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41 Hemp
A fibre obtained from the stalk of the plant " Cannibis sativa." It is inferior in quality to flax, but stronger and easily bleached. It is grown in India, Italy, Russia, Poland and many other countries. The better grades are used in the manufacture of carpets. It is obtained in a similar manner to flax by retting, breaking, crushing, cutting and hackling. It is not rotted by water and is much used for ropes, sailcloth, etc. (see common Hemp). Hemp Varieties - Among the different varieties of hemp appearing in trade are the following: - Ambari (or brown) hemp, Bengal (or Bombay) hemp, Blackfellow's hemp, Bowstring (Africa), Bowstring (Florida), Calcutta hemp (jute), Cebu, Colorado River, Cretan, Cuban, False hemp (America), False sisal hemp. Giant hemp (China), Hayti, Ife, Indian, Jubbulpore (Madras), Manila, New Zealand hemp (or flax), Pangane, Pita, Pua (India), Queensland, Rangoon, Roselle, Sisal, Sunn, Swedish, Tampico, Water, Wild, Italian (see under each name) ————————NEW ZEALAND FLAX, or HEMPThe fibre obtained from the Phormium Tenax plant which is a native of New Zealand and South Australia. The fibre is very white, soft and flexible and has a high lustre. It differs from most hemp fibres in that it is obtained from the leaf and not the bast. It is not so fine or regular as true flax, nor does it spin as well, but it is superior to either flax or hemp in its tenacity. It is largely used for cordage, twine and floor-matting, through the best fibre is woven into a duck fabric closely resembling linen. There are numerous local names for this plant - The common variety of the lowland swamps is Harakeke, that of the higher ground is Paritanewha, and the best variety is called Taihore. The fibre is generally known as Muka. -
42 Nylon
Nylon was first made in the laboratories of E.I. du Pont de Nemours, of Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A., under the direction of the late Dr. W. H. Carothers as a result of researches started 1928. In October, 1938, it -was announced to the world that a new form of textile fibre had been made by man, and that " nylon " was to be its name. Nylon stockings were on sale to the general public in U.S.A. on May 15, 1940, and many other items of wearing apparel were shown at the New York Pair that summer. In Great Britain, plans made jointly before the war by Courtaulds and Imperial Chemical Industries were responsible for production being started in 1941 by British Nylon Spinners Limited. The " 66 " polymer (each molecule of these reagents contains 6 carbon atoms and hence the name or designation " 66 ") was first made in 1935. Nylon is a name, not for a single material, but for a whole class or family of entirely new materials. There are many nylons and there may be many more. Nylon is the generic or family name for them all, just as glass and coal are names of classes of substances. Nylon, in the general sense, is a man-made material having a chemical composition akin to proteins, of which silk, hair and wool are examples, although nylon has not an exact counterpart in nature. It is not an " artificial " product, nor a man-made copy of a natural material. It can be made up into powders, sheets, solutions, strands or yarns, each with special properties according to requirements. The " 66 " polymer, from which yam is made, was synthesised in 1933, although not announced to the world until October, 1938. The raw material from which the diamine and acid for making " 66 " polymer are obtained are phenol from coal, oxygen and nitrogen from the air, and hydrogen from water. Particularly suitable where high elasticity is required. Uses include parachute fabrics, tyre cords, glider tow ropes, shoe laces webbing, braid, tape and thread, fully-fashioned hosiery, seamless hosiery, underwear fabrics, lace, nets, dress fabrics, marquisettes, neckties, transparent velvet, coated fabrics for raincoats and food covers. Industrial uses include shoe fabrics, sash cords, window screens, filters and bolting fabrics, also slip covers, motor car upholstery, shirtings, tents and shower curtains. -
