put+together

con-cŏquo, coxi, coctum, 3, v. a.

To boil or seethe together (very rare):

sal et nitrum sulphuri concoctum in lapidem vertitur,

Plin. 31, 10, 46, § 122:

odores,

Lucr. 2, 853:

(spondyli) perturbati concoctique,

Sen. Ep. 95, 28:

remedia,

Macr. S. 7, 16, 23. —

To digest (class., esp. in prose).

Prop.:

cum stomachi calore concoxerit conchas,

Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 124; so Lucr. 4, 631; Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; 2, 54, 55; id. Fin. 2, 20, 64; Cels. 3, 22; Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 3; Plin. 11, 53, 118, § 283; Quint. 8, 4, 16; Cat. 23, 8 al.:

mirifice concoquit brassica,

promotes digestion, Cato, R. R. 156, 1.—

Transf. to other objects, to prepare, ripen, mature (freq. in Plin., esp. of the bringing to maturity of a tumor, and the like):

terra acceptum umorem concoquens,

Plin. 18, 11, 29, § 110 (coquens, Sillig):

omnem sucum in venenum,

id. 22, 22, 46, § 94:

tumida,

Cato, R. R. 157, 3:

dura,

Plin. 22, 24, 50, § 107:

tussis et duritias,

id. 24, 8, 36, § 54:

suppurationes,

id. 21, 19, 74, § 127 al. —

Trop.

Like Engl. digest, = to endure, suffer, put up with, brook, tolerate (rare, but in good prose):

ut ejus ista odia non sorbeam solum, sed etiam concoquam,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 5:

ut quem senatorem concoquere civitas vix posset, regem ferret,

Liv. 4, 15, 7:

tres plagas,

Petr. 105, 5:

sicco famem ore,

id. 82, 5: krisin (i. e. probare), Cic. Fam. 9, 4 med. —

To revolve in mind, think upon, weigh, to reflect maturely upon, to consider well:

tibi diu deliberandum et concoquendum est, utrum, etc.,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 15, 45 Orell. N. cr.:

clandestina consilia,

to concoct, devise, Liv. 40, 11, 2:

concoquamus illa: alioquin in memoriam ibunt, non in ingenium,

Sen. Ep. 84, 7:

cum multa percurreris, unum excerpe, quod illo die concoquas,

id. ib. 2, 4:

sive concoquitur seu maturatur recordatio,

Quint. 11, 2, 43.

con-cŭtĭo, cussi, cussum, 3, v. a. [quatio, as cur = quāre].

To strike one upon another, to strike together (rare): utrum cavae manus concutiantur, an planae, Sen. Q. N. 2, 28, 1:

concussā manu dare signa,

Ov. M. 11, 465:

frameas,

Tac. G. 11.—

To shake violently, to shake, agitate (freq. and class. in prose and poetry).

Lit. (mostly poet.): concutit ungula terram, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 419 Vahl.): tonitru concussa aequora caeli, Att. ap. Non. p. 505, 8 (Trag. Rel. v. 224 Rib.); cf.:

templa caeli summa sonitu (in a parodying of pathos),

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 42; cf.:

serena caeli sonitu,

Lucr. 2, 1101; 6, 358:

grandi tonitru concussa repente Terra,

id. 5, 551; cf. id. 6, 544:

terra ingenti motu concussa est,

Liv. 3, 10, 6; Ov. M. 8, 781:

concussae cadunt urbes,

Lucr. 5, 1236: concusso terrae motu theatro, * Suet. Ner. 20:

moenia,

Ov. M. 13, 175:

freta,

id. ib. 6, 691;

7, 201: undas,

id. ib. 8, 605:

artus,

Lucr. 5, 1076; 6, 595; cf. id. 2, 949:

corpora risu,

id. 1, 918; 2, 976; cf. Juv. 3, 101; Quint. 6, 3, 9:

caput,

Ov. M. 2, 50:

caesariem,

id. ib. 1, 179; cf.

comam,

id. F. 2, 846:

tempora,

id. M. 13, 644:

manum,

id. ib. 11, 465:

pectus,

id. ib. 2, 755:

arma manu,

to hurl, id. ib. 1, 143; 7, 130; cf.:

tela lacertis,

id. ib. 12, 79:

te certo arcu,

to hit surely, Prop. 1, 7, 15:

inmissis aurigae undantia lora Concussere jugis,

Verg. A. 5, 147:

in calicibus concussis,

Plin. 35, 16, 55, § 193 Sillig N. cr.:

munimenta arietibus admotis,

Curt. 8, 2, 22:

aures Caesaris concutit fragor,

Luc. 6, 163:

corpus concutit gestatio,

Sen. Ep. 15, 6:

pectora planctu,

Stat. S. 5, 1, 179.— Pass.:

quorum (ignium) ictu concuti aera verum est,

Plin. 2, 43, 43, § 112:

corpus concutitur gestatione,

Cels. 3, 21:

majore cachinno Concutitur,

Juv. 3, 100:

concutitur sanguis,

Lucr. 3, 249.—Esp. in part. perf.:

mugitibus aether,

Verg. G. 3, 151:

risu tremulo (ora),

Lucr. 1, 919; 2, 976:

rates,

shattered, Ov. P. 2, 3, 59:

coma,

id. F. 2, 846:

corpus vulnere,

Stat. S. 3, 4, 70:

fores,

Ov. Am. 1, 6, 50:

ilex,

Verg. G. 4, 81:

quercus,

id. ib. 1, 159:

materies per artus,

Lucr. 2, 949:

Lyrnesia moenia dextrā,

Ov. M. 13, 175:

mons,

Prop. 3, 13 (4, 12), 53:

paries,

Dig. 39, 2, 18, § 11:

remo concusso tollere ratem,

Val. Fl. 1, 340.— With Gr. acc.:

pectus concussa crebris verberibus,

Luc. 2, 335.—

Se, to examine by shaking one's self; the figure taken from the searching of a thief, etc., by shaking his garments; hence, trop. equiv. to search, examine (cf. excutio):

te ipsum Concute, num qua tibi vitiorum inseverit olim Natura,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 35 Orell. ad loc. and cf. B. 3. infra.—

Trop.

To shake the power of, shake to its foundation, to shatter, cause to waver, to impair, disturb, distract:

rem publicam,

Cic. Phil. 2, 42, 109; Plin. Pan. 6, 3:

provincias magnis momentis,

Vell. 2, 78:

regnum,

Liv. 33, 19, 1:

orbem,

Tac. H. 1, 16:

opes Lacedaemoniorum,

Nep. Epam. 6, 4:

provincias magnis molimentis,

Vell. 2, 78, 1:

concusso jam et paene fracto Hannibale,

Liv. 28, 44, 11:

domum,

Tac. H. 3, 45:

concussā Transrhenanorum fide,

id. ib. 5, 25:

nondum concusso senatusconsulto,

id. A. 14, 43:

imperium Persarum,

Curt. 4, 14, 20; cf. Plin. Ep. 10, 114 (115), 3:

concussa fides,

Luc. 1, 182.—

Usually, to put in fear, terror, or anxiety, to terrify, alarm, trouble:

terrorem metum concutientem definiunt,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 8, 19:

consules declarantur M. Tullius et C. Antonius, quod factum primo populares conjurationis concusserat,

Sall. C. 24, 1:

populum Romanum terrore Numantini belli,

Vell. 2, 90, 3; Quint. 4, 2, 37:

urbem,

Verg. A. 4, 666:

totam Asiam,

Curt. 4, 1, 20:

ingens barbaros pavor concusserat,

id. 8, 2, 24:

casu concussus acerbo,

Verg. A. 5, 700; Tac. H. 2, 99 fin.:

extemplo turbati animi concussaque vulgi Pectora,

Verg. A. 11, 451. — Poet. in a Greek constr.:

casu animum concussus amici,

Verg. A. 5, 869:

hoc concussa metu mentem Juturna virago,

id. ib. 12, 468; so Hor. S. 2, 3, 295.—

In the jurists: aliquem, to terrify one by threats, etc., in order to extort money from him, Dig. 1, 18, 6, § 3; Paul. Sent. 5, 25, 12; Cod. Th. 9, 27, 6; cf. concussio, II., concussor, and concussura.—

In gen., of any excitement of the passions: magnum et summum est deoque vicinum, non concuti. Hanc stabilem animi sedem Graeci euthumian vocant... ego tranquillitatem voco, Sen. Tranq. 2, 3:

hoc agite: Poenas petite violatae Stygis: Concutite pectus,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 105.—

To urge, excite, rouse to activity, = excitare, commovere (rare and not ante-Aug.):

fecundum concute pectus,

Verg. A. 7, 338:

tu concute plebem,

Petr. Poet. 124, 288:

se concussere ambae,

Juv. 10, 328:

non leviter se Numidia concussit,

Flor. 3, 1, 2.—Hence, * concussus, a, um, P. a., stirred up, restless:

Pallas aliquanto concussior,

Mart. Cap. 4, § 332.

con-tundo, tŭdi, tūsum (tunsum, Plin. 21, 27, 101, § 174; 28, 16, 62, § 221 al.), 3 ( perf. contūdit, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 891 P., or Ann. v. 482 Vahl.; but contŭdit, id. ap. Prisc. l. l., or Ann. v. 387 Vahl.), v. a., to beat, bruise, grind, crush, pound, break to pieces (syn.: confringo, debilito; very freq. and class. in prose and poetry; not in Quint.; for in 11, 2, 13, confudit is the better reading).

Lit.

In gen.: oleas in lentisco, Cato. [p. 461] R. R. 7, 4 (cited ap. Varr. R. R. 1, 60):

thymum in pila,

Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 14; cf.:

radices ferreis pilis,

Col. 7, 7, 2: florem nullo aratro, * Cat. 62, 40:

colla,

Col. 6, 2, 8; 6, 14, 3: classis victa, fusa, contusa, fugataque est, Inscr. ap. Liv. 40, 52, 6:

aliquem male fustibus,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 1, 4; cf.:

aliquem pugnis,

id. Bacch. 3, 3, 46; and:

pugiles caestibus contusi,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 17, 40:

aliquem saxis,

Hor. Epod. 5, 98:

pectus ictu,

Ov. M. 12, 85:

faciem planā palmā (with caedere pectus pugnis),

Juv. 13, 128:

contusi ac debilitati inter saxa rupesque,

Liv. 21, 40, 9:

hydram,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 10:

nares a fronte resimas,

to squeeze together, press in, Ov. M. 14, 96.—With acc. of part:

asper equus duris contunditur ora lupatis,

Ov. Am. 1, 2, 15.— Poet. of the beating to pieces of crops by hail:

vites grando,

Hor. Ep. 1, 8, 5 (cf. id. C. 3, 1, 29: non verberatae grandine vineae);

and of lameness produced by disease, etc.: postquam illi justa cheragra Contudit articulos ( = debilitavit nodis),

id. S. 2, 7, 16 (cf. Pers. 5, 58: cum lapidosa cheragra fregerit articulos, has crippled).—

In medic. lang.: contūsum ( - tun-sum), i, n., a bruise, contusion (cf. contusio), Scrib. Comp. 209; Cels. 5, 28, 14; Plin. 29, 6, 39, § 136 sq. al.—

Trop., to break, lessen, weaken, destroy, subdue, put down, baffle, check, etc. (syn.: frango, obtero, vinco): virosque valentes contudit crudelis hiems, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 891 P.; cf. id. Ann. v. 387 and 482 Vahl.:

corpora conturbant magno contusa labore,

Lucr. 4, 958:

populos feroces,

Verg. A. 1, 264:

ferocem Hannibalem,

Liv. 27, 2, 2:

nostrae opes contusae hostiumque auctae erant,

Sall. J. 43, 5:

contudi animum et fortasse vici,

Cic. Att. 12, 44, 3; cf.:

animos feros placidā arte,

Ov. A. A. 1, 12:

contudi et fregi exsultantis praedonis audaciam,

Cic. Phil. 13, 13, 29:

calumniam et stultitiam (with obtrivit),

id. Caecin. 7, 18:

regum tumidas minas,

Hor. C. 4, 3, 8:

impetus,

id. ib. 3, 6, 10:

ingenium patientia longa laborum,

Ov. Tr. 5, 12, 31:

facta Talthybi,

i. e. to surpass by my own, Plaut. Stich. 2, 1, 33. (But in Lucr. 5, 692, concludit is the right reading, Lachm., Munro.)

dē, adv.: of place, down, only in the phrase susque deque, q. v.

dē, prep. [perh. for ded; cf. Oscan dat, old abl. of pronom. stem da; cf. also Lith. praep. da, as far as; and the suffixes, old case-forms, -dam, -dem, -dum, -do, with the locative -de; v. Ribbeck, Beitr. z. L. v. d. Lat. Part. p. 4 sq.] (with abl., denotes the going out, departure, removal, or separating of an object from any fixed point. Accordingly, it occupies a middle place between ab, away from, which denotes a mere external departure, and ex, out of, which signifies from the interior of a thing. Hence verbs compounded with de are constr. not only with de, but quite as freq. with ab and ex; and, on the other hand, those compounded with ab and ex often have the terminus a quo indicated by de), from, away from, down from, out of, etc.

