scandō

* * *

scando (no perf. or sup.; cf.: ascendo, descendo, etc.), 3, v. a. and n. [Sanscr. root skand-, to climb; cf. Gr. skandalon, skandalêthron].

Act., to climb, mount, clamber or get up; to ascend.

Lit. (rare but class.): cum alii malos scandant, alii per foros cursent, etc., * Cic. Sen. 6, 17:

arcem et Capitolium,

Liv. 3, 68, 7; 4, 2 fin.; cf.:

in curru Capitolium (of a triumphal entry),

id. 45, 39:

curru Capitolia,

Luc. 9, 600:

moenia,

Liv. 22, 14 Drak. N. cr.:

muros,

id. 5, 21:

tectum scalis,

Plin. 14, 1, 2, §9:

equum,

Verg. A. 2, 401:

bracchia longa Theseae viae,

Prop. 3 (4), 21, 24:

cubile,

id. 4 (5), 4, 90:

puppim,

Val. Fl. 8, 8:

cymbam (Charontis),

Prop. 3, 18 (4, 17), 24 et saep.—

In mal. part.,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 22.— Poet.:

scandit fatalis machina muros,

Verg. A. 2, 237.—

Trop. (only in the poets and in late prose):

paulatim gradus aetatis scandere adultae,

Lucr. 2, 1123:

scandit aeratas vitiosa naves Cura,

Hor. C. 2, 16, 21.— Hence, in the grammarians: scandere versus, qs. to climb up, i. e. to measure or read by its feet, to scan; cf. in a sarcastic double sense, of a gouty person:

scandere qui nescis, versiculos laceras,

Claud. Epigr. 29, 2. —

Neutr., to mount, rise, arise, ascend (not freq. till after the Aug. period).

Lit.:

cum scandit et instat,

climbs the wall, Lucr. 3, 651:

scandenti circa ima labor est: ceterum quantum processeris, etc.,

Quint. 12, 10, 78:

scandere in aggerem,

Liv. 3, 67, 11:

in domos superas,

Ov. F. 1, 298:

in adversum,

Quint. 11, 3, 54:

ad nidum volucris (feles),

Phaedr. 2, 4, 6:

per conjuncta aedificia,

Tac. H. 3, 71:

super iteratam testudinem,

id. ib. 3, 28.—

Transf., of things:

scandentisque Asisi consurgit vertice murus,

Prop. 4 (5), 1, 125:

in tecta jam silvae scandunt,

Plin. 15, 14, 14, § 47:

aquae in sublime,

id. 31, 1, 1, § 2:

sol ad aquilonem,

id. 18, 28, 68, § 264.—

Trop.:

timor et minae Scandunt eodem, quo dominus,

Hor. C. 3, 1, 38:

supra principem scandere,

Tac. H. 4, 8.

a-scendo ( ads-, Jan; ads- and as-, Müller; as-, other editors), scendi, scensum, 3, v. n. [scando], to ascend, mount up, climb; and in eccl. Lat. simply to go up, to rise, to spring up, grow up (syn.: scando, conscendo, orior, surgo, prodeo).

Lit. (opp. descendo; and diff. from escendo, which designates a climbing, mounting upon some high object, and involves the idea of exertion; cf. Oud. ad Caes. B. G. 7, 27; Suet. Caes. 61; Ochsn. Ecl. pp. 287 and 288; Doed. Syn. IV. pp. 60 and 61; it often interchanges with escendere in MSS.; cf. e. g. Halm ad Nep. Epam. 4, 5; id. Them. 8, 6, and v. examples below; class.; in Cic. and in Vulg. very freq.), constr. most freq. with in, but also with ad with super, supra, contra, adversus, with acc., and absol. (in Cic. in the lit. signif., except once with the acc., always with in with acc.; but in the trop. signif. in all constrr.).

