-
61 ἀνά
ἀνά prep. w. acc. (Hom.+), lit. ‘up, up to’; rare in later Gk.① ἀνὰ μέσον in a position in the middle (Aristot. et al.; Polyb., Diod S, ins, pap, LXX, En; TestAbr B 8, p. 112, 21 al.; JosAs 4:5f; ApcMos; EpArist [ELohmeyer, Diatheke 1913, 86, 1; Nägeli 30; Rossberg 34; Johannessohn, Präp. 170–73, esp. 170, 6]; Just., D. 107, 4 [on Jon 4:11]) w. gen.ⓐ of position in an area among, in the midst of (PGM 36, 302) ἀ. μ. τοῦ σίτου Mt 13:25; ἀ. μ. τῶν ὁρίων Δεκαπόλεως into the (midst of the) district of Decapolis Mk 7:31; ἤλθωσιν ἀνὰ μέσον τῆς ὁδοῦ they had gone half way on their journey GJs 17:3.ⓑ of pers. (in the middle) between (Diod S 11, 90, 3 ἀνὰ μέσον ποταμῶν δυοῖν; 12, 9, 2; 14, 80, 2; 17, 52, 1; Strabo 4, 4, 2; En 13:9) διαστεῖλαι ἀνὰ μέσον δικαίου καὶ ἁμαρτωλοῦ PsSol 2:34; cp. ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν δύο πυλῶν TestAbr B 8, p. 112, 21 [Stone p. 72]) GPt 4:10=ASyn. 344, 73; Hs 9, 2, 3; 9, 15, 2. With breviloquence—if the text is undamaged, which Mlt. 99 doubts—διακρῖναι ἀ. μ. τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ decide (a case) between members 1 Cor 6:5 (on the shortening cp. Sir 25:18 v.l. ἀ. μ. τοῦ πλησίον αὐτοῦ ἀναπεσεῖται ὁ ἀνήρ. S. also μέσος 1b beg.—Lawsuits ἀ. μ. Ἑλλήνων: SEG IX, 8, 64; JosAs 28:6 κρινεῖ κύριος ἀνὰ μέσον ἐμοῦ καὶ ὑμῶν); in the midst of (non-Attic.: IBekker, Anecd. I 1814, 80, 24 ἀ. μέσον• ἀντὶ τοῦ ἐν μέσῳ. Cp. Diod S 1, 30, 4 ἀνὰ μ. τῆς Κοίλης Συρίας; PPetr III, 37a II, 18; Ex 26:28; Josh 16:9; 19:1) τὸ ἀρνίον τὸ ἀ. μ. τοῦ θρόνου in the center of the throne Rv 7:17. ἀ. μ. ἐκκλησίας in the midst of the congregation B 6:16.② ἀνὰ μέρος lit. ‘up to a part’ or ‘according to a part’ following in sequence, in turn (Aristot., Pol. 1287a, 17; Polyb. 4, 20, 10 ἀνὰ μέρος ᾂδειν; Appian, Iber. 82 §357, Mithrid. 22 §83, Bell. Civ. 3, 44 §183; SEG IX, 8, 122) 1 Cor 14:27.③ distributive, w. numbers, each, apiece (Aristoph., Ran. 554f; X., An. 4, 6, 4; SEG IX, 8, 27; PAmh II, 88 [128 A.D.]; POxy 819 [I A.D.] al.; Gen 24:22; 3 Km 18:13; 1 Ch 15:26; En 10:19; TestJob 44:5; JosAs; Jos., Ant. 8, 179; 17, 172; Rdm. 20) ἀνὰ δηνάριον a denarius apiece Mt 20:9f. ἀνὰ λαμπάδα a lamp apiece GJs 7:2. ἀνὰ ῥάβδον a staff apiece 8:3 (not pap). ἀπέστειλεν αὐτοὺς ἀνὰ δύο he sent them out two by two Lk 10:1. κλισίας ὡσεὶ ἀνὰ πεντήκοντα by fifties 9:14; ἀνὰ μετρητὰς δύο ἢ τρεῖς two or three measures apiece J 2:6 (Diod S 3, 13, 2 ἀνὰ τρεῖς ἢ δύο). ἀνὰ ἑκατὸν καὶ ἀνὰ πεντήκοντα Mk 6:40 v.l. Lk 9:3; Rv 4:8; GPt 9:35=ASyn. 353, 81. ἀνὰ μέσον αὐτῶν ἀνὰ δύο παρθένοι between them (the maidens at the four corners) two maidens apiece Hs 9, 2, 3 (see MDibelius, Hdb. ad loc.).—In ἀνὰ δύο παρθένοι ἀ. has become fixed as an adverb. Likew. ἀνὰ εἷς ἕκαστος τῶν πυλώνων Rv 21:21 (B-D-F §204; 305; Rob. 571). On ἀνὰ δύο δύο Lk 10:1; cp. AcPh 142 (Aa II/2, 79, 6) and δύο b.—Special lit. on prepositions: B-D-F §203–40; Rdm.2 p. 137–46; Mlt-H. 292–332; Rob. 553–649; Mayser II/2, p. 152–68; 337–543.—MJohannessohn, D. Gebrauch d. Präpositionen in LXX: NGG, Beiheft 1926.—PRegard, Contribution à l’Étude des Prépositions dans la langue du NT 1919.—FKrebs, D. Präpositionen b. Polybius, diss. Würzb. 1882; FKrumbholz, De praepos. usu Appianeo, diss. Jena 1885; PMelcher, De sermone Epict. (Diss. philol. Halenses 17, 1) 1905; JKäser, D. Präpos. b. Dionys. Hal., diss. Erl. 1915; HTeykowski, D. Präpositions-gebr. b. Menander, diss. Bonn ’40.—RGünther, D. Präpos. in d. griech. Dialektinschriften: IndogF 20, 1906, 1–163; ENachmanson, Eranos 9, 1909, 66ff.—The works of Kuhring and Rossberg on usage in pap.—GRudberg, Ad usum circumscribentem praepositionum graec.: Eranos 19, 1922, 173–206.—DELG. M-M. -
62 ὄνομα
ὄνομα, ατος, τό (Hom.+).① proper name of an entity, nameⓐ gener. τῶν ἀποστόλων τὰ ὀνόματα ἐστιν ταῦτα Mt 10:2; cp. Rv 21:14. τῶν παρθένων τὰ ὀν. Hs 9, 15, 1. τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πατρός Lk 1:59. ὄν. μοι, sc. ἐστίν, my name is (Od. 9, 366) Mk 5:9b. τί ὄν. σοι; what is your name? vs. 9a; w. copula Lk 8:30.—The expressions ᾧ (ᾗ) ὄν., οὗ τὸ ὄν., καὶ τὸ ὄν. αὐτοῦ (αὐτῆς), ὄν. αὐτῷ (parenthetic) are almost always without the copula (B-D-F §128, 3; Rob. 395): ᾧ (ᾗ) ὄν. (Sb 7573, 13 [116 A.D.]; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 5 Jac.; Just., A I, 53, 8 ᾧ ὄν. Λώτ) Lk 1:26, 27a; 2:25; 8:41; 24:13, 18 v.l.; Ac 13:6.—οὗ τὸ ὄν. (without a verb as BGU 344, 1) Mk 14:32. Cp. ὧν τὰ ὀνόματα ἐν βίβλῳ ζωῆς Phil 4:3 (ὧν τὰ ὀν. is a formula [Dssm., LO 95=LAE 121]. S. esp. BGU 432 II, 3 ὧν τὰ ὀν. τῷ βιβλιδίῳ δεδήλωται).—καὶ τὸ ὄν. αὐτῆς Lk 1:5b. καὶ τὸ ὄν. τῆς παρθένου Μαριάμ vs. 27b.—ὄν. αὐτῷ (Demosth. 32, 11 Ἀριστοφῶν ὄνομʼ αὐτῷ; Dionys. Hal. 8, 89, 4; Aelian, NA 8, 2 γυνὴ … Ἡρακληὶς ὄν. αὐτῇ; LXX) J 1:6; 3:1. ὁ καθήμενος ἐπάνω αὐτοῦ (i.e. τοῦ ἵππου), ὄν. αὐτῷ (ὁ) θάνατος Rv 6:8; cp. 9:11a.—W. the copula ἦν δὲ ὄν. τῷ δούλῳ Μάλχος J 18:10 (POxy 465, 12 ὁ δὲ κραταιὸς αὐτοῦ, ὄν. αὐτῷ ἐστιν Νεβύ, μηνύει; Jos., Ant. 19, 332). ἄγγελος …, οὗ τὸ ὄν. ἐστιν Θεγρί Hv 4, 2, 4.—The dat. is quite freq. ὀνόματι named, by name (X., Hell. 1, 6, 29 Σάμιος ὀνόματι Ἱππεύς; Tob 6:11 BA; 4 Macc 5:4; Just., D. 85, 6; 115, 3; B-D-F §160; 197; Rob. 487) ἄνθρωπον ὀν. Σίμωνα Mt 27:32; cp. Mk 5:22; Lk 1:5a; 5:27; 10:38; 16:20; 23:50; 24:18; Ac 5:1, 34; 8:9; 9:10–12, 33, 36; 10:1; 11:28; 12:13; 16:1, 14; 17:34; 18:2, 7, 24; 19:24; 20:9; 21:10; 27:1; 28:7; MPol 4. Also the acc. τοὔνομα (on the crasis s. B-D-F §18; Mlt-H. 63; FPreisigke, Griech. Urkunden des ägypt. Mus. zu Kairo [1911] 2, 6 γυνὴ Ταμοῦνις τοὔνομα; Diod S 2, 45, 4 πόλιν τοὔνομα Θ.; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 3; Philo, Leg. All. 1, 68; Jos., Ant. 7, 344, Vi. 382) named, by name (the acc. as X. et al., also 2 Macc 12:13; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 5 Jac. υἱὸν ὄ. Δάν.—B-D-F §160; Rob. 487) Mt 27:57. (Cp. ὄν. gener. as ‘mode of expression’ εἰ καὶ διάφορα ὀνόματα ἐστιν, ἀλλʼ … οἰκείαν … δέχεται τὴν νόησιν although there are various ways of expressing it, it nevertheless has a definite sense Did., Gen. 86, 22 [of various metaphors and images for the soul].)ⓑ used w. verbsα. as their obj.: ὄν. ἔχειν Did., Gen. 29, 6 bear the name or as name, be named ὄν. ἔχει Ἀπολλύων Rv 9:11b (in this case the name Ἀ. stands independently in the nom.; B-D-F §143; Rob. 458). καλεῖν τὸ ὄν. τινος w. the name foll. in the acc. (after the Hb.; B-D-F §157, 2; Rob. 459) καλέσεις τὸ ὄν. αὐτοῦ Ἰησοῦν you are to name him Jesus Mt 1:21; Lk 1:31.—Mt 1:25. καλέσεις τὸ ὄν. αὐτοῦ Ἰωάννην Lk 1:13. καλέσουσιν τὸ ὄν. αὐτοῦ Ἐμμανουήλ Mt 1:23 (Is 7:14). διδόναι GJs 6:2. Pass. w. the name in the nom. (cp. GrBar 6:10 Φοῖνιξ καλεῖται τὸ ὄν. μου) ἐκλήθη τὸ ὄν. αὐτοῦ Ἰησοῦς Lk 2:21; cp. Rv 19:13. Also τὸ ὄν. τοῦ ἀστέρος λέγεται ὁ ῎ Αψινθος Rv 8:11.—ἐπιθεῖναι ὄν. τινι w. acc. of the name Mk 3:16f; cp. 12:8f; κληρονομεῖν ὄν. receive a name Hb 1:4=1 Cl 36:2. κληροῦσθαι τὸ αὐτὸ ὄν. obtain the same name (s. κληρόω 2) MPol 6:2.—τὰ ὀν. ὑμῶν ἐγγέγραπται ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς Lk 10:20.—Rv 13:8; 17:8. ἐξαλείψω τὸ ὄν. αὐτῶν 1 Cl 53:3 (Dt 9:14); Rv 3:5a (perh. to be placed in 4 below); s. ἐξαλείφω.β. in another way (εἰ δέ τις ὀνόματι καλέσει but if anyone is so named Hippol., Ref. 6, 20, 2): ὸ̔ς καλεῖται τῷ ὀνόματι τούτῳ who is so named Lk 1:61. ἀνὴρ ὀνόματι καλούμενος Ζακχαῖος a man whose name was Zacchaeus 19:2. καλεῖν τι (i.e. παιδίον) ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί τινος name someone after someone 1:59. Cp. IMg 10:1. This leads toⓒ used w. prepositions: ἐξ ὀνόματος (Ctesias, Ind. p. 105 M.: Diod S 13, 15, 1; 37, 15, 2; Appian, Mithrid. 59, §243, Bell. Civ. 3, 21 §77; 4, 73 §310; PGM 4, 2973; Jos., Ant. 2, 275) by name, individually, one by one (so that no one is lost in the crowd) ἐξ ὀν. πάντας ζήτει IPol 4:2. ἀσπάζομαι πάντας ἐξ ὀνόματος 8:2. πάντες ἐξ ὀν. συνέρχεσθε (parallel to κατʼ ἄνδρα) IEph 20:2.—κατʼ ὄν. by name, individually (Diod S 16, 44, 2; Gen 25:13; EpArist 247; Jos., Bell. 7, 14) J 10:3 (New Docs 3, 77f; animals called individually by name: Ps.-Aristot., Mirabil. 118.—HAlmqvist, Plut. u. das NT ’46, 74). Esp. in greetings (BGU 27, 18 [II A.D.] ἀσπάζομαι πάντας τοὺς φιλοῦντάς σε κατʼ ὄν.; POxy 1070, 46; pap in Dssm., LO 160/1, ln. 14f [LAE 193, ln. 15, note 21]; New Docs 3, 77f) 3J 15; ISm 13:2b. ῥάβδους ἐπιγεγραμμένας ἑκάστης φυλῆς κατʼ ὄν. staffs, each one inscribed with the name of a tribe 1 Cl 43:2b.ⓓ used in combination with God and Jesus. On the significance of the Divine Name in history of religions s. FGiesebrecht, Die atl. Schätzung des Gottesnamens 1901; Bousset, Rel.3 309ff; ADieterich, Eine Mithrasliturgie 1903, 110ff; FConybeare, JQR 8, 1896; 9, 1897, esp. 9, 581ff; JBoehmer, Das bibl. ‘im Namen’ 1898, BFCT V 6, 1901, 49ff, Studierstube 2, 1904, 324ff; 388ff; 452ff; 516ff; 580ff; BJacob, Im Namen Gottes 1903;WHeitmüller, ‘Im Namen Jesu’ 1903; WBrandt, TT 25, 1891, 565ff; 26, 1892, 193ff; 38, 1904, 355ff; RHirzel, Der Name: ASG 36, 2, 1918; Schürer III4 409–11; HObbink, De magische betekenis van den naam inzonderheid in het oude Egypte 1925; OGrether, Name u. Wort Gottes im AT ’34; HHuffman, Name: 1148–52.—The belief in the efficacy of the name is extremely old; its origin goes back to the most ancient times and the most primitive forms of intellectual and religious life. It has exhibited an extraordinary vitality. The period of our lit. also sees—within as well as without the new community of believers—in the name someth. real, a piece of the very nature of the personality whom it designates, expressing the person’s qualities and powers. Accordingly, names, esp. holy names, are revered and used in customary practices and ritual (σέβεσθαι θεῶν ὀνόματα Theoph. Ant., 1, 9 [p. 76, 7]), including magic. In Israelite tradition the greatest reverence was paid to the holy name of God and to its numerous paraphrases or substitutes; the names of angels and patriarchs occupied a secondary place. The syncretistic practices of the period revered the names of gods, daemons, and heroes, or even magic words that made no sense at all, but had a mysterious sound. The Judeo-Christians revere and use the name of God and, of course, the name of Jesus. On magic in Jewish circles, s. Schürer III 342–79; for the NT period in general s. MSmith, Clement of Alexandria and a Secret Gospel of Mark ’73, 195–230.