In space, lit. and trop. with verbs of motion: animam de corpore mitto, Enn. ap. Non. p. 150, 6 (Ann. v. 216 Vahl.):

aliquo quom jam sucus de corpore cessit,

Lucr. 3, 224:

(quod Ariovistus) de altera parte agri Sequanos decedere juberet,

to depart, withdraw from, Caes. B. G. 1, 31, 10; cf.:

civitati persuasit, ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent,

id. ib. 1, 2:

decedere de provincia,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 20, § 49 ( = ex provincia, id. ib. 2, 2, 65, §

147): de vita decedere,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 11:

exire de vita,

id. Lael. 4, 15 (cf.:

excedere e vita,

id. ib. 3, 12):

de triclinio, de cubiculo exire,

id. de Or. 2, 65 fin.:

hamum de cubiculo ut e navicula jacere,

Plin. Ep. 9, 7, 4:

de castris procedere,

Sall. C. 61, 8 et saep.:

brassica de capite et de oculis omnia (mala) deducet,

Cato R. R. 157, 6:

de digito anulum detraho,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 38; cf.:

de matris complexu aliquem avellere atque abstrahere,

Cic. Font. 17:

nomen suum de tabula sustulit,

id. Sest. 33, 72:

ferrum de manibus extorsimus,

id. Cat. 2, 1, 2:

juris utilitas vel a peritis vel de libris depromi potest,

id. de Or. 1, 59, 252 et saep.:

... decido de lecto praeceps,

Plaut. Casin. 5, 2, 50:

de muro se deicere,

Caes. B. C. 1, 18, 3:

de sella exsilire,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 30 fin.:

nec ex equo vel de muro, etc., hostem destinare,

Tert. adv. Jud. 9, p. 192:

de caelo aliquid demittere,

Lucr. 2, 1155; cf. Cato R. R. 14, 3 et saep.—

In gen., to indicate the person or place from which any thing is taken, etc., with verbs of taking away, depriving, demanding, requesting, inquiring, buying; as capere, sumere, emere, quaerere, discere, trahere, etc., and their compounds; cf.:

emere de aliquo,

Cato R. R. 1, 4:

aliquid mercari de aliquo,

Cic. Fl. 20 et saep.:

de aliquo quaerere, quid, etc.,

Cic. Att. 1, 14, 2:

saepe hoc audivi de patre,

id. de Or. 3, 33, 133; cf.:

de mausoleo exaudita vox est,

Suet. Ner. 46:

ut sibi liceret discere id de me,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 31;

so with petere, of place (class.): de vicino terra petita solo,

Ov. F. 4, 822;

so of persons (late Lat.): peto de te,

Dig. 36, 1, 57, § 2; Apul. M. 6, p. 179, 40.

To point out the place from which any thing is brought; and hence, trop., to indicate its origin, derivation, etc.: of, from: de circo astrologi, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 58; so,

caupo de via Latina,

Cic. Clu. 59, 163:

nescio qui de circo maximo,

id. Mil. 24, 65:

declamator aliqui de ludo aut rabula de foro,

id. Or. 15, 47:

homo de schola atque a magistro... eruditus,

id. de Or. 2, 7, 28:

nautae de navi Alexandrina,

Suet. Aug. 98:

aliquis de ponte,

i. e. a beggar, Juv. 14, 134:

Libyca de rupe leones,

Ov. F. 2, 209:

nostro de rure corona,

Tib. 1, 1, 15:

Vaticano fragiles de monte patellas,

Juv. 6, 344 al.:

de summo loco Summoque genere eques,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 30; cf. id. Aul. prol. 28; id. Poen. 3, 1, 13:

genetrix Priami de gente vetusta,

Verg. A. 9, 284; cf. id. ib. 10, 350; Stat. S. 5, 3, 126:

de Numitore sati,

Ov. F. 5, 41:

de libris,

Cic. de Or. 1, 59, 252:

de Philocteta, id,

ib. 3, 35, 141 (cf.:

e Philocteta versus,

Quint. 3, 1, 14).

Transf., to indicate the quarter from which motion proceeds (cf. ab), from, and because motion is so often and naturally downwards, down from:

haec agebantur in conventu, palam, de sella ac de loco superiore,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40; cf. ib. 2, 2, 38:

quem ad se vocari et de tribunali citari jussit,

id. ib. 2, 5, 7:

qui nihil ex occulto, nihil de insidiis, agendum putant,

Cic. Off. 1, 30, 109; cf.

de tergo plagas dare,

from behind, Plaut. Asin. 2, 2, 10; Just. 20, 5, 5:

de paupere mensa dona,

Tib. 1, 1, 37 et saep.—In jurid. Latin: de plano discutere, interloqui, cognoscere, etc., i. e. on level ground, not on the tribunal (cf. chamothen, opp. pro bêmatos, Dig. 27, 1, 13, § 10), Dig. 1, 4, 1; 1, 16, 9; 14. 3, 11 et saep.; so, de plano, off-hand, without formal consideration, Lucr. 1, 411;

v. planus.—And with pendeo, etc. (the motion in the eye transferred to the object): deque viri collo dulce pependit onus,

Ov. F. 2, 760:

lucerna de camera pendebat,

Petr. 30, 3; cf.:

et nova de gravido palmite gemma tumet,

Ov. F. 1, 152:

de qua pariens arbore nixa dea est,

leaning downwards against the tree, id. H. 21, 100.

In time.

Immediately following a given moment of time, after, directly after (very rare):

de concursu,

Lucr. 1, 384 (cf. Munro, ad loc.):

velim scire hodiene statim de auctione aut quo die venias,

Cic. Att. 12, 3:

non bonus somnus est de prandio,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 8:

de eorum verbis prosilui, etc.,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 178.—Hence, diem de die, from day to day, day after day, Liv. 5, 48:

cum is diem de die differret, dum, etc.,

id. 25, 25; cf.:

diem de die proferendo,

Just. 2, 15, 6: de die in diem, from day to day, daily (eccl. Lat.), Vulg. Psa. 60, 8; 2 Pet. 2, 8; Cypr. Ep. 3, 11.

De nocte, de vigilia, etc., to designate an act which begins or takes its origin from the night-time, Engl. during or in the course of the night, at night, by night, etc.: De. Rus cras cum filio Cum primo lucu ibo hinc. Mi. Imo de nocte censeo, to-night rather, Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 55: in comitium Milo de nocte venit, in the night (cf. shortly before, Milo media nocte in campum venit), Cic. Att. 4, 3, 4; cf. id. Mur. 33, 69:

vigilas tu de nocte,

id. ib. 9, 22; cf.:

de nocte evigilabat,

Suet. Vesp. 21:

ut jugulent homines, surgunt de nocte latrones,

at night, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 32;

and Hannibal surgere de nocte solitus, Frontin Strat. 4, 3, 7 et saep.: ut de nocte multa impigreque exsurrexi,

late in the night, Plaut. Rud. 4, 2, 10; so,

multa de nocte,

Cic. Sest. 35, 75; id. Att. 7, 4 fin. (for which multa nocte, id. Q. Fr. 2, 9); cf.

also: si de multa nocte (al. de nocte) vigilassent,

id. Att. 2, 15, 2:

Caesar mittit complures equitum turmas eo de media nocte,

Caes. B. G. 7, 45; 7, 88; so,

media de nocte,

at midnight, Suet. Calig. 26; Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 91:

Caesar de tertia vigilia e castris profectus,

in the third night-watch, Caes. B. G. 1, 12:

de tertia vigilia,

id. ib. 1, 21; Liv. 9, 44 Drak.; 40, 4 al.; cf.:

de quarta vigilia,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21, 3 al.; v. vigilia. —As in this manner de nocte became adverbially = nocte, so de die was sometimes used for die or per diem:

de die potare,

by day, in the daytime, Plaut. Asin. 4, 2, 16:

epulari de die,

Liv. 23, 8; Ter. Ad. 5, 9, 8; Catull. 47, 6; Suet. Calig. 37; id. Domit. 21; cf.:

bibulus media de luce Falerni,

Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 34;

and in a lusus verbb. with in diem,

Cic. Phil. 2, 34 fin. —Less freq., de mense:

navigare de mense Decembri,

in December, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1 fin. —And once de tempore for tempore: ipse de tempore coenavit, Auct. B. Hisp. 33, 5.

In other relations, implying separation, departure from, etc.

To designate the whole, from which a part is taken, or of which a part is separately regarded, etc., from among, out of, from:

hominem certum misi de comitibus meis,

Cic. Att. 8, 1, 2:

gladio percussus ab uno de illis,

id. Mil. 24, 65:

si quis de nostris hominibus,

id. Flacc. 4:

quemvis de iis qui essent idonei,

id. Div. in Caecil. 4 fin.:

de tribus et decem fundis tres nobilissimi fundi,

id. Rosc. Am. 35, 99 et saep.:

accusator de plebe,

id. Brut. 34, 131:

pulsare minimum de plebe Quiritem,

Ov. Am. 1, 7, 29; cf. Liv. 7, 17:

malus poëta de populo,

Cic. Arch. 10, 25 et saep.:

partem solido demere de die,

Hor. Od. 1, 1, 20:

quantum de vita perdiderit,

Petr. 26:

praeteriine tuas de tot caelestibus aras,

Ov. Her. 21, 179; Juv. 1, 138. —

Sometimes de with abl. takes the place of the gen. partit. or gen. obj. In the best writers this occurs mainly

to avoid ambiguity where genitives would be multiplied:

ne expers partis esset de nostris bonis,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 39:

ut aliquem partem de istius impudentia reticere possim,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 12, § 32;

for greater precision:

si quae sunt de eodem genere,

id. Tusc. 4, 7, 16:

persona de mimo,

id. Phil. 2, 27, 65;

in the poets, metri gratiā:

aliquid de more vetusto,

Ov. F. 6, 309; Grat. Cyneg. 17:

laudes de Caesare,

Ov. Pont. 4, 13, 23:

cetera de genere hoc,

Hor. Sat. 1, 1, 13; Lucr. 4, 746. This circumlocution was freq. [p. 514] in comic writers and in vulgar lang., and became more common in the declining periods of the lang., so that in the Romance tongues de, di, etc., with a case represent the earlier genitive (so, conscius, conscientia, meminisse, mentionem facere, recordari, etc., de aliqua re for alicujus rei, v. h. vv.).