With in with acc.:

in navem ascendere,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 20; 2, 6, 54 Fleck.:

ascendere in naviculam,

Vulg. Matt. 8, 23:

in triremem ascendit,

Nep. Alcib. 4, 3 (in id. Epam. 4, 5, and Them. 8, 6 Halm now reads escendere):

in arborem ascendere,

Vulg. Luc. 19, 4:

ut in Amanum (urbem) ascenderem,

Cic. Fam. 15, 4, 8:

ascende in oppidum,

Vulg. Jos. 8, 1:

lex peregrinum vetat in murum ascendere,

Cic. de Or. 2, 24, 100:

in equum,

id. Sen. 10, 34:

in caelum,

id. Am. 23, 88; so id. Tusc. 1, 29, 71 (B. and K., escendere); id. Dom. 28, 75; id. Mil. 35, 97 (cf. id. Leg. 2, 8:

ascensus in caelum): inque plagas caeli,

Ov. M. 11, 518:

cavete, ne ascendatis in montem,

Vulg. Exod. 19, 12; 24, 13; ib. Matt. 5, 1; ib. Marc. 3, 13:

in tribunal ascendere,

Cic. Vatin. 14, 34 (B. and K., escendere); so Liv. 2, 28 Drak. (Weissenb., escendere):

in contionem,

Cic. Att. 4, 2, 3 (B. and K., escendit); so Liv. 3, 49; 5, 50 (Weissenb., escendere, in both these pass.):

in Capitolium ascendere,

id. 10, 7:

sin vestram ascendisset in urbem,

Verg. A. 2, 192.—

With ad. ad Gitanas Epiri oppidum, Liv. 42, 38:

ad laevam paulatim,

Sall. C. 55, 3.—

With acc. or loc. adv.:

navem ascendit,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 69; Phaedr. 4, 22, 9; Vulg. Marc. 4, 1; ib. Luc. [p. 171] 8, 37:

ascendit classem,

Tac. A. 2, 75:

montīs cum ascendimus altos,

Lucr. 6, 469:

montem,

Juv. 1, 82, and Vulg. Psa. 103, 8; cf.:

summum jugum montis ascendere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

fastigia montis anheli,

Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 383:

altitudinem montium,

Vulg. Isa. 37, 24:

currus,

Lucr. 5, 1301 (Lachm., escendere); so Vulg. 3 Reg. 12, 13:

adversam ripam,

Cic. Div. 1, 28, 58:

murum,

Caes. B. G. 7, 27; so Verg. A. 9, 507, and Vulg. Jer. 5, 10:

equum,

Liv. 23, 14; so Suet. Caes. 61, and Vulg. Psa. 75, 7:

ascendit Capitolium ad lumina,

Suet. Caes. 37:

deus adscensurus, Olympum,

Tib. 4, 1, 12:

magnum iter ascendo,

Prop. 4, 10, 3:

illuc solita est ascendere filia Nisi,

Ov. M. 8, 17; 11, 394:

quo simul ascendit,

id. ib. 7, 220.—Also pass.:

si mons erat ascendendus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 79:

primus gradus ascendatur,

Vitr. 3, 3:

porticus adscenduntur nonagenis gradibus,

Plin. 36, 13, 19, § 88 (Jan, descenduntur):

ascenso simul curru,

Suet. Tib. 2 fin.: ne ascensis tanti sit gloria Bactris, Prop 4, 3, 63.—

Absol., of persons ex locis superioribus desuper suos ascendentes protegebant, Caes. B. C. 1, 79:

quā fefellerat ascendens hostis,

Liv. 5, 47:

Ascendit ergo Abram de Aegypto,

Vulg. Gen. 13, 1; 19, 30:

Ascende huc,

ib. Apoc. 4, 1; 12, 12.—Of things:

fons ascendebat de terrā,

Vulg. Gen. 2, 6:

sicut ascendit mare fluctu,

ib. Ezech. 26, 3:

jam ascendit aurora,

ib. Gen. 32, 26 ' ascendit ignis de petrā, ib. Jud. 6, 21:

ascendet fumus ejus,

ib. Isa. 34, 10; ib. Apoc. 8, 4:

vidit ascendentem favillam de terrā,

ib. Gen. 19, 28:

ascendet sicut virgultum,

ib. Isa. 53, 2; 5, 6:

germen eorum, ut pulvis, ascendet,

ib. ib. 5, 24.—Also, after the Greek, to go aboard ship, to go out to sea (eccl. Lat.): ascendentes navigavimus, epibantes, Vulg. Act. 21, 2: Et ascenderunt, anêchthêsan, ib. Luc. 8, 22.—

Trop.