—The names of God and Jesusα. in combination w. attributes: διαφορώτερον ὄν. a more excellent name Hb 1:4=1 Cl 36:2 (διάφορος 2). ἅγιον τὸ ὄν. αὐτοῦ Lk 1:49 (cp. Ps 110:9; Lev 18:21; 22:2; PGM 3, 570; 627; 4, 1005; 3071; 5, 77; 13, 561 μέγα κ. ἅγιον). τὸ μεγαλοπρεπὲς καὶ ἅγιον ὄν. αὐτοῦ 1 Cl 64; τὸ μέγα καὶ ἔνδοξον ὄν. Hv 4, 1, 3; 4, 2, 4 (on ἔνδοξον ὄν., cp. EPeterson, Εἷ θεός 1926, 282.—ὄν. μέγα κ. ἅγ. κ. ἔνδ.: PGM 13, 183f; 504f). τὸ μέγα καὶ θαυμαστὸν καὶ ἔνδοξον ὄν. Hs 9, 18, 5; τὸ πανάγιον καὶ ἔνδοξον ὄν. 1 Cl 58:1a; τοῦ παντοκράτορος καὶ ἐνδόξου ὄν. Hv 3, 3, 5; τὸ πανάρετον ὄν. 1 Cl 45:7; τῷ παντοκράτορι καὶ ἐνδόξῳ ὀνόματι 60:4; τὸ ὁσιώτατον τῆς μεγαλωσύνης αὐτοῦ ὄν. 58:1b. τὸ ὄν. μου θαυμαστὸν ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσι D 14:3 (cp. Mal 1:14). The words ὄν. θεοπρεπέστατον IMg 1:2 are difficult to interpret (s. Hdb. ad loc.; θεοπρεπής b).β. in combination w. verbs: ἁγιάζειν τὸ ὄν. Mt 6:9 (AFridrichsen, Helligt vorde dit naun: DTT 8, 1917, 1–16). Lk 11:2; D 8:2 (ἁγιάζω 3). βλασφημεῖν (q.v. bγ) τὸ ὄν. Rv 13:6; 16:9; pass. βλασφημεῖται τὸ ὄν. (Is 52:5) Ro 2:24; 2 Cl 13:1f, 4; ITr 8:2. βλασφημίας ἐπιφέρεσθαι τῷ ὀν. κυρίου bring blasphemy upon the name of the Lord 1 Cl 47:7. πφοσέθηκαν κατὰ ὄν. τοῦ κυρίου βλασφημίαν Hs 6, 2, 3; βεβηλοῦν τὸ ὄν. 8, 6, 2 (s. βεβηλόω). ἀπαγγελῶ τὸ ὄν. τ. ἀδελφοῖς μου Hb 2:12 (cp. Ps 21:23). ὅπως διαγγελῇ τὸ ὄν. μου ἐν πάσῃ τῇ γῇ Ro 9:17 (Ex 9:16). δοξάζειν τὸ ὄν. (σου, τοῦ κυρίου, τοῦ θεοῦ etc.) Rv 15:4; 1 Cl 43:6; IPhld 10:1; Hv 2, 1, 2; 3, 4, 3; 4, 1, 3; Hs 9, 18, 5 (s. δοξάζω 1; cp. GJs 7:2; 12:1[w. ref. to name of Mary]). ὅπως ἐνδοξασθῇ τὸ ὄν. τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ 2 Th 1:12. ἐλπίζειν τῷ ὀν. Mt 12:21 (vv.ll. ἐν or ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν.; the pass. on which it is based, Is 42:4, has ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν.). ἐπικαλεῖσθαι τὸ ὄν. κυρίου (as PsSol 6:1) or αὐτοῦ, σου etc. (w. ref. to God or Christ) call on the name of the Lord Ac 2:21 (Jo 3:5); 9:14, 21; 22:16; Ro 10:13 (Jo 3:5); 1 Cor 1:2. ψυχὴ ἐπικεκλημένη τὸ μεγαλοπρεπὲς καὶ ἅγιον ὄν. αὐτοῦ a person who calls upon his exalted and holy name 1 Cl 64.—Pass. πάντα τὰ ἔθνη ἐφʼ οὓς ἐπικέκληται τὸ ὄν. μου ἐπʼ αὐτούς Ac 15:17 (Am 9:12). τὸ καλὸν ὄν. τὸ ἐπικληθὲν ἐφʼ ὑμᾶς Js 2:7 (on καλὸν ὄν. cp. Sb 343, 9 and the Pompeian graffito in Dssm., LO 237 [LAE 276]). πάντες οἱ ἐπικαλούμενοι τῷ ὀν. αὐτοῦ all those who are called by (the Lord’s) name Hs 9, 14, 3; cp. οἱ κεκλημένοι τῷ ὀν. κυρίου those who are called by the name of the Lord 8, 1, 1. ἐπαισχύνεσθαι τὸ ὄν. κυρίου τὸ ἐπικληθὲν ἐπʼ αὐτούς be ashamed of the name that is named over them 8, 6, 4. ὁμολογεῖν τῷ ὀν. αὐτοῦ praise his name Hb 13:15 (cp. PsSol 15:2 ἐξομολογήσασθαι τῷ ὀνόματι σου). ὀνομάζειν τὸ ὄν. κυρίου 2 Ti 2:19 (Is 26:13). ψάλλειν τῷ ὀν. σου Ro 15:9 (Ps 17:50). οὐ μὴ λάβῃς ἐπὶ ματαίῳ τὸ ὄν. κυρίου 19:5 (Ex 20:7; Dt 5:11).—Although in the preceding examples the name is oft. practically inseparable fr. the being that bears it, this is perh. even more true of the foll. cases, in which the name appears almost as the representation of the Godhead, as a tangible manifestation of the divine nature (Quint. Smyrn. 9, 465 Polidarius, when healing, calls on οὔνομα πατρὸς ἑοῖο ‘the name of his father’ [Asclepius]; τοσοῦτον … δύναται τὸ ὄ. τοῦ Ἰησοῦ κατὰ τῶν δαιμόνων Orig., C. Cels. 1, 56, 11; Dt 18:7; 3 Km 8:16; Ps 68:37; Zech 13:2 ἐξολεθρεύσω τὰ ὀν. τῶν εἰδώλων; Zeph 1:4; PsSol 7:6; Just., D. 121, 3 ὑποτάσσεσθαι αὐτοῦ ὀν.): the ‘name’ of God is ἀρχέγονον πάσης κτίσεως 1 Cl 59:3. Sim. τὸ ὄν. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ μέγα ἐστὶ καὶ τὸν κόσμον ὅλον βαστάζει Hs 9, 14, 5. λατρεύειν τῷ παναρέτῳ ὀν. αὐτοῦ worship the most excellent name (of the Most High) 1 Cl 45:7. ὑπακούειν τῷ παναγίῳ καὶ ἐνδόξῳ ὀν. αὐτοῦ be obedient to his most holy and glorious name 58:1a. ὑπήκοον γενέσθαι τῷ παντοκρατορικῷ καὶ παναρέτῳ ὀν. 60:4. κηρύσσειν τὸ ὄν. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ Hs 9, 16, 5. ἐπιγινώσκειν τὸ ὄν. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ 9, 16, 7. φοβεῖσθαι τὸ ὄν. σου Rv 11:18. φανεροῦν τινι τὸ ὄν. σου J 17:6. γνωρίζειν τινὶ τὸ ὄν. σου vs. 26. πιστεύειν τῷ ὀν. τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ believe in the name of (God’s) son 1J 3:23. Also πιστεύειν εἰς τὸ ὄν. (s. γב below and s. πιστεύω 2aβ).—Of the name borne by followers of Jesus Christ (cp. Theoph. Ant. 1, 1 [p. 58, 13]): κρατεῖς τὸ ὄν. μου you cling to my name Rv 2:13. The same mng. also holds for the expressions: λαμβάνειν τὸ ὄν. τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ Hs 9, 12, 4; 8; 9, 13, 2a; 7. τοῦ βαστάσαι τὸ ὄν. μου ἐνώπιον ἐθνῶν to bear my name before (the) Gentiles Ac 9:15. τὸ ὄν. ἡδέως βαστάζειν bear the name gladly Hs 8, 10, 3; cp. 9, 28, 5b. τὸ ὄν. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ φορεῖν 9, 13, 3; 9, 14, 5f; 9, 15, 2; cp. 9, 13, 2b. Christians receive this name at their baptism: πρὶν φορέσαι τὸν ἄνθρωπον τὸ ὄν. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ νεκρός ἐστιν before a person bears the name of God’s Son (which is given the candidate at baptism), he is dead 9, 16, 3. Of dissemblers and false teachers ὄν. μὲν ἔχουσιν, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς πίστεως κενοί εἰσιν they have the (Christian) name, but are devoid of faith 9, 19, 2. Of Christians in appearance only ἐν ὑποκρίσει φέροντες τὸ ὄν. τοῦ κυρίου who bear the Lord’s name in pretense Pol 6:3. δόλῳ πονηρῷ τὸ ὄν. περιφέρειν carry the name about in wicked deceit (evidently of wandering preachers) IEph 7:1. τὸ ὄν. ἐπαισχύνονται τοῦ κυρίου αὐτῶν they are ashamed of their Lord’s name Hs 9, 21, 3. More fully: ἐπαισχύνονται τὸ ὄν. αὐτοῦ φορεῖν 9, 14, 6.γ. used w. prepositionsא. w. διά and the gen. διὰ τοῦ ὀνόματός μου πιστεύειν PtK 3 p. 15 ln. 12; σωθῆναι διὰ τοῦ μεγάλου καὶ ἐνδόξου ὀν. be saved through the great and glorious name Hv 4, 2, 4. εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ εἰσελθεῖν διὰ τοῦ ὀν. τοῦ υἱοῦ (τοῦ θεοῦ) Hs 9, 12, 5. ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν λαβεῖν διὰ τοῦ ὀν. αὐτοῦ Ac 10:43 (cp. Just., D. 11, 4 al.). σημεῖα … γίνεσθαι διὰ τοῦ ὀν. … Ἰησοῦ by the power of the name 4:30. Differently παρακαλεῖν τινα διὰ τοῦ ὀν. τοῦ κυρίου appeal to someone by the name (= while calling on the name) of the Lord 1 Cor 1:10.—W. διά and the acc. μισούμενοι … διὰ τὸ ὄν. μου hated on account of my name (i.e., because you bear it) Mt 10:22; 24:9; Mk 13:13; Lk 21:17 (Just., A I, 4, 2 al.). ποιεῖν τι εἴς τινα διὰ τὸ ὄν. μου J 15:21. ἀφέωνται ὑμῖν αἱ ἁμαρτίαι διὰ τὸ ὄν. αὐτοῦ your sins are forgiven on account of (Jesus’) name 1J 2:12. βαστάζειν διὰ τὸ ὄν. μου bear (hardship) for my name’s sake Rv 2:3 (s. βαστάζω 2bβ). πάσχειν διὰ τὸ ὄν. (also w. a gen. like αὐτοῦ) Pol 8:2; Hv 3, 2, 1b; Hs 9, 28, 3.ב. w. εἰς: somet. evidently as rendering of rabb. לְשֵׁם with regard to, in thinking of δέχεσθαί τινα εἰς ὄν. Ἰ. Χρ. receive someone in deference to Jesus Christ IRo 9:3. δύο ἢ τρεῖς συνηγμένοι εἰς τὸ ἐμὸν ὄν. two or three gathered and thinking of me, i.e., so that I am the reason for their assembling Mt 18:20; but here the other mng. (s. ג below) has had some influence: ‘while naming’ or ‘calling on my name’. τῆς ἀγάπης ἧς ἐνεδείξασθε εἰς τὸ ὄν. αὐτοῦ (i.e. θεοῦ) Hb 6:10 is either the love that you have shown with regard to him, i.e. for his sake, or we have here the frequently attested formula of Hellenistic legal and commercial language (s. Mayser II/2 p. 415; Dssm. B 143ff, NB 25, LO 97f [BS 146f; 197; LAE 121]; Heitmüller, op. cit. 100ff; FPreisigke, Girowesen im griech. Ägypt. 1910, 149ff. On the LXX s. Heitmüller 110f; JPsichari, Essai sur le Grec de la Septante 1908, 202f): εἰς (τὸ) ὄν. τινος to the name=to the account (over which the name stands). Then the deeds of love, although shown to humans, are dedicated to God.—The concept of dedication is also highly significant, in all probability, for the understanding of the expr. βαπτίζειν εἰς (τὸ) ὄν. τινος. Through baptism εἰς (τὸ) ὄν. τ. those who are baptized become the possession of and come under the dedicated protection of the one whose name they bear. An additional factor, to a degree, may be the sense of εἰς τὸ ὄν.=‘with mention of the name’ (cp. Herodian 2, 2, 10; 2, 13, 2 ὀμνύναι εἰς τὸ ὄν. τινος; Cyranides p. 57, 1 εἰς ὄν. τινος; 60, 18=εἰς τὸ ὄν. τ.; 62, 13. Another ex. in Heitmüller 107): Mt 28:19; Ac 8:16; 19:5; D 7:1, (3); 9:5; Hv 3, 7, 3; cp. 1 Cor 1:13, 15. S. βαπτίζω 2c and Silva New, Beginn. I/5, ’33, 121–40.—πιστεύειν εἰς τὸ ὄν. τινος believe in the name of someone i.e. have confidence that the person’s name (rather in the sense of a title, cp. Phil 2:9) is rightfully borne and encodes what the person really is J 1:12; 2:23; 3:18; 1J 5:13.ג. with ἐν: ἐν ὀνόματι of God or Jesus means in the great majority of cases with mention of the name, while naming or calling on the name (PsSol 11:8; JosAs 9:1; Just., D. 35, 2 al.; no corresponding use has been found in gener. Gk. lit.; but cp. ἐν ὀν. τοῦ μεγάλου καὶ ὑψίστου θεοῦ Hippol., Ref. 9, 15, 6.—Heitmüller p. 13ff, esp. 44; 49). In many pass. it seems to be a formula. ἐν τῷ ὀν. Ἰησοῦ ἐκβάλλειν δαιμόνια Mk 9:38; 16:17; Lk 9:49. τὰ δαιμόνια ὑποτάσσεται ἡμῖν ἐν τῷ ὀν. σου the demons are subject to us at the mention of your name 10:17. ποιεῖν τι ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ac 4:7; cp. Col 3:17. Perh. J 10:25 (but s. below). ἐν τῷ ὀν. Ἰησοῦ … οὗτος παρέστηκεν ὑγιής Ac 4:10. ὄν. … ἐν ᾧ δεῖ σωθῆναι ἡμᾶς vs. 12. παραγγέλλω σοι ἐν ὀν. Ἰ. Χρ. 16:18; cp. 2 Th 3:6; IPol 5:1. σοὶ λέγω ἐν τῷ ὀν. τοῦ κυρίου Ac 14:10 D. Peter, in performing a healing, says ἐν τῷ ὀν. Ἰησοῦ Χρ. περιπάτει 3:6 (s. Heitmüller 60). The elders are to anoint the sick w. oil ἐν τῷ ὀν. τοῦ κυρίου while calling on the name of the Lord Js 5:14.