inverse problem

- inversion problem

- irregular problem

- isometric problem

- isomorphism problem

- isoperimetric problem

- knapsack problem

- knight problem

- labyrinth problem

- lattice search problem

- linear problem

- loading problem

- location problem

- many-body problem

- map-colouring problem

- map-folding problem

- mass problem

- master problem

- matching problem

- mathematical problem

- maximization problem

- maximum-flow problem

- menage problem

- menu problem

- metrization problem

- minimal length problem

- minimax problem

- minimization problem

- mixed problem

- module problem

- moment problem

- monkey-banana problem

- monotonic problem

- moving boundary problem

- multicriterion problem

- multidecision problem

- multidimensional problem

- multiextremal problem

- multiindex problem

- multiple-integral problem

- multivariate problem

- natural problem

- necklace problem

- needle problem

- nested problem

- network flow problem

- network problem

- newspaper-boy problem

- nondifferentiable problem

- nonhomogeneous problem

- nonlinear problem

- nonlinear programming problem

- nonparametric problem

- nonsequential problem

- nonstationary problem

- nonstochastic problem

- non-uniform problem

- nonwell-posed problem

- normal problem

- normative problem

- number problem

- numerical problem

- observation problem

- occupancy problem

- one-armed bandit problem

- one-dimensional problem

- one-sample problem

- open problem

- optimal assignment problem

- optimization problem

- optimum problem

- orderability problem

- original problem

- outer problem

- overspecified problem

- packing problem

- parametric dual problem

- parking problem

- partition problem

- percolation problem

- permutation problem

- personnel-assignment problem

- petrol blending problem

- picnic problem

- plane problem

- Plateau's problem

- polar problem

- polynomial approximation problem

- positional problem

- postman problem

- power moment problem

- prediction problem

- prefix problem

- prey-predator problem

- primal problem

- probabilistic problem

- problem of allocation

- problem of deadly embrace

- problem of derangements

- problem of eight queens

- problem of elimination

- problem of form equivalence

- problem of interpolating

- problem of interpretation

- problem of inverse probability

- problem of localization

- problem of matching

- problem of projectivity

- problem of reduction

- problem of separability

- problem of six red disks

- problem of solvability

- problem of thirteen spheres

- problem of uniqueness

- problem of warders

- programming problem

- properly posed problem

- purchasing problem

- pursuit problem

- puzzle problem

- pyramided problem

- quadratic programming problem

- quadrature problem

- quasilinear problem

- random-walk problem

- ranking problem

- realizability problem

- recursively enumerable problem

- reduced problem

- reducibility problem

- reducible problem

- regression problem

- relaxed problem

- rendezvous problem

- representation problem

- resource allocation problem

- restricted problem

- roulette problem

- routine problem

- ruin problem

- saddle point problem

- satisfiability problem

- scheduling problem

- schoolgirls problem

- scope of problem

- search problem

- secretary problem

- self-adjoint problem

- semidefinite problem

- separable problem

- separation problem

- sequencing problem

- sequential decision problem

- singular problem

- solvable problem

- special problem

- specialization problem

- spectral problem

- stable marriage problem

- statistical problem

- stereometric problem

- stiff problem

- stopping problem

- structural problem

- substitution problem

- symmetric problem

- systems analysis problem

- taxicab problem

- tenth problem

- termination problem

- ternary problem

- three body problem

- three-choice problem

- three-color problem

- three-dimensional problem

- three-point problem

- timetable problem

- tournament problem

- toymaker problem

- trace problem

- tradeoff problem

- traffic problem

- trajectory problem

- transformed problem

- transport problem

- transportation problem

- transshipment problem

- trasport problem

- travelling salesman problem

- tree-structured problem

- triangulizability problem

- trigonometric moment problem

- trigonometric problem

- trim problem

- two body problem

- two noncharacteristic problem

- two-armed-bandit problem

- two-body problem

- two-choice problem

- two-dimensional problem

- two-means problem

- two-point boundary problem

- two-sample problem

- uncertainty problem

- unconstrained problem

- undecidable problem

- underspecified problem

- unicity problem

- universal problem

- unsolvable problem

- unstable problem

- unstructural problem

- unsymmetric dual problem

- variational problem

- waiting time problem

- warehousing problem

- well-behaved problem

- well-defined problem

- well-formulated problem

- well-set problem

- well-structured problem

- word problem

- worked problem

- 2D machining program

1) система

2) установка; устройство

•

- 2D CAD system

1) Общая лексика: стратегическое военное командование (ВВС США)