To indicate the property from which the costs of any thing are taken:

obsonat, potat, olet unguenta de meo,

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 37; so,

de tuo,

Plaut. Bac. 1, 1, 65:

de suo,

Cic. Att. 16, 16, A, 5; Suet. Caes. 19:

de nostro,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 11:

de vestro,

Liv. 6, 15, 10; cf.:

de vestris,

Ov. F. 3, 828:

de alieno,

Liv. 3, 1, 3; Just. 36, 3 fin.:

de publico,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 44; Liv. 1, 20; 2, 16; 4, 60. For de tuo, once de te:

de te largitor puer,

Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 17.—Also in a trop. sense:

ad tua praecepta de meo nihil his novum apposivi,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 31; cf. id. Men. 1. 2, 40; Cic. Fam. 4, 3; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 8.— Poet., to denote that out of which, or by which, one pays a penalty or suffers punishment:

has vestro de sanguine poenas datis,

Luc. 4, 805; cf.:

cum de visceribus tuis satisfacturus sis quibus debes,

Cic. Q. Frat. 1, 3, 7.

To designate the material of which any thing is made, of, out of, from:

niveo factum de marmore signum,

Ov. M. 14, 313; cf. Verg. G. 3, 13:

verno de flore corona,

Tib. 2, 1, 59:

sucus de quinquefolio,

Plin. 26, 4, 11:

cinis de fico,

Pall. 1, 35, 3 et saep.:

de templo carcerem fleri,

Cic. Phil. 5, 7; cf. Flor. 2, 6, 32:

captivum de rege facturi,

Just. 7, 2, 11; cf.:

inque deum de bove versus erat,

Ov. F. 5, 616 et saep.:

fles de rhetore consul,

Juv. 7, 197.—Cf. trop. by means of:

de eodem oleo et opera exaravi nescio quid ad te,

Cic. Att. 13, 38.—Prov.:

de nihilo nihilum,

Pers. 3, 84; cf. Lucr. 1, 157 sq.

In mental operations, to indicate the subject-matter or theme on which any mental act (thinking, considering, advising, determining, etc.; discoursing, informing, exhorting, deciding, disputing, doubting, etc.) is founded; of, about, concerning, Gr. peri:

cogitare de aliqua re, etc. (the most common signification): multa narrare de Laelio,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

dubitare de re,

id. Fam. 3, 10, 15:

de suo adventu docere,

Suet. Caes. 9:

de moribus admonere,

Sall. Cat. 5, 9 et saep.—With this, too, is connected its use,

To indicate the producing cause or reason, for, on account of, because of:

nam id nisi gravi de causa non fecisset,

Cic. Att. 7, 7, 3; cf. id. de Or. 1, 41, 186; Cael ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 15; Cic. Att. 11, 3:

de quo nomine ad arbitrum adiisti, de eo ad judicium venisti,

id. Rosc. Com. 4, 12:

flebat uterque non de suo supplicio, sed pater de filii morte, de patris filius,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 76:

de labore pectus tundit,

with pain, Plaut. Casin. 2, 6, 63:

incessit passu de vulnere tardo,

Ov. M. 10, 49:

humus fervet de corpore,

id. ib. 7, 560:

facilius de odio creditur,

Tac. H. 1, 34:

quod erat de me feliciter Ilia mater,

through me, Ov. F. 3, 233 et saep.

To indicate the thing with reference to which any thing is done, with respect to, concerning:

de istac re in oculum utrumvis conquiescito,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 121: nil peccat de savio, Caec. ap. Gell. 2, 23, 11 (v. 161 Ribbeck):

credere de numero militum,

Cic. Att. 9, 1, 2:

de numero dierum fidem servare,

Caes. B. G. 6, 36; Sall. C. 50, 3:

de ceteris senatui curae fore,

id. Jug. 26, 1:

concessum ab nobilitate de consule plebeio,

Liv. 6, 42:

solem de virgine rapta consule,

Ov. F. 4, 581 et saep.—Ellipt.:

de argento somnium,

as for the money, Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 50 (for which id. Heaut. 4, 2, 4: quod de argento sperem, nihil est): Varr. R. R. 1, 59, 1:

de Dionysio sum admiratus,

Cic. Att. 9, 12; id. Off. 1, 15, 47:

de me autem suscipe paullisper meas partes,

id. Fam. 3, 12, 2; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 36 et saep.:

de Samnitibus triumphare,

concerning, over, Cic. Sen. 16, 55; cf. Hor. 4, 2, 88:

de Atheniensibus victoria,

Curt. 8, 1, 33.

To indicate the thing in conformity with which any thing is done, according to, after:

secundum: DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD, S. C. de Bac.: fecisse dicas de mea sententia,

Plaut. Bac. 4, 9, 115; cf.:

de suorum propinquorum sententia atque auctoritate fecisse dicatur,

Cic. Cael. 29: de consilii sententia Mamertinis se frumentum non imperare pronunciat, id. Verr. 2, 5, 21 al.:

de ejus consilio velle sese facere,

Ter. Ph. 3, 1, 17:

vix de mea voluntate concessum est,

Cic. Att. 4, 2, 4:

de exemplo meo ipse aedificato,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 86:

de more vetusto,

Verg. A. 11, 142; Ov. M. 7, 606:

de nomine,

id. ib. 1, 447:

patrioque vocat de nomine mensem,

id. F. 3, 77.

With adjectives to form adverbial expressions.

De integro, anew ( = ab integro, ex integro; cf.: iterum, rursus, denuo), indidemque eadem aeque oriuntur de integro, atque eodem occidunt, Pac. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 17 Müll. (v. 92 Ribb.):

ratio de integro ineunda est mihi,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 2, 7; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 56; id. Att. 13, 27; id. Fam. 12, 30, 2 et saep. (The combination de novo appears only in the contracted form denuo, v. h. v.).—

De improviso, unexpectedly:

ubi de improviso interventum est mulieri,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 40; id. And. 2, 2, 23; id. Ad. 3, 3, 53; Caes. B. G. 2, 3; 5, 22; 5, 39 et saep.; Cic. Rosc. Am. 52, 151 et saep.—

De transverso, unexpectedly:

ecce autem de transverso L. Caesar ut veniam ad se rogat,

Cic. Att. 15, 4 fin.; Auct. Her. 4, 10, 14.

or pron. and its substantive; cf.

above multa de nocte, media de nocte, gravi de causa, etc.: qua de re,

Ter. Andr. 1, 2, 13; esp. in the judic. formula: qua de re agitur; cf. Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 6; Cic. Brut. 79 fin. Also freq. after a simple relative:

quo de,

Cic. Inv. 1, 28, 41; 54, 104; 2, 11, 37:

qua de,

id. ib. 2, 23, 70 et saep.

In composition the e becomes short before a vowel, as in dĕhisco, dĕhinc, dĕorsum, and coincides with it in the poets by synaeresis; cf.: dehinc, deinde, deinceps, deorsum; sometimes contraction takes place, as in debeo, debilis, dego, demo, from dehabeo, de-habilis, de-ago, de-emo.—

Signif.

Separation, departure, removal, taking away; off, away, down, out: decedo, demigro, demeto, depromo, descendo, devolvo, derivo, deflecto, etc.; and trop. dedico, denuntio; and in a downward direction, decido, decumbo, deprimo, demergo, delabor, defluo, demitto, desido, desideo, declivis, deculco, degredior, deicio, etc.—

Cessation, removal of the fundamental idea ( = un-, de-, dis-): dearmo, deartuo, decresco, dedisco, dedecoro, dedignor, dedoceo, denascor, denormo, desum, etc.; and hence direct negation, as in dedecet, deformis, demens, etc.—

With reference to the terminus of the action: defero, defigo, demitto, etc.; hence also trop., with reference to the extent of the action, to the uttermost, to exhaustion, through. out: debacchor, debello, dedolo, delino, delibuo, etc.: defatigo, delaboro, delasso, etc.; hence freq. a mere strengthening of the fundamental idea, = valde, thoroughly, much: demiror, demitigo, etc.—

Giving a bad sense to the verb: decipio, delinquo, deludo, derideo, detestor.—

Rarely, contraction from a broad into a narrow space, together: deligo, devincio. See also Hand Turs. II. p. 183-229.

dūco, xi, ctum, 3 ( imp. duc;

but duce,

Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 18; id. Most. 1, 4, 11; id. Poen. 5, 4, 59; id. Rud. 2, 3, 55; id. Trin. 2, 2, 103; id. Truc. 2, 5, 26.— Perf. sync.: duxti, Varr. ap. Non. 283, 32; Cat. 91, 9; Prop. 1, 3, 27), v. a. [cf. Goth. tiuh-an; O. H. Germ. zieh-an, to draw; Germ. -zog, in Herzog, commander, duke], to lead, conduct, draw, bring forward, in all senses; very freq. passing over into the signif. of the compounds abducere, deducere, adducere, producere, etc., and of the synonyms agere, trahere, movere, etc. (very freq.).

Lit.

In gen.:

quo sequar? quo ducis nunc me?

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 2: duc hos intro, id. Am. 2, 2, 224; id. Aul. 2, 6, 13:

duc ac demonstra mihi,

id. Cist. 2, 3, 36:

suas secum mulierculas sunt in castra ducturi,

Cic. Cat. 2, 10 fin.; cf. Caes. B. G. 5, 5 fin. et saep.:

(difficile iter) vix qua singuli carri ducerentur,

id. ib. 1, 6, 1; cf.

plaustra,

Ov. Tr. 3, 10, 34: aquam ducere, Cato ap. Charis. p. 192 P.; so,

aquam per fundum ejus,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 2, § 4:

spiritum naribus,

Varr. R. R. 2, 3, 5: so,

spiritum per siccas fauces,

Sen. Ben. 3, 8; cf.:

aërem spiritu,

Cic. N. D. 2, 6 fin.:

animam spiritu,

id. ib. 2, 54, 136; and in gen.: spiritum, for to live, id. Fam. 10, 1; cf.:

vitam et spiritum,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 33:

tura naribus,

to inhale, Hor. C. 4, 1, 22:

sucos nectaris,

to drink in full draughts, to quaff, id. ib. 3, 3, 34; cf.

pocula,

id. ib. 1, 17, 22; and:

Liberum,

id. ib. 4, 12, 14.— Poet.:

jucunda oblivia vitae (referring to the waters of Lethe),

Hor. S. 2, 6, 62 (cf. Verg. A. 6, 714 sq.) et saep.:

mucronem,

to draw from the scabbard, Verg. A. 12, 378; cf.:

ferrum vaginā,

Ov. F. 4, 929:

ensem vagina,

Sil. 8, 342;

but: ensem duxerat faber,

had beaten out, forged, Tib. 1, 3, 48:

sortem,

Cic. Div. 2, 33; Verg. A. 6, 22;

hence, also transf. of that which is drawn by lot,

Cic. Div. 1, 18, 34; id. Rep. 1, 34; Suet. Caes. 12; Tac. A. 1, 54; 3, 28 al.:

pondus aratri,

to draw, Ov. M. 7, 119:

remos,

to row, id. ib. 1, 294; cf. id. ib. 4, 353:

numerosa brachia,

in dancing, id. Am. 2, 4, 29:

lanas,

to spin, id. ib. 4, 34; cf.

stamina,

id. ib. 4, 221:

ubera,

to milk, id. ib. 9, 358:

frena manu,

to guide, govern, id. ib. 15, 518: vela, to haul (= navigare), Prop. 1, 6, 2:

manus, of swimming,

id. 3, 20, 2:

ilia,

to draw the flanks together, become broken-winded, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 9:

os,

to draw awry, to make wry faces, Cic. Or. 25 fin.; Quint. 9, 3, 101; cf.

vultum,

Ov. M. 2, 774; id. P. 4, 8, 13; Mart. 1, 41 et saep.:

non equus impiger Curru ducet Achaico Victorem,

to draw along, Hor. C. 4, 3, 5; cf. id. Ep. 1, 1, 93.— Absol.:

sibi quisque ducere, trahere, rapere,

to take to one's self, appropriate, Sall. J. 41, 5.—

Esp.