Constr in like manner,

With in with acc.:

in summum locum civitatis ascendere,

Cic. Clu. 55:

propter quem (ornatum) ascendit in tantum honorem eloquentia,

has grown into such reputation, id. Or. 36, 125:

ira ascendit in Israel,

Vulg. Psa. 77, 21:

Quid cogitationes ascendunt in corda vestra?

ib. Luc. 24, 38; ib. Act. 7, 23.—

With ad:

sic a principiis ascendit motus et exit paulatim nostros ad sensus,

Lucr. 2, 137:

aut a minoribus ad majora ascendimus aut a majoribus ad minora delabimur,

Cic. Part. Or. 4, 12:

propius ad magnitudinem alicujus,

Plin. Pan. 61, 2:

ad honores,

Cic. Brut. 68, 241:

ad hunc gradum amicitiae,

Curt. 7, 1, 14.—

With super with acc.:

ira Dei ascendit super eos,

Vulg. Psa. 77, 31:

ascendent sermones super cor tuum,

ib. Ezech. 38, 10.—

With acc.:

ex honoribus continuis familiae unum gradum dignitatis ascendere,

Cic. Mur. 27:

altiorem gradum,

id. Off. 2, 18, 62:

cum, quem tenebat, ascenderat gradum,

Nep. Phoc. 2, 3:

altissimum (gradum),

Plin. Ep. 3, 2, 4.— Poet.:

ascendere thalamum, i. e. matrimonium contrahere,

Val. Fl. 6, 45.—

Absol.:

ad summam amplitudinem pervenisset, ascendens gradibus magistratuum,

Cic. Brut. 81, 281; Plin. Pan. 58, 3: altius ascendere, Brut. ap. Cic. Ep. ad Brut. 1, 4:

gradatim ascendit vox,

rises, Cic. de Or. 3, 61, 227:

usque ad nos contemptus Samnitium pervenit, supra non ascendit, i. e. alios non tetigit,

Liv. 7, 30:

donec ascenderit furor Domini,

Vulg. 2 Par. 36, 16:

ascendet indignatio mea,

ib. Ezech. 38, 18.—

Esp., super, supra aliquem or aliquid ascendere, to rise above any person or thing, to surpass, to stand higher (twice in Tacitus):

(liberti) super ingenuos et super nobiles ascendunt,

Tac. G. 25:

mihi supra tribunatus et praeturas et consulatus ascendere videor,

id. Or. 7.—Hence, ascen-dens ( ads-), entis, P. a.

Machina, a machine for ascending, a scaling-ladder, Vitr. 10, 19.—

In the jurists, ascendentes are the kindred in an ascending line, ancestors ( parents, grandparents, etc.; opp. descendentes, descendants, children, grandchildren, etc.), Dig. 23, 2, 68.

a-scendo ( ads-, Jan; ads- and as-, Müller; as-, other editors), scendi, scensum, 3, v. n. [scando], to ascend, mount up, climb; and in eccl. Lat. simply to go up, to rise, to spring up, grow up (syn.: scando, conscendo, orior, surgo, prodeo).

Lit. (opp. descendo; and diff. from escendo, which designates a climbing, mounting upon some high object, and involves the idea of exertion; cf. Oud. ad Caes. B. G. 7, 27; Suet. Caes. 61; Ochsn. Ecl. pp. 287 and 288; Doed. Syn. IV. pp. 60 and 61; it often interchanges with escendere in MSS.; cf. e. g. Halm ad Nep. Epam. 4, 5; id. Them. 8, 6, and v. examples below; class.; in Cic. and in Vulg. very freq.), constr. most freq. with in, but also with ad with super, supra, contra, adversus, with acc., and absol. (in Cic. in the lit. signif., except once with the acc., always with in with acc.; but in the trop. signif. in all constrr.).

With in with acc.:

in navem ascendere,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 20; 2, 6, 54 Fleck.:

ascendere in naviculam,

Vulg. Matt. 8, 23:

in triremem ascendit,

Nep. Alcib. 4, 3 (in id. Epam. 4, 5, and Them. 8, 6 Halm now reads escendere):

in arborem ascendere,

Vulg. Luc. 19, 4:

ut in Amanum (urbem) ascenderem,

Cic. Fam. 15, 4, 8:

ascende in oppidum,

Vulg. Jos. 8, 1:

lex peregrinum vetat in murum ascendere,

Cic. de Or. 2, 24, 100:

in equum,

id. Sen. 10, 34:

in caelum,

id. Am. 23, 88; so id. Tusc. 1, 29, 71 (B. and K., escendere); id. Dom. 28, 75; id. Mil. 35, 97 (cf. id. Leg. 2, 8:

ascensus in caelum): inque plagas caeli,

Ov. M. 11, 518:

cavete, ne ascendatis in montem,

Vulg. Exod. 19, 12; 24, 13; ib. Matt. 5, 1; ib. Marc. 3, 13:

in tribunal ascendere,

Cic. Vatin. 14, 34 (B. and K., escendere); so Liv. 2, 28 Drak. (Weissenb., escendere):

in contionem,

Cic. Att. 4, 2, 3 (B. and K., escendit); so Liv. 3, 49; 5, 50 (Weissenb., escendere, in both these pass.):

in Capitolium ascendere,

id. 10, 7:

sin vestram ascendisset in urbem,

Verg. A. 2, 192.—

With ad. ad Gitanas Epiri oppidum, Liv. 42, 38:

ad laevam paulatim,

Sall. C. 55, 3.—

With acc. or loc. adv.:

navem ascendit,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 69; Phaedr. 4, 22, 9; Vulg. Marc. 4, 1; ib. Luc. [p. 171] 8, 37:

ascendit classem,

Tac. A. 2, 75:

montīs cum ascendimus altos,

Lucr. 6, 469:

montem,

Juv. 1, 82, and Vulg. Psa. 103, 8; cf.:

summum jugum montis ascendere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

fastigia montis anheli,

Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 383:

altitudinem montium,

Vulg. Isa. 37, 24:

currus,

Lucr. 5, 1301 (Lachm., escendere); so Vulg. 3 Reg. 12, 13:

adversam ripam,

Cic. Div. 1, 28, 58:

murum,

Caes. B. G. 7, 27; so Verg. A. 9, 507, and Vulg. Jer. 5, 10:

equum,

Liv. 23, 14; so Suet. Caes. 61, and Vulg. Psa. 75, 7:

ascendit Capitolium ad lumina,

Suet. Caes. 37:

deus adscensurus, Olympum,

Tib. 4, 1, 12:

magnum iter ascendo,

Prop. 4, 10, 3:

illuc solita est ascendere filia Nisi,

Ov. M. 8, 17; 11, 394:

quo simul ascendit,

id. ib. 7, 220.—Also pass.:

si mons erat ascendendus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 79:

primus gradus ascendatur,

Vitr. 3, 3:

porticus adscenduntur nonagenis gradibus,

Plin. 36, 13, 19, § 88 (Jan, descenduntur):

ascenso simul curru,

Suet. Tib. 2 fin.: ne ascensis tanti sit gloria Bactris, Prop 4, 3, 63.—

Absol., of persons ex locis superioribus desuper suos ascendentes protegebant, Caes. B. C. 1, 79:

quā fefellerat ascendens hostis,

Liv. 5, 47:

Ascendit ergo Abram de Aegypto,

Vulg. Gen. 13, 1; 19, 30:

Ascende huc,

ib. Apoc. 4, 1; 12, 12.—Of things:

fons ascendebat de terrā,

Vulg. Gen. 2, 6:

sicut ascendit mare fluctu,

ib. Ezech. 26, 3:

jam ascendit aurora,

ib. Gen. 32, 26 ' ascendit ignis de petrā, ib. Jud. 6, 21:

ascendet fumus ejus,

ib. Isa. 34, 10; ib. Apoc. 8, 4:

vidit ascendentem favillam de terrā,

ib. Gen. 19, 28:

ascendet sicut virgultum,

ib. Isa. 53, 2; 5, 6:

germen eorum, ut pulvis, ascendet,

ib. ib. 5, 24.—Also, after the Greek, to go aboard ship, to go out to sea (eccl. Lat.): ascendentes navigavimus, epibantes, Vulg. Act. 21, 2: Et ascenderunt, anêchthêsan, ib. Luc. 8, 22.—

Trop.