43 Bacon, Francis Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 21 December 1904 Billericay, Englandd. 24 May 1992 Little Shelford, Cambridge, England[br]English mechanical engineer, a pioneer in the modern phase of fuel-cell development.[br]After receiving his education at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, Bacon served with C.A. Parsons at Newcastle upon Tyne from 1925 to 1940. From 1946 to 1956 he carried out research on Hydrox fuel cells at Cambridge University and was a consultant on fuel-cell design to a number of organizations throughout the rest of his life.Sir William Grove was the first to observe that when oxygen and hydrogen were supplied to platinum electrodes immersed in sulphuric acid a current was produced in an external circuit, but he did not envisage this as a practical source of electrical energy. In the 1930s Bacon started work to develop a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell that operated at moderate temperatures and pressures using an alkaline electrolyte. In 1940 he was appointed to a post at King's College, London, and there, with the support of the Admiralty, he started full-time experimental work on fuel cells. His brief was to produce a power source for the propulsion of submarines. The following year he was posted as a temporary experimental officer to the Anti-Submarine Experimental Establishment at Fairlie, Ayrshire, and he remained there until the end of the Second World War.In 1946 he joined the Department of Chemical Engineering at Cambridge, receiving a small amount of money from the Electrical Research Association. Backing came six years later from the National Research and Development Corporation (NRDC), the development of the fuel cell being transferred to Marshalls of Cambridge, where Bacon was appointed Consultant.By 1959, after almost twenty years of individual effort, he was able to demonstrate a 6 kW (8 hp) power unit capable of driving a small truck. Bacon appreciated that when substantial power was required over long periods the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell associated with high-pressure gas storage would be more compact than conventional secondary batteries.The development of the fuel-cell system pioneered by Bacon was stimulated by a particular need for a compact, lightweight source of power in the United States space programme. Electro-chemical generators using hydrogen-oxygen cells were chosen to provide the main supplies on the Apollo spacecraft for landing on the surface of the moon in 1969. An added advantage of the cells was that they simultaneously provided water. NRDC was largely responsible for the forma-tion of Energy Conversion Ltd, a company that was set up to exploit Bacon's patents and to manufacture fuel cells, and which was supported by British Ropes Ltd, British Petroleum and Guest, Keen \& Nettlefold Ltd at Basingstoke. Bacon was their full-time consultant. In 1971 Energy Conversion's operation was moved to the UK Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, as Fuel Cells Ltd. Bacon remained with them until he retired in 1973.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsOBE 1967. FRS 1972. Royal Society S.G. Brown Medal 1965. Royal Aeronautical Society British Silver Medal 1969.Bibliography27 February 1952, British patent no. 667,298 (hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell). 1963, contribution in W.Mitchell (ed.), Fuel Cells, New York, pp. 130–92.1965, contribution in B.S.Baker (ed.), Hydrocarbon Fuel Cell Technology, New York, pp. 1–7.Further ReadingObituary, 1992, Daily Telegraph (8 June).A.McDougal, 1976, Fuel Cells, London (makes an acknowledgement of Bacon's contribution to the design and application of fuel cells).D.P.Gregory, 1972, Fuel Cells, London (a concise introduction to fuel-cell technology).GW -
44 cuerda
cuerda sustantivo femenino 1 ( delgada) string;◊ cuerda floja (Espec) tightrope2 (Mús)b)cuerdas vocales vocal chords (pl) 3 (de reloj, juguete): le dio cuerda al despertador she wound up the alarm clock
cuerdo,-a adjetivo sane
cuerda sustantivo femenino
1 (soga gruesa) rope (fina, cordel) string
2 (de instrumento) string
3 (del reloj) spring
4 cuerda floja, tightrope
cuerdas vocales, vocal chords