—Of prophets λαλεῖν ἐν τῷ ὀν. κυρίου 5:10. παρρησιάζεσθαι ἐν τῷ ὀν. Ἰησοῦ speak out boldly in proclaiming the name of Jesus Ac 9:27f. βαπτίζεσθαι ἐν τῷ ὀν. Ἰ. Χ. be baptized or have oneself baptized while naming the name of Jesus Christ Ac 2:38 v.l.; 10:48. At a baptism ἐν ὀν. χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ AcPl Ha 3, 32. αἰτεῖν τὸν πατέρα ἐν τῷ ὀν. μου (=Ἰησοῦ) ask the Father, using my name J 15:16; cp. 14:13, 14; 16:24, 26. W. the latter pass. belongs vs. 23 (ὁ πατὴρ) δώσει ὑμῖν ἐν τῷ ὀν. μου (the Father) will give you, when you mention my name. τὸ πνεῦμα ὸ̔ πέμψει ὁ πατὴρ ἐν τῷ ὀν. μου the Spirit, whom the Father will send when my name is used 14:26. To thank God ἐν ὀν. Ἰησοῦ Χρ. while naming the name of Jesus Christ Eph 5:20. ἵνα ἐν τῷ ὀν. Ἰησοῦ πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ that when the name of Jesus is mentioned every knee should bow Phil 2:10. χαίρετε, υἱοί, ἐν ὀν. κυρίου greetings, my sons, as we call on the Lord’s name 1:1. ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀν. κυρίου whoever comes, naming the Lord’s name (in order thereby to give evidence of being a Christian) D 12:1. ἀσπάζεσθαι ἐν ὀν. Ἰ. Χρ. greet, while naming the name of J. Chr. w. acc. of pers. or thing greeted IRo ins; ISm 12:2. Receive a congregation ἐν ὀν. θεοῦ IEph 1:3. συναχθῆναι ἐν τῷ ὀν. τοῦ κυρίου Ἰ. meet and call on the name of the Lord Jesus=as a Christian congregation 1 Cor 5:4. μόνον ἐν τῷ ὀν. Ἰ. Χρ. only (it is to be) while calling on the name of J. Chr. ISm 4:2.—Not far removed fr. these are the places where we render ἐν τῷ ὀν. with through or by the name (s. ἐν 4c); the effect brought about by the name is caused by its utterance ἀπελούσασθε, ἡγιάσθητε, ἐδικαιώθητε ἐν τῷ ὀν. τοῦ κυρίου Ἰ. Χρ. 1 Cor 6:11. ζωὴν ἔχειν ἐν τῷ ὀν. αὐτοῦ (=Ἰησοῦ) J 20:31. τηρεῖν τινα ἐν τῷ ὀν. (θεοῦ) 17:11f.—ἐν τῷ ὀν. at the command (of), commissioned by ἔργα ποιεῖν ἐν τῷ ὀν. τοῦ πατρός J 10:25 (but s. above). ἔρχεσθαι ἐν τῷ ὀν. τοῦ πατρός 5:43a; in contrast ἔρχ. ἐν τῷ ὀν. τῷ ἰδίῳ vs. 43b. εὐλογημένος ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀν. κυρίου 12:13 (Ps 117:26). The Ps-passage prob. has the same sense (despite Heitmüller 53f) in Mt 21:9; 23:39; Mk 11:9; Lk 13:35; 19:38.—OMerlier, Ὄνομα et ἐν ὀνόματι dans le quatr. Év.: RevÉtGr 47, ’34, 180–204; RBratcher, BT 14, ’63, 72–80.ד. w. ἕνεκα (and the other forms of this word; s. ἕνεκα 1): of persecutions for one’s Christian faith ἀπάγεσθαι ἐπὶ βασιλεῖς ἕνεκεν τοῦ ὀν. μου Lk 21:12. πάσχειν or ὑποφέρειν εἵνεκα τοῦ ὀνόματος Hv 3, 1, 9; 3, 2, 1; Hs 9, 28, 5. ἕνεκεν τοῦ ὀν. (τοῦ) κυρίου v 3, 5, 2; Hs 9, 28, 6. ἀφιέναι οἰκίας … ἕνεκεν τοῦ ἐμοῦ ὀν. for my name’s sake Mt 19:29. ἔκτισας τὰ πάντα ἕνεκεν τοῦ ὀν. σου you created all things for your name’s sake, i.e. that God’s name might be praised for the benefits which the works of creation bring to humankind D 10:3.ה. w. ἐπί and the dat.: ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. τινος when someone’s name is mentioned or called upon, or mentioning someone’s name (LXX; En 10:2; Just., D. 39, 6; Ath. 23, 1; s. Heitmüller 19ff; 43ff; s. also 47ff; 52ff; 87ff) in the NT only of the name of Jesus, and only in the synoptics and Ac. ἐλεύσονται ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. μου they will come using my name Mt 24:5; Mk 13:6; Lk 21:8. κηρύσσειν ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. αὐτοῦ μετάνοιαν 24:47. λαλεῖν ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. τούτῳ to speak using this name Ac 4:17; 5:40. διδάσκειν 4:18; 5:28. ποιεῖν δύναμιν ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. μου Mk 9:39. ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. σου ἐκβάλλειν δαιμόνια Lk 9:49 v.l. ἐπὶ τῷ σῷ ὀν. τὰς θεραπείας ἐπετέλουν GJs 20:2 (codd.). Of the (spiritual) temple of God: οἰκοδομηθήσεται ναὸς θεοῦ ἐνδόξως ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. κυρίου the temple of God will be gloriously built with the use of the Lord’s name 16:6f, 8 (quot. of uncertain orig.). βαπτίζεσθαι ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. Ἰ. Χρ. Ac 2:38. Baptism is also referred to in καλεῖσθαι ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ receive a name when the name of God’s son is named Hs 9, 17, 4. The words δέχεσθαι (παιδίον) ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. μου can also be classed here receive (a child) when my name is confessed, when I am called upon Mt 18:5; Mk 9:37; Lk 9:48 (s. Heitmüller 64); but s. also 3 below.—ἐπί w. acc.: πεποιθέναι ἐπὶ τὸ ὁσιώτατον τῆς μεγαλωσύνης αὐτοῦ ὄν. have confidence in (the Lord’s) most sacred and majestic name 1 Cl 58:1b; ἐλπίζειν ἐπὶ τὸ ὄν. hope in the name (of the Lord) 16:8b.ו. w. περί and the gen.: εὐαγγελίζεσθαι περὶ τοῦ ὀν. Ἰ. Χ. bring the good news about the name of J. Chr. Ac 8:12.—(W. acc.: ἔχομεν δέος τὸ ὄ. τοῦ θεοῦ Orig., C. Cels. 4, 48, 34).ז. w. πρός and acc.: πρὸς τὸ ὄν. Ἰησοῦ … πολλὰ ἐναντία πρᾶξαι do many things in opposing the name of Jesus Ac 26:9.ח. w. ὑπέρ and gen.: ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀν. (Ἰησοῦ) ἀτιμασθῆναι Ac 5:41. πάσχειν 9:16; Hs 9, 28, 2. Cp. Ac 15:26; 21:13. The activity of the apostles takes place ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀν. αὐτοῦ to the honor of (Jesus’) name Ro 1:5. Cp. 3J 7. Of thankful praying at the Lord’s Supper εὐχαριστοῦμεν σοι … ὑπὲρ τοῦ ἁγίου ὀν. σου, οὗ κατεσκήνωσας ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν we thank you … for your holy name, which you caused to dwell in our hearts D 10:2.δ. ὄν. w. ref. to God or Christ not infreq. stands quite alone, simply the Name: Ac 5:41; Phil 2:9 (cp. Diod S 3, 61, 6); 3J 7; 2 Cl 13:1, 4; IEph 3:1; 7:1; IPhld 10:1; Hv 3, 2, 1; Hs 8, 10, 3; 9, 13, 2; 9, 28, 3; 5.② a person (Phalaris, Ep. 128; POxy 1188, 8 [13 A.D.]; BGU 113, 11; Jos., Ant. 14, 22; other exx. in Dssm., NB 24f [BS 196f]; LXX) τὸ ποθητόν μοι ὄν. my dear friend: Alce ISm 13:2; IPol 8:3; Crocus IRo 10:1. Pl. (PThéad 41, 10; PSI 27, 22; Num 1:18 al.) people Ac 1:15; Rv 3:4. ὀνόματα ἀνθρώπων 11:13 (cp. Ael. Aristid. 50, 72 K.=26 p. 523 D.: ὀνόματα δέκα ἀνδρῶν). This is prob. the place for περὶ λόγου καὶ ὀνομάτων καὶ νόμου about teaching and persons and (the) law Ac 18:15.③ the classification under which one belongs, noted by a name or category, title, category (cp. Cass. Dio 38, 44; 42, 24 καὶ ὅτι πολλῷ πλείω ἔν τε τῷ σχήματι καὶ ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τῷ τῆς στρατηγίας ὢν καταπράξειν ἤλπιζε=he hoped to effect much more by taking advantage of his praetorial apparel and title; ins: Sb 7541, 5 [II A.D.] Νύμφη ὄνομʼ ἐστί σοι; POxy 37 I, 17 [49 A.D.] βούλεται ὀνόματι ἐλευθέρου τὸ σωμάτιον ἀπενέγκασθαι=she claims to have carried off the infant on the basis of its being free-born; Jos., Ant. 12, 154 φερνῆς ὀνόματι; 11, 40; Just., A II, 6, 4 καὶ ἀνθρώπου καὶ σωτῆρος ὄνομα. Other exx. in Heitmüller 50); the possibility of understanding ὄν. as category made it easier for Greeks to take over rabb. לְשֵׁם (s. 1dγב above) in the sense with regard to a particular characteristic, then simply with regard to, for the sake of ὁ δεχόμενος προφήτην εἰς ὄν. προφήτου whoever receives a prophet within the category ‘prophet’, i.e. because he is a prophet, as a prophet Mt 10:41a; cp. vss. 41b, 42.—ὸ̔ς ἂν ποτίσῃ ὑμᾶς ἐν ὀνόματι, ὄτι Χριστοῦ ἐστε whoever gives you a drink under the category that you belong to Christ, i.e. in your capacity as a follower of Christ Mk 9:41. εἰ ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν ὀν. Χριστοῦ if you are reviled for the sake of Christ 1 Pt 4:14. δοξαζέτω τὸν θεὸν ἐν τῷ ὀν. τούτῳ let the person praise God in this capacity (=ὡς Χριστιανός) vs. 16. δέδεμαι ἐν τῷ ὀν. I am imprisoned for the sake of the Name IEph 3:1.—δέχεσθαι (παιδίον) ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. μου for my (name’s) sake Mt 18:5; Mk 9:37; Lk 9:48 (cp. Heitmüller 113. But s. 1dγה above).④ recognition accorded a person on the basis of performance, (well-known) name, reputation, fame (Hom. et al.; 1 Ch 14:17; 1 Macc 8:12) φανερὸν ἐγένετο τὸ ὄν. αὐτοῦ his fame was widespread Mk 6:14. ὄν. ἔχειν (Pla., Apol. 38c, Ep. 2, 312c) w. ὅτι foll. have the reputation of Rv 3:1 perh. also 3:5 (s. 1bα; JFuller, JETS 26, ’83, 297–306).⑤ name in terms of office held, office (POxy 58, 6) στασιαζουσῶν τ. φυλῶν, ὁποία αὐτῶν εἴη τῷ ἐνδόξῳ ὀνόματι κεκοσμημένη when the tribes were quarreling as to which one of them was to be adorned with that glorious office 1 Cl 43:2. τὸ ὄν. τῆς ἐπισκοπῆς the office of supervision 44:1.—B. 1263f. OEANE IV 91–96 on Mesopotamian practices. Schmidt, Syn. I 113–24. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv. -
63 никакой
мест. отр.;
при предлогах отрицание ""ни"" отделяется: ни от какого и т.п.||with prepositions the negative ""ни"" is separated no (whatever;
at all разг.) ;
none (whatever) (без сущ.) я не имею никакого представления ≈ I have no idea никакие препятствия не могли остановить его ≈ no obstacles( whatever) could stop him ученый он никакой ≈ he is no scholar ни в каком случае ≈ on no accountникак|ой - мест.
1. no;
нет ~ого сомнения there can be no doubt;
нет ~ надежды there is no hope;
~ого беспокойства it`s no trouble;
2. разг. (в сочетании с частицей не + сущ.) no;
я ~ не социолог I am no sociologist;
3. в знач. прил. разг. (плохой) no good at all;
доктор он ~ he`s no good at all as a doctor. -
64 ним
-
65 operator
ˈɔpəreɪtə сущ.
1) а) оператор computer operator ≈ компьютерный техник crane operator ≈ оператор (грузо) подъемного крана, крановщик elevator operator, lift operator ≈ лифтер ham operator ≈ радист, оператор радиостанции lathe operator ≈ токарь radar operator ≈ оператор радиолокационной установки, радиометрист radio operator ≈ радист;
радиооператор switchboard operator, telephone operator ≈ телефонист, телефонистка operator's position ≈ рабочее место б) механик, машинист machine operator ≈ машинист, оператор машины, механик в) амер. водитель
2) телефонист;
телеграфист;
радист;
связист
3) хир. врач-хирург;
оперирующий хирург или дантист
4) бизнесмен;
владелец;
управляющий big operators ≈ амер. крупные чиновники;
высокие должностные лица Syn: owner, director
5) а) биржевой маклер б) делец, ловкач He is what we call nowadays an 'operator', and completely unscrupulous and unashamed. ≈ Он относится к тому сорту людей, которых в наши дни называют 'дельцами', и абсолютно беспринципен и бесстыден.
