organized

σύστημ-α, ατος, τό,

A whole compounded of several parts or members, system, Pl.Epin. 991e, Arist.GA 740a20; of the composite whole of soul and body, Epicur.Ep.1p.21U.;

τὸ ὅλον σ. τοῦ σώματος D.H. Rh.10.6

.

b in literary sense, composition, ἐποποιικὸν σ. [ πραγμάτων] Arist.Po. 1456a11; λυρικὰ ς. SIG660.3 (Delph., ii B.C.);

τέχνη ἐστὶ σ. ἐκ καταλήψεων συγγεγυμνασμένων Zeno Stoic.1.21

, cf. Arr.Epict.1.20.5; of the syllogism, S.E.P.2.173.

c = σύστασις B. 11.2, Arist.GA 758b3.

2 organized government, constitution, Pl.Lg. 686b, Arist.EN 1168b32;

σ. δημοκρατίας Plb.2.38.6

, cf. 6.10.14; τὸ ἐκ θεῶν καὶ σοφῶν ς. Diog.Bab.Stoic.3.241; confederacy,

σ. τῶν Ἀχαιῶν Plb.2.41.15

, cf. 9.28.2; τὸ Ἀμφικτιονικὸν ς. SIG 761 A 16 (Delph., i B.C.), Delph.3(1).480.16; band of partisans, J.AJ20.9.4; σ. τοῦ γένους ἡμῶν, of a Jewish community, Id.Ap.1.7:—it seems to have meant also a company or guild, CIG2508 (Cos, [dialect] Dor. [full] σύστα-μα), 2562 ([place name] Hierapytna), 2699 ([place name] Mylasa); or a committee, τῆς γερουσίας ib.2930 ([place name] Tralles).

3 body of soldiers, corps, usu. of a definite number, like τάγμα, σύνταγμα, σ. μισθοφόρων, ἱππέων, etc., Plb.1.81.11, 30.25.8, etc.; but τὸ τῆς φάλαγγος ς. the phalanx itself, Id.5.53.3.

b a boat's crew, Alciphr.1.8.

4 generally,flock, herd, Plb.12.4.10;

τὰ βασιλικὰ σ. τῶν ἱπποτροφιῶν Id.10.27.2

.

5 college of priests or magistrates, Id.21.13.11, Str.17.1.29, etc.; of the Roman Senate, Plu. Rom.13, cf. Lib.Or.11.146.

6 in Music, system of intervals, scale, Pl.Phlb. 17d; σ. ἐναρμόνια, ὀκτάχορδα, Aristox.Harm.p.2 M., cf. Ph.1.10, Plu.2.1142f, Cleonid.Harm.1.

b strain, Jul.Caes. 315c.

7 in Metre, metrical system, as in Anapaestics, Heph. Poë.3.

8 Medic., accumulation of sediment, Hp.Epid.7.83; τὰ τῶν ὑδάτων ς. LXX Ge.1.10 (v.l. συστέματα), cf. Ezek.Exag. 134, Sotion p.183 W.

9 Medic., the pulse-beats taken collectively, Gal.9.279.

10 machine, apparatus, Apollod.Poliorc.138.13.--The word first occurs in Hp. and Pl., but is chiefly used in later Prose.

συστημ-ᾰτικός, ή, όν,

A of or like an organized whole, systematic, Plu.2.1142f, S.E. M.7.41, Anon. in Tht.15.6; σ. μέτρα forming a complete system, Heph.Poëm.3, etc.; cf.

σύστημα 7

.

2 constitutive, μονάς Anatol. ap. Theol.Ar.8.

II σ. ἀνωμαλία, of the pulse, opp. κατὰ μίαν πληγήν, Gal.8.502, 9.279; of the breathing, Id.7.800.