2) Компьютерная техника: Singapore Apple Collaboration, Software Assigned Controller, Stand Alone Console, satellite access center

3) Американизм: School Aged Children, Small Agency Council, System Administrators Council

4) Спорт: Sports Advisory Committee

5) Военный термин: Scenario Aircraft Converter, School of Army Cooperation, Scientific Advisory Committee, Senate Appropriations Committee, Senior Advisory Council, Senior Aircraftman, Sense Alter Control, Shipbuilding Advisory Council, Standing Armaments Committee, Strike Air Command, Supreme Allied Command, Supreme Allied Commander, Survive And Continue, scene-of-action commander, secondary accountability center, secondary address code, security assistance, semiautomatic coding, service application code, signal analysis course, single address code, special agent in charge, special area code, special authorization card, standard aircraft characteristics, stock accounting center, strategic alert cadre, supply availability card, supporting arms coordinator, surface action commander, ВГК, Стратегическое авиационное командование, верховный главнокомандующий

6) Техника: satellite communications, sectional area curve, sequential arming circuit, systems automation corp.

7) Шутливое выражение: Seriously Amusing Cat

8) Химия: Strong Acid Cation

9) Математика: Symbolic and Algebraic Computation

10) Религия: Student Ambassadors for Christ, Submitting All To Christ

11) Метеорология: Surface Air Consumption

12) Бухгалтерия: Same As Cash

13) Ветеринария: Scottish Agricultural Colleges

14) Грубое выражение: Sorry Ass Clan

15) Телекоммуникации: Subscriber Acquisition Cost, Single Attachment Concentrator (FDDI), (subscribor aquisition cost) стоимость приобретения одного абонента, затраты на приобретение одного абонента (subscriber acquisition costs)

16) Сокращение: Scene of Action Commander, Self-Adaptive Channelizer (UK), Senate Appropriations Committee (USA), Senior Aircraftsman, Shaanxi Aircraft Co. (China), Shenyang Aircraft Corp. (China), Small Arms Collimator, Space Activities Commission, Special Advisory Committee, Strategic Air Command (USA), Systems Acquisition Career (USA), sprayed acoustical ceiling, Special Area Code (represent services, not places)

17) Университет: Scottish Agricultural College, Social Activities Club, Student Action Committee, Student Activities Committee, Student Activities Council, Student Activity Center, Student Assignment Center, Students Administrative Council, Summer Arts Center

18) Физиология: Sacral

19) Электроника: Smoothed Active Contour

20) Вычислительная техника: Service / Special Area Code, Special Area Code (Telephony, represent services, not places), Strategic Air Command (US military), Strict Avalanche Criterion (Verschluesselung)

21) Иммунология: splenic accessory cells, splenic adherent cells

22) Космонавтика: Space Applications Centre (Ahmedabad, India), Space Activities Commission (Japan)

23) Фирменный знак: Shapley Ames Catalog

24) Экология: КНК, Консультативный научный комитет

25) Деловая лексика: Superintendents Advisory Council

26) Образование: Scholastic Achievement Council, School Adventure Club, School Advisory Committee, School Advisory Council, School Assessed Coursework, Sense Alter And Control, Standards Aligned Classroom, Student Activity Club, Student Activity Council, Students Activities Council, Students Against Corruption

27) Сетевые технологии: Session Admission Control, концентратор с одинарным подключением

28) Океанография: Seismic Analysis Code, Special Analysis Center

29) Химическое оружие: Science Advisory Council

30) Почвоведение: почвенный поглощающий комплекс

31) Безопасность: Secure Authenticated Communication, Security Access Console, Slovak Antivirus Center