To lead, conduct, as a way or road:

via ducit (te), in urbem?

Verg. E. 9, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 7, 5; Verg. A. 1, 401; Ov. F. 2, 679:

Brundisium Minuci melius via ducat an Appi,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 20:

via ad undas,

Ov. M. 3, 602:

via ad infernas sedes,

id. ib. 4, 433; cf.:

iter ad urbem,

id. ib. 437; Curt. 3, 28, 19; Sen. Prov. 6, 7; id. Vit. Beat. 1; Plin. 18, 11, 29, § 111; Quint. 5, 9, 14; Liv. 5, 40, 8 al.—

Se, in colloq. lang., to betake one's self, go:

jam me ad regem recta ducam,

Plaut. Am. 4, 3, 8; id. Aul. 4, 8, 8; id. Bacch. 4, 2, 11; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 7: Balbus duxit se a Gadibus, Asin. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 32, 1.—

A legal t. t., to take, lead away, drag, carry off a person before court, to prison, to punishment, etc.: POST. DEINDE. MANVS. INIECTIO. ESTO. IN. IVS. DVCITO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 45; so,

in jus,

Liv. 2, 27:

illos duci in carcerem jubent,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 30:

aliquem in carcerem,

Suet. Caes. 20:

in vincula,

id. ib. 79:

ad mortem,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 1; Nep. Phoc. 4, 3; and absol.:

ducite, ubi capiat, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 65; Sen. de Ira, 1, 16, 14; Suet. Calig. 27; Plin. Ep. 10, 97, 3 al.: NI. IVDICATVM. FACIT. AVT. QVIS. ENDO. EM. IVRE. VINDICIT. SECVM. DVCITO. VINCITO, etc., XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 45:

decreta ejus modi: SI PETIT DUCAS. C. Fuficium duci jussit petitorem,

to be imprisoned, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 12, § 31; so of a debtor (addictus) who is led off as a slave, Novat. ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 63, 255; Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 87; Cic. Fl. 20 fin.; Liv. 6, 14 sq.; cf. id. 2, 23 med.; cf.

prov.: stultitiast venatum ducere invitas canes,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 83. —

Uxorem, to lead a wife home, i. e. to marry:

bona uxor si ea deducta est, etc.... Verum egon eam ducam domum, Quae, etc.?

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 91:

uxorem domum,

id. Aul. 2, 1, 40; Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 68:

filiam Orgetorigis in matrimonium,

Caes. B. G. 1, 9, 3; cf. Liv. 4, 4:

eum uxorem ducturum esse aliam,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 105:

uxorem (or aliquam, filiam alicujus, etc.),

id. Aul. 2, 1, 48; id. Cas. prol. 69 et saep.; Ter. And. 1, 1, 128; 2, 1, 21 et saep.; Cic. Sest. 3; Caes. B. G. 1, 53, 4; id. B. C. 3, 110, 2; Verg. E. 8, 29; Vulg. Marc. 10, 11 et saep.— Absol.:

si tu negaris ducere,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 5; 2, 3, 9; id. Phorm. 2, 3, 76; Liv. 4, 4 al.: jugum ducere cum infidelibus, i. e. to be yoked in marriage, Vulg. 2 Cor. 6, 14.—Rarely for nubere: si ignorans statum Erotis ut liberum duxisti, isque postea servus est judicatus, etc., Imp. Antonin. ap. Cod. Just. 5, 18, 3.—In the comic poets, of taking home prostitutes, Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 35; 4, 2, 44; id. Men. 1, 2, 15; id. Stich. 5, 4, 48; id. Truc. 3, 2, 10 et saep.—

In milit. lang.

Said of a commander, to lead, to cause to move, to march his army in any direction:

locis apertis exercitum ducere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 41, 4; cf. id. B. C. 1, 64 fin.; 1, 68, 1:

exercitum ab Allobrogibus in Segusianos,

id. B. G. 1, 10 fin.:

exercitum in fines Suessionum,

id. ib. 2, 12, 1; cf. id. ib. 4, 38, 3;

5, 18, 1: exercitum (legiones, etc.) in Bellovacos,

id. ib. 2, 13, 1; 5, 24, 2 et saep.; cf. Tac. A. 2, 57:

cohortes ad eam partem munitionum, quae, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 3, 62, 2:

exercitum Uticam,

id. ib. 2, 26, 1:

reliquas copias contra Labienum,

id. B. G. 7, 61 fin. et saep.—In pass., of the soldiers, to march, move:

quam in partem aut quo consilio ducerentur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40, 2.—And in act., absol., of the general himself, to march, move (a favorite expression of Liv.;

not in Caes. or Sall.): (Mettus) ducit, quam proxime ad hostem potest,

Liv. 1, 23; 1, 27; 9, 35; 22, 18 et saep.—Hence,

In gen., to lead, command an army or (more freq.) a division:

qua in legatione duxit exercitum,

Cic. Mur. 9, 20; so,

exercitum,

Nep. Eum. 13, 1; id. Epam. 7, 3:

qui superiore anno primum pilum duxerat,

Caes. B. G. 5, 35, 6; 6, 38, 1; id. B. C. 3, 91, 1:

ordinem,

id. ib. 1, 13, 4; 3, 104, 3; Suet. Vesp. 1:

partem exercitūs,

Sall. J. 55, 4 et saep.—Rarely, to lead a division in front, in advance:

consuetudine sua Caesar sex legiones expeditas ducebat: post eas... inde, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 2, 19, 2; hence also, to march in front, take the lead, said of the division that forms the van:

pars equitum et auxiliariae cohortes ducebant, mox prima legio, etc.,

Tac. A. 1, 51; cf. id. ib. 1, 64 fin. —

Transf. beyond the milit. sphere, to lead, to be leader, head, chief, first in any thing:

accedit etiam, quod familiam ducit,

Cic. Fam. 7, 5 fin. Manut.; so,

familiam,

id. Phil. 5, 11, 30; id. Fin. 4, 16, 45:

ordines,

id. Phil. 1, 8, 20:

classem (discipulorum),

Quint. 1, 2, 24 Spald.:

funus,

Hor. Epod. 8, 12:

toros,

Ov. F. 6, 668 et saep.—

To conduct as prisoners in a triumph:

per triumphum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 26, § 67:

in triumpho,

Plin. 7, 43, 45, § 139, v. triumphus.—

With the accessory idea of creation, formation, to produce, form, construct, make, fashion, shape, dispose (cf.:

struo, pono, condo, fundo): parietem per vestibulum alicujus,

to erect, Cic. Mil. 27 fin.; cf.

muros,

Hor. C. 4, 6, 23:

vallum ex castris ad aquam,

Caes. B. C. 1, 73, 2:

fossam,

id. B. G. 7, 72, 1; 7, 73, 2:

arcum,

Ov. M. 3, 160:

lateres de terra,

Vitr. 2, 3:

vivos vultus de marmore (with excudere spirantia aera),

Verg. A. 6, 849; cf. id. ib. 7, 634; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 240; Varr. ap. Non. 283, 32; Plin. 7, 37, 38, § 125; Quint. 10, 3, 18 Spald.; Juv. 7, 237; hence, poet. also:

epos,

Hor. S. 1, 10, 44:

carmen,

Ov. Tr. 1, 11, 18; 3, 14, 32:

versus,

id. ib. 5, 12, 63 et saep.:

liniam ex colore,

Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 81; Quint. 2, 6, 2; cf.

orbem,

id. 11, 3, 118:

alvum,

to bring forth by clysters, Cels. 2, 12; 4, 4 et saep.: alapam alicui, qs. to fetch one a box on the ear, Phaedr. 5, 3, 2; cf.

colaphum,

Quint. 6, 3, 83 Spald.:

pugnum,

Dig. 47, 10, 4 et saep.;

so esp. of processions, dances, etc.: funus,

Cic. Quint. 15 fin.; Ov. M. 14, 746; Verg. G. 4, 256; cf.

exsequias,

Plin. 8, 42, 64, § 154:

pompam,

Ov. H. 12, 152; id. F. 6, 405; id. M. 13, 699:

choros,

Tib. 2, 1, 56; Hor. C. 1, 4, 5; 4, 7, 6 et saep.; cf.

choreas,

Ov. M. 8, 582; 14, 520.—

To receive, admit, take any thing (not ante-Aug.):

cicatricem,

Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 66; Liv. 29, 32, 12:

rimam,

Ov. M. 4, 65:

situm,

to grow rusty, Quint. 1, 2, 18:

formam,

Ov. M. 1, 402:

colorem,

id. ib. 3, 485; cf.

pallorem,

to grow pale, id. ib. 8, 760:

nomina,

Hor. C. 3, 27, 76:

notam,

id. ib. 4, 2, 59 et saep.

Trop.

In gen., to lead, guide, draw, conduct:

progredimur quo ducit quemque voluntas,

Lucr. 2, 258; cf. Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 27; 1, 6, 57:

ad strepitum citharae cessatum ducere curam,

id. ib. 1, 2, 31:

Liber vota bonos ducit ad exitus,

id. C. 4, 8, 34; cf. Quint. 12, 1, 26:

per quaedam parva sane ducant (futurum oratorem),

id. 1, 10, 5; cf. id. 1, 1, 27; 1, 5, 58.—Prov.:

ducunt volentem fata, nolentem trahunt,

Sen. Ep. 107.—

In partic.