συστρέφω,

A twist up, roll up, of a whirlwind,

μή σ' ἀναρπάσῃ.. συστρέψας ἄφνω A.Fr. 195

, cf. Ar.Lys. 975, Th.61;

φρυγάνων πλῆθος Act.Ap.28.3

;

ἔριον περὶ μηλωτρίδα POxy. 234 ii 12

(ii/iii A.D.); of animals, gather themselves together, in preparing to spring,

σ. ἑαυτὸν ὥσπερ θηρίον Pl.R. 336b

; σ. τὸν αὐχένα, of one struggling to get loose, Eup.339; τὰ ὄμματα διὰ κενῆς, ὡς εἴ τι βλέπων, ξυνέστρεφε screwed up his eyes, Hp.Epid.7.83; συστρέψαι ἑαυτούς, of dolphins, Arist.HA 631a27; [

τὸ χόριον] σ. περὶ αὑτὸ τὴν ὑστέραν Sor.1.71

:— [voice] Pass., εἰ τὸ χόριον εἰς αὑτὸ συνεστραμμένον εἴη ib.73; συνεστραμμένη χείρ clenched fist, ib. 102; of a whirlwind, Men.536.4; of the moon, dub. sens. in Palchus in Cat.Cod.Astr.8(1).250.

II of soldiers, σ. ἑωυτούς form in a compact body, for attack or defence, collect themselves, rally, Hdt.9.18; σ. εἰς ταὐτό (sc. τὰς ἵππους) Arist.HA 572b14: freq. in [voice] Pass., συστραφέντες in a body, Hdt.4.136, 6.6, cf.40;

συστρεφόμενοι Id.9.62

, Th.7.30;

ξυνεστρέφοντο ἐν σφίσιν αὐτοῖς Id.2.4

; ὅσον.. ἦν ξυνεστραμμένον ibid.;

ἐπὶ πεντήκοντα ἀσπίδων συνεστραμμένοι ἦσαν

they were formed in a mass

50

deep, X.HG6.4.12; so of bees, fishes, Arist. HA 629a19, 621a16.

2 of soldiers, also, συστρέφειν ἐπὶ δόρυ wheel them to the right, v.l. in X.Lac.13.6; so prob. σ. τὸν ἵππον turn him sharply, Plu.Pyrrh.16;

σ. τὴν ὄψιν Satyr.3

.

III form into an organized whole, unite,

τὸ Μηδικὸν ἔθνος Hdt.1.101

;

τοὺς τὰς οὐσίας ἔχοντας Arist.Pol. 1304b23

:—[voice] Pass., club together, conspire, Th.4.68, 8.54;

ἐπ' ἐμὲ συστραφέντες ἥκουσι Aeschin.2.178

, cf. LXX 4 Ki.10.9:—in [voice] Act., ib.3 Ki.16.9.

IV [voice] Pass., collect, gather,

σ. αἷμα ἐς.. Hp.Aph.5.40

;

νιφετοῦ συστραφέντος Arist.Mu. 394b2

; of humours, gather, come to a head,

φύματος συστραφέντος Hp.Prog.23

; of gravel collecting in the bladder, Id.Aër.9.

V make the hair curl, Theodect.17.3:—[voice] Pass., συνεστραμμένα ξύλα knotted, gnarled, Thphr.HP3.11.2;

σ. ῥίζα Id.CP1.3.3

;

κιττὸς συνεστραμμένος ταῖς ῥίζαις Id.HP3.18.9

.

VI condense, congeal, harden,

τὸ ψυχρὸν συστρέφον καὶ συσφίγγον Ath.2.41b

; of condensing fluids by heat,

ἐν ἡλίῳ Dsc.3.7

([voice] Act. and [voice] Pass.), cf. Gal.12.834, Aët.7.91; τὰ γυμνάσια τὰς σάρκας ς. Antyll. ap. Orib.6.10.15:—[voice] Pass., to be condensed, acquire substance or consistency, ἀφρὸς ς. Arist.HA 569b18; esp. in [tense] pf. part. [voice] Pass., σπέρμα ξηρὸν καὶ συνεστραμμένον ib. 523a24; νέφος ἐστὶ πάχος ἀτμῶδες ς. Id.Mu. 394a27; πῦρ ς. concentrated, Epicur.Ep.1p.28U.; compact,

σ. τὸ εὐπαγές Phld.Po.Herc.994.34

; σωμάτιον ς. Arr.Epict. 1.24.8; συστρέφεσθαι καὶ ἀπεψῦχθαι, of an infant, Sor.1.108; γάλα μελιτοειδῶς συστραφέν ib.91.