6) а) мат. оператор б) линг. оператор Operators are forms like articles, prepositions, conjunctions which perform syntactic functions. ≈ Операторы - это слова типа артиклей, предлогов, союзов, которые осуществляют синтаксические функции.
7) биол. ген-оператор (терминальный участок в опероне) оператор;
- *'s position рабочее место механик, машинист;
водитель связист;
радист;
телефонист (военное) обслуживающий номер( прибора) прожекторист то, что оказывает действие;
- strong * сильнодействующее средство (медицина) врач-хирург, оперирующий хирург диспетчер (американизм) владелец предприятия;
фабрикант, промышленник;
- private * in civil aviation владелец частной авиакомпании биржевой маклер( разговорное) делец, ловкач;
- smooth * ловкий делец;
- big-time * крупный делец (биология) ген-оператор (математика) символ, указывающий на необходимость произведения какого-л действия гипнотизер arithmetic ~ вчт. аритметический оператор arithmetic ~ вчт. знак арифметической операции assertion ~ вчт. оператор контроля ~ амер. владелец предприятия или его управляющий;
big operators амер. крупные чиновники;
высокие должностные лица boolean ~ вчт. логический оператор combined transport ~ (CTO) владелец предприятия, ведущего смешанные перевозки comparison ~ вчт. операция сравнения composite ~ вчт. составной оператор computer ~ оператор вычислительной машины conjunction ~ вчт. оператор конъюнкции constraint ~ вчт. ограничивающый оператор dagger ~ вчт. оператор или-не economic ~ экономист elevator ~ амер. лифтер indirection ~ вчт. операция разыменовывания infix ~ вчт. инфиксный оператор keyboard ~ вчт. оператор коммутационной панели logical ~ вчт. знак логической операции market ~ биржевой маклер neighborhood ~ вчт. оператор формирования окрестностей ~ оператор;
механик;
operator's position рабочее место postfix ~ вчт. постфиксная операция prefix ~ вчт. префиксный оператор relational ~ вчт. операция сравнения ~ биржевой маклер или делец;
smooth (или slick) operator ловкий делец system ~ вчт. системный оператор unary ~ вчт. знак унарной операцииБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > operator
-
66 what with
1) вследствие;
из-за Syn: as for
2) парный союз или с сочинением в значении Introducing advb. phrases formed with prepositions( in the earliest periods chiefly for, later usually, now almost always, with), implying (in early use only contextually) in consequence of, on account of, as a result of;
in view of, considering( one thing and another) '. What with one thing and another, I see that my work is well cut out for me. в связи с;
из-за - * summer time it was still broad daylight так, как было лето, еще было совсем светло - * his laziness he did almost nothing in his freshman year вследствие своей лени он почти не занимался на первом курсеБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > what with
-
67 ...less
[lɪs]SUFFIX sin LESS THAN, FEWER THAN
"Menos... que" or "menos... de"?
► Use menos with que before nouns and pronouns (provided they are not followed by clauses) as well as before adverbs and prepositions:
He has less money than his sister Tiene menos dinero que su hermana
He sells less/fewer than I do or than me Vende menos que yo
These days I'm much less shy than before Hoy en día soy mucho menos tímido que antes ► Use menos... de lo que/del que/de la que/de los que/ de las que with following clauses:
He earns less than I thought Gana menos de lo que yo creía
They have 16 seats - five fewer than they had before these elections Tienen 16 escaños - cinco menos de los que tenían antes de estas elecciones
It provides the body with fewer calories than it needs Proporciona al organismo menos calorías de las que necesita ► Use menos with de before lo + ((adjective/past participle)):
The price of wheat went up less than expected El precio del trigo subió menos de lo previsto ► Use menos with de in comparisons involving numbers or quantity:
... in less than eight seconds...... en menos de ocho segundos...
You won't get it for less than 4,000 euros No lo conseguirás por menos de 4.000 euros NOTE: But use que instead in emphatic expressions like nada menos que and ni más ni menos que e ven when followed by numbers:
They offered him no less than 100,000 euros a year! ¡Le ofrecieron nada menos que or ni más ni menos que 100.000 euros al año!
A lot less, far fewer
► When translating a lot less, far fewer {etc} remember to make the mucho in mucho menos agree with any noun it describes or refers to:
These bulbs use a lot less electricity than conventional ones Estas bombillas gastan mucha menos electricidad que las normales
They have had far fewer opportunities than wealthy people Han gozado de muchas menos oportunidades que la gente rica For further uses and examples, see fewer, less -
68 more
mo:comparative; = muchmore adj adv pron mástr[mɔːSMALLr/SMALL]1 más■ do you want some more wine? ¿quieres más vino?■ no more tears! ¡basta de llorar!1 más1 más\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLmore and more cada vez másto be more than happy to do something hacer algo con mucho gustothe more..., the more... cuanto más..., más...the more..., the less... cuanto más..., menos...to see more of somebody ver a alguien más a menudomore ['mor] adv: máswhat more can I say?: ¿qué más puedo decir?more important: más importanteonce more: una vez másmore adj: másnothing more than that: nada más que esomore work: más trabajomore n: más mthe more you eat, the more you want: cuanto más comes, tanto más quieresmore pron: másmore were found: se encontraron másadj.• más adj.adv.• más adv.
I mɔːr, mɔː(r)a) (additional number, amount) máswould you like some more? — ¿quieres más?
how much more flour? — ¿cuánta harina más?
the more money you earn, the more tax you have to pay — cuanto más dinero se gana, (tantos) más impuestos hay que pagar
b) ( in comparisons) más
II
a) (additional number, amount) másand, what is more,... — y lo que es más,...
the more she eats, the thinner she gets — cuanto más come, más adelgaza
have you anything more to say? — ¿tiene algo más que decir?
b) ( in comparisons) máswe had four more than we needed — nos sobraron cuatro, había cuatro de más
my brother is more of a businessman than I am — mi hermano tiene mucha más idea para los negocios que yo
III
1)a) ( to greater extent) másb) (before adj, adv) máscould you please speak more clearly? — ¿podría hacer el favor de hablar más claro?
more often — con más frecuencia, más a menudo
2) (again, longer) másonce/twice more — una vez/dos veces más
3) ( rather)[mɔː(r)]1.ADJ más•
is there any more wine in the bottle? — ¿queda vino en la botella?•
a few more weeks — unas semanas más•
many more people — muchas más personas•
much more butter — mucha más mantequilla•
I have no more money — no me queda más dinerono more singing, I can't bear it! — ¡que no se cante más, no lo aguanto!
•
do you want some more tea? — ¿quieres más té?•
you have more money than I — tienes más dinero que yo•
it's two more miles to the house — faltan dos millas para llegar a la casa2. NPRON1) más•
we can't afford more — no podemos pagar más•
is there any more? — ¿hay más?•
a bit more? — ¿un poco más?•
a few more — algunos más•
a little more — un poco más•
many more — muchos más•
much more — mucho másthere isn't much more to do — no hay or queda mucho más que hacer
•
there's no more left — no queda (nada)let's say no more about it! — ¡no se hable más del asunto!
he no more thought of paying me than of flying to the moon — antes iría volando a la luna que pensar pagarme a mí
•
I shall have more to say about this — volveré a hablar de esto•
some more — más•
he's got more than me! — ¡él tiene más que yo!more than one/ten — más de uno/diez
not much more than £20 — poco más de 20 libras
•
and what's more... — y además...•
there's more where that came from! — ¡esto no es más que el principio!2)• (all) the more — tanto más
all the more so because or as or since... — tanto más cuanto que...
the more you give him the more he wants — cuanto más se le da, (tanto) más quiere
the more the better, the more the merrier — cuantos más mejor
3. ADV1) más•
more and more — cada vez más•
if he says that any more — si vuelve a decir eso, si dice eso otra vez•
"I don't understand it" - "no more do I" — -no lo comprendo -ni yo tampoco•
he's more intelligent than me — es más inteligente que yo2) (=again)once more — otra vez, una vez más
3) (=longer)•
he doesn't live here any more — ya no vive aquíMORE THAN•
Queen Anne is no more — la reina Ana ya no existe
"Más... que" or "más... de"?
► Use más with que before nouns and personal pronouns (provided they are not followed by clauses) as well as before adverbs and prepositions:
It was much more than a book Era mucho más que un libro
She knows more than I do about such things Ella sabe más que yo de esas cosas
Spain won more medals than ever before España logró más medallas que nunca ► Use más ... de lo que/del que/de la que/de los que/ de las que with following clauses:
It's much more complicated than you think Es mucho más complicado de lo que te imaginas
There's much more violence now than there was in the seventies Hay mucha más violencia ahora de la que había en los setenta ► Use más with de before lo + ((adjective/past participle)):
You'll have to work more quickly than usual Tendrás que trabajar más rápido de lo normal
It was more difficult than expected Fue más difícil de lo previsto ► Use más with de in comparisons involving numbers or quantity:
There were more than twenty people there Había más de veinte personas allí
More than half are women Más de la mitad son mujeres
They hadn't seen each other for more than a year No se veían desde hacía más de un año ► But más ... que c an be used with numbers in more figurative comparisons:
A picture is worth more than a thousand words Una imagen vale más que mil palabras
Más... que c an be used before numbers in the construction no... más que, meaning "only". Compare the following:
He only earns 1000 euros a month No gana más que 1000 euros al mes
He earns no more than 1000 euros a month No gana más de 1000 euros al mes
A lot more
► When translating a lot more, far more {etc} remember to make the mucho in mucho más a gree with any noun it describes or refers to:
We eat much more junk food than we used to Tomamos mucha más comida basura que antes
It's only one sign. There are a lot or many more Solo es una señal. Hay muchas más
A lot more research will be needed Harán falta muchos más estudios For further uses and examples, see more* * *
I [mɔːr, mɔː(r)]a) (additional number, amount) máswould you like some more? — ¿quieres más?
how much more flour? — ¿cuánta harina más?
the more money you earn, the more tax you have to pay — cuanto más dinero se gana, (tantos) más impuestos hay que pagar
b) ( in comparisons) más
II
a) (additional number, amount) másand, what is more,... — y lo que es más,...
the more she eats, the thinner she gets — cuanto más come, más adelgaza
have you anything more to say? — ¿tiene algo más que decir?
b) ( in comparisons) máswe had four more than we needed — nos sobraron cuatro, había cuatro de más
my brother is more of a businessman than I am — mi hermano tiene mucha más idea para los negocios que yo
III
1)a) ( to greater extent) másb) (before adj, adv) máscould you please speak more clearly? — ¿podría hacer el favor de hablar más claro?
more often — con más frecuencia, más a menudo
2) (again, longer) másonce/twice more — una vez/dos veces más
3) ( rather) -
69 over
'əuvə
1. preposition1) (higher than; above in position, number, authority etc: Hang that picture over the fireplace; He's over 90 years old.) sobre, encima de; más de2) (from one side to another, on or above the top of; on the other side of: He jumped over the gate; She fell over the cat; My friend lives over the street.) sobre, encima; al otro lado de3) (covering: He put his handkerchief over his face.) sobre4) (across: You find people like him all over the world.) por(todo)5) (about: a quarrel over money.) por, por motivos de, sobre6) (by means of: He spoke to her over the telephone.) por7) (during: Over the years, she grew to hate her husband.) durante, a través de, a lo largo de8) (while having etc: He fell asleep over his dinner.) durante
2. adverb1) (higher, moving etc above: The plane flew over about an hour ago.)2) (used to show movement, change of position: He rolled over on his back; He turned over the page.)3) (across: He went over and spoke to them.)4) (downwards: He fell over.)5) (higher in number etc: for people aged twenty and over.)6) (remaining: There are two cakes for each of us, and two over.)7) (through from beginning to end, carefully: Read it over; Talk it over between you.)
3. adjective(finished: The affair is over now.) por encima
4. noun((in cricket) a certain number of balls bowled from one end of the wicket: He bowled thirty overs in the match.) serie de seis lanzamientos
5. as part of a word1) (too (much), as in overdo.) demasiado, extra, exceso de2) (in a higher position, as in overhead.) por encima (de)3) (covering, as in overcoat.) sobre4) (down from an upright position, as in overturn.) hacia abajo5) (completely, as in overcome.) completamente•- over all
- over and done with
over1 adv1. a casawhy don't you come over to see us? ¿por qué no vienes a casa a vernos?2. acabado3. de sobraare there any strawberries over? ¿sobran fresas?over2 prep1. encima de / sobre2. más depeople over 65 las personas de más de 65 años / los mayores de 65 añostr['əʊvəSMALLr/SMALL]■ over here/there aquí/allí■ why don't you come over to dinner? ¿por qué no vienes a cenar a casa?5 (everywhere, throughout) en todas partes6 (again) otra vez■ over and over (again) repetidas veces, una y otra vez7 (remaining) sobrante■ are there any strawberries (left) over? ¿sobran fresas?, ¿quedan fresas?■ did you have any money over? ¿te sobró algún dinero?8 (too much) de más10 SMALLRADIO/SMALL (finished) corto■ over and out! ¡corto y fuera!1 (above, higher than) encima de2 (covering, on top of) sobre, encima de3 (across) sobre; (on the other side of) al otro lado de4 (during) durante5 (throughout) por6 (by the agency of) por7 (more than) más de8 (about) por9 (recovered from) recuperado,-a de10 (indicating control) sobre; (superior) por encima de1 (ended) acabado,-a, terminado,-a\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLover and above además deto be over and done with haber acabadoover ['o:vər] advhe flew over to London: voló a Londrescome on over!: ¡ven acá!the show ran 10 minutes over: el espectáculo terminó 10 minutos de tarde3) above, overhead: por encima4) again: otra vez, de nuevoover and over: una y otra vezto start over: volver a empezar5)all over everywhere: por todas partes6)to fall over : caerse7)to turn over : poner boca abajo, voltearover adj1) higher, upper: superior2) remaining: sobrante, que sobra3) ended: terminado, acabadothe work is over: el trabajo está terminadoover prep1) above: encima de, arriba de, sobreover the fireplace: encima de la chimeneathe hawk flew over the hills: el halcón voló sobre los cerros2) : más deover $50: más de $503) along: por, sobreto glide over the ice: deslizarse sobre el hielothey showed me over the house: me mostraron la casa5) across: por encima de, sobrehe jumped over the ditch: saltó por encima de la zanja6) upon: sobrea cape over my shoulders: una capa sobre los hombros7) on: porto speak over the telephone: hablar por teléfono8) during: en, duranteover the past 25 years: durante los últimos 25 años9) because of: porthey fought over the money: se pelearon por el dineroexpr.• cambio expr.adj.• concluido, -a adj.adv.• al otro lado adv.• encima adv.• encima de adv.• por encima adv.prep.• durante prep.• encima de prep.• más de prep.• por prep.• sobre prep.