Constr in like manner,

With in with acc.:

in summum locum civitatis ascendere,

Cic. Clu. 55:

propter quem (ornatum) ascendit in tantum honorem eloquentia,

has grown into such reputation, id. Or. 36, 125:

ira ascendit in Israel,

Vulg. Psa. 77, 21:

Quid cogitationes ascendunt in corda vestra?

ib. Luc. 24, 38; ib. Act. 7, 23.—

With ad:

sic a principiis ascendit motus et exit paulatim nostros ad sensus,

Lucr. 2, 137:

aut a minoribus ad majora ascendimus aut a majoribus ad minora delabimur,

Cic. Part. Or. 4, 12:

propius ad magnitudinem alicujus,

Plin. Pan. 61, 2:

ad honores,

Cic. Brut. 68, 241:

ad hunc gradum amicitiae,

Curt. 7, 1, 14.—

With super with acc.:

ira Dei ascendit super eos,

Vulg. Psa. 77, 31:

ascendent sermones super cor tuum,

ib. Ezech. 38, 10.—

With acc.:

ex honoribus continuis familiae unum gradum dignitatis ascendere,

Cic. Mur. 27:

altiorem gradum,

id. Off. 2, 18, 62:

cum, quem tenebat, ascenderat gradum,

Nep. Phoc. 2, 3:

altissimum (gradum),

Plin. Ep. 3, 2, 4.— Poet.:

ascendere thalamum, i. e. matrimonium contrahere,

Val. Fl. 6, 45.—

Absol.:

ad summam amplitudinem pervenisset, ascendens gradibus magistratuum,

Cic. Brut. 81, 281; Plin. Pan. 58, 3: altius ascendere, Brut. ap. Cic. Ep. ad Brut. 1, 4:

gradatim ascendit vox,

rises, Cic. de Or. 3, 61, 227:

usque ad nos contemptus Samnitium pervenit, supra non ascendit, i. e. alios non tetigit,

Liv. 7, 30:

donec ascenderit furor Domini,

Vulg. 2 Par. 36, 16:

ascendet indignatio mea,

ib. Ezech. 38, 18.—

Esp., super, supra aliquem or aliquid ascendere, to rise above any person or thing, to surpass, to stand higher (twice in Tacitus):

(liberti) super ingenuos et super nobiles ascendunt,

Tac. G. 25:

mihi supra tribunatus et praeturas et consulatus ascendere videor,

id. Or. 7.—Hence, ascen-dens ( ads-), entis, P. a.

Machina, a machine for ascending, a scaling-ladder, Vitr. 10, 19.—

In the jurists, ascendentes are the kindred in an ascending line, ancestors ( parents, grandparents, etc.; opp. descendentes, descendants, children, grandchildren, etc.), Dig. 23, 2, 68.

ē-scendo ( exs-), di, sum, 3, v. n. and a. [scando].

Neutr., to climb up, mount up, ascend from a place (cf. ascendo init.; also: scando, peto, incedo, ingredior; rare but class.).

In gen.

Lit.:

ex alto puteo ad summum,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 14:

in currum,

id. Merc. 5, 2, 90:

in caelum,

id. Trin. 4, 2, 100; Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71:

in rotam,

id. ib. 5, 9, 24 Klotz N. cr.:

in rostra,

id. Off. 3, 20, 80; cf.:

in contionem,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 5; Liv. 8, 33:

in malum (navis),

id. 30, 25 fin.:

in equum,

id. 23, 14, 2; 30, 18, 5:

in navem,

Nep. Them. 8, 6 Nipperd. (for the more usual conscendo).—

Trop.:

ut ad nos contemptus Samnitium pervenit, supra non escendit,

Liv. 7, 30.—

In partic., = anabainein, to go up from the sea-coast:

Pergamum,

Liv. 35, 13, 6:

legati Delphos cum escendissent, etc.,

id. 29, 11, 5.—

Act., to mount, ascend a thing:

pars equos escendere,

Sall. J. 97, 5:

vehiculum,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 23:

suggestum,

Tac. A. 13, 5; cf.

rostra,

id. ib. 15, 59.

Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `trap', usu. (semitism) `temptation, scandal' (LXX, NT; PCair. Zen. 608, 7; III^a [- άνων gen. pl.]).

Derivatives: 1. σκανδαλ-ίζω `to tempt (to sin), to give offence, to annoy', - ίζομαι `to be tempted to sin, to take offence' (LXX, NT) with - ιστής m. des. of an acrobat, e.g. `trapeze-artist' ( SIG 847, 5; II<sup>p</sup>; on the meaning below); 2. - όω `id.' (Aq.). Besides σκανδάλ-η f. `stick of a trap' (Alciphr. 3, 21, 1: κρεᾳδιον τῆς σκανδάλης ἀπαρτήσας; reading not quite certain), - ος ἐμποδισμός H. -- σκανδάλ-ηθρον n. (Ar. Ach. 687: σκανδάληθρ' ἱστὰς ἐπῶν), after sch. ad loc. `the crooked stick in the trap' ( τὸ ἐν παῖς παγίσι ἐπικαμπες ξύλον), after Poll. 7, 114 `that which is bound with the cord' (τὸ τῃ̃ σπαρτίνῃ προσηρτημένον as opposed to παττάλιον = τὸ ἱστάμενόν τε καὶ σχαζόμενον [ τῆς μυάγρας]; Poll. 10, 156 σκανδάληθρον is identified with παττάλιον.

