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  • 121 high

    1. adjective
    1) hoch [Berg, Gebäude, Mauer]
    2) (above normal level) hoch [Stiefel]

    the river/water is high — der Fluss/das Wasser steht hoch

    be left high and dry — (fig.) auf dem trock[e]nen sitzen (ugs.)

    3) (far above ground or sea level) hoch [Gipfel, Punkt]; groß [Höhe]
    4) (to or from far above the ground) hoch [Aufstieg, Sprung]

    high diving — Turmspringen, das; see also academic.ru/5412/bar">bar 1. 2)

    5) (of exalted rank) hoch [Beamter, Amt, Gericht]

    high and mighty — (coll.): (highhanded) selbstherrlich; (coll.): (superior) hochnäsig (ugs.)

    be born or destined for higher things — zu Höherem geboren od. bestimmt sein

    6) (great in degree) hoch; groß [Gefallen, Bedeutung]; stark [Wind]

    be held in high regard/esteem — hohes Ansehen/hohe Wertschätzung genießen

    high blood pressure — Bluthochdruck, der

    have a high opinion of somebody/something — eine hohe Meinung von jemandem/etwas haben (geh.); viel von jemandem/etwas halten

    7) (noble, virtuous) hoch [Ideal, Ziel, Prinzip, Berufung]; edel [Charakter]

    it is high time you left — es ist od. wird höchste Zeit, dass du gehst

    high summer — Hochsommer, der

    9) (luxurious, extravagant) üppig [Leben]
    10) (enjoyable)

    have a high [old] time — sich bestens amüsieren

    11) (coll.): (on a drug) high nicht attr. (ugs.) (on von)

    get high on — sich anturnen mit (ugs.) [Haschisch, LSD usw.]

    12) (in pitch) hoch [Ton, Stimme, Lage, Klang usw.]
    13) (slightly decomposed) angegangen (landsch.) [Fleisch]
    14) (Cards) hoch
    2. adverb
    1) (in or to a high position) hoch