II
1) preposition2) ( across)to sling something over one's shoulder — colgarse* algo del hombro
they live over the road — (BrE) viven en frente
3)a) ( above) encima dethe portrait hangs over the fireplace — el retrato está colgado encima de or (AmL tb) arriba de la chimenea
b) ( Math) sobre4) (covering, on)5)a) (through, all around)to show somebody over a building/an estate — mostrarle* or (esp Esp) enseñarle un edificio/una finca a alguien
b) (referring to experiences, illnesses)is she over her measles yet? — ¿ya se ha repuesto del sarampión?
6) (during, in the course of)over the past/next few years — en or durante los últimos/próximos años
spread (out) over a six-week period — a lo largo de seis semanas, en un plazo de seis semanas
7) ( by the medium of) por8) (about, on account of)9) all overa) ( over entire surface of)to be all over somebody — (colloq) ( defeat heavily) darle* una paliza a alguien (fam); ( be demonstrative toward)
b) ( throughout)10)a) ( more than) más deb)over and above — ( in addition to) además de
11)a) ( senior to) por encima deb) ( indicating superiority) sobreto have control over somebody/something — tener* control sobre alguien/algo
12) ( in comparison to)sales are up 20% over last year — las ventas han aumentado un 20% con respecto al año pasado
III
['ǝʊvǝ(r)] When over is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg come over, go over, start over, turn over, look up the verb.1. ADVERB1) (=across) por encima, por arriba (LAm)2) (=here, there)With prepositions and adverbs [over] is usually not translated•
they're over from Canada for the summer — han venido desde Canadá a pasar el veranohow long have you lived over here? — ¿cuánto tiempo llevas viviendo aquí?
•
he's over in the States at the moment — en este momento está en Estados Unidosover in the States, people reacted differently — (allí) en Estados Unidos la gente reaccionó de otra manera
•
it's over on the other side of town — está al otro lado de la ciudadhow long were you over there? — ¿cuánto tiempo estuviste allí?
•
the baby crawled over to its mother — el bebé gateó hacia su madreover to you! — (to speak) ¡te paso la palabra!
so now it's over to you — (to decide) así que ahora te toca a ti decidir
•
it happened all over again — volvió a ocurrir, ocurrió otra vez•
over and over (again) — repetidas veces, una y otra vez•
several times over — varias veces seguidas4) (US) (=again) otra vezto do sth over — volver a hacer algo, hacer algo otra vez
5) (=remaining)there are three (left) over — sobran or quedan tres
is there any cake left over? — ¿queda or sobra (algo de) pastel?
when they've paid the bills there's nothing (left) over for luxuries — después de pagar las facturas no les sobra or queda nada para caprichos
6) (=more)•
sums of £50,000 and over — cantidades iguales or superiores a 50.000 libras7) (Telec)over! — ¡cambio!
over and out! — ¡cambio y corto!
•
over against — (lit) contra; (fig) frente a•
the (whole) world over — en or por todo el mundo, en el mundo entero2. PREPOSITION1) (indicating position) (=situated above) encima de, arriba de (LAm); (=across) por encima de, por arriba de (LAm)•
pour some sauce over it — échale un poco de salsa por encima•
I put a blanket over her — le eché una manta por encimaall 3., 2), head 1., 1), hill 1.•
to spread a sheet over sth — extender una sábana sobre or por encima de algo2) (=superior to)3) (=on the other side of)4) (=more than) más dean increase of 5% over last year — un aumento del 5 por ciento respecto al año pasado
•
spending has gone up by 7% over and above inflation — el gasto ha aumentado un 7% por encima de la inflaciónyes, but over and above that, we must... — sí, pero además de eso, debemos...
well II, 1., 2), a)over and above the fact that... — además de que...
5) (=during) duranteover the winter — durante or en el invierno
why don't we discuss it over dinner? — ¿por qué no vamos a cenar y lo hablamos?
how long will you be over it? — ¿cuánto tiempo te va a llevar?
lingerhe took or spent hours over the preparations — dedicó muchas horas a los preparativos
6) (=because of) por7) (=about) sobrethe two sides disagreed over how much should be spent — ambas partes discrepaban sobre cuánto debería gastarse
8) (=recovered from)he's not over that yet — (illness) todavía no se ha repuesto de aquello; (shock) todavía no se ha repuesto de or sobrepuesto a aquello
she's over it now — (illness) se ha repuesto de eso ya
it'll take her years to get over it — (shock) tardará años en sobreponerse
I hope you'll soon be over your cold — espero que se te pase pronto el resfriado, espero que te repongas pronto del resfriado
I heard it over the radio — lo escuché or oí por la radio
10) (=contrasted with)3.ADJECTIVE (=finished)when or after the war is over, we'll go... — cuando (se) acabe la guerra, nos iremos...
I'll be happy when the exams are over — seré feliz cuando (se) hayan acabado or terminado los exámenes
•
it's all over — se acabó•
I'll be glad when it's all over and done with — estaré contento cuando todo (se) haya acabado or terminadoto get sth over and done with: if we've got to tell her, best get it over and done with — si tenemos que decírselo, cuanto antes (lo hagamos) mejor
4.NOUN (Cricket) serie f de seis lanzamientos* * *
II
1) preposition2) ( across)to sling something over one's shoulder — colgarse* algo del hombro
they live over the road — (BrE) viven en frente
3)a) ( above) encima dethe portrait hangs over the fireplace — el retrato está colgado encima de or (AmL tb) arriba de la chimenea
b) ( Math) sobre4) (covering, on)5)a) (through, all around)to show somebody over a building/an estate — mostrarle* or (esp Esp) enseñarle un edificio/una finca a alguien
b) (referring to experiences, illnesses)is she over her measles yet? — ¿ya se ha repuesto del sarampión?
6) (during, in the course of)over the past/next few years — en or durante los últimos/próximos años
spread (out) over a six-week period — a lo largo de seis semanas, en un plazo de seis semanas
7) ( by the medium of) por8) (about, on account of)9) all overa) ( over entire surface of)to be all over somebody — (colloq) ( defeat heavily) darle* una paliza a alguien (fam); ( be demonstrative toward)
b) ( throughout)10)a) ( more than) más deb)over and above — ( in addition to) además de
11)a) ( senior to) por encima deb) ( indicating superiority) sobreto have control over somebody/something — tener* control sobre alguien/algo
12) ( in comparison to)sales are up 20% over last year — las ventas han aumentado un 20% con respecto al año pasado
III
-
70 that
1. ðæt plural - those; adjective(used to indicate a person, thing etc spoken of before, not close to the speaker, already known to the speaker and listener etc: Don't take this book - take that one; At that time, I was living in Italy; When are you going to return those books?) ese, esa, esos, esas; aquel, aquella, aquellos, aquellas
2. pronoun(used to indicate a thing etc, or (in plural or with the verb be) person or people, spoken of before, not close to the speaker, already known to the speaker and listener etc: What is that you've got in your hand?; Who is that?; That is the Prime Minister; Those present at the concert included the composer and his wife.) ese, esa, esos, esas; aquel, aquella, aquellos, aquellas
3. ðət, ðæt relative pronoun(used to refer to a person, thing etc mentioned in a preceding clause in order to distinguish it from others: Where is the parcel that arrived this morning?; Who is the man (that) you were talking to?)
4. ðət, ðæt conjunction1) ((often omitted) used to report what has been said etc or to introduce other clauses giving facts, reasons, results etc: I know (that) you didn't do it; I was surprised (that) he had gone.) que2) (used to introduce expressions of sorrow, wishes etc: That I should be accused of murder!; Oh, that I were with her now!) y pensar que; ojalá
5.
adverb(so; to such an extent: I didn't realize she was that ill.) tan- that's that
that1 adj ese / aquelwho lives in that house? ¿quién vive en esa casa?did you bring that book? ¿has traído aquel libro?what are those boys doing? ¿qué están haciendo aquellos chicos?that2 adv tanthat3 conj quethat4 pron1. ése / aquél2. esotr[ðæt ʊnstressed ðət]1 ese, esa (remote) aquel, aquella■ how much is that dress? ¿cuánto vale ese vestido?■ what was that noise? ¿qué ha sido ese ruido?■ have you got that record I lent you? ¿tienes aquel disco que te dejé?■ who's that? ¿quién es ése/ésa?■ this is mine, that is yours éste es mío, aquél es tuyo2 (indefinite) eso; (remote) aquello■ what's that? ¿qué es eso?■ where did you get that? ¿dónde has comprado eso?3 (relative) que4 (with preposition) que, el/la que, el/la cual1 que2 ¡ojalá!1 familiar tan, tanto,-a, tantos,-as\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLand all that y todo esolike that así, de aquella manerathat is to say es decirthat's life así es la vidathat's more like it ¡ahora!, ¡así me gusta!that's right así esthat's that ya está, se acabówho's that? (on 'phone) ¿quién es?, ¿quién eres?it's not that expensive: no es tan caronot that much: no tantodo you see those children?: ¿ves a aquellos niños?that conj & pron: quehe said that he was afraid: dijo que tenía miedothe book that he wrote: el libro que escribió1) : ése, ésa, esothat's my father: ése es mi padrethose are the ones he likes: ésos son los que le gustanwhat's that?: ¿qué es eso?those are maples and these are elms: aquéllos son arces y éstos son olmosthat came to an end: aquello se acabóadj.• esa adj.• ese adj.adj.dem.• aquel adj.dem.adv.• como adv.• tan adv.conj.• ese conj.• para que conj.• que conj.pron.• aquello pron.• aquél pron.• el cual pron.• ese pron.• eso pron.• que pron.• quien pron.• tanto pron.pron.dem.neut.• aquello pron.dem.neut.
I ðæt1) (pl those) ( demonstrative) ése, ésa; (neuter) esothose — ésos, ésas; (to refer to something more distant, to the remote past) aquél, aquélla; (neuter) aquello
those — aquéllos, aquéllas [According to the Real Academia Española the accent can be omitted when there is no ambiguity]
what's that? — ¿qué es eso?
who's that over there? — quién es ése/ésa?
those are $20 and those over there $21.50 — ésos cuestan 20 dólares y aquéllos de allá 21,50
who's that, please? — ( on telephone) ¿con quién hablo, por favor?
that's impossible/wonderful! — es imposible/maravilloso!
is that so? — no me digas!, ¿ah, sí?
don't talk like that! — no hables así!, no digas eso!
eat it up now, that's a good girl! — vamos, cómetelo todo así me gusta!
come on, it's not as bad as all that — vamos, que no es para tanto
2) (in phrases)at that they all burst out laughing — al oír (or ver etc) eso, todos se echaron a reír
he has enormous power and wealth, but is still unhappy for all that — tiene mucho poder y muchas riquezas, pero aún así es infeliz
that is: we're all going, all the adults, that is vamos todos, es decir, todos los adultos; you're welcome to come along, that is, if you'd like to encantados de que vengas, siempre que quieras venir, claro; that's it!: that's it for today eso es todo por hoy; is that it? - no, there's another bag to come ¿ya está? - no, todavía falta otra bolsa; now lift your left arm: that's it! ahora levanta el brazo izquierdo eso es! or ahí está!; that's it: I've had enough! se acabó! ya no aguanto más!; that's that: you're not going and that's that! — no vas y no hay más que hablar or y se acabó
3) ðət, strong form ðæt ( relative) queit wasn't Helen (that) you saw — no fue a Helen a quien viste, no fue a Helen que viste (AmL)
II ðætthose — esos, esas; (to refer to something more distant, to the remote past) aquel, aquella
those — aquellos, aquellas
do you know that boy/girl? — ¿conoces a ese chico/esa chica?
I prefer that one — prefiero ése/ésa
III ðət, strong form ðætconjunction queshe said (that)... — dijo que...
it's not that I mind what he does but... — no es que me importe lo que hace, pero...
they died that others might live — (liter) murieron para que otros pudieran vivir
IV ðætadverb tanten thirty? that late already? — ¿las diez y media? ¿ya es tan tarde?
(strong form) [ðæt] (weak form) [ˌdǝt] (pl those) Those is treated as a separate entry.I'm not that interested, really — la verdad es que no me interesa tanto
1. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE1) [+ objects/people]You can generally use ese etc when pointing to something near the person you are speaking to. Use aquel etc for something which is distant from both of you: (nearer) ese m, esa f ; (more remote) aquel m, aquella fthat car is much better value than that sports model at the end — ese coche está mejor de precio que aquel modelo deportivo que hay al final
that wretched dog! — ¡ese maldito perro!
In the past the standard spelling for [ese/esa] and [aquel/aquella] used as pronouns (as when they are used to translate [that one]) was with an accent ([ése/ésa] and [aquél/aquélla]). Nowadays the [Real Academia Española] advises that the accented forms are only required where there might otherwise be confusion with the adjectives [este/esta] and [aquel/aquella].what about that cheque? — ¿y el cheque ese?
there's little to choose between this model and that one — no hay mucho que elegir entre este modelo y aquel
2) [+ event, year, month]
Aquel is used to refer to a time in the distant past. Use if you mention a concrete date, month, year {etc">ese:do you remember that holiday we had in Holland? — ¿te acuerdas de aquellas vacaciones que pasamos en Holanda?
1992? I can't remember where we holidayed that year — ¿1992? no recuerdo dónde pasamos las vacaciones ese año
May? we can't come that month because we'll be moving house — ¿en mayo? no podemos venir ese mes porque nos estaremos mudando de casa
2.DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNThe pronoun that ( one) is translated by ese and aquel (masc), esa and aquella (fem) and eso and aquello (neuter). You can generally use ese etc when pointing to something near the person you are speaking to. Use aquel etc for something which is distant from both of you. Note that in the past the standard spelling for the masculine and feminine pronouns was with an accent (ése/ésa and aquél/aquélla). Nowadays the Real Academia Española advises that the accented forms are only required where there might otherwise be confusion with the adjectives ese/esa and aquel/aquella. Neuter pronouns never carry an accent. (nearer) ese m, esa f, ése m, ésa f, eso (neuter) ; (more remote) aquel(la) m / f, aquél(la) m / f, aquello (neuter)who's that? — ¿quién es ese?
what is that? — ¿qué es eso?, ¿eso qué es?
is that you, Paul? — ¿eres tú, Paul?
£5? it must have cost more than that — ¿5 libras? debe haber costado más (que eso)
that's true — eso es verdad, es cierto (esp LAm)
that's odd! — ¡qué raro!, ¡qué cosa más rara!
1988? that was the year you graduated, wasn't it? — ¿1988? ese fue el año en que acabaste la carrera, ¿no es así?
"will he come?" - "that he will!" — † -¿vendrá? -¡ya lo creo!
•
after that — después de eso•
bees and wasps and all that — abejas, avispas y cosas asíis that all? — ¿eso es todo?, ¿nada más?