VII of sentences, narratives, and the like , bring into a close form, compress,

ἐὰν μὴ συστρέφῃ τὰ πράγματα Cratin.85

; ἐνθυμήματα ς. Arist.Rh. 1419a19; σ. τὰ νοήματα, τὸν νοῦν ἐν ὀλίγοις ὀνόμασι, D.H.Isoc.11, Pomp.2.5: abs., συστρέψας γράφει writes briefly, curtly, Aeschin.3.100;

σ. εἰπεῖν τὸ πρᾶγμα D.H. Lys.24

:—freq. in [voice] Pass., ῥῆμα βραχὺ καὶ συνεστραμμένον a short and pithy saying, of the Spartans, Pl.Prt. 342e; λέξις συνεστραμμένη, opp. διῃρημένη, D.H.Rh.5.7;

ἡ Ἀττικὴ γλῶσσα σ. τι ἔχει Demetr. Eloc. 177

;

συνέστραπται τοῖς νοήμασι D.H.Lys.5

. cf. Dem.19.

b also, speak or write in an involved style, twist one's words, Antiph.52.17, 217.17.

φῡλή, ἡ, ([etym.] φύω) prop.,

A like φῦλον, a race, tribe; but acc. to Dicaearch.Hist.9 a union formed in an organized community (whether πόλις or ἔθνος): hence, tribe, i.e.

I a body of men united

1 by supposed ties of blood and descent, clan, such as the three Dorian tribes, Rhetra ap.Plu.Lyc.6, Hdt.5.68, St.Byz. s. vv. Ὑλλεῖς, Δυμᾶνες, IG4.596 ([place name] Argos); of the four Ionic tribes, Hdt.5.69, Arist.Ath.8.3, Plu.Sol.19, etc.; of the Laconian, Hdt.4.145; of the old Roman, D.H.2.7, etc.; of the Persian, X.Cyr.1.2.5 and 12; of the Jewish, LXXNu.1.4, al. (but also of subdivisions of the tribe ([etym.] σκῆπτρον), ib. 1 Ki.10.20.21), Ev.Matt.19.28, etc.

2 by local habitation, such as the ten local tribes at Athens formed by Cleisthenes, Hdt.5.69, 6.131, IG12.10.44, al.; or those formed by Servius at Rome, φ. τοπικαί, opp. γενικαί, D.H.4.14, cf. Plu. Rom.20; in Roman Egypt, BGU1113.3 (i B.C.), PFlor.39.4 (iv A. D.), etc., cf. (in general) Arist.Pol. 1264a8, 1300a25, 1309a12, Pl. Lg. 753c, etc.

3 subdivision of the priests in each Egyptian temple, OGI56.24 (Canopus, iii B. C.), PAmh.2.112.7 (ii A. D.), etc.

II military contingent furnished by a tribe, among the Athenians, Hdt.6.111, IG12.1085;

ὁπλιτῶν Th.6.98

, cf. 3.90, X.HG 4.2.19, Pl.Lg. 755c, 755d;

ταξίαρχος εἰς τὴν φυλὴν κατατάξας Lys.13.79

.

2 representatives of a tribe, on political bodies, φυλῆς πρυτανευούσης, προεδρευούσης, IG1.26a16, SIG589.2 (Magn.Mae., ii B.C.), etc.

III of things, = γένος, kind, species,

κατὰ φυλὰς διεκρίνομεν τὰ ἔπιπλα X.Oec.9.6

.

ἀκόσμ-ητος, ον, ([etym.] κοσμέω)

A unarranged, Pl.Grg. 506e, Prt. 321c. Adv.

- τως Id.Lg. 781b

.

b not organized as a

κόσμος, ὕλη Plot.4.3.9

;

σύγχυσις Dam.Pr. 205

.

2 of style, unadorned, D.H.Th.23, etc.

3 unfurnished with,

χρήμασιν X.Oec.11.9

.

ἁρμογή, ἡ, ([etym.] ἁρμόζω)

A joining, junction, Luc.Zeux.6; fitting, arrangement, Plb.6.18.1.

2 joint in masonry, J.AJ15.11.3, Hdn.3.3.7.

3 Lit. Crit., κώλων ἁ. getting together, junction, arrangement of clauses, D.H.Comp.8, cf. 23; ὀνομάτων ib.26; of letters, ib.22; adjustment of parts in an organized whole,

ἁ. τοῖς ὅλοις Phld.Po.2.17

; ἑλληνισμὸς ἀποτελεῖται καὶ ἁ. τις ib.18.