32) Расширение файла: Single Attachment Concentrator

33) Военно-политический термин: Strategic Air Command

34) Электротехника: solid aluminum conductor

35) Общественная организация: Salvation Army Corps, Student Advocacy Center

36) Должность: Social Action Coordinator, Society And Culture

37) Аэропорты: Sacramento Executive Airport, Sacramento, California USA

38) Программное обеспечение: Simple Api For Css

39) Музеи: Sussex Archaeological Collections

1) Общая лексика: stone mastic asphalt

2) Компьютерная техника: State Machine Action

3) Медицина: shape memory alloy (пространственно-модулированная абляция), сплав с памятью формы, (Superior mesenteric artery) ВБА (Верхняя брыжеечная артерия)

4) Военный термин: Safety Mechanism Assembly, Self Motivated Agents, Sergeant-Major of the Army, Software Maintenance Agreement, senior military attache, single manager approach, site maintenance area, small arms, squadron maintenance area, standard maintenance allowance, авиационный комплекс для выполнения особых заданий (Special Mission Aircraft System)

5) Техника: scattering matrix with absolute phase, shielded metal arc, surface mounting assembly

6) Сельское хозяйство: Standard Methods Agar

7) Химия: Styrene Malic Anhydride

8) Математика: Simple Moving Average

9) Религия: So Many Angels

10) Железнодорожный термин: San Manuel Arizona Railroad Company

11) Бухгалтерия: Special Memorandum Account, special miscellaneous account

12) Сокращение: Scientific Management Associates Pty Ltd (Australia), Search Mode Acquisition, Security Manager Agent (networks), Segnalamento Marittimo ed Aero SpA (Italy), Shape Memory Alloy, Signal Message Address, Spectrum Manufacturers Association, Systems Management American Corp. (USA)

13) Университет: Saint Mary's Academy, Saint Michaels Academy, Studio Of Masquerade Arts

14) Физиология: Sensory Motor Amnesia, Spinal Muscular Atrophy

15) Электроника: Satellite Master Antenna, Sequential Multiple Analysis, Sub Miniature A And, Surface Modeling and Analysis

16) Вычислительная техника: Shared Memory Architecture, Standardization Management Activity

17) Иммунология: smooth muscle antibody

18) Связь: Switch Management Assistant

19) Космонавтика: Solar Maximum Analysis (SCOSTEP)

20) Фирменный знак: Systems Management America

21) Образование: Союз Сингапур-Массачусетский технологический институт (Singapore-MIT Alliance (MIT-Massachusetts Institute of Technology))

22) Сетевые технологии: Surface Mount Architecture, Systems Monitor Architecture, архитектура системного мониторинга

23) Пластмассы: Poly (Styrene Maleic Anhydride)

24) Океанография: State Meteorology Administration

25) Расширение файла: Software Migration Assistant (IBM)

26) Печатные платы: surface mount assembly

27) Чат: Suck My Ass

28) Аэропорты: Santa Maria, Azores, Portugal

1) Общая лексика: стратегическое военное командование (ВВС США)

2) Компьютерная техника: Singapore Apple Collaboration, Software Assigned Controller, Stand Alone Console, satellite access center

3) Американизм: School Aged Children, Small Agency Council, System Administrators Council

4) Спорт: Sports Advisory Committee

5) Военный термин: Scenario Aircraft Converter, School of Army Cooperation, Scientific Advisory Committee, Senate Appropriations Committee, Senior Advisory Council, Senior Aircraftman, Sense Alter Control, Shipbuilding Advisory Council, Standing Armaments Committee, Strike Air Command, Supreme Allied Command, Supreme Allied Commander, Survive And Continue, scene-of-action commander, secondary accountability center, secondary address code, security assistance, semiautomatic coding, service application code, signal analysis course, single address code, special agent in charge, special area code, special authorization card, standard aircraft characteristics, stock accounting center, strategic alert cadre, supply availability card, supporting arms coordinator, surface action commander, ВГК, Стратегическое авиационное командование, верховный главнокомандующий

6) Техника: satellite communications, sectional area curve, sequential arming circuit, systems automation corp.