•
and it was broken at that — y además estaba rotoI realized he meant to speak to me and at that I panicked — me di cuenta de que quería hablar conmigo y entonces me entró el pánico
•
what do you mean by that? — ¿qué quieres decir con eso?•
if it comes to that — en tal caso, si llegamos a eso•
it will cost 20 dollars, if that — costará 20 dólares, si es que llega•
that is — (=ie) es decir...•
that's it, we've finished — ya está, hemos terminadothat's it! she can find her own gardener! — ¡se acabó! ¡que se busque un jardinero por su cuenta!
•
that of — el/la de•
that is to say — es decir...•
why worry about that which may never happen? — frm ¿por qué preocuparse por aquello que or por lo que puede que nunca vaya a pasar?•
with that — con eso3. RELATIVE PRONOUNUnlike that, the Spanish relative cannot be omitted.1) quethe girl that he met on holiday and later married — la chica que conoció durante las vacaciones y con la que después se casó
If the that clause ends in a preposition, you can either translate that as que (usually preceded by the definite article) or as article + cual/cuales. Use the second option particularly in formal language or after long prepositions or prepositional phrases:fool that I am! — ¡tonto que soy!
the box that I put it in — la caja donde lo puse, la caja en la que or en la cual lo puse
4. ADVERB1) (=so) tanit's about that big — (with gesture) es más o menos así de grande
•
cheer up! it isn't that bad — ¡ánimo! ¡no es para tanto!•
that many frogs — tantas ranas•
that much money — tanto dinero2) * (=so very) tanit was that cold! — ¡hacía tanto frío!
5. CONJUNCTIONUnlike that, que cannot be omitted.1) after verb quehe said that... — dijo que...
he said that he was going to London and would be back in the evening — dijo que se iba a Londres y (que) volvería por la tarde
2) after nounTranslate as de que in phrases like the idea/belief/hope that:
•
any hope that they might have survived was fading — toda esperanza de que hubiesen sobrevivido se estaba desvaneciendo•
the idea that we can profit from their labour — la idea de que podemos aprovecharnos de su trabajo•
..., not that I want to, of course —..., no es que yo quiera, por supuestoIf the that clause is the subject of another verb it is usual to translate that as el que rather than que especially if it starts the sentence:•
oh that we could! — ¡ojalá pudiéramos!, ¡ojalá!In these cases the verb which follows will be in the subjunctive:that he did not know surprised me — (el) que no lo supiera me extrañó, me extrañó (el) que no lo supiera
wouldthat he should behave like this is incredible — (el) que se comporte así es increíble, es increíble que se comporte así
4) (=in order that) para que + subjunthose who fought and died that we might live — los que lucharon y murieron para que nosotros pudiésemos vivir
5)• in that — en el sentido de que
it's an attractive investment in that it is tax-free — es una inversión atractiva en el sentido de que está exenta de impuestos
* * *
I [ðæt]1) (pl those) ( demonstrative) ése, ésa; (neuter) esothose — ésos, ésas; (to refer to something more distant, to the remote past) aquél, aquélla; (neuter) aquello
those — aquéllos, aquéllas [According to the Real Academia Española the accent can be omitted when there is no ambiguity]
what's that? — ¿qué es eso?
who's that over there? — quién es ése/ésa?
those are $20 and those over there $21.50 — ésos cuestan 20 dólares y aquéllos de allá 21,50
who's that, please? — ( on telephone) ¿con quién hablo, por favor?
that's impossible/wonderful! — es imposible/maravilloso!
is that so? — no me digas!, ¿ah, sí?
don't talk like that! — no hables así!, no digas eso!
eat it up now, that's a good girl! — vamos, cómetelo todo así me gusta!
come on, it's not as bad as all that — vamos, que no es para tanto
2) (in phrases)at that they all burst out laughing — al oír (or ver etc) eso, todos se echaron a reír
he has enormous power and wealth, but is still unhappy for all that — tiene mucho poder y muchas riquezas, pero aún así es infeliz
that is: we're all going, all the adults, that is vamos todos, es decir, todos los adultos; you're welcome to come along, that is, if you'd like to encantados de que vengas, siempre que quieras venir, claro; that's it!: that's it for today eso es todo por hoy; is that it? - no, there's another bag to come ¿ya está? - no, todavía falta otra bolsa; now lift your left arm: that's it! ahora levanta el brazo izquierdo eso es! or ahí está!; that's it: I've had enough! se acabó! ya no aguanto más!; that's that: you're not going and that's that! — no vas y no hay más que hablar or y se acabó
3) [ðət], strong form [ðæt] ( relative) queit wasn't Helen (that) you saw — no fue a Helen a quien viste, no fue a Helen que viste (AmL)
II [ðæt]those — esos, esas; (to refer to something more distant, to the remote past) aquel, aquella
those — aquellos, aquellas
do you know that boy/girl? — ¿conoces a ese chico/esa chica?
I prefer that one — prefiero ése/ésa
III [ðət], strong form [ðæt]conjunction queshe said (that)... — dijo que...
it's not that I mind what he does but... — no es que me importe lo que hace, pero...
they died that others might live — (liter) murieron para que otros pudieran vivir
IV [ðæt]adverb tanten thirty? that late already? — ¿las diez y media? ¿ya es tan tarde?
I'm not that interested, really — la verdad es que no me interesa tanto
-
71 them
ðəm, ðem1) (people, animals, things etc already spoken about, being pointed out etc: Let's invite them to dinner; What will you do with them?) los, las (complemento directo); les (complemento indirecto); ellos, ellas (con preposición)2) (used instead of him, him or her etc where a person of unknown sex or people of both sexes are referred to: If anyone touches that, I'll hit them.) le, la•them pron1. los / las / les2. ellos / ellaswhy don't you go with them? ¿por qué no te vas con ellos?tr[ðem, ʊnstressed ðəm]■ the Smiths are coming, do you know them? vienen los Smith, ¿los conoces?2 (with preposition, stressed) ellos, ellas3 familiar (used with singular meaning) lo, la, le■ if anyone arrives, tell them to wait si llega alguien, dile que espere\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLthem and us ellos y nosotrosthem ['ðɛm] pronI know them: los conozcoI sent them a letter: les mandé una cartagive it to them: dáselo (a ellos)go with them: ve con ellosI wasn't expecting them: no los esperaba a ellospron.• ellos pron.• les pron.pron.• les pron.ðem, weak form ðəm1)a) ( as direct object) los, las; ( referring to people) los or (Esp tb) les, laswhere did you buy them? — ¿dónde los/las compraste?
he has two sons, do you know them? — tiene dos hijos ¿los or (Esp tb) les conoces?
b) ( as indirect object) les; ( with direct object pronoun present) sec) ( after preposition) ellos, ellasfor/with them — para/con ellos/ellas
2) ( emphatic use) ellos, ellas3) ( indefinite person)there's someone at the door, shall I show them in? — hay alguien en la puerta ¿lo hago pasar?
if anyone calls, tell them that... — si llama alguien, dile que...
4) ( for themselves) (AmE colloq or dial) se[ðem, ðǝm]PRON1) (direct object) los(-las)look at them! — ¡míralos!
yes, of course I gave them the book — sí, claro que les di el libro
yes, of course I gave it to them — sí, claro que se lo di
I gave the money to them, not their parents — les di el dinero a ellos, no a sus padres
I'm giving it to them not you — se lo doy a ellos, no a ti
give it to them, not me — dáselo a ellos, no a mí
3) (after prepositions, in comparisons, with verb "to be") ellos(-ellas)my sisters didn't go, my mother stayed with them — mis hermanas no fueron, mi madre se quedó con ellas
that's them, they're coming now — son ellos, ya vienen
4) (referring back to "someone", "anyone" etc: direct object) lo or (Sp) le(-la); (indirect object) leif anyone tries to talk to you, ignore them — si alguien trata de hablar contigo, no le hagas caso
* * *[ðem], weak form [ðəm]1)a) ( as direct object) los, las; ( referring to people) los or (Esp tb) les, laswhere did you buy them? — ¿dónde los/las compraste?
he has two sons, do you know them? — tiene dos hijos ¿los or (Esp tb) les conoces?
b) ( as indirect object) les; ( with direct object pronoun present) sec) ( after preposition) ellos, ellasfor/with them — para/con ellos/ellas
2) ( emphatic use) ellos, ellas3) ( indefinite person)there's someone at the door, shall I show them in? — hay alguien en la puerta ¿lo hago pasar?
if anyone calls, tell them that... — si llama alguien, dile que...
4) ( for themselves) (AmE colloq or dial) se -
72 then
ðen
1. adverb1) (at that time in the past or future: I was at school then; If you're coming next week, I'll see you then.) entonces, en ese/aquel momento2) (used with prepositions to mean that time in the past or future: John should be here by then; I'll need you before then; I have been ill since then; Until then; Goodbye till then!) entonces, ese/aquel momento3) (after that: I had a drink, (and) then I went home.) entonces; después4) (in that case: He might not give us the money and then what would we do?) entonces5) (often used especially at the end of sentences in which an explanation, opinion etc is asked for, or which show surprise etc: What do you think of that, then?) entonces6) (also; in addition: I have two brothers, and then I have a cousin in America.) además
2. conjunction(in that case; as a result: If you're tired, then you must rest.) entonces, en ese caso
3. adjective(at that time (in the past): the then Prime Minister.) entoncesthen adv1. entonces / en aquella épocaI was born in 1920, life was harder then yo nací en 1920, entonces la vida era más dura2. entonces / luego / después3. pues / entoncesif you don't like it, then don't eat it si no te gusta, pues no te lo comastr[ðen]1 (at that time) entonces2 (next) luego, después, entonces■ first he went to the baker's and then to the supermarket primero fue a la panadería y luego al supermercado3 (besides) además4 (so, therefore) entonces, así que; (in that case) entonces, pues■ you've come back then? ¿así que has vuelto?■ if you don't want to go, then don't si no quieres ir, pues no vayas1 (de) entonces\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLbut then pero claroby then para entoncesfrom then on a partir de entonces, desde entoncesnow and then de vez en cuandonow then pues bien, ahora biensince then desde entoncesthen again tambiénthere and then en el acto, en el mismo momentountil then / till then hasta entoncesthen ['ðɛn] adv1) : entonces, en ese tiempoI was sixteen then: tenía entonces dieciséis añossince then: desde entonces2) next: después, luegowe'll go to Toronto, then to Winnipeg: iremos a Toronto, y luego a Winnipeg3) besides: además, apartethen there's the tax: y aparte está el impuesto4) : entonces, en ese casoif you like music, then you should attend: si te gusta la música, entonces deberías asistirthen adj: entoncesthe then governor of Georgia: el entonces gobernador de Georgiaadj.• de entonces adj.adv.• allí adv.• después adv.• entonces adv.• luego adv.• pues adv.conj.• conque conj.• luego conj.• por tanto conj.• pues conj.
I ðen1)a) ( at that time) entoncesit was then that I remembered — fue entonces or en ese momento cuando or (AmL tb) que me acordé
they repaired the shoes for me then and there — me arreglaron los zapatos en el acto or en el mismo momento
b) ( in those days) en aquel entonces, en aquella época, a la sazón (liter)2) (after prep)from then on(ward) — a partir de ese momento, desde entonces
(up) until o till then, up to then — hasta entonces
3)a) (next, afterward) después, luegob) ( in those circumstances) entoncesyou might lose your job: what would you do then? — podrías perder el trabajo ¿y entonces qué harías?
what then? — ¿entonces qué?
c) (besides, in addition) además4)a) ( as a consequence)hold on tight and then you won't fall — agárrate fuerte que así no te caes or y entonces no te caerás
b) ( in that case) entoncestry doing it, then! — inténtalo tú, entonces!5)
II
adjective (before n) entonces[ðen]1. ADV1) (=at that time) entonces; (=on that occasion) en aquel momento, en aquella ocasión; (=at that period in time) en aquel entonces, en aquella época, a la sazón frmit was then that... — fue entonces cuando...
then he used to go out, but now he never does — entonces or en aquella época salía, pero ahora no sale nunca
•
before then, she couldn't remember anything that had happened before then — no podía recordar nada de lo que había ocurrido hasta entonces or hasta ese momento•
by then — para entonces•
even then, they existed even then, in 1953 — existían incluso entonces, en 1953even then it didn't work — aún así, no funcionaba
•
from then on — desde aquel momento, desde entonces, a partir de entonces•
just then, just then he came in — entró justo entonces•
(every) now and then — de vez en cuando•
since then — desde entonces•
until then — hasta entonces2) (=afterwards, next) después, luegothen we went to Jaca — después or luego fuimos a Jaca
what happened then? — ¿qué pasó después or luego?
now 1., 6)I chop the onions and then what? — pico las cebollas, ¿y luego qué?
3) (=in that case) entonceswhat do you want me to do then? — ¿entonces, qué quieres que haga?
"but I don't want a new one" - "what do you want then?" — -pero yo no quiero uno nuevo -¿pues, qué es lo que quieres entonces?
then you don't want it? — ¿así que no lo quieres?
can't you hear me then? — ¿es que no me oyes?, ¿pues or entonces no me oyes?
"it doesn't work" - "well then, we'll buy another one" — -no funciona -bueno, pues entonces compraremos otro
4) (=furthermore) ademásit would be awkward at work, and then there's the family — en el trabajo habría problemas, y además tengo que pensar en la familia
this, then, was the situation at the beginning of his reign — esta era, pues, or esta era, por (lo) tanto, la situación al principio de su reinado
6) (=having said that)•
I like it, but then I'm biased — a mí sí me gusta, pero yo no soy objetivobut then, you never can tell — pero vamos, nunca se sabe
2.ADJ entonces, de entoncesTHENthe then Labour government — el gobierno laborista de entonces, el entonces gobierno, que era laborista
Time
► When then means "at that time", translate using entonces:
It was then that she heard Gwen cry out Fue entonces cuando oyó gritar a Gwen
I hadn't heard about it till then Hasta entonces no había oído hablar de ello ► Alternatively, use expressions like en aquella época t o refer to a particular period or en ese momento to refer to a particular moment:
... my sister, who was then about 17...... mi hermana, que en aquella época tenía unos 17 años... or que tenía entonces unos 17 años... ► When then is used in the sense of "next", translate using luego or después:
At first he refused but then he changed his mind Primero se negó, pero luego or después cambió de opinión
He went to Julián's house and then to the chemist's Fue a casa de Julián y luego or después a la farmacia
Reason
► When then means "so" or "in that case", translate using entonces (placed at the beginning of the sentence):
"I have a headache" - "So you won't be coming to the theatre, then?" "Me duele la cabeza" - "¿Entonces no vienes al teatro?"