4 Medic., joining of two bones without motion, = σύμφυσις, opp. ἄρθρον, Gal.19.460.

5 in Music, = ἁρμονία, method of tuning a stringed instrument, Ptol.Harm. 2.6; modulation, Eup.11; opp. ἀναρμοστία, Plot.3.6.2.

6 in Painting, gradation of tints in transition, Plin.HN35.29.

ἐξωπῠλ-ῖται, οἱ,

A dwellers outside the gates, as an organized body, BGU 34ii 21 (ii A. D.), etc.

ὀργᾰν-όω, in [voice] Pass.,

A to be organized,

πρὸς τὴν τῆς ἀληθείας γνῶσιν S.E.M.7.126

, cf. Porph.Abst.3.8.

Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `member', in older lit. only pl. `limbs' (Il.; cf. Wackernagel Syntax 1, 88), `(organized) tune, song, melody' (h. Hom. 19, 16, Thgn., Pi., IA.).

Compounds: Compp., e.g. λυσι-μελής `limb-relaxing' (Od.), also with allusion to the μελεδήματα υ 57; s. Risch Eumusia. Festschr. Howald (1947) 87 f.; μελο-ποιός `poet of songs' with - έω, - ία (Att.), μελεσί-πτερος `with singing wings', of a cicada (AP; after the types ἑλκεσί-πεπλος, Schwyzer 443 f.).

Derivatives: 1. Diminut.: μελύδριον `small song' (Ar., Theoc.), pl. - ια `poor limbs' (M. Ant.); μελίσκ(ι)ον `id.' (Alcm., Antiph.), s. Chantrame Form. 73 a. 406. 2. Adj. μελικός `lyric' (D. H., Plu.). 3. Adv. μεληδόν `part by part' (Poseidon.); on μελ(ε)ϊστί s. below. -- 4. Verbs: A. μελίζω 1. `analyse', also with δια-, ἐκ-, ἀπο- (Pherecyd. Hist., LXX). 2. `sing, sing of', also with δια-, ἀντι-(Pi., A., Theoc.). Further μελισμός ( δια-) `analysis' (Plu.), `song' (Str.), μέλισμα `song, melody' (Theoc., AP); μελικτάς (Theoc., Mosch.), - ιστής ( Anacreont.) `flute-player'; μελιστί `limb for limb' (J.), older form μελεϊστί (Hom.), prob. from *μελεΐζω, s. Bechtel Lex. s.v., Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 250, Risch 310; cf. Schwyzer 440 w. n. 10, 623. -- B. μελεάζω `execute a recitative' (Nicom. Harm.).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: On the double meaning `member' and `tune, song' cf. Ir. alt `member' and `poem' (s. also Diehl RhM 89, 88 a. 92 f.). I the sense of `member' μέλος has been replaced by synonymous terms like κῶλον, ἄρθρον. -- To judge by the structure old (cf. ἕδος, ἔπος, γένος a. o.). μέλος does not have an immediate agreement. Possible is however (with Fick. 2, 215) the comparison with a Celtic wor for `knuckle', Bret. mell, Corn. mal, pl. mellow, to which also Welsh cym-mal `articulus, iunctura, commissura', which can go back on PCelt. * melsā and relates then to μέλος as e.g. Skt. vats-á- `calf' to Ϝέτος `year' (s. v.). A velar enlargement has been supposed in Toch. AB mälk- `piece together, join', also in Hitt. malk- `implicate, twist together (?)' (v. Windekens Lex. étym. s.v. and Kronasser Studies Whatmough 121). -- Diff., certainly not better, Szemerényi AmJPh 72, 346ff.: to μολεῖν, μέλλω etc. -- Skt. márman- n. `weak (deathly?) place of the body' and Balt., e.g. Lith. melmuõ `cross(?) of the body, backbone', pl. mélmenys `meat parts surrounding the kidneys', (Fick 1, 109 a. 2, 215), must be rejected; s. Porzig IF 42, 254f. and Fraenkel IF 59, 153ff (Wb. s. mélmenys). Very doubtful Koller, Glotta 43 (1965)24-38.