    search or hunt or look high and low — überall suchen

    3. noun
    1) (highest level/figure) Höchststand, der; see also all-time

    on high — hoch oben od. (geh., südd., österr.) droben; (in heaven) im Himmel

    3) (Meteorol.) Hoch, das
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (at, from, or reaching up to, a great distance from ground-level, sea-level etc: a high mountain; a high dive; a dive from the high diving-board.) hoch
    2) (having a particular height: This building is about 20 metres high; My horse is fifteen hands high.) hoch
    3) (great; large; considerable: The car was travelling at high speed; He has a high opinion of her work; They charge high prices; high hopes; The child has a high fever/temperature.) hoch
    4) (most important; very important: the high altar in a church; Important criminal trials are held at the High Court; a high official.) Haupt-...
    5) (noble; good: high ideals.) hoch
    6) ((of a wind) strong: The wind is high tonight.) stark
    7) ((of sounds) at or towards the top of a (musical) range: a high note.) hoch
    8) ((of voices) like a child's voice (rather than like a man's): He still speaks in a high voice.) hoch
    9) ((of food, especially meat) beginning to go bad.) angegangen
    10) (having great value: Aces and kings are high cards.) hoch
    2. adverb
    (at, or to, a great distance from ground-level, sea-level etc: The plane was flying high in the sky; He'll rise high in his profession.) hoch
    - highly
    - highness
    - high-chair
    - high-class
    - higher education
    - high fidelity
    - high-handed
    - high-handedly
    - high-handedness
    - high jump
    - highlands
    - high-level
    - highlight     3. verb
    (to draw particular attention to (a person, thing etc).) hervorheben
    - highly-strung
    - high-minded
    - high-mindedness
    - high-pitched
    - high-powered
    - high-rise
    - highroad
    - high school
    - high-spirited
    - high spirits
    - high street
    - high-tech     4. adjective
    ((also hi-tech): high-tech industries.)
    - high tide
    - high treason
    - high water
    - highway
    - Highway Code
    - highwayman
    - high wire
    - high and dry
    - high and low
    - high and mighty
    - the high seas
    - it is high time
    * * *
    [haɪ]
    I. adj
    1. (altitude) hoch präd, hohe(r, s) attr
    he lives on the \highest floor er wohnt im obersten Stockwerk
    I knew him when he was only so \high ich kannte ihn schon als kleines Kind
    the river is \high der Fluss führt Hochwasser
    she wore a dress with a \high neckline sie trug ein hochgeschlossenes Kleid
    to fly at a \high altitude in großer Höhe fliegen
    the rooms in our flat have \high ceilings unsere Wohnung hat hohe Räume
    thirty centimetres/one metre \high dreißig Zentimeter/ein Meter hoch
    \high cheekbones hohe Wangenknochen
    to do a \high dive einen Kopfsprung aus großer Höhe machen
    \high forehead hohe Stirn
    \high latitude GEOG hohe Breite
    2. (above average) hohe(r, s) attr, hoch präd
    she got very \high marks sie bekam sehr gute Noten
    the job demands a \high level of concentration die Tätigkeit erfordert hohe Konzentration
    to have \high hopes sich dat große Hoffnungen machen
    to have \high hopes for sb für jdn große Pläne haben
    to have a \high IQ einen hohen IQ haben
    a \high-scoring match ein Match nt mit vielen Treffern
    to have a \high opinion of sb von jdm eine hohe Meinung haben
    to be full of \high praise [for sb/sth] [für jdn/etw] voll des Lobes sein
    to pay a \high price for sth ( also fig) für etw akk einen hohen Preis bezahlen a. fig
    to drive at \high speed mit hoher Geschwindigkeit fahren
    to demand \high standards from sb/sth hohe Ansprüche [o Anforderungen] an jdn/etw stellen
    3. (of large numerical value)
    the casualty toll from the explosion was \high die Explosion forderte viele Opfer
    \high calibre [or AM caliber] gun großkalibrige Waffe
    of the \highest calibre [or AM caliber] ( fig) hervorragend
    the \highest common denominator der größte gemeinsame Nenner
    \high number hohe [o große] Zahl
    safety is \high on my list of priorities Sicherheit steht weit oben auf meiner Prioritätenliste
    to have sth on the \highest authority ( esp hum) etw aus zuverlässiger Quelle wissen
    \high crimes schwere Vergehen
    to hold/resign from \high office ein hohes Amt innehaben/niederlegen
    to have friends in \high places wichtige Freunde haben
    of \high rank hochrangig
    to be of \high birth adliger Abstammung sein
    to have \high principles hohe Prinzipien haben
    6. ( pej: arrogant) arrogant
    to be \high and mighty ( pej) herablassend sein
    7. (intense)
    to have a \high complexion ein gerötetes Gesicht haben
    to be \high drama hochdramatisch sein
    \high wind starker Wind
    8. MED
    \high blood-pressure hoher Blutdruck
    \high fever hohes Fieber
    9. FOOD (rich)
    \high in calories kalorienreich
    to be \high in calcium/iron viel Kalzium/Eisen enthalten
    10. (intoxicated, euphoric) high a. fig fam
    to be \high on drugs mit Drogen vollgepumpt sein
    to be [as] \high as a kite ( fam: euphoric) total high sein sl; (drunk) stockbesoffen sein sl
    11. (shrill)
    to sing in a \high key in einer hohen Tonlage singen
    a \high note ein hoher Ton
    a \high voice eine schrille Stimme
    12. LING
    \high vowel hoher Vokal
    13. pred (gone off)
    ▪ to be \high food riechen; game Hautgout haben
    14.
    ▶ with one's head held \high hoch erhobenen Hauptes
    ▶ come hell or \high water um jeden Preis
    come hell or \high water, I'm going to get this finished by midnight und wenn die Welt untergeht, bis Mitternacht habe ich das fertig
    ▶ to leave sb \high and dry jdn auf dem Trockenen sitzen lassen
    ▶ to stink to \high heaven (smell awful) wie die Pest stinken sl; (be very suspicious) zum Himmel stinken fig sl
    ▶ sb's stock is \high jds Aktien stehen gut fig, jd steht hoch im Kurs
    ▶ \high time höchste Zeit
    II. adv
    1. (position) hoch
    you have to throw the ball \high du musst den Ball in die Höhe werfen
    ▪ \high up hoch oben
    2. (amount) hoch
    the prices are running \high die Preise liegen hoch
    he said he would go as \high as 500 dollars er meinte, er würde maximal 500 Dollar ausgeben
    the sea was running \high das Meer tobte; ( fig)
    feelings were running \high die Gemüter erhitzten sich
    4.
    ▶ to hold one's head \high stolz sein
    ▶ \high and low überall
    to look [or search] for sth \high and low das Unterste nach oben kehren fig
    ▶ to live \high on [or off] the hog fürstlich leben
    III. n
    1. (high point) Höchststand m
    to reach an all-time [or a record] \high einen historischen Höchststand erreichen
    2. METEO Hoch nt
    \highs and lows Höhen und Tiefen fig
    to be on a \high high sein sl
    on \high im Himmel, in der Höhe poet
    God looked down from on \high Gott blickte vom Himmel herab; ( hum fig fam)
    the orders came from on \high die Befehle kamen von höchster Stelle
    5. AUTO höchster Gang
    to move into \high den höchsten Gang einlegen
    * * *
    [haɪ]
    1. adj (+er)
    1) mountain, wall, forehead, building hoch pred, hohe(r, s) attr

    a high dive — ein Kopfsprung m aus großer Höhe

    I knew him when he was only so high — ich kannte ihn, als er nur SO groß war or noch so klein war

    See:
    → also high ground
    2) (= important, superior) hoch pred, hohe(r, s) attr
    3) (= considerable, extreme, great) opinion, speed, temperature, fever, pressure, salary, price, rate, density, sea hoch pred, hohe(r, s) attr; reputation ausgezeichnet, hervorragend; altitude groß; wind stark; complexion, colour (hoch)rot