To draw, deduce, [p. 616] derive its origin or beginning from, any thing:

ab aliqua re totius vitae ducere exordium,

Cic. Fin. 5, 7, 18; cf.:

exordium a nostra persona,

Quint. 3, 8, 8; 4, 1, 7:

principium disputationis a principe investigandae veritatis,

Cic. N. D. 2, 21 fin.:

belli initium a fame,

id. Att. 9, 9, 2; cf. Quint. 1, 1, 21:

initia causasque omnium ex quatuor temporum mutationibus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 19, 49:

originem ab Isocrate,

Quint. 2, 15, 4; 1, 6, 38; Hor. C. 3, 17, 5 al.:

ingressionem non ex oratoriis disputationibus, sed, etc.,

Cic. Or. 3, 11:

honestum ab iis rebus,

id. Off. 1, 18, 60; id. Or. 39, 135:

nomen ex quo,

id. Ac. 11, 41; cf.:

nomen a Graeco,

Quint. 1, 6, 3; 3, 7, 1; Hor. S. 2, 1, 66 et saep.; cf.

also: utrumque (sc. amor et amicitia) ductum (al. dictum) est ab amando,

Cic. Lael. 27; id. Fin. 2, 24, 78.—

To lead a person, as regards his will or opinions, in any direction; to move, incite, induce, allure, in a good or bad sense (most freq. in the pass.):

ita me ad credendum tua ducit oratio,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 18:

nos ducit scholarum consuetudo,

Quint. 4, 2, 28; 5, 11, 19; cf. id. 9, 1, 21:

ducit te species,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 35 et saep.:

declamatores quosdam perversa ducit ambitio, ut, etc.,

Quint. 10, 7, 21.—In the pass.:

si quis statuarum honore aut gloria ducitur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 58 fin.:

eloquentiae laude,

id. Or. 32, 115:

quaestu et lucro,

id. Tusc. 5, 3, 9:

hoc errore ut, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 41; cf.:

litteris eorum et urbanitate, ut, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 41, 120:

omnes trahimur et ducimur ad cognitionis et scientiae cupiditatem,

id. Off. 1, 6 et saep.—

In a bad sense, to cheat, deceive, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 26; id. Capt. 4, 2, 7; Ter. And. 4, 1, 20; id. Ph. 3, 2, 15; Prop. 2, 17, 1 (3, 8, 1 M.); Ov. H. 19, 13; id. M. 3, 587 (with decipere).—

With regard to time, to draw out, extend, protract, prolong:

bellum,

Caes. B. G. 1, 38, 4; id. B. C. 2, 18, 6; 2, 37, 5 sq.; Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2; Liv. 22, 25 et saep.; cf.:

bellum longius,

Caes. B. C. 1, 64, 2; 3, 42, 3:

bellum in hiemem,

id. ib. 1, 61, 3:

eam rem longius,

id. B. G. 7, 11, 4; cf.:

rem prope in noctem,

id. B. C. 3, 51, 7:

rem leniter,

Liv. 3, 41 et saep. Also transf., of time itself:

tempus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 11; Nep. Them. 7:

diem ex die,

Caes. B. G. 1, 16, 4; and of persons who are put off, delayed:

ubi se diutius duci intellexit,

id. ib. 1, 16, 5.—Less freq. (mostly poet.),

In gen., of time, to pass, spend, enjoy:

aetatem in litteris,

Cic. Fin. 5, 19, 50; so,

aetatem,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 202:

vitam,

id. Epod. 17, 63; Sen. Ep. 45, 10; cf. Verg. A. 2, 641 (where, shortly before, vitam producere):

noctes,

Prop. 1, 11, 5; Plin. Ep. 6, 31, 13:

somnos,

Verg. A. 4, 560.—

In mercant. lang., to calculate, compute, reckon: age nunc summam sumptus duc, Lucil. ap. Non. 283, 30:

minimum ut sequamur, quoniam XC. medimnūm milia duximus, accedant eo, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 49; id. Att. 6, 1, 5 and 16; 6, 2, 7; Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 11; Gell. 1, 20, 5.—

Transf. beyond the mercant. sphere.

Rationem alicujus, to consider, calculate, care for one's advantage or interest (a favorite expression of Cicero):

duxi meam rationem, quam tibi facile me probaturum arbitrabar,

Cic. Att. 8, 11 D, § 7; so,

suam quoque rationem,

to have respect to one's own advantage, id. Verr. 2, 1, 48; and:

non minorem aratorum quam populi rationem,

Suet. Aug. 42 fin.:

salutis meae rationem,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3:

rationem officii, non commodi,

id. Sest. 10, 23; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 44, 128:

unius cujusque temporis ducta ratio est,

id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 16:

rationem officii atque existimationis,

id. Quint. 16, 53.—

In gen., to reckon, consider, hold, account, esteem as any thing (cf. aestimo and existimo;

very freq. in prose and poetry): parvi id ducebat,

Cic. Fin. 2, 8, 24:

pro nihilo aliquid,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 85; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 16 fin.; id. Tusc. 5, 32, 90; cf. Auct. Her. 4, 20, 28:

ea pro falsis ducit,

Sall. C. 3, 2; cf.:

innocentiam pro malevolentia,

id. ib. 12, 1:

vos eritis judices, Laudin' an vitio duci id factum oportuit,

Ter. Ad. prol. 5; so,

aliquid honori,

Sall. J. 11, 3:

aliquid laudi, Nep. praef. § 4: aliquem despicatui,

Cic. Fl. 27, 65: nihil praeter virtutem in bonis ducere (for which, shortly after, in bonis habere = numerare), Cic. Fin. 3, 3;

aliquem in numero hostium,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 25 fin.; Caes. B. G. 6, 32, 1; cf. ib. 6, 23, 8; without in, ib. 6, 21, 2; cf.:

aliquem loco affinium,

Sall. J. 14, 1 Kritz. N. cr.: aliquid testimonii loco, Quint. 5, 9, 10:

tutelae nostrae duximus, cum Africo bello urgerentur,

Liv. 21, 41; cf.:

officii duxit exorare filiae patrem, etc.,

Suet. Tib. 11:

faceret, quod e republica fideque sua duceret,

id. ib. 25, 7 et saep.:

malum cum amici tuum ducis malum,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 48; cf.:

Archytas iracundiam seditionem quandam animi vere ducebat,

Cic. Rep. 1, 38:

eorum, quos idoneos ducebat, consilium habet,

Sall. J. 62, 4:

nil rectum nisi quod placuit sibi ducunt,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 83.— With acc. and inf.:

sic equidem ducebam animo rebarque futurum,

Verg. A. 6, 690:

ut omnia tua in te posita esse ducas humanosque casus virtute inferiores putes,

Cic. Lael. 2, 7, 19 fin.; id. Rep. 1, 2; 1, 17; 1, 38; 3, 9 (three times); Sall. J. 93, 5; Liv. 22, 14, 6; 22, 59, 5; Caes. B. G. 1, 3, 2; 4, 30, 2; 6, 18 et saep.—Here too probably belongs the much disputed passage: ludos et inania honoris medio rationis atque abundantiae duxit (= ludos publicos cum aliis rebus quae ad inania honoris pertinent, duxit, i. e. existimavit habendos et ponendos in medio rationis atque abundantiae, ut inter rationem, quae plane spernit inania, et abundantiam, quae eadem ostentat, media via incederet), he thought right to manage them in a middle course between reason and profusion, Tac. Agr. 6 fin., v. Dübner and Orell. ad h. l.

ex-ănĭmo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a.

To deprive of air or wind.

Lit.: folles, i. e. to press together, so as to force out the air, Auct. Aetnae, 560.—

Transf. (in pass.), to be out of breath, weakened, exhausted:

simul fore ut duplicato cursu Caesaris milites exanimarentur et lassitudine conficerentur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 92, 2:

milites cursu ac lassitudine exanimati,

id. B. G. 2, 23, 1; 3, 19, 1; Plaut. As. 2, 1, 17; id. Cas. 3, 5, 8; 3, 3, 10.—

Of impers. or abstr. things, to be weakened:

(vini faex) celerrime exanimatur loco non incluso condita,

loses its strength, Plin. 23, 2, 31, § 64: nolo verba exiliter exanimata exire, with feeble breath, i. e. lifeless, tame, Cic. de Or. 3, 11, 41.—

To deprive of life, to kill (freq. and class.).

Lit.:

telum saepe nocentes Praeterit exanimatque indignos,

Lucr. 2, 1104:

aliquem,

id. 6, 243; Suet. Aug. 29; Curt. 7, 3; Hor. C. 2, 17, 1; cf.:

se taxo,

Caes. B. G. 6, 31 fin. —

In pass., to be deprived of life, be killed, to die:

(Epaminondas) cum gravi vulnere exanimari se videret,

Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97; cf. Nep. Epam. 9 fin.; so Cic. Tusc. 5, 27, 77; Caes. B. G. 6, 16, 4; Suet. Caes. 39 fin. al.; cf. in the part. perf.:

exanimatus,

killed, dead, Lucr. 6, 1256 (with exanimis); Caes. B. G. 5, 44, 6; 7, 25, 2 and 3; Liv. 9, 1; 25, 7; 22, 7 fin. al. —

Trop., to deprive of life or spirit, to alarm or terrify greatly, to put out of one's senses with fright, horror, etc.; to agitate, trouble:

vorsor in amoris rota miser, Exanimor, feror, differor, distrahor, diripior,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 5:

oratio haec me miseram exanimavit metu,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 16; cf.:

te metus exanimant judiciorum atque legum,

Cic. Par. 2, 18:

Decius torpidos somno insuper pavore exanimat,

Liv. 7, 36:

adolescentulus sic initio accusationis exanimatus sum, ut, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 1, 26, 121:

me exanimant et interimunt hae voces Milonis,

id. Mil. 34, 93:

Tulliae meae morbus et imbecillitas corporis me exanimat,

id. Att. 11, 6, 4:

cur me querelis exanimas (= conturbas, summo maerore afficis) tuis?

Hor. C. 2, 17, 1; cf. id. S. 1, 4, 127; id. Ep. 2, 1, 178 et saep.—In the part. perf.:

exanimata metu,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 3, 32; cf. Cic. Mil. 23; id. Verr. 2, 2, 77; id. Cat. 4, 2: non me fefellit, sensi;

eo exanimatus fui,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 4, 64; id. Ps. 1, 1, 7; Ter. And. 1, 1, 104; id. Phorm. 5, 1, 5; Verg. A. 5, 805; Stat. Th. 4, 760 al.

frēnum or fraenum, i, n., and more freq. (cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 567; and v. infra), plur. heterocl. frēni, ōrum, m., and mostly poet. frēna, ōrum, n. [root dhar-; Sanscr. dhar-ā-mi, hold, support; Gr. thra-, in thrênus, thronos; Lat. frētus], a bridle, curb, bit (syn.: lupi, lupata).

Lit.

Plur.:

aurei freni,

Curt. 4, 13 med.; so nom. freni, id. 7, 10 fin.; cf. under II.; acc. frena, Verg. A. 4, 135; 5, 818; Ov. M. 15, 519; id. Am. 3, 4, 16:

non domito frenos ore momordit equus,

Tib. 1, 3, 42; so,

frenos: equus, equa, quae frenos recipere solet,

Cic. Top. 8, 36; Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 12; Verg. G. 3, 184; Liv. 1, 48, 6; Sen. Tranq. 15 fin. al.:

moderarier hunc (equum) frenis,

Lucr. 5, 1298; so,

frenis,

id. 5, 1317; Verg. A. 11, 719; 889; 12, 372; Hor. S. 1, 1, 91; Ov. M. 5, 643; Liv. 1, 14 fin.:

equum cogere frenos pati,

Phaedr. 4, 3, 9:

frenos et strata equorum Pelethronium (invenisse),

Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 202 et saep.—

Sing.:

frenumque (equus) recepit, etc.,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 36:

non frenum depulit ore,

id. ib. 1, 10, 38.—

Prov.: frenum mordere, to take the bit in one's teeth, i. e. to offer opposition, to resist: si frenum momorderis peream, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 23, 2; cf.:

sed ut mones, frenum momordi,

Cic. ib. 11, 24, 1.—

Transf.

Like our terms bridle and curb, i. q. means of guiding or governing, restraint, check, limit.