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κοσμέω impf. ἐκόσμουν; fut. κοσμήσω LXX; 1 aor. ἐκόσμησα. Pass.: aor. ἐκοσμήθην LXX; pf. 3 sg. κεκόσμηται, ptc. κεκοσμημένος; plpf. 3 sg. ἐκεκόσμητο (s. κόσμος; Hom.+).

① to put in order so as to appear neat or well organized, make neat/tidy (Od. 7, 13; X., Cyr. 8, 2, 6; 6, 11; SIG 1038, 11 τράπεζαν; PThéad 14, 18; Sir 29:26; 50:14; Just., A II, 5, 2 al; Tat. 12, 1; τὸν κόσμον Mel., P. 82, 616) trim, of lamps Mt 25:7. In imagery of a person as a house from which a possessive spirit has departed tidied, fixed up, put in order Mt 12:44; Lk 11:25 (for another nuance s. 2aβ below).

② to cause someth. to have an attractive appearance through decoration, adorn, decorate (Hes. et al.; LXX; SibOr 3, 426)

ⓐ lit.

α. of pers. τινὰ ἔν τινι someone w. someth. (Diod S 17, 53, 3 ἐν ὅπλοις=with [splendid] weapons; TestJud 13:5 ἐν χρυσίῳ καὶ μαργαρίταις) 1 Ti 2:9. Pass. (Xenophon Eph. 1, 2, 2 παρθένοι κεκοσμημέναι; TestSol 7:4 D; JosAs 4:2; Jos., Bell. 2, 444) νύμφη κεκοσμημένη a bride adorned for her husband (Achilles Tat. 3, 7, 5; s. TestJud 12:1) Rv 21:2; cp. Hv 4, 2, 1. Of women (POxy 1467, 5 γυναῖκες κεκοσμημέναι) κοσμηθεῖσαι πρὸς μοιχείαν beautified for adultery ApcPt 9:24 (cp. TestReub 5:5 κ. πρὸς ἀπάτην διανοίας; TestJos 9:5).

β. of things τὶ someth. pass. the temple in Jerusalem λίθοις καλοῖς καὶ ἀναθήμασιν κεκόσμηται is adorned w. beautiful stones and votive offerings (SIG 725, 2f τὸ ἱερὸν ἀναθέμασι κεκόσμηται; 1100, 21f; 1050, 6; 2 Macc 9:16; TestSol 10:5; 25:9; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 20) Lk 21:5; cp. Rv 21:19. κ. τὰ μνημεῖα (cp. X., Mem. 2, 2, 13; Jos., Ant. 14, 284 κ. τάφον) Mt 23:29. δένδρα καρποῖς κεκοσμημένα trees adorned w. fruit Hs 9, 1, 10; 9, 28, 1. This interpretation has also been assigned by some to οἶκος κεκοσμημένος a decorated house Mt 12:44; Lk 11:25 (ins ZPE 29, ’78, 213–28, ln. 67 [I A.D.]; Philo, Deus Imm. 150; SIG 326, 15 κεκοσμημένην τὴν πόλιν; Ath. 26, 2).

ⓑ fig.

α. make beautiful or attractive inwardly, morally (of exceptional persons Pind., N. 6, 46 [78]; Thu. 2, 42, 2 αἱ ἀρεταὶ ἐκόσμησαν; X., Cyr. 8, 1, 21; IGR IV, 288, 9 κεκόσμηκε τὸν αὑτοῦ βίον τῇ καλλίστῃ παρρησία; IPriene 105, 36; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 14 [Stone p. 82] ἐν πολλῇ ὡραιότητι) κ. ἑαυτόν adorn oneself 1 Pt 3:5 (cp. Epict. 3, 1, 26; Just., A I, 12, 2); 1 Ti 2:9.—Pass., w. dat. of the thing that adorns (Diod S 16, 65, 2 ἀρεταῖς κεκοσμημένος; IK 30, 14, 4f; 3 Macc 6:1; Philo, Op. M. 139; Just., A II, 11, 4 κεκοσμημένον τῷ … κόσμῳ) παντὶ καλῷ ἐκεκόσμητο he was adorned w. every good thing MPol 13:2. καρποῖς Dg 12:1. τ. παναρέτῳ πολιτείᾳ 1 Cl 2:8. τῷ ἐνδόξῳ ὀνόματι 43:2. Also ἔν τινι (Sir 48:11 B, S, A οἱ ἐν ἀγαπήσει κεκοσμημένοι; TestAbr A 11 p. 89, 19f [Stone p. 26] ὁ ἐν τοιαύτῃ δόξῃ κοσμούμενος) ἐν ἔργοις ἀγαθοῖς 1 Cl 33:7. ἐν τ. ἐντολαῖς Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ with the commandments of Jesus Christ IEph 9:2.