7) Шутливое выражение: Seriously Amusing Cat

8) Химия: Strong Acid Cation

9) Математика: Symbolic and Algebraic Computation

10) Религия: Student Ambassadors for Christ, Submitting All To Christ

11) Метеорология: Surface Air Consumption

12) Бухгалтерия: Same As Cash

13) Ветеринария: Scottish Agricultural Colleges

14) Грубое выражение: Sorry Ass Clan

15) Телекоммуникации: Subscriber Acquisition Cost, Single Attachment Concentrator (FDDI), (subscribor aquisition cost) стоимость приобретения одного абонента, затраты на приобретение одного абонента (subscriber acquisition costs)

16) Сокращение: Scene of Action Commander, Self-Adaptive Channelizer (UK), Senate Appropriations Committee (USA), Senior Aircraftsman, Shaanxi Aircraft Co. (China), Shenyang Aircraft Corp. (China), Small Arms Collimator, Space Activities Commission, Special Advisory Committee, Strategic Air Command (USA), Systems Acquisition Career (USA), sprayed acoustical ceiling, Special Area Code (represent services, not places)

17) Университет: Scottish Agricultural College, Social Activities Club, Student Action Committee, Student Activities Committee, Student Activities Council, Student Activity Center, Student Assignment Center, Students Administrative Council, Summer Arts Center

18) Физиология: Sacral

19) Электроника: Smoothed Active Contour

20) Вычислительная техника: Service / Special Area Code, Special Area Code (Telephony, represent services, not places), Strategic Air Command (US military), Strict Avalanche Criterion (Verschluesselung)

21) Иммунология: splenic accessory cells, splenic adherent cells

22) Космонавтика: Space Applications Centre (Ahmedabad, India), Space Activities Commission (Japan)

23) Фирменный знак: Shapley Ames Catalog

24) Экология: КНК, Консультативный научный комитет

25) Деловая лексика: Superintendents Advisory Council

26) Образование: Scholastic Achievement Council, School Adventure Club, School Advisory Committee, School Advisory Council, School Assessed Coursework, Sense Alter And Control, Standards Aligned Classroom, Student Activity Club, Student Activity Council, Students Activities Council, Students Against Corruption

27) Сетевые технологии: Session Admission Control, концентратор с одинарным подключением

28) Океанография: Seismic Analysis Code, Special Analysis Center

29) Химическое оружие: Science Advisory Council

30) Почвоведение: почвенный поглощающий комплекс

31) Безопасность: Secure Authenticated Communication, Security Access Console, Slovak Antivirus Center

32) Расширение файла: Single Attachment Concentrator

33) Военно-политический термин: Strategic Air Command

34) Электротехника: solid aluminum conductor

35) Общественная организация: Salvation Army Corps, Student Advocacy Center

36) Должность: Social Action Coordinator, Society And Culture

37) Аэропорты: Sacramento Executive Airport, Sacramento, California USA

38) Программное обеспечение: Simple Api For Css

39) Музеи: Sussex Archaeological Collections

1) Общая лексика: stone mastic asphalt

2) Компьютерная техника: State Machine Action

3) Медицина: shape memory alloy (пространственно-модулированная абляция), сплав с памятью формы, (Superior mesenteric artery) ВБА (Верхняя брыжеечная артерия)

4) Военный термин: Safety Mechanism Assembly, Self Motivated Agents, Sergeant-Major of the Army, Software Maintenance Agreement, senior military attache, single manager approach, site maintenance area, small arms, squadron maintenance area, standard maintenance allowance, авиационный комплекс для выполнения особых заданий (Special Mission Aircraft System)

5) Техника: scattering matrix with absolute phase, shielded metal arc, surface mounting assembly

6) Сельское хозяйство: Standard Methods Agar

7) Химия: Styrene Malic Anhydride

8) Математика: Simple Moving Average

9) Религия: So Many Angels

10) Железнодорожный термин: San Manuel Arizona Railroad Company

11) Бухгалтерия: Special Memorandum Account, special miscellaneous account

12) Сокращение: Scientific Management Associates Pty Ltd (Australia), Search Mode Acquisition, Security Manager Agent (networks), Segnalamento Marittimo ed Aero SpA (Italy), Shape Memory Alloy, Signal Message Address, Spectrum Manufacturers Association, Systems Management American Corp. (USA)

13) Университет: Saint Mary's Academy, Saint Michaels Academy, Studio Of Masquerade Arts

14) Физиология: Sensory Motor Amnesia, Spinal Muscular Atrophy

15) Электроника: Satellite Master Antenna, Sequential Multiple Analysis, Sub Miniature A And, Surface Modeling and Analysis