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [not in Pok.], PGX [probably a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: As instrument noun σκάνδαλον indicated prob. a suspended or free hanging down (piece of) wood (cf. πέτευρον, ῥόπτρον), from where developed in concreto both `loosenings, instrument (Germ. Stellholz) in an animal-trap' as `acrobat-bar' (from where σκανδαλιστής). From this σκανδάλ-ηθρον (on the formation Chantraine Form. 373 f.), prob. prop. of the trap (Germ. "Stellholzgerät") itself (thus most prob. in Ar.), but in use identified with σκάνδαλον, which referred to the trap (cf. Swed. giller `Stellholz, and the trap with it'). -- Of old (Pott, Bopp; s. Curtius 166) as IE connected with Lat. scandō `mount', Skt. skándati `jump, hop, hurry', MIr. perf. se-scaind `he jumped'; orig. meaning so `apparatus going off' (Osthoff Etym. parerga 1, 355 f.)? -- WP. 2, 540f., W.-Hofmann s. scandō; on σκάνδαλον further Bauer Gr.-dt. Wb. s. v. w. lit. (esp. G. Stählin Skandalon, Gütersloh 1930). -- The forms adduced seem to point to an IE word (* skend-, skond-), but the a-vocalism rather points to a Pre-Greek word; as does the meaning (technical instr., used by acrobats; cf. on κυβιστάω).

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1) n. « roof» seeﾠ bṛihác-;

2) n. desire, longing for, will MBh. XII, 7376 Pāṇ. 4-4, 93 Kāṡ. ;

(cf. skandh andﾠ skund) cl. 1. P. Dhātup. XXIII, 10 ;

ascending, so Irish; *ad-sqendô-;:at. scando, etc.

squeeze out, gush out, Irish scinn, gush, start, Early Irish scendim, spring; Sanskrit skand, leap; Latin scando; Greek $$G skándalon, English scandal. Arms. has sginichd, squeezing; Badenoch Dial. has sging, a squeeze, hardship. there is an Early Irish scingim, I spring, from skeng, discussed under sgaoim.

a beginning, devising, tionnsgal, ingenuity, Irish tionnscnadh, a beginning, device, plotting, tionsgiodal, managing, industry, Old Irish tinscnaim (= to-ind-scannaim), I begin, tindscetal, a beginning, root sqend, start, spring, Latin scando, ascend, Sanskrit skandati, hurry, spring. The Welsh has cy-chwyn, ortus (*sqenô). The form - scetal is for sqen-t- (?).

A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

Quint. 1, 5, 61.

The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.

In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.

Short a is changed,

, into long a —

In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,

In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).

In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)

Short a is changed into é or ē—

Into é.

Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).

Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.

In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).

Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).

Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)

before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —

Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).

ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.

Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.

In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.

Short a is changed into short or long o.

Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).

Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).

Short a is changed into ŭ —

In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).

In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.

ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).

Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.

Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.

Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)

Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.

The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).

Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.

ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.

The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.

In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.

ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.

The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.

Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.

In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.

Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).

Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—

Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.

Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.

Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.

Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.

Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.

Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.

Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.

As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

so also A. A. A.,

ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.

a, prep.=ab, v. ab.

ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

Quint. 1, 5, 61.

The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.

In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.

Short a is changed,

, into long a —

In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,

In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).

In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)

Short a is changed into é or ē—

Into é.

Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).

Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.

In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).

Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).

Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)

before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —

Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).

ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.

Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.

In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.

Short a is changed into short or long o.

Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).

Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).

Short a is changed into ŭ —

In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).

In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.

ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).

Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.

Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.

Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)

Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.

The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).

Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.

ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.

The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.

In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.

ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.

The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.

Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.

In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.

Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).

Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—

Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.

Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.

Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.

Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.

Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.

Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.

Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.

As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

so also A. A. A.,

ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.

a, prep.=ab, v. ab.

ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.