β. adorn, do credit to (Theognis 947 Diehl πατρίδα κοσμήσω) ἵνα τὴν διδασκαλίαν κοσμῶσιν ἐν πᾶσιν that they may do credit to the teaching in all respects Tit 2:10.—DELG s.v. κόσμος. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.

σικάριος, ου, ὁ (Lat. loanw. ‘sicarius’ pl.‘-ii’, fr. sica= ‘dagger’; s. B-D-F §5, 1; Mlt-H. 347; Rob. 109, and the entry Ἰσκαριώθ.—The word is found several times in Joseph. [s. index].—σικάριον=‘dagger’ POxy 1294, 8 [II/III A.D.].—Also as a loanw. in the Talmud; s. SKrauss, Griech. u. latein. Lehnwörter im Talmud usw. II 1899, 392) one who is intent on killing someone as part of an organized subversive political program, dagger man, assassin, terrorist, name of the most extreme group among Judean nationalists, quite hostile to Rome; they did not hesitate to assassinate their political opponents (Jos., Bell. 2, 254–57, Ant. 20, 186) Ac 21:38.—Schürer I 463; MHengel, Die Zeloten, ’61, 47–54; BHHW II 1209.—M-M. TW.

συνίστημι (Hom.+) Ro 3:5; 5:8; 16:1; 2 Cor 4:2 v.l.; 6:4 v.l.; 10:18b; Gal 2:18 v.l. Beside it συνιστάνω (Polyb. 4, 82, 5; 31, 29, 8; Jos., Bell. 1, 15, Ant. 6, 272.—Schweizer 177; Nachmanson 157; KDieterich, Untersuchungen 1898, 218; B-D-F §93; W-S. §14, 14; Rob. 315f) 2 Cor 3:1; 4:2; 6:4 v.l.; 10:12, 18a; Gal 2:18 and συνιστάω (Sb 4512, 77 [II B.C.] impf. συνίστων) 2 Cor 4:2 v.l.; 6:4 v.l.; 10:18a v.l.—1 aor. συνέστησα; 2 aor. συνέστην LXX; pf. συνέστηκα, ptc. συνεστηκώς (LXX) and συνεστώς; inf. συνεστάναι (Tat. 30, 1; Ath. 25, 3); 1 aor. mid. συνεστησάμην (s. Schwyzer I 758, 760); 1 aor. pass. ptc. συσταθείς. The basic semantic component refers to coherence or being in a state of close relationship.

A. transitive, act., pass., and mid.

① to bring together by gathering, unite, collect pass. of the water of the boundless sea συσταθὲν εἰς τὰς συναγωγάς collected in its gathering-places 1 Cl 20:6.

② to bring together as friends or in a trusting relationship by commending/recommending, present, introduce/recommend someone to someone else (X., Pla.; PHamb 27, 3; PHib 65, 3; POxy 292, 6; PGiss 71, 4 al.; 1 Macc 12:43; 2 Macc 4:24; 9:25; Jos., Ant. 16, 85; Just., D. 2, 1 θεῷ) τινά τινι (re)commend someone to someone (PSI 589, 14 [III B.C.] σύστησόν με Σώσῳ; PBrem 5, 7 [117–19 A.D.]) ὑμῖν Φοίβην Ro 16:1 (in a letter, as Chion, Ep. 8 ὅπως αὐτὸν συστήσαιμί σοι). Self-commendation (ἑαυτὸν/ἑαυτοὺς ς.) may be construed either as inappropriate 2 Cor 3:1; οὐ πάλιν ἑαυτοὺς συνιστάνομεν ὑμῖν 5:12; 10:12 (ἑαυτούς), 18a (ἑαυτόν); or as appropriate (ὡς θεοῦ διάκονοι) 6:4 (but s. 3 below). συνιστάνοντες ἑαυτοὺς πρὸς πᾶσαν συνείδησιν ἀνθρώπων we commend ourselves to every human conscience 4:2=to every person’s awareness of what is right (s. πρός w. acc. 3eβ as PMich 210, 4 [c. 200 A.D.]). (The juxtaposition of apparently contradictory approaches to self-commendation is true to Gr-Rom. perspectives: contrast Pind., O. 9, 38f ‘an untimely boast plays in tune with madness’ and O. 1, 115f in which the poet celebrates his own power of song. The subject of appropriate and inappropriate self-commendation is discussed at length by Plut., Mor. 539–47 [On Inoffensive Self-Praise]. τινά someone ὸ̔ν ὁ κύριος συνίστησιν 10:18b. Pass. συνίστασθαι ὑπό τινος be recommended by someone (Epict. 3, 23, 22; PPetr II 2, 4, 4 [III B.C.]) 12:11.