Plur.:

rerum freni,

the reins of dominion, Sil. 1, 240:

freni sunt injecti vobis, Quirites, nullo modo perpetiendi: alligati et constricti estis amaro vinculo servitutis,

Val. Max. 2, 9, 5; cf.:

freni domitarum gentium,

Curt. 7, 10 fin.:

ne Lycurgi quidem disciplina tenuit illos in hominibus Graecis frenos,

Cic. Rep. 2, 33:

ut Isocratem in acerrimo ingenio Theopompi et lenissimo Ephori dixisse traditum est, alteri se calcaria adhibere, alteri frenos,

id. Brut. 56, 204:

Mutinam illi exsultanti tamquam frenos furoris injecit,

id. Phil. 13, 9, 20:

date frenos impotenti naturae et indomito animali,

give the reins to, allow full scope to, Liv. 34, 2, 13; so,

frenos furentibus ira Laxat,

Luc. 7, 125:

impone felicitati tuae frenos,

put on, Curt. 7, 8 fin.:

imperii frena tenere sui,

Ov. Tr. 2, 42:

frena imperii moderari,

id. P. 2, 9, 33:

capere,

id. ib. 4, 13, 27:

frena licentiae inicere,

Hor. C. 4, 15, 10:

pone irae frena modumque, Pone et avaritiae,

Juv. 8, 88:

subiit leges et frena momordit Ille solutus amor,

i. e. submitted to, Stat. S. 1, 2, 28:

quod dicebat Isocrates, se calcaribus in Ephoro, contra autem in Theopompo frenis uti solere,

Cic. de Or. 3, 9, 36; Quint. 2, 8, 11; cf. above the passage Cic. Brut. 56, 204:

alter, uti dixit Isocrates in Ephoro et Theopompo, frenis eget, alter calcaribus,

id. Att. 6, 1, 12:

non solum frenis sed etiam jugo accepto,

Liv. 37, 36, 5:

animum rege: qui nisi paret, Imperat: hunc frenis, hunc tu compesce catenā,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 63:

jam vaga prosiliet frenis natura remotis,

id. S. 2, 7, 74.—

Sing.:

ni frenum accipere et victi parere fatentur,

Verg. A. 12, 568:

voluptates tenere sub freno,

Sen. Ep. 23 med. —

Poet., horse, steed, charger:

eques aptus frenis,

Prop. 4 (5), 10, 19:

portarumque moras frenis assultat et hastis,

Stat. Th. 11, 243.—

In gen.

That which holds things together, a band (post-Aug. and rare):

absiliunt pontes tectique trementis Saxea frena labant, etc.,

the stone bands, ties, Stat. Th. 10, 880.—

In anatomy:

frenum,

the ligament which attaches the inside of the foreskin to the glans, Cels. 7, 25, 2.

frēnum or fraenum, i, n., and more freq. (cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 567; and v. infra), plur. heterocl. frēni, ōrum, m., and mostly poet. frēna, ōrum, n. [root dhar-; Sanscr. dhar-ā-mi, hold, support; Gr. thra-, in thrênus, thronos; Lat. frētus], a bridle, curb, bit (syn.: lupi, lupata).

Lit.

Plur.:

aurei freni,

Curt. 4, 13 med.; so nom. freni, id. 7, 10 fin.; cf. under II.; acc. frena, Verg. A. 4, 135; 5, 818; Ov. M. 15, 519; id. Am. 3, 4, 16:

non domito frenos ore momordit equus,

Tib. 1, 3, 42; so,

frenos: equus, equa, quae frenos recipere solet,

Cic. Top. 8, 36; Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 12; Verg. G. 3, 184; Liv. 1, 48, 6; Sen. Tranq. 15 fin. al.:

moderarier hunc (equum) frenis,

Lucr. 5, 1298; so,

frenis,

id. 5, 1317; Verg. A. 11, 719; 889; 12, 372; Hor. S. 1, 1, 91; Ov. M. 5, 643; Liv. 1, 14 fin.:

equum cogere frenos pati,

Phaedr. 4, 3, 9:

frenos et strata equorum Pelethronium (invenisse),

Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 202 et saep.—

Sing.:

frenumque (equus) recepit, etc.,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 36:

non frenum depulit ore,

id. ib. 1, 10, 38.—

Prov.: frenum mordere, to take the bit in one's teeth, i. e. to offer opposition, to resist: si frenum momorderis peream, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 23, 2; cf.:

sed ut mones, frenum momordi,

Cic. ib. 11, 24, 1.—

Transf.

Like our terms bridle and curb, i. q. means of guiding or governing, restraint, check, limit.

Plur.:

rerum freni,

the reins of dominion, Sil. 1, 240:

freni sunt injecti vobis, Quirites, nullo modo perpetiendi: alligati et constricti estis amaro vinculo servitutis,

Val. Max. 2, 9, 5; cf.:

freni domitarum gentium,

Curt. 7, 10 fin.:

ne Lycurgi quidem disciplina tenuit illos in hominibus Graecis frenos,

Cic. Rep. 2, 33:

ut Isocratem in acerrimo ingenio Theopompi et lenissimo Ephori dixisse traditum est, alteri se calcaria adhibere, alteri frenos,

id. Brut. 56, 204:

Mutinam illi exsultanti tamquam frenos furoris injecit,

id. Phil. 13, 9, 20:

date frenos impotenti naturae et indomito animali,

give the reins to, allow full scope to, Liv. 34, 2, 13; so,

frenos furentibus ira Laxat,

Luc. 7, 125:

impone felicitati tuae frenos,

put on, Curt. 7, 8 fin.:

imperii frena tenere sui,

Ov. Tr. 2, 42:

frena imperii moderari,

id. P. 2, 9, 33:

capere,

id. ib. 4, 13, 27:

frena licentiae inicere,

Hor. C. 4, 15, 10:

pone irae frena modumque, Pone et avaritiae,

Juv. 8, 88:

subiit leges et frena momordit Ille solutus amor,

i. e. submitted to, Stat. S. 1, 2, 28:

quod dicebat Isocrates, se calcaribus in Ephoro, contra autem in Theopompo frenis uti solere,

Cic. de Or. 3, 9, 36; Quint. 2, 8, 11; cf. above the passage Cic. Brut. 56, 204:

alter, uti dixit Isocrates in Ephoro et Theopompo, frenis eget, alter calcaribus,

id. Att. 6, 1, 12:

non solum frenis sed etiam jugo accepto,

Liv. 37, 36, 5:

animum rege: qui nisi paret, Imperat: hunc frenis, hunc tu compesce catenā,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 63:

jam vaga prosiliet frenis natura remotis,

id. S. 2, 7, 74.—

Sing.:

ni frenum accipere et victi parere fatentur,

Verg. A. 12, 568:

voluptates tenere sub freno,

Sen. Ep. 23 med. —

Poet., horse, steed, charger:

eques aptus frenis,

Prop. 4 (5), 10, 19:

portarumque moras frenis assultat et hastis,

Stat. Th. 11, 243.—

In gen.

That which holds things together, a band (post-Aug. and rare):

absiliunt pontes tectique trementis Saxea frena labant, etc.,

the stone bands, ties, Stat. Th. 10, 880.—

In anatomy:

frenum,

the ligament which attaches the inside of the foreskin to the glans, Cels. 7, 25, 2.

ob-lĭgo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a.

Lit.

To bind or tie around, to bind or fasten to any thing (very rare):

obligatus corio,

bound in a leathern sack, Auct. Her. 1, 13, 23:

articulis muscus obligatus,

bound upon, Plin. 26, 11, 66, § 105: cibum ovis, to bind or unite with eggs, Apic. 4, 2:

amylo spisso obligare,

id. 2, 2; 8, 2.—

To bind together, bind up (rare):

pecua ad hanc collo in crumena ego obligata defero,

Plaut. Truc. 5, 1, 64: age obliga, obsigna cito, tie up (the letter, in order to seal it), id. Bacch. 4, 4, 96:

manipulos,

Col. 11, 2, 40.—

To bind up, bandage, swathe (class., esp. of wounds):

crus fractum,

Plaut. Men. 5, 3, 9:

vulnus,

Cic. N. D. 3, 22, 57; cf.:

medicum requirens, a quo obligetur,

to bind up his wounds, id. Tusc. 2, 16, 38; Suet. Vit. 2:

venas,

to bandage the veins, Tac. A. 6, 9:

surculum libro,

Varr. R. R. 1, 41, 2:

oculos,

Sen. Ira, 3, 11, 4:

ore obligato obsignatoque simulacrum,

Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 65.—

Trop.

In gen., to bind, oblige, put under an obligation, make liable, etc. (cf.:

obstringo, devincio): aliquem obligare militiae secundo sacramento,

bind by a second oath, swear in again, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36:

vadem tribus milibus aeris,

to bind in the sum of, Liv. 3, 13:

voti sponsio, quā obligamur deo,

Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 41; Liv. 9, 11:

se nexu,

Cic. Mur. 2, 3: se in acta cujusquam, Tib. ap. Suet. Tib. 67:

se chirographo ad aliquid,

Dig. 30, 103:

aliquem sibi liberalitate,

to bind to one's self, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 14, 3:

obligabis me,

will oblige me, lay me under an obligation, Plin. Ep. 4, 4, 2; Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 5:

obligari foedere,

Liv. 38, 33: pro amicis alicui obligari, to lay one's self under obligation, i. e. to solicit favors, Plin. Ep. 10, 3, 1:

obligor ipse tamen,

Ov. M. 9, 248:

obligatus ei nihil eram,

was under no obligation to him, Cic. Fam. 6, 11, 1:

me obligatum tibi fore,

id. Att. 13, 18:

obligati sunt interrogatum,

Amm. 28, 4, 10.— Poet.:

Prometheus obligatus aliti,

devoted, condemned to, Hor. Epod. 17, 67:

ergo obligatam redde Jovi dapem,

vowed, due, id. C. 2, 7, 17:

obligor, ut tangam laevi fera litora Ponti,

am compelled, Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 83.—

In partic.

To render liable through guilt, to make guilly:

cum populum Romanum scelere obligāsses,

Cic. Dom. 8, 20:

votis caput,

Hor. C. 2, 8, 5:

se scelere,

Suet. Caes. 42: se furti, Scaev. ap. Gell. 7, 15, 2.— Pass., to be guilty of, to commit an offence:

est enim periculum, ne aut neglectis iis impiā fraude, aut susceptis anili superstitione obligemur,

Cic. Div. 1, 4, 7; cf.:

lege Corneliā testamentariā obligatur,

offends against, Dig. 8, 10, 30.—

Jurid. t. t.

To bind, engage one (cf. obligatio, II. B.):

obligandi, solvendi sui causā,

Dig. 2, 13, 6, § 3:

se obligare,

ib. 4, 2, 7, § 1; 21, 1, 25, § 9.—

To pledge, pawn, mortgage a thing:

magistratui bona ejus obligantur,

Vitr. 10 praef.:

omnia praedia fratri,

Suet. Vesp. 4:

omnia bona sua pignori,

Dig. 20, 4, 21:

nam fundi et aedis obligatae sunt ob amoris praedium,

has a mortgage on it, Plaut. Truc. 2, 1, 4:

aedes pignori,

Dig. 39, 2, 44:

obligata praedia,

Cic. Agr. 3, 2, 9.—

Transf., beyond the jurid. sphere:

obligare fidem suam,

to pledge one's word, Cic. Phil. 5, 18, 51.—

To impede, restrain, embarrass: judicio districtum atque obligatum esse, Cic. Verr. 1, 9, 24.—Hence, oblĭ-gātus, a, um, P. a., bound, obliged:

iisdem (officiis) me tibi obligatum fore,

Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2.— Comp.:

quanto quis melior et probior, tanto mihi obligatior abit,

Plin. Ep. 8, 2, 8:

ipsi obligati sunt,

ensnared, embarrassed, Vulg. Psa. 19, 9.

pēs, pĕdis, m. [kindr. with Sanscr. pād, foot, from root pad, ire; Gr. pod-, pous; Goth. fōt; old Germ. vuoz; Engl. foot], a foot of man or beast.