16) Вычислительная техника: Shared Memory Architecture, Standardization Management Activity

17) Иммунология: smooth muscle antibody

18) Связь: Switch Management Assistant

19) Космонавтика: Solar Maximum Analysis (SCOSTEP)

20) Фирменный знак: Systems Management America

21) Образование: Союз Сингапур-Массачусетский технологический институт (Singapore-MIT Alliance (MIT-Massachusetts Institute of Technology))

22) Сетевые технологии: Surface Mount Architecture, Systems Monitor Architecture, архитектура системного мониторинга

23) Пластмассы: Poly (Styrene Maleic Anhydride)

24) Океанография: State Meteorology Administration

25) Расширение файла: Software Migration Assistant (IBM)

26) Печатные платы: surface mount assembly

27) Чат: Suck My Ass

28) Аэропорты: Santa Maria, Azores, Portugal

- chart of accounts

- action-demand chart

- aggregate chart

- alignment chart

- assembly chart

- band chart

- bar chart

- break-even chart

- calendar progress chart

- cell chart

- certified chart

- circular chart

- correction chart

- costing record chart

- cycle chart

- data chart

- design chart

- dot chart

- double log chart

- employee rating chart

- film analysis chart

- flow chart

- from-to chart

- full simo chart

- functional chart

- function-allocation chart

- Gantt chart

- graphic chart

- interaction chart

- inventory control chart

- isoprof chart

- job chart

- layout chart

- left-hand chart

- log chart

- log-log chart

- machine process chart

- man-and-machine chart

- man process chart

- manufacturing stage chart

- material flow chart

- morphological chart

- multiman chart

- multiple activity chart

- multiple bar chart

- multiproduct process chart

- nomographic chart

- operation analysis chart

- operation flow chart

- operation instruction chart

- operation process chart

- operator study chart

- order control chart

- ordering chart

- organization chart

- percentile chart

- performance rating chart

- pie chart

- Poisson chart

- predetermined motion time system chart

- process chart

- production stage chart

- profit-volume chart

- progeny chart

- progress chart

- quality control chart

- quality cost chart

- rectangular chart

- responsibility chart

- right-hand chart

- route chart

- scatter chart

- schedule chart

- scrap-cost analysis chart

- sequential chart

- service chart

- simo chart

- simple simo chart

- simultaneous motion cycle chart

- stock chart

- strip chart

- structure-time chart

- time chart

- travel chart

- trend chart

- two-handed chart

- variability chart

- vertical line chart

- work distribution chart

- workplace chart

[ˈprɔbləm]