③ to provide evidence of a personal characteristic or claim through action, demonstrate, show, bring out τὶ someth. (Polyb. 4, 5, 6 εὔνοιαν) Ro 3:5. Cp. 2 Cor 6:4 (see comm. and 2 above). συνίστησιν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ἀγάπην εἰς ἡμᾶς ὁ θεός 5:8. Difficult and perh. due to a damaged text (B-D-F §197) is the constr. w. acc. and inf. (cp. Diod S 14, 45, 4) συνεστήσατε ἑαυτοὺς ἁγνοὺς εἶναι τῷ πράγματι 2 Cor 7:11. W. a double acc. (Diod S 13, 91, 4; Sus 61 Theod.; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 258 συνίστησιν αὐτὸν προφήτην [so in the mss.]; Jos., Ant. 7, 49) παραβάτην ἐμαυτὸν συνιστάνω I demonstrate that I am a wrongdoer Gal 2:18 (WMundle, ZNW 23, 1924, 152f).

④ to bring into existence in an organized manner, put together, constitute, establish, prepare, mid. τὶ someth. (Pla. et al.; Tat. 1, 2; pap) of God’s creative activity (Lucian, Hermot. 20 Ἥφαιστος ἄνθρωπον συνεστήσατο; En 101:6; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 10 θεὸν τὸν τὰ ὅλα συστησάμενον ἐκ μὴ ὄντων; Jos., Ant. 12, 22 τὸν ἅπαντα συστησάμενον θεόν) ἐν λόγῳ συνεστήσατο τὰ πάντα 1 Cl 27:4 (Herm. Wr. 1, 31 ἅγιος εἶ, ὁ λόγῳ συστησάμενος τὰ ὄντα).

B. intransitive, in our lit. the pres. mid. and pf. act.

① to stand in close association with, stand with/by (1 Km 17:26), perf. act. τινί someone Lk 9:32 (οἱ συνεστῶτες as Apollon. Paradox. 5).

② to be composed or compounded of various parts, consist, pres. mid., ἔκ τινος of someth. (Pla., X. et al.; Herm. Wr. 13, 2; Jos., Vi. 35; Ar. 4, 2; Ath. 8, 2, R. 25 p. 78, 9) ἡ μῆνις ἐκ τοσούτων κακῶν συνισταμένη Hm 5, 2, 4.

③ to come to be in a condition of coherence, continue, endure, exist, hold together, pres. mid. and perf. act. (EpArist 154 τὸ ζῆν διὰ τῆς τροφῆς συνεστάναι; Tat. 30, 1; Mel., P. 91, 681) γῆ ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ διʼ ὕδατος συνεστῶσα 2 Pt 3:5 (mngs. 2 and 3 are prob. blended here and in the next pass.; s. also Philo, Plant. 6). τὰ πάντα ἐν αὐτῷ συνέστηκεν Col 1:17 (cp. Pla., Rep. 7, 530a, Tim. 61a; Ps.-Aristot. DeMundo 6, 2 ἐκ θεοῦ τὰ πάντα καὶ διὰ θεὸν συνέστηκεν; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 58; PGM 4, 1769 τὰ πάντα συνέστηκεν; Ar. 1, 5 διʼ αὐτοῦ δὲ τὰ πάντα συνέστηκεν). SHanson, The Unity of the Church in the NT ’46, 112.—RWard, Aristotelian Terms in the NT: Baptist Quarterly 11, ’45, 398–403 (συνίστημι).—M-M. EDNT. TW.