instrumento de cuerda, stringed instrument Locuciones: dar cuerda a alguien, to encourage sb
dar cuerda al reloj, to wind up a watch
estar contra las cuerdas, to be on the ropes
estar en la cuerda floja, to walk the tightrope
bajo cuerda, dishonestly ' cuerda' also found in these entries: Spanish: ceder - comba - descolgar - desligar - equilibrista - experimentar - floja - flojo - instrumento - maroma - mástil - pulsar - retorcer - rollo - seguir - soltar - soltarse - tensa - tensar - tenso - tirar - tirante - tralla - aflojar - asir - cordel - cordón - cortar - desenrollar - deslizar - diapasón - enredado - enredar - enrollar - enroscar - fuerte - lazo - ramal - reata - resistir - romper - saltar - soga - tendedero - tensión - tentar English: bind - clockwork - coil - cord - dicey - end - extend - fray - gut - haul - hoist - hold - hold out - kink - line - loop - pass - pull - pull in - quartet - reach - rope - rope ladder - sever - slack - slacken - start off - stout - string - tight - tighten - tightrope - tug-of-war - washing line - wind - wind up - clock - clothes - cut - grab - hang - high - jump - life - over - skip - stringed - tow - tug - washing -
45 Tucum Fibre
Fine and very strong fibre from the leaves of the Astrocaryum Tucuma palm in Brazil. Used for ropes, baskets, hats, hammocks, etc. The fibre is greatly esteemed and hammocks made from it sell at high prices. -
46 standing
1. n положение, ранг, репутацияto differ in social standing — различаться по социальному положению, принадлежать к разным слоям общества
standing order — устав, положение, регламент
2. n прочное положениеstanding position — положение «стоя»
3. n продолжительность, длительность4. n стаж5. n юр. редк. право возбуждать судебное дело6. n редк. стояние, стоячее положениеstanding room — стоячее место, место для стояния
7. n редк. стоячее место8. n редк. амер. стоянка9. a стоящий, стоячий10. a производимый из стоячего положения или в стоячем положении11. a приспособленный для стояния12. a постоянный, непрерывныйstanding army — постоянная армия, регулярная армия
13. a неподвижный, стационарный14. a остановленный, недействующий, неработающий15. a стоячий, непроточный16. a полигр. нерассыпанный, сохранённый17. a на ножкеСинонимический ряд:1. established (adj.) effective; established; in effect; in force; operative; settled2. lasting (adj.) constant; continuing; continuous; durable; lasting; permanent; steady; unceasing; unchanging3. stagnant (adj.) idle; motionless; out of use; stagnant; stationary; still; unmoving; unused4. status (noun) cachet; capacity; character; condition; consequence; credit; dignity; face; footing; place; position; prestige; quality; rank; reputation; situation; state; station; stature; status; terms5. bearing (verb) abiding; accepting; bearing; brooking; digesting; enduring; going; lumping; standing; sticking out; stomaching; suffering; supporting; sustaining; swallowing; sweating out; taking; tolerating6. treating (verb) blowing; setting up; treating -
47 Bagi Pat
A variety of jute grown in Eastern Bengal. The fibres are of good lustre and whitish in colour. It grows on high lands, and ropes made of the fibre are strong. -
48 גפא I
גַּפָּאI ch. sam(גף II bent, joint); 1) wing, also winged animal (interch. with גַּדְפָא). Targ. Prov. 1:17; a. fr.Cant. R. to IV, 8 דמנערא גפא (Gen. R. s. 75 גרמה, Var. אגפה), v. גֵּו.Pl. גַּפִּין, גַּפַּיָּא, גַּפֵּי. Targ. Koh. 10:20. Targ. Ez. 1:6; a. fr.Lam. R. to I, 1 רבתי beg. 2) a pole with a hook for cutting off fruits on high trees; (oth. opin. a ladder hooked into the tree. Ned.89b (a proverbial phrase) רהיט בג׳ ותובלייא he ran with hook and ropes (or baskets); i. e. he tried his utmost. -
49 גַּפָּא
גַּפָּאI ch. sam(גף II bent, joint); 1) wing, also winged animal (interch. with גַּדְפָא). Targ. Prov. 1:17; a. fr.Cant. R. to IV, 8 דמנערא גפא (Gen. R. s. 75 גרמה, Var. אגפה), v. גֵּו.Pl. גַּפִּין, גַּפַּיָּא, גַּפֵּי. Targ. Koh. 10:20. Targ. Ez. 1:6; a. fr.Lam. R. to I, 1 רבתי beg. 2) a pole with a hook for cutting off fruits on high trees; (oth. opin. a ladder hooked into the tree. Ned.89b (a proverbial phrase) רהיט בג׳ ותובלייא he ran with hook and ropes (or baskets); i. e. he tried his utmost.
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