Then you'll already know about the bomb Entonces ya sabrás lo de la bomba ► Alternatively, use pues entonces:
Then you'll already know about the bomb Pues entonces ya sabrás lo de la bomba ► In more formal and written language, use por ( lo) tanto or alternatively, pues, particularly when you are introducing a summary or a conclusion. These often appear between commas:
Their decision, then, was based on a detailed analysis of the situation Su decisión, pues, or Su decisión, por (lo) tanto, estaba basada en un análisis detallado de la situación For further uses and examples, see main entry* * *
I [ðen]1)a) ( at that time) entoncesit was then that I remembered — fue entonces or en ese momento cuando or (AmL tb) que me acordé
they repaired the shoes for me then and there — me arreglaron los zapatos en el acto or en el mismo momento
b) ( in those days) en aquel entonces, en aquella época, a la sazón (liter)2) (after prep)from then on(ward) — a partir de ese momento, desde entonces
(up) until o till then, up to then — hasta entonces
3)a) (next, afterward) después, luegob) ( in those circumstances) entoncesyou might lose your job: what would you do then? — podrías perder el trabajo ¿y entonces qué harías?
what then? — ¿entonces qué?
c) (besides, in addition) además4)a) ( as a consequence)hold on tight and then you won't fall — agárrate fuerte que así no te caes or y entonces no te caerás
b) ( in that case) entoncestry doing it, then! — inténtalo tú, entonces!5)
II
adjective (before n) entonces -
73 us
((used as the object of a verb or preposition) the speaker or writer plus one or more other people: She gave us a present; A plane flew over us.) nos, nosotros; nos, nosotrasus pron1. nos2. nosotrosUStr['jʊː'es]us ['ʌs] pronthey were visiting us: nos visitabanhe gave us a present: nos dio un regalostay with us: quédese con nosotrosboth of us: nosotros dosit's us!: ¡somos nosotros!uspron.• nos pron.pron.• nos pron.noun (+ sing vb) EEUU, EE UU, EE.UU.[ʌs]PRON1) (direct/indirect object) noslook at us! — ¡míranos!
2) (after prepositions, in comparisons, with the verb to be) nosotros(-as)why don't you come with us? — ¿por qué no vienes con nosotros?
as for us English, we... — en cuanto a nosotros los ingleses,...
3) (Brit) ** (=me) megive us a bit! — ¡dame un poco!
give us a look! — ¡déjame ver!
* * *noun (+ sing vb) EEUU, EE UU, EE.UU. -
74 which
wi
1. adjective, pronoun(used in questions etc when asking someone to point out, state etc one or more persons, things etc from a particular known group: Which (colour) do you like best?; Which route will you travel by?; At which station should I change trains?; Which of the two girls do you like better?; Tell me which books you would like; Let me know which train you'll be arriving on; I can't decide which to choose.) cuál
2. relative pronoun((used to refer to a thing or things mentioned previously to distinguish it or them from others: able to be replaced by that except after a preposition: able to be omitted except after a preposition or when the subject of a clause) (the) one(s) that: This is the book which/that was on the table; This is the book (which/that) you wanted; A scalpel is a type of knife which/that is used by surgeons; The chair (which/that) you are sitting on is broken; The documents for which they were searching have been recovered.) que
3. relative adjective, relative pronoun(used, after a comma, to introduce a further comment on something: My new car, which I paid several thousand pounds for, is not running well; He said he could speak Russian, which was untrue; My father may have to go into hospital, in which case he won't be going on holiday.)- which is which? - which is which
which1 adj cuál / quéwhich one is yours? ¿cuál es el tuyo?which2 pron1. cuál / quéwhich of the houses is yours? ¿cuál de las casas es la tuya?2. quetr[wɪʧ]1 (direct questions) qué, cuál, cuáles■ which size? ¿qué tamaño/talla?■ which colour do you prefer? ¿qué color prefieres?■ which newspaper do you read? ¿qué periódico lees?■ which one do you like best? ¿cuál te gusta más?2 (indirect questions) qué1 (questions) cuál, cuáles■ which do you want? ¿cuál quieres?■ which is your car? ¿cuál es tu coche?■ which is mine? ¿cuál es el mío?2 (indirect questions) cuál3 (defining relative) que; (with preposition) que, el/la que, el/la cual, los/las que, los/las cuales4 (non-defining relative) el/la cual, los/las cuales■ two glasses, one of which was dirty dos copas, una de las cuales estaba sucia5 (referring to a clause) lo que, lo cual■ he lost, which was sad perdió, lo cual era triste\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLin which case en cuyo casowhich ['hwɪʧ] adj: qué, cuálwhich tie do you prefer?: ¿cuál corbata prefieres?which ones?: ¿cuáles?tell me which house is yours: dime qué casa es la tuyawhich pron1) : cuálwhich is the right answer?: ¿cuál es la respuesta correcta?2) : que, el (la) cualthe cup which broke: la taza que se quebróthe house, which is made of brick: la casa, la cual es de ladrillopron.• qué pron.adj.• cuál adj.• el cual adj.• que adj.pron.• cual pron.• cuál pron.• que pron.
I hwɪtʃ, wɪtʃ1)a) (in questions) (sing) cuál; (pl) cuáleswhich of you wrote this? — ¿cuál or quién de ustedes escribió esto?
b) ( in indirect use) cuáldo you know which she chose? — ¿sabes cuál eligió?
2) ( as relative)the newspaper in which the article appeared — el diario en el que or en el cual apareció el artículo
he said it was an accident, which I know is not true — dijo que había sido un accidente, lo cual sé que no es cierto
II
1)a) ( in questions) (sing) qué, cuál; (pl) qué, cuálesin which European city is it? — ¿en qué or cuál ciudad europea está?
b) ( in indirect questions) (sing) qué, cuál; (pl) qué, cuálesask her which chapters we have to read — pregúntale qué or cuales capítulos hay que leer
2) ( as relative)[wɪtʃ]we arrived at two, by which time they had gone — llegamos a las dos y para entonces ya se habían ido
1. PRONOUN1) (in direct and indirect questions, reported speech)
Which/which one/ which ones in direct and indirect questions and after expressions of (un)certainty and doubt (e.g. no sé) usually translate as cuál/cuáles: cuálwhich do you want? — (offering one) ¿cuál quieres?; (offering two or more) ¿cuáles quieres?
which of you did it? — ¿cuál de vosotros lo hizo?
which of you is Kathleen? — ¿cuál de vosotras es Kathleen?
2) (relative)In relative clauses where which defines the noun it refers to, you can usually translate it as que. Note that in this type of sentence which can be substituted by that in English: quethe letter which came this morning was from my niece — la carta que llegó esta mañana era de mi sobrina
If [which] is the object of a preposition, you can either translate it as [que] (usually preceded by the definite article) or as article + [cual]/[cuales]. Use the second option particularly in formal language or after long prepositions or prepositional phrases:do you remember the house which we saw last week? — ¿te acuerdas de la casa que vimos la semana pasada?
your letter, which I received this morning, cheered me up — tu carta, que or more frm la cual he recibido esta mañana, me ha levantado el ánimo
the bull which I'm talking about — el toro del que or more frm del cual estoy hablando
the meeting which we attended — la reunión a la que or more frm a la cual asistimos
the hotel at which we stayed — el hotel en el que or more frm en el cual nos hospedamos
the cities to which we are going — las ciudades a las que or more frm a las cuales vamos
If instead of defining the noun the [which] clause merely adds additional information, you can translate [which] using either [que] or article + [cual]/[cuales]:he explained the means by which we could achieve our objective — explicó los medios a través de los cuales podíamos alcanzar nuestro objetivo
When which refers to the whole of a preceding sentence or idea, translate as lo que or lo cual:the oak dining-table, which was a present from my father, seats 10 people comfortably — la mesa de roble, que or la cual fue un regalo de mi padre, admite cómodamente diez comensales
it rained hard which upset her — llovió mucho, lo que or lo cual le disgustó
After a preposition only [lo cual] can be used:they left early, which my wife did not like at all — se marcharon pronto, lo cual or lo que no agradó nada a mi mujer
•
after which we went to bed — después de lo cual nos acostamos•
from which we deduce that... — de lo cual deducimos que...2. ADJECTIVE1) (in direct and indirect questions, reported speech)When which is used as an interrogative adjective, translate using qué + noun when the possibilities are very open or cuál/cuáles de + article + plural noun when the possibilities are limited: quéwhich house do you live in? — ¿en qué casa vives?
which day are they coming? — ¿qué día vienen?
which picture do you prefer? — ¿qué cuadro prefieres?, ¿cuál de los cuadros prefieres?
which option do you prefer? — ¿cuál de las alternativas prefieres?
which way did she go? — ¿por dónde se fue?
•
which one? — ¿cuál?2) (relative)look which way you will... — mires por donde mires...
he used "peradventure", which word is now archaic — frm dijo "peradventure", palabra que ha quedado ahora anticuada
•
he didn't get here till 10, by which time Jane had already left — no llegó hasta las 10 y para entonces Jane ya se había ido* * *
I [hwɪtʃ, wɪtʃ]1)a) (in questions) (sing) cuál; (pl) cuáleswhich of you wrote this? — ¿cuál or quién de ustedes escribió esto?
b) ( in indirect use) cuáldo you know which she chose? — ¿sabes cuál eligió?
2) ( as relative)the newspaper in which the article appeared — el diario en el que or en el cual apareció el artículo
he said it was an accident, which I know is not true — dijo que había sido un accidente, lo cual sé que no es cierto
II
1)a) ( in questions) (sing) qué, cuál; (pl) qué, cuálesin which European city is it? — ¿en qué or cuál ciudad europea está?
b) ( in indirect questions) (sing) qué, cuál; (pl) qué, cuálesask her which chapters we have to read — pregúntale qué or cuales capítulos hay que leer
2) ( as relative)we arrived at two, by which time they had gone — llegamos a las dos y para entonces ya se habían ido
-
75 who
hu:
1. pronoun((used as the subject of a verb) what person(s)(?): Who is that woman in the green hat?; Who did that?; Who won?; Do you know who all these people are?) quién, quiénes
2. relative pronoun1) ((used to refer to a person or people mentioned previously to distinguish him or them from others: used as the subject of a verb: usually replaceable by that) (the) one(s) that: The man who/that telephoned was a friend of yours; A doctor is a person who looks after people's health.)2) (used, after a comma, to introduce a further comment on a person or people: His mother, who was so proud, gave him a hug.) que•- whoever
3. pronoun1) (no matter who: Whoever rings, tell him/them I'm out.)2) ((also who ever) used in questions to express surprise etc: Whoever said that?) quienquiera que, cualquiera que•- whom
4. relative pronoun(used as the object of a verb or preposition but in everyday speech sometimes replaced by who)1) ((used to refer to a person or people mentioned previously, to distinguish him or them from others: able to be omitted or replaced by that except when following a preposition) (the) one(s) that: The man (whom/that) you mentioned is here; Today I met some friends (whom/that) I hadn't seen for ages; This is the man to whom I gave it; This is the man (whom/who/that) I gave it to.)2) (used, after a comma, to introduce a further comment on a person or people: His mother, who was so proud of him, gave him a hug.) que, quien, quienes•who pron1. quiénwho was at the party? ¿quién había en la fiesta?2. quetr['dʌbəljʊː'eɪʧ'əʊ]who ['hu:] pronwho is that?: ¿quién es ése?who did it?: ¿quién lo hizo?we know who they are: sabemos quiénes sonthe lady who lives there: la señora que vive allífor those who wait: para los que esperan, para quienes esperanpron.• cual pron.• el que pron.• que pron.• quien pron.• quién pron.noun (= World Health Organization) OMS f[huː]1. PRONwho is it? — ¿quién es?
who are they? — ¿quiénes son?
who are you looking for? — ¿a quién buscas?
who does she think she is? * — ¿quién se cree que es?
2) (in exclamations) quiénguess who! — ¡a ver si adivinas quién soy!
who should it be but Neil! — ¿a que no sabes quién era? ¡Neil!, ¡no era otro que Neil!
the girl who you spoke to has since left the company — la chica con la que or con quien or more frm con la cual hablaste ya no trabaja en la empresa
he who wishes to... — el que desee...
2.CPDWho's Who N — (=book) libro que contiene una lista de británicos famosos y destacados
WHO, WHOMtheir client list reads like a celebrity Who's Who — su lista de clientes incluye a todos los que son alguien en el mundo de la fama
In direct and indirect questions
► In direct and indirect questions as well as after expressions of (un)certainty and doubt (e.g. no sé), translate who using quién/quiénes w hen it is the subject of a verb:
Who broke the window? ¿Quién rompió la ventana?
She had no idea who her real parents were Ignoraba quiénes eran sus verdaderos padres ► When who/ whom is the object of a verb or preposition, translate using quién/quiénes p receded by personal a or another preposition as relevant:
Who(m) did you call? ¿A quién llamaste?
Who(m) is she going to marry? ¿Con quién se va a casar?
You must tell me who you are going to go out with Tienes que decirme con quién/quiénes vas a salir
In exclamations
► Translate using quién/quiénes w ith an accent as in the interrogative form:
Who would have thought it! ¡Quién lo hubiera pensado!
As relative
► When who/ whom follows the noun it refers to, the most common translation is que:
Do you recognize the three girls who have just come in? ¿Reconoces a las tres chicas que acaban de entrar?
Peter, who was at the match, has told me all about it Peter, que estuvo en el partido, me lo ha contado todo
That man (who(m)) you saw wasn't my father El hombre que viste no era mi padre NOTE: Personal a is not used before que.