Φαρισαῖος, ου, ὁ (Hebr. הַפְּרוּשִׁים=Aram. פְּרִישַׁיָּא, the latter in Gk. transcription Φαρισαῖοι. The Semitic words mean ‘the separated ones, separatists’. Acc. to ABaumarten [JBL 102, ’83, 411–28], Φ.= ‘specifiers’, the party of accurate and specific observance of the law. On the sect of the Pharisees acc. to Josephus [Ant. 13, 288–98; on his views s. SMason, Flavius Josephus on the Pharisees ’91] and the Mishnah s. Schürer II 381–403, where the pertinent passages are reproduced) Pharisee, though in our lit. it is rarely found in the sing. (Mt 23:26; Lk 7:36b, 37, 39; 11:37f; 18:10f; Ac 5:34; 23:6b; 26:5; Phil 3:5); as a rule in the pl. Pharisees, the organized followers of the experts in interpreting the scriptures (scribes). It was the purpose of the Pharisees to take the pattern of a pious Israelite as established by the scribes, and to put it into practice as nearly as possible. Some became followers of Jesus Christ and others opposed him and his followers. Mentioned w. Sadducees Mt 3:7; 16:1, 6, 11f; Ac 23:6–8. W. Herodians Mk 3:6; 12:13; cp. 8:15. W. scribes Mt 5:20; 12:38; 15:1; 23:2, 13, 15; Mk 2:16 (here οἱ γραμματεῖς τῶν Φ.; cp. Just., D. 51, 2; 102, 5); 7:5; Lk 5:21, 30; 6:7; 11:53; 15:2; J 8:3; Ac 23:9 (here γραμματεῖς τοῦ μέρους τῶν Φ.). W. scribes and elders GPt 8:28. As opponents of Jesus Mt 9:11, 34; 12:2, 14, 24; 15:12; 22:15, 34, 41; Mk 7:1; 8:11, 15; 10:2; 12:13 al. W. chief priests J 7:45; 11:47; 18:3 (UvonWahlde, NTS 42, ’96, 506–22); a Pharisaic high priest Ox 840, 10. Their fasting Mt 9:14; Mk 2:18 (Lk 18:12). Paul a Ph. Ac 23:6b; 26:5 (κατὰ τὴν ἀκριβεστάτην αἵρεσιν τῆς ἡμετέρας θρησκείας ἔζησα Φαρισαῖος); Phil 3:5.—In addition to the lit. s.v. Σαδδουκαῖος that is pertinent here, s. also IElbogen, Die Religionsanschauung der Phar. 1904; Schürer II 404–14; IAbrahams, Studies in Pharisaism and the Gospels I 1917, II 1924; ARobertson, The Pharisees and Jesus 1920; EMeyer II 1921, 282ff; RHerford, The Pharisees 1924 (s. BEaston, Mr. Herford and the Phar.: ATR 7, 1925, 423–37); CMontefiore, The Synoptic Gospels² 1927 II 676a (index s.v. Pharisees); GMoore, Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era I, II 1927; FBurkitt, Jesus and the ‘Pharisees’: JTS 28, 1927, 392–97; DRiddle, Jesus and the Ph. 1928; JoachJeremias, Jerus. zur Zeit Jesu,³ ’62, 279–303; LFinkelstein, The Ph.² ’40, The Ph., The Sociol. Background of Their Faith, ³’62; ILauterbach, The Ph. and Their Teach.: HUCA 6, 1929, 69–140; OHoltzmann, D. Prophet Mal u. d. Ursprung des Pharisäerbundes: ARW 29, ’31, 1–21; LBaeck, Die Pharisäer ’34; WFoerster, D. Ursprung des Pharisäismus: ZNW 34, ’35, 35–51; TManson, BJRL ’38, 144ff; SZeitlin, The Pharisees and the Gospels ’38; idem, JQR ’61; GAllon, Scripta Hild. VII ’61; AFinkel, The Pharisees and the Teacher of Nazareth ’64; ASalderini, Pharisees, Scribes and Sadducees in Palestinian Society ’88; GStemberger, Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes ’95; on the rhetorical use of ‘vituperatio’ (vilification) in Mt and other ancient wr., s. the bibl. in LThuren, NTS 43, ’97, 458 n. 45; Schürer II 381f (lit.).—EDNT. TW.