accounting problem бухгалтерская задача activity-analysis problem задача анализа операций algorithmic problem алгоритмическая проблема all integer problem вчт. полностью целочисленная задача allocation problem задача распределения approximating problem приближенная задача assignment problem задача о назначениях assignment problem задача о распределении auxiliary problem вспомогательная задача bargaining problem задача о торгах benchmark problem вчт. эталонная тестовая задача bottleneck problem вчт. проблема узких мест bottleneck problem проблема узких мест bounded-variable problem вчт. задача с ограниченными переменными bulk queueing problem задача о групповом обслуживании business problem коммерческая задача classical optimization problem классическая задача оптимизации congestion problem вчт. задача массового обслуживания convex programming problem задача выпуклого программирования cut problem задача о раскрое data-set problem задача обработки совокупности данных decision problem задача принятия решений define a problem сформулировать задачу define a problem формулировать задачу delivery problem задача о доставке drug problem проблема наркомании dual problem двойственная задача equilibrium problem задача о равновесии error minimization problem задача минимизации ошибок estimation problem задача оценивания extremal problem экстремальная задача finite horizon problem задача о конечном интервале forecasting problem задача прогнозирования game-theoretic problem задача теории игр general decision problem общая задача принятия решений general transportation problem общая транспортная задача harmonization problem эк. проблема согласования ill-defined problem плохо структурированная задача ill-posed problem некорректная задача inference problem проблема логического вывода infinite horizon problem задача о бесконечном интервале information retrieval problem информационно-поисковая задача intractable problem трудноразрешимая задача legal problem правовая проблема legal problem правовой вопрос linear programming problem задача линейного программирования longest-path problem задача о максимальном пути management problem управленческая задача market analysis problem вчт. задача анализа рынка maximization problem задача максимизации mental problem умственные трудности minimal path problem задача о минимальном пути minimization problem задача минимизации minimum problem задача на минимум multi-objective problem многоцелевая задача multifacility problem вчт. задача для многоканальной системы nonlinear programming problem задача нелинейного программирования optimal kit problem задача об оптимальном комплекте optimal path problem задача о выборе оптимального пути optimization problem задача оптимизации optimum problem задача оптимизации ordering problem задача упорядочения primal problem прямая задача probabilistic problem вероятностная задача problem вопрос problem мат., шахм. задача problem задача problem проблема; вопрос; задача problem проблема problem проблемный problem сложная ситуация problem трудный случай problem attr. проблемный; problem novel проблемный роман problem child трудный ребенок problem of waiting вчт. задача об обслуживании с ожиданием programming problem вчт. задача программирования programming problem вчт. проблема программирования psychiatric problem психиатрическая проблема queuing problem задача массового обслуживания real-time problem вчт. задача решаемая в реальном времени real-world problem практическая задача real-world problem реальная задача saddle-point problem задача нахождения седловой точки scaling problem проблема размерности scheduling problem задача планирования sequential decision problem задача последовательного принятия решений servicing problem задача массового обслуживания set the problem поставить задачу set the problem ставить задачу shortest path problem задача о кратчайшем пути shortest route problem задача о кратчайшем пути smoothing problem задача о сглаживании social problem социальная проблема software problem проблема программного обеспечения sojourn time problem задача о времени пребывания solder-ball problem проблема шарика припоя solvable problem разрешимая задача solve a problem решать проблему stale data problem проблема устаревших данных statistical problem статистическая задача symmetric problem симметричная задача symmetrical problem симметричная задача system analysis problem задача системного анализа test problem тестовая задача toy problem искусственная задача trade-off problem проблема компромиссных решений transportation problem транспортная задача transshipment problem транспортная задача промежуточных пунктов traveling salesman problem задача коммивояжера trim problem задача о раскрое trouble-shooting problem вчт. диагностическая задача unsymmetrical problem несимметричная задача urgent problem неотложная проблема waiting-line problem вчт. задача массового обслуживания waiting-line problem задача массового обслуживания waiting-time problem вчт. задача о времени ожидания warehouse problem задача о рациональном использовании склада warehouse storage problem задача о рациональном использовании склада weak bridge problem проблема слабой связки well-structured problem хорошо сформулированная задача

   1) The Book of Nature Is Written in the Language of Mathematics

   Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)

   2) Arranging Speech so as to Reply Appropriately

   It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)

   3) No Other Animal Has the Language Capacity of the Human

   It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)

   4) Human Beings Do Not Live Only in the World of Objects

   Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)

   5) Language Powerfully Conditions All Our Thinking

   It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)

   6) A List of Language Games

   [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]

   Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it

   Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another

   LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)

   7) Language Constrains Certain Modes of Interpretation

   We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)

   8) We Dissect Nature in Accordance with Our Native Languages

   We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.

   The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)

   9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language

   The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)

    10) The Analysis of Certain Types of Utterances

   It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)

    11) The Dictionary of a Language Is a System of Concepts

   In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)

    12) Talk about the Evolution of the Language Capacity is Beside the Point

   In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)

    13) The Development of Language

   [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)

    14) Sentential and Conceptual Levels in Language

   he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.

   The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)

    15) Linguistic Realities Have Not Yet Been Captured by Theoretical Models

   The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.

   But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)

    16) The Final Steps to Human Language

   The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)

    17) The Inadequacy of Formal Linguistic Models for Ordinary Language Usage

    t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)

    18) When a Language Is an Abstract Machine

   A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)

    19) Metaphor and Metonymy Underpin the Formation of Linguistic Signs

   Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)

    20) Language and the Analysis of Nature

   It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)

    21) Correspondence Rules for Mapping Old Theory into Subsets of New Theory

   First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....

   Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)

    22) The Inclusion of Non- linguistic Factors in a Theory of Grammar

   If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)

    23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction

   Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)

    24) The Genetic Blueprints of Language

   By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)

    25) Languages Are Machines

   Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

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