"Who" as subject of a verb
► When who is the subject, que can sometimes be substituted by el cual/ la cual or quien (singular) and los cuales/ las cuales or quienes (plural). This can help avoid ambiguity:
I bumped into Ian and Sue, who had just come back from Madrid Me encontré con Ian y con Sue, la cual or quien acababa de regresar de Madrid ► Only que is possible in cases where subject who can be substituted by that, i.e. where who defines the person in question and the sentence does not make sense if you omit the who clause:
The little boy who won the cycle race is Sarah's nephew El niñito que ganó la carrera ciclista es el sobrino de Sarah
"Who(m)" as object of a verb or preposition
► When who (m) is the object of a verb, you can translate it using que as above. Alternatively, especially in formal language, use personal a + quien/ quienes or personal a + ((article)) + cual/ cuales {etc} or personal a + ((article)) + que:
The woman (who or whom) you're describing is my music teacher La señora que or a quien or a la cual or a la que describes es mi profesora de música
"Who(m)" as object of a preposition
► After prepositions, you should usually use que or cual preceded by the article or quien:
This is the girl (who or whom) I talked to you about esta es la chica de la que or de la cual or de quien te hablé For further uses and examples, see who, whom* * *noun (= World Health Organization) OMS f -
76 dann
Adv.1. (danach, später) then, after that, afterwards; was geschah dann? what happened then ( oder next)?; zuerst wollte ich nicht mit, aber dann war es doch sehr schön but then it turned out alright; anfangs war es noch schwer, aber dann ging es auf einmal but then it got easier all of a sudden2. (zu der Zeit) then; dann und dann umg. at such and such a time, round about then; dann und wann now and then; bis dann until then; als Abschied: see you (then); erst dann only then; von dann bis dann umg. from then till then, from such and such a date ( oder time) until such and such a date ( oder time)3. Reihenfolge: (dahinter) then, after(wards); zuerst kommt die Dampflok, dann die Güterwaggons the engine comes first, followed by the goods wagons (Am. freight cars)4. (in dem Fall) in that case, then; dann eben nicht! umg. all right, forget it!; wenn du mich brauchst, dann sag mir Bescheid if you need me, just let me know; ich mache nur dann mit, wenn... I’ll only join in if ( oder on the condition that)...; dann und nur dann then and only then; selbst dann, wenn... even if...; also oder na dann! umg. (wenn das so ist) well in that case; um Gespräch zu beenden: right then, okeydoke5. umg. (also) so; dann kommst du also? so you ‘are coming (then)? dann stimmt das ( also oder etwa) gar nicht? so that isn’t true then?6. in Fragen: (sonst) wer / wo / wie etc. dann? who / where / how etc. else then?; wenn er es nicht weiß, wer dann? if he doesn’t know, who does?* * *then; next* * *dạnn [dan]adv1) (Reihenfolge ausdrückend = später) thengerade dann, wenn... — just when...
wenn das gemacht ist, dann kannst du gehen — when that's done you can go
noch eine Woche, dann ist Weihnachten — another week till Christmas, another week and (then) it's Christmas
See:→ bis2) (= unter diesen Umständen) thenwenn..., dann — if..., (then)
wenn du was brauchst, dann sagst dus mir, nicht? — just tell me if you need anything, if you need anything (then) just tell me
ja, selbst dann — yes, even then
nein, selbst dann nicht — no, not even then
selbst dann/selbst dann nicht, wenn... — even/not even if...
erst dann, wenn... — only when...
ja, dann! — (oh) well then!
und wie es dann so geht or ist, kommt natürlich Besuch — and as was bound to happen, I got visitors, but you know how it is, I got visitors
wenn er seine Gedichte selbst nicht versteht, wer dann? — if he can't understand his own poems, who else could (understand them)?
wenn man nicht einmal in Schottland echten Whisky bekommt, wo dann? — if you can't get real whisky in Scotland, where can you expect to find it?
wenn ich nicht einmal das Einmaleins bei euch voraussetzen kann, was dann? — if I can't even assume you know your (multiplication) tables, what can I assume you know?
dann eben nicht — well, in that case (there's no more to be said)
dann erst recht nicht! — in that case no way (inf) or not a chance! (inf)
dann ist ja alles in Ordnung — (oh well,) everything's all right then, in that case everything's all right
dann will ich lieber gehen — well, I'd better be getting along (then)
ja dann, auf Wiedersehen — well then, goodbye
also dann bis morgen — right then, see you tomorrow, see you tomorrow then
3)strohdumm und dann auch noch frech — as thick as they come and cheeky into the bargain (Brit), as dumb as they come and a smart alec too (esp US)
kommandiert mich herum und meint dann auch noch... — orders me around and then on top of that thinks...
* * *1) then2) (used with prepositions to mean that time in the past or future: John should be here by then; I'll need you before then; I have been ill since then; Until then; Goodbye till then!) then3) (after that: I had a drink, (and) then I went home.) then4) (in that case: He might not give us the money and then what would we do?) then5) (often used especially at the end of sentences in which an explanation, opinion etc is asked for, or which show surprise etc: What do you think of that, then?) then6) (in that case; as a result: If you're tired, then you must rest.) then* * *[ˈdan]1. (rangmäßig danach) thener ist der Klassenbeste, \dann kommt sein Bruder und \dann ich he is top of the class, followed by his brother and then by me [or then comes his brother and then me2. (dahinter) thensie sprang zuerst ins Wasser, \dann sprangen die anderen she jumped first of all into the water, [and] then the otherslass uns ins Kino gehen — und was machen wir \dann? let's got to the cinema — and what are we doing afterwards?4. (zu dem Zeitpunkt) thennoch ein Jahr, \dann ist er mit dem Studium fertig another year and he will have finished his studieswenn das gemacht ist, \dann kannst du gehen when that's done, you can gonoch eine Woche, \dann ist Ostern another week and [then] it's Easterwas soll \dann werden? what will happen then?ausgerechnet [o gerade] \dann, als/wenn... just when...das Angebot kam ausgerechnet \dann, als ich eine andere Stelle angenommen hatte the offer arrived just after I had accepted another jobbis \dann until then; (spätestens) by thenbis \dann kann ich nicht warten I cannot wait till thenbis \dann muss der Text fertig sein the text has to be finished by thenerst \dann only thenerst \dann begriff ich, wie sehr ich ihn brauchte only then did I realize how much I needed himerst/nur \dann, wenn... only when...ich bezahle nur \dann, wenn du pünktlich lieferst you only get paid when you deliver on timeimmer \dann, wenn... always when...du rufst immer [genau] \dann an, wenn ich keine Zeit habe you always phone when I've got no time5. (schließlich) in the endes hat \dann doch noch geklappt it was all right in the end6. (in diesem Falle) thensolltest du morgen in der Gegend sein, \dann komm doch bei mir vorbei if you are in the neighbourhood tomorrow, do come and see me, thenich habe keine Lust mehr — \dann hör doch auf! I'm not in the mood any more — well stop then!also \dann bis morgen right then, see you tomorrow, see you tomorrow thenja \dann auf Wiedersehen! well then, good-bye!nun, \dann ist ja alles in Ordnung! oh well, in that case [everything's okay]!na, \dann eben nicht! well, in that case[, forget it]!\dann erst recht nicht! then certainly not!\dann will ich nicht weiter stören well, I'd better not disturb you any moreerst \dann only thenerst/nur \dann, wenn... only if...ich verrate es dir nur \dann, wenn du verspricht es geheim zu halten I'll only tell you if you promise to keep it a secretselbst \dann even thenja, selbst \dann yes, even thennein, selbst \dann nicht no, not even thenwenn..., \dann... if..., [then]...wenn du mir nicht glaubst, \dann frag doch die anderen if you don't believe me, [then] ask the others7. (demnach) so\dann hast du also die ganze Zeit mit zugehört so you've been listening the whole time8. (sonst) thenund falls das so nicht klappt, wie \dann? and if it doesn't work, what then?wenn dir auch dieser Vorschlag nicht zusagt, welcher \dann? if you can't agree to this proposal, what can you agree to?wenn man nicht einmal in Schottland echten Whiskey bekommt, wo \dann? if you can't get real whisky in Scotland, where can you expect to find it?wenn er seine Gedichte selbst nicht versteht, wer \dann? if he can't understand his own poems, who else can [understand them]?9. (außerdem)\dann noch as well; (zu alledem)\dann [auch] noch on top of thatauf dem Markt wurde Obst und Gemüse verkauft, und \dann gab es noch Blumen fruit and vegetables were offered at the market, and flowers as wellund \dann kommt noch die Mehrwertsteuer hinzu and then there's VAT to add on top of thatzuletzt fiel \dann auch noch der Strom aus finally to top it all there was a power failureund \dann will er auch noch sein Teil haben and, on top of that, he wants his sharestrohdumm und \dann auch noch frech as thick as they come and cheeky into the bargain [or to boot] fam10.▶ bis \dann! see you then!▶ \dann und \dann on such and such a dateer schrieb mir, dass er \dann und \dann kommen würde he wrote to me that he would come on such and such a date▶ von \dann bis \dann from such and such a date to such and such a date▶ \dann und wann now and thenich sehe sie \dann und wann beim Einkaufen I see her now and then [or I occasionally see her] when I do my shopping* * *1) thennoch drei Tage, dann ist Ostern — another three days and it will be Easter
er ist der Klassenbeste, dann kommt sein Bruder — he is top of the class, followed by his brother or then comes his brother
2) (unter diesen Umständen) then; in that case[na,] dann eben nicht! — in that case, forget it!
dann bis morgen — see you tomorrow, then
nur dann, wenn... — only if...
3) (außerdem)dann noch... — then... as well
* * *dann adv1. (danach, später) then, after that, afterwards;aber dann war es doch sehr schön but then it turned out alright; anfangs war es noch schwer,aber dann ging es auf einmal but then it got easier all of a sudden2. (zu der Zeit) then;dann und dann umg at such and such a time, round about then;dann und wann now and then;bis dann until then; als Abschied: see you (then);erst dann only then;von dann bis dann umg from then till then, from such and such a date ( oder time) until such and such a date ( oder time)3. Reihenfolge: (dahinter) then, after(wards);zuerst kommt die Dampflok, dann die Güterwaggons the engine comes first, followed by the goods wagons (US freight cars)4. (in dem Fall) in that case, then;dann eben nicht! umg all right, forget it!;wenn du mich brauchst, dann sag mir Bescheid if you need me, just let me know;ich mache nur dann mit, wenn … I’ll only join in if ( oder on the condition that) …;dann und nur dann then and only then;selbst dann, wenn … even if …;5. umg (also) so;dann kommst du also? so you ’are coming (then)?etwa)gar nicht? so that isn’t true then?6. in Fragen: (sonst)wer/wo/wie etcdann? who/where/how etc else then?;wenn er es nicht weiß, wer dann? if he doesn’t know, who does?* * *1) thennoch drei Tage, dann ist Ostern — another three days and it will be Easter
er ist der Klassenbeste, dann kommt sein Bruder — he is top of the class, followed by his brother or then comes his brother
2) (unter diesen Umständen) then; in that case[na,] dann eben nicht! — in that case, forget it!
dann bis morgen — see you tomorrow, then
nur dann, wenn... — only if...
3) (außerdem)dann noch... — then... as well
* * *adj.then adj. -
77 govern
1) (to rule: The queen governed (the country) wisely and well.) styre, regjere, herske2) (to influence: Our policy is governed by three factors.) påvirke, være bestemt avregjere--------styreverb \/ˈɡʌv(ə)n\/1) regjere, styre2) lede, bestemme, styre, regulere, kontrollere3) ( stivt) beherske seg, styre seg4) ( grammatikk) styre5) ( teknikk) regulere, styre6) ( jus) gjelde for, regulerebe governed by la seg ledes avgovern oneself beherske seggovern one's temper beherske seg, styre seg -
78 then
ðen 1. adverb1) (at that time in the past or future: I was at school then; If you're coming next week, I'll see you then.) da, den gang2) (used with prepositions to mean that time in the past or future: John should be here by then; I'll need you before then; I have been ill since then; Until then; Goodbye till then!) da, den gangen3) (after that: I had a drink, (and) then I went home.) så4) (in that case: He might not give us the money and then what would we do?) hva da?5) (often used especially at the end of sentences in which an explanation, opinion etc is asked for, or which show surprise etc: What do you think of that, then?) da6) (also; in addition: I have two brothers, and then I have a cousin in America.) så, i tillegg2. conjunction(in that case; as a result: If you're tired, then you must rest.) da3. adjective(at that time (in the past): the then Prime Minister.) daværendeda--------deretter--------derfor--------såIsubst. \/ħen\/dengang, den gangen, den tidbefore then innen den tid, før den tiden, innenby then før den tid(en), (senest) da, til da, innen (den tid), innen dafrom then onwards fra og med da, fra da av, fra det tidspunkt avsince then siden den ganguntil then eller till then (inn)til daIIadj. \/ħen\/daværende• Churchill, who was the then Prime Minister, was famous for his cigarsChurchill, som var daværende statsminister, var berømt for sine sigarerIIIadv. \/ħen\/1) da, på den tiden, den gangen, dengang2) dajeg ser deg senere, og skal da gi deg fakta3) siden, så, derpå, deretter, dernest, etterpå4) dessuten, i tillegg, så5) altså• the journey, then, could begin6) da, i så fall• then why didn't they do it?and then some (spesielt amer.) og mye mer, og mer tilbut then men, jo, men på den andre siden, men til gjengjeld, men i stedetthat's settled, then! eller all right, then! da sier vi det (da)!, så sier vi det!there and then eller then and there der og da, på flekken, på stående fot, med en gang, umiddelbartwhat then? og så da?, hva så? -
79 artículo3
3 = article.Nota: Elemento de la gramática.Ex. Thus we can easily start to compile a list of prepositions, conjunctions and articles, for example, an, a, the, and, for, this, these, which can be ignored in indexing.----* artículo definitivo = definite article. -
80 pista2
2 = clue, cue, lead.Ex. Certainly it will always be necessary to examine the document content, concentrating particularly on the clues offered by the title, the contents page, chapter headings, and any abstracts, introduction, prefaces or other preliminary matter.Ex. The computer is programmed to recognise cues such as prepositions and punctuation.Ex. I would appreciate any feedback or leads.----* dar indicios y pistas = drop + hints and clues.* dar pistas = throw + hints.* dar pistas falsas = throw out + false leads.* dar una pista = give + a hint.* dejar una pista = leave + a trace.* obtener pistas sobre = get + an indication of.* perder la pista de = lose + track of.* pista falsa = red herring.* seguir la pista = follow up, track, follow through, shadow, track down.* seguir la pista a un documento = chase + item.* seguir la pista de = keep + track of.* sin pistas = clueless.* tras la pista de = on the trail of, on the track of.
См. также в других словарях:
Prépositions — Préposition Voir « préposition » sur le Wiktionnaire … Wikipédia en Français
Prepositions — ◊ GRAMMAR A preposition is a word like at , in , on , or with which is normally followed by a noun group, forming a prepositional phrase. The noun group after a preposition is sometimes called the prepositional object. Prepositions are often used … Useful english dictionary
prepositions — ◊ GRAMMAR A preposition is a word like at , in , on , or with which is normally followed by a noun group, forming a prepositional phrase. The noun group after a preposition is sometimes called the prepositional object. Prepositions are often used … Useful english dictionary
prepositions — The lingering belief that sentences should not end with prepositions is entirely without foundation … Bryson’s dictionary for writers and editors
prepositions — Anyone who believes that it is wrong to end a sentence with a preposition and there are still some who do is about a century out of touch. The rule was enshrined by one Robert Lowth, an eighteenth century Anglican Bishop of London and… … Dictionary of troublesome word
prepositions — prep·o·si·tion || ‚prepÉ™ zɪʃn n. part of speech that serves to express the relationship between two words (Grammar) … English contemporary dictionary
Spanish prepositions — Spanish language … Wikipedia
List of English prepositions — This is a list of English prepositions. In English, some prepositions are short, typically containing five letters or fewer. There are, however, a significant number of multi word prepositions. Throughout the history of the English language, new… … Wikipedia
Latvian prepositions — This article describes the use of prepositions and postpositions in Latvian grammar.The lists below are organized according to the case of the noun phrase following the preposition. In the plural, however, all prepositions in Latvian can be… … Wikipedia
complex prepositions — Complex (or compound) prepositions consist of two or more words together having the function of a preposition, e.g. according to, apart from, in accordance with, with regard to. Fowler (1926) objected to their overuse in journalism, ‘stuffing up… … Modern English usage
Old English prepositions — This is a list of prepositions in the Old English language. Many of them, particularlythose marked etc. , are found in other variant spellings. Prepositions may govern the accusative, genitive, dative or instrumental cases the question of which… … Wikipedia