Lit.:

si pes condoluit,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 22, 52:

calcei apti ad pedem,

id. de Or. 1, 54, 231:

nec manus, nec pedes, nec alia membra,

id. Univ. 6:

pede tellurem pulsare,

i. e. to dance, Hor. C. 1, 37, 1; cf.:

alterno pede terram quatere,

id. ib. 1, 4, 7;

4, 1, 27: pedis aptissima forma,

Ov. Am. 3, 3, 7:

aves omnes in pedes nascuntur,

are born feet first, Plin. 10, 53, 74, § 149:

cycnum pedibus Jovis armiger uncis Sustulit,

Verg. A. 9, 564; cf. id. ib. 11, 723: pedem ferre, to go or come, id. G. 1, 11:

si in fundo pedem posuisses,

set foot, Cic. Caecin. 11, 31: pedem efferre, to step or go out, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 19:

qui pedem portā non extulit,

Cic. Att. 8, 2, 4; 6, 8, 5:

pedem portā non plus extulit quam domo suā,

id. ib. 8, 2, 4: pedem limine efferre, id. Cael. 14, 34: pedem referre, revocare, retrahere, to go or come back, to return:

profugum referre pedem,

Ov. H. 15, 186; id. M. 2, 439.—Said even of streams:

revocatque pedem Tiberinus ab alto,

Verg. A. 9, 125:

retrahitque pedes simul unda relabens,

id. ib. 10, 307; cf. infra, II. H.: pedibus, on foot, afoot:

cum ingressus iter pedibus sit,

Cic. Sen. 10, 34; Suet. Aug. 53.—

Esp. in phrase: pedibus ire, venire, etc.: pedibus proficisci,

Liv. 26, 19:

pedibus iter conficere,

id. 44, 5:

quod flumen uno omnino loco pedibus transire potest,

Caes. B. G. 5, 18:

(Caesar) pedibus Narbonem pervenit,

id. B. C. 2, 21:

ut neque pedibus aditum haberent,

id. B. G. 3, 12 init. —Rarely pede ire ( poet. and late Lat.):

quo bene coepisti, sic pede semper eas,

Ov. Tr. 1, 9, 66:

Jordanem transmiserunt pede,

Ambros. in Psa. 118, 165, n. 16.— Trop.:

Bacchus flueret pede suo,

i. e. wine unmixed with water, Auct. Aetn. 13; cf.:

musta sub adducto si pede nulla fluant,

Ov. P. 2, 9, 32, and II. H. infra.—Pregn., by land:

cum illud iter Hispaniense pedibus fere confici soleat: aut si quis navigare velit, etc.,

Cic. Vatin. 5, 12:

seu pedibus Parthos sequimur, seu classe Britannos,

Prop. 2, 20, 63 (3, 23, 5):

ego me in pedes (conicio),

take to my heels, make off, Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 5.— Esp.: ad pedes alicui or alicujus, accidere, procidere, jacere, se abicere, se proicere, procumbere, etc., to approach as a suppliant, to fall at one's feet:

ad pedes omnium singillatim accidente Clodio,

Cic. Att. 1, 14, 5:

abjectā togā se ad generi pedes abiecit,

id. ib. 4, 2, 4:

rex procidit ad pedes Achillei,

Hor. Epod. 17, 14:

vos ad pedes lenonis proiecistis,

Cic. Sest. 11, 26:

filius se ad pedes meos prosternens,

id. Phil. 2, 18, 45:

tibi sum supplex, Nec moror ante tuos procubuisse pedes,

Ov. H. 12, 186:

cui cum se moesta turba ad pedes provolvisset,

Liv. 6, 3, 4:

ad pedes Caesaris provoluta regina,

Flor. 4, 11, 9:

(mater una) mihi ad pedes misera jacuit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 49, § 129; cf.:

amplecti pedes potui,

Ov. M. 9, 605:

complector, regina, pedes,

Luc. 10, 89:

servus a pedibus,

a footman, lackey, Cic. Att. 8, 5, 1: sub pedibus, under one's feet, i. e. in one's power, Verg. A. 7, 100; Liv. 34, 32: sub pedibus esse or jacere, to be or lie under one's feet, i. e. to be disregarded ( poet.):

sors ubi pessima rerum, Sub pedibus timor est,

Ov. M. 14, 490:

amicitiae nomen Re tibi pro vili sub pedibusque jacet,

id. Tr. 1, 8, 16: pedem opponere, to put one's foot against, i. e. to withstand, resist, oppose ( poet.), id. P. 4, 6, 8: pedem trahere, to drag one's foot, i. e. to halt, limp; said of scazontic verse, id. R. Am. 378: trahantur haec pedibus, may be dragged by the heels, i. e. may go to the dogs (class.):

fratrem mecum et te si habebo, per me ista pedibus trahantur,

Cic. Att. 4, 16, 10; id. Fam. 7, 32, 2: ante pedes esse or ante pedes posita esse, to lie before one's feet, i. e. before one's eyes, to be evident, palpable, glaring:

istuc est sapere, non quod ante pedes modo est, Videre, sed etiam illa, quae futura sunt, Prospicere,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 32:

transilire ante pedes posita, et alia longe repetita sumere,

Cic. de Or. 3, 40, 160:

omni pede stare,

i. e. to use every effort, make every exertion, Quint. 12, 9, 18: nec caput nec pes, neither head nor foot, beginning nor end, no part:

nec caput nec pes sermonum apparet,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 139:

garriet quoi neque pes neque caput conpareat,

id. Capt. 3, 4, 81: tuas res ita contractas, ut, quemadmodum scribis, nec caput nec pedes, Curio ap. Cic. Fam. 7, 31, 2:

ut nec pes nec caput uni Reddatur formae,

Hor. A. P. 8:

dixit Cato, eam legationem nec caput, nec pedes, nec cor habere,

Liv. Epit. 50: pes felix, secundus, i. e. a happy or fortunate arrival:

adi pede secundo,

Verg. A. 8, 302:

felix,

Ov. F. 1, 514; cf.:

boni pedis homo, id est cujus adventus afferat aliquid felicitatis,

Aug. Ep. ad Max. Gram. 44.—So esp. pes dexter, because it was of good omen to move the right foot first;

temples had an uneven number of steps, that the same foot might touch the first step and first enter the temple,

Vitr. 3, 3; cf. Petr. 30:

quove pede ingressi?

Prop. 3 (4), 1, 6.—So the left foot was associated with bad omens; cf. Suet. Aug. 92 init.:

pessimo pede domum nostram accessit,

App. M. 6, 26, p. 184, 1; hence, dextro pede, auspiciously: quid tam dextro [p. 1363] pede concipis, etc., Juv. 10, 5: pedibus pecunia compensatur, said proverbially of distant lands purchased at a cheap rate, but which it costs a great deal to reach, Cato ap. Cic. Fl. 29, 72: a pedibus usque ad caput, from head to foot, all over (late Lat.; cf.:

ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20), Aug. in Psa. 55, 20; 90, 1, 2 et saep.; cf.:

a vestigio pedis usque ad verticem,

Ambros. Offic. Min. 2, 22, 114.—

In partic.

Milit. t. t.: descendere ad pedes, to alight, dismount, of cavalry, Liv. 9, 22:

pedibus merere,

to serve on foot, as a foot-soldier, id. 24, 18:

ad pedes pugna ierat,

they fought on foot, id. 21, 46: pedem conferre, to come to close quarters:

collato pede rem gerere,

id. 26, 39; Cic. Planc. 19, 48.—

Publicist's t. t.: pedibus ire in sententiam alicujus, to adopt one's opinion, take sides with one:

cum omnes in sententiam ejus pedibus irent,

Liv. 9, 8, 13; 5, 9, 2.—

In mal. part.:

pedem or pedes tollere, extollere (ad concubitum),

Mart. 10, 81, 4; 11, 71, 8;

hence the lusus verbb. with pedem dare and tollere,

Cic. Att. 2, 1, 5. —

Transf.

A foot of a table, stool, bench, etc., Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 46:

mensae sed erat pes tertius impar,

Ov. M. 8, 661; cf.:

pedem et nostrum dicimus, et lecti, et veli, ut carminis (v. in the foll.),

Sen. Ben. 2, 34, 2:

tricliniorum,

Plin. 34, 2, 4, § 9:

subsellii,

Auct. Her. 4, 55, 68:

pes argenteus (mensae),

Juv. 11, 128.—

Pes veli, a rope attached to a sail for the purpose of setting it to the wind, a sheet:

sive utrumque Juppiter Simul secundus incidisset in pedem,

Cat. 4, 19:

pede labitur aequo,

i. e. before the wind, with the wind right aft, Ov. F. 3, 565:

pedibus aequis,

Cic. Att. 16, 6 init.; cf. also the passage quoted above from Sen. Ben. 2, 34, 2; and:

prolato pede, transversos captare Notos,

id. Med. 322.— Hence, facere pedem, to veer out one sheet, to take advantage of a side wind, to haul the wind: una omnes fecere pedem;

pariterque sinistros, Nunc dextros solvere sinus,

Verg. A. 5, 830:

prolatis pedibus,

Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128.—

The foot of a mountain (post-class.):

Orontes imos pedes Casii montis praetermeans,

Amm. 14, 8, 10 al. —

Ground, soil, territory (post-class.):

in Caesariensis pede,

Sol. 3, 2:

omnis Africa Zeugitano pede incipit,

id. 27, 1; cf.:

quamvis angustum pedem dispositio fecit habitabilem,

Sen. Tranq. An. 10, 4.—

The stalk or pedicle of a fruit, esp. of the grape, together with the husk:

vinaceorum pes proruitur,

Col. 12, 43; so id. 12, 36.—Of the olive, Plin. 15, 1, 2, § 5: pes milvinus or milvi, the stalk or stem of the plant batis, Col. 12, 7.—Hence, as a name for several plants: pedes gallinacei, a plant:

Capnos trunca, quam pedes gallinaceos vocant,

Plin. 25, 13, 98, § 155:

pedes betacei,

beetroots, Varr. R. R. 1, 27.—

Pedes navales, rowers, sailors, Plaut. Men. 2, 2, 75.—

The barrow of a litter, Cat. 10, 22.—

Poet., of fountains and rivers: inde super terras fluit agmine dulci, Quā via secta semel liquido pede detulit undas, Lucr, 5, 272;

6, 638: crepante lympha desilit pede,

Hor. Epod. 16, 47:

liquido pede labitur unda,

Verg. Cul. 17:

lento pede sulcat harenas Bagrada,

Sil. 6, 140.—

A metrical foot:

ad heroum nos dactyli et anapaesti et spondei pedem invitas,

Cic. de Or. 3, 47, 82:

pedibus claudere verba,

to make verses, Hor. S. 2, 1, 28:

musa per undenos emodulanda pedes,

in hexameters and pentameters, Ov. Am. 1, 1, 30:

inque suos volui cogere verba pedes,

id. Tr. 5, 12, 34.—

A kind of verse, measure:

et pede, quo debent fortia bella geri,

Ov. Ib. 646:

Lesbius,

Hor. C. 4, 6, 35.—

In music, time (postAug.), Plin. 29, 1, 5, § 6.—

A foot, as a measure of length (class.):

ne iste hercle ab istā non pedem discedat,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 13:

ab aliquo pedem discessisse,

Cic. Deiot. 15, 42:

pedem e villā adhuc egressi non sumus,

id. Att. 13, 16, 1:

pes justus,

Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 317.—Hence, transf.: pede suo se metiri, to measure one's self by one's own foot-rule, i. e. by one's own powers or abilities, Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 98.—

Pedes, lice; v. pedis.—

The leg (late Lat.), in phrase: pedem frangere, Aug. Civ. Dei, 22, 22, 3; id. Serm. 273, 7.

schĕdĭus, a, um, adj., = schedios, made suddenly or off-hand; hastily put or thrown together; hence, as in the Greek subst.,

schĕdĭa, ae, f., = schedia (sc. naus), a raft, float, constructed in haste, Dig. 14, 1, 1, § 6; cf. Fest. pp. 334 and 335 Müll.—

schĕdĭum, ii, n. (sc. carmen), an extemporaneous poem:

Lucilianae humilitatis,

Petr. 4 fin.; App. de Deo Socr. p. 364, 34; Aus. Idyll. 7 praef.; Sid. Ep. 8, 3; cf. Fest. l. l.

schĕdĭus, a, um, adj., = schedios, made suddenly or off-hand; hastily put or thrown together; hence, as in the Greek subst.,

schĕdĭa, ae, f., = schedia (sc. naus), a raft, float, constructed in haste, Dig. 14, 1, 1, § 6; cf. Fest. pp. 334 and 335 Müll.—

schĕdĭum, ii, n. (sc. carmen), an extemporaneous poem:

Lucilianae humilitatis,

Petr. 4 fin.; App. de Deo Socr. p. 364, 34; Aus. Idyll. 7 praef.; Sid. Ep. 8, 3; cf. Fest. l. l.

schĕdĭus, a, um, adj., = schedios, made suddenly or off-hand; hastily put or thrown together; hence, as in the Greek subst.,

schĕdĭa, ae, f., = schedia (sc. naus), a raft, float, constructed in haste, Dig. 14, 1, 1, § 6; cf. Fest. pp. 334 and 335 Müll.—

schĕdĭum, ii, n. (sc. carmen), an extemporaneous poem:

Lucilianae humilitatis,

Petr. 4 fin.; App. de Deo Socr. p. 364, 34; Aus. Idyll. 7 praef.; Sid. Ep. 8, 3; cf. Fest. l. l.

vŏco, āvi, ātum ( inf. vocarier, Plaut. Capt. 5, 4, 27), 1, v. a. and n. [Sanscr. vak-, to say; Gr. root Wep:, in epos, word; eipon, said], to call; to call upon, summon, invoke; to call together, convoke, etc. (cf.: appello, compello).

Lit.

In gen.: (patrem) blandā voce vocabam, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 51 Vahl.):

quis vocat? quis nominat me?

Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 25: He. Vin' vocem huc ad te (patrem)? Ly. Voca, id. Capt. 2, 2, 110:

Trebonius magnam jumentorum atque hominum multitudinem ex omni provinciā vocat,

Caes. B. C. 2, 1:

Dumnorigem ad se vocat,

id. B. G. 1, 20:

populum Romanum ad arma,

id. B. C. 1, 7:

milites ad concilium classico ad tribunos,

Liv. 5, 47, 7:

aliquem in contionem,

Cic. Ac. 2, 47, 144;

for which, contionem,

Tac. A. 1, 29:

concilium,

Verg. A. 10, 2; 6, 433; Ov. M. 1, 167:

patribus vocatis,

Verg. A. 5, 758:

ipse vocat pugnas,

id. ib. 7, 614:

fertur haec moriens pueris dixisse vocatis,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 170.— With dat. (post-Aug. and rare):

populumque ac senatum auxilio vocare,

Tac. A. 4, 67 fin.; 12, 45.— Absol.:

in senatum vocare (sc. patres),

Liv. 23, 32, 3; 36, 21, 7.— Impers.:

in contionem vocari placuit,

Liv. 24, 28, 1:

cum in senatum vocari jussissent,

id. 2, 55, 10.— Poet.:

tum cornix plenā pluviam vocat improba voce,

i. e. announces, Verg. G. 1, 388; so,

ventos aurasque,

Lucr. 5, 1086:

voce vocans Hecaten caeloque Ereboque potentem,

invoking, Verg. A. 6, 247:

patrios Voce deos,

id. A. 4, 680; 12, 638; Tib. 2, 1, 83; Just. 38, 7, 8:

ventis vocatis,

Verg. A. 3, 253:

numina magna,

id. ib. 3, 264;

12, 181: auxilio deos,

id. ib. 5, 686:

divos in vota,

id. ib. 5, 234;

7, 471: vos (deos) in verba,

as witnesses, Ov. F. 5, 527:

quem vocet divum populus,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 25; cf. id. ib. 1, 14, 10; 1, 30, 2; 3, 22, 3; id. Epod. 5, 5:

votis imbrem,

to call down, Verg. G. 1, 157.— Poet. with inf.:

hic (Charon) levare functum Pauperem laboribus Vocatus atque non vocatus audit,

Hor. C. 2, 18, 40.—

In partic.

To cite, summon into court, before a magistrate (syn. cito):

in jus vocas: sequitur,

Cic. Quint. 19, 61: tribuni etiam consulem in rostra vocari jusserunt, Varr. ap. Gell. 13, 12, 6.—

To bid, invite one as a guest, to dinner, etc. (syn. invito): Pa. Solus cenabo domi? Ge. Non enim solus:

me vocato,

Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 20:

si quis esum me vocat,

id. ib. 1, 3, 28:

aliquem ad cenam,

Ter. And. 2, 6, 22; Cic. Att. 6, 3, 9:

vulgo ad prandium,

id. Mur. 34, 72:

domum suam istum non fere quisquam vocabat,

id. Rosc. Am. 18, 52:

nos parasiti, quos numquam quisquam neque vocat neque invocat,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 1, 7:

convivam,

id. As. 4, 1, 23:

spatium apparandis nuptiis, vocandi, sacrificandi dabitur paululum,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 21: Ge. Cenabis apud me. Ep. Vocata est opera nunc quidem, i. e. I have been already invited, I have an engagement, Plaut. Stich. 3, 2, 18; so,

too, bene vocas! verum vocata res est,

id. Curc. 4, 4, 7: bene vocas;

tum gratia'st,

id. Men. 2, 3, 36 Brix ad loc.—

In gen., to call, invite, exhort, summon, urge, stimulate, etc.:

quod me ad vitam vocas,

Cic. Att. 3, 7, 2:

haec nisi vides expediri, quam in spem me vocas?

id. ib. 3, 15, 6: quarum rerum spe ad laudem me vocasti, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 7, 2.—

Of inanimate or abstract subjects, to invite, call, summon, incite, arouse: quo cujusque cibus vocat atque invitat aventes, Lucr. 5, 524:

lenis crepitans vocat Auster in altum,

Verg. A. 3, 70; cf.:

quāque vo. cant fluctus,

Ov. R. Am. 532:

Carthaginienses fessos nox imberque ad necessariam quietem vocabat,

Liv. 28, 15, 12:

me ad studium (feriae),

Phaedr. 3, prol. 9:

quocumque vocasset defectionis ab Romanis spes,

Liv. 24, 36, 9; cf.: arrogantiā offensas vo care, to provoke or excite hostility, Tac. H. 4, 80.— Pass.:

cum ipso anni tempore ad gerendum bellum vocaretur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 32. — Poet., with inf.:

sedare sitim fluvii fontesque vocabant,

Lucr. 5, 945.—

To challenge:

centuriones... nutu vocibusque hostes, si introire vellent, vocare coeperunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 43:

cum hinc Aetoli, haud dubie hostes, vocarent ad bellum,

Liv. 34, 43, 5:

vocare hostem et vulnera mereri,

Tac. G. 14; Verg. G. 3, 194; 4, 76; id. A. 11, 375; 11, 442; Sil. 14, 199; Stat. Th. 6, 747; cf. Verg. A. 6, 172; 4, 223 Heyne ad loc.—

To call by name, to name, denominate (freq. and class.; syn. nomino): certabant urbem Romam Remoramne vocarent, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48. 107 (Ann. v. 85 Vahl.): quem Graeci vocant Aërem, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 65 Müll. (Epicharm. v. 8 Vahl.):

cum penes unum est omnium summa rerum, regen illum unum vocamus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 26, 42: comprehensio, quam katalêpsin illi vocant, id. Ac. 2, 6, 17:

urbem ex Antiochi patris nomine Antiochiam vocavit,

Just. 15, 4, 8:

ad Spelaeum, quod vocant, biduum moratus,

Liv. 45, 33, 8:

me miserum vocares,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 92:

non possidentem multa vocaveris Recte beatum,

id. C. 4, 9, 45.— With de, to call after, to name after:

lapis, quem Magneta vocant patrio de nomine Graeci,

Lucr. 6, 908:

patrioque vocant de nomine mensem,

Ov. F. 3, 77.— Pass.:

ego vocor Lyconides,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 49: De. Quī vocare? Ge. Geta, Ter. Ad. 5, 6, 3:

jam lepidus vocor,

id. ib. 5, 7, 13; id. Eun. 2, 2, 33:

a se visum esse in eo colle Romulum, qui nunc Quirinalis vocatur... se deum esse et Quirinum vocari,

Cic. Rep. 2, 10, 20:

syllaba longa brevi subjecta vocatur iambus,

Hor. A. P. 251:

patiens vocari Caesaris ultor,

id. C. 1, 2, 43:

sive tu Lucina probas vocari,

id. C. S. 15.—With de, to be named for, etc.:

Taurini vocantur de fluvio qui propter fuit,

Cat. Orig. 3, fr. 1:

ludi, qui de nomine Augusti fastis additi, Augustales vocarentur,

Tac. A. 1, 15.—

In eccl. Lat., to call to a knowledge of the gospel, Vulg. 1 Cor. 1, 2; id. Gal. 1, 6; id. 1 Thess. 2, 12.—

Transf., to call, i. e. to bring, draw, put, set, place in some position or condition:

ne me apud milites in invidiam voces,

Cic. Phil. 2, 24, 59:

aliquem in odium aut invidiam,

id. Off. 1, 25, 86:

cujusdam familia in suspitionem est vocata conjurationis,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 4, § 10:

aliquem in luctum,

id. Att. 3, 7, 2:

in partem (hereditatis) mulieres vocatae sunt,

succeeded to a share, id. Caecin. 4, 12; so,

aliquem in partem curarum,

Tac. A. 1, 11:

in portionem muneris,

Just. 5, 2, 9:

me ad Democritum vocas,

to refer, Cic. Ac. 2, 18, 56.—With inanimate or abstract objects:

ex eā die ad hanc diem quae fecisti, in judicium voco,

I call to account, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 12, § 34; so,

aliquid in judicium,

id. de Or. 1, 57, 241; id. Balb. 28, 64 al.:

singula verba sub judicium,

Ov. P. 1, 5, 20:

ad calculos vocare amicitiam,

Cic. Lael. 16, 58; Liv. 5, 4, 7; Plin. Pan. 38, 3:

nulla fere potest res in dicendi disceptationem aut controversium vocari, quae, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 291:

aliquid in dubium,

id. Inv. 2, 28, 84:

templa deorum immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam denique totam ad exitium et vastitatem vocas,

bring to destruction, reduce to ruin, destroy, id. Cat. 1, 5, 12.