    /quality — von bestem Format/bester Qualität

    casualties were high — es gab viele Opfer; (Mil) es gab hohe Verluste

    to put a high value on sth —

    to have high expectations of sb/sth — hohe Erwartungen an jdn/etw stellen

    in (very) high spirits — in Hochstimmung, in äußerst guter Laune

    to have a high old time (inf) — sich prächtig amüsieren, mächtig Spaß haben (inf)

    4) (= good, admirable) ideals, principles hoch
    5)

    (of time) high noon — zwölf Uhr mittags

    it's high time you went home — es ist or wird höchste Zeit, dass du nach Hause gehst

    6) sound, note hoch; (= shrill) schrill
    7) (inf on drugs) high (inf); (on drink) blau (inf)
    8) meat angegangen
    9) (CARDS) hoch pred, hohe(r, s) attr
    2. adv (+er)
    1) hoch

    high up (position) — hoch oben; (motion) hoch hinauf

    birds circling very high up — Vögel, die ganz weit oben kreisen

    higher up the hill was a small farm — etwas weiter oben am Berg lag ein kleiner Bauernhof

    2)

    to go as high as £200 — bis zu £ 200 (hoch) gehen

    inflation is climbing higher and higher —

    3. n
    1)
    2)

    unemployment/the pound has reached a new high — die Arbeitslosenzahlen haben/das Pfund hat einen neuen Höchststand erreicht

    3) (MET) Hoch nt
    4) (US AUT

    = top gear) in high —

    5) (US inf = high school) Penne f (inf)
    * * *
    high [haı]
    A adj (adv → highly)( → higher, highest)
    1. hoch:
    ten feet high zehn Fuß hoch;
    at high altitudes in großen Höhen; → beam A 6, horse A 1
    2. hoch (gelegen):
    High Asia Hochasien n
    3. GEOG hoch (nahe den Polen):
    high latitude hohe Breite
    4. hoch (Grad):
    high expectations große oder hohe Erwartungen;
    high favo(u)r hohe Gunst;
    high hopes große Hoffnungen;
    high praise großes Lob;
    keep the pace high SPORT das Tempo hoch halten;
    a) hohe Geschwindigkeit,
    b) SCHIFF hohe Fahrt, äußerste Kraft;
    high starting number SPORT hohe Startnummer;
    be high in calories viele Kalorien haben;
    be high in fat fettreich sein; → gear A 3
    5. stark, heftig:
    high passion wilde Leidenschaft;
    high wind starker Wind;
    high words heftige oder scharfe Worte
    6. hoch (im Rang), Hoch…, Ober…, Haupt…:
    a high official ein hoher Beamter;
    the Most High der Allerhöchste (Gott)
    7. bedeutend, hoch, wichtig:
    high aims hohe Ziele;
    high politics pl (oft als sg konstruiert) hohe Politik
    8. hoch (Stellung), vornehm, edel:
    of high birth von hoher oder edler Geburt, hochgeboren;
    high society High Society f, gehobene Gesellschaftsschicht; → standing A 1
    9. hoch, erhaben, edel:
    high spirit erhabener Geist
    10. hoch, gut, erstklassig (Qualität etc):
    high performance hohe Leistung
    11. hoch, Hoch… (auf dem Höhepunkt stehend):
    High Middle Ages pl Hochmittelalter n;
    high period Glanzzeit f (eines Künstlers etc)
    12. hoch, fortgeschritten (Zeit):
    high summer Hochsommer m;
    it is high day es ist heller Tag; → high time 1, noon A 1
    13. (zeitlich) fern, tief:
    in high antiquity tief im Altertum
    14. LING
    a) Hoch… (Sprache)
    b) hoch (Laut):
    high tone Hochton m
    15. hoch (im Kurs), teuer:
    land is high Land ist teuer
    17. extrem, eifrig (Sozialdemokrat etc)
    18. a) hoch, hell (Ton etc)
    b) schrill, laut (Stimme etc)
    19. lebhaft (Farben):
    high complexion rosiger Teint
    20. erregend, spannend (Abenteuer etc)
    21. a) gehoben, heiter: → jinks, spirit A 8
    b) umg blau (betrunken)
    c) umg high (im Drogenrausch)
    22. umg scharf, erpicht ( beide:
    on auf akk)
    23. GASTR angegangen, mit Hautgout (Wild):
    be high Hautgout haben
    24. SCHIFF hoch am Wind
    B adv
    1. hoch:
    aim high fig sich hohe Ziele setzen oder stecken;
    lift high in die Höhe heben, hochheben;
    a) hochgehen (See, Wellen),
    b) fig toben (Gefühle);
    feelings ran high die Gemüter erhitzten sich;
    search high and low überall suchen, etwas wie eine Stecknadel suchen
    2. stark, heftig, in hohem Grad oder Maß
    3. teuer:
    pay high teuer bezahlen
    4. hoch, mit hohem Einsatz:
    5. üppig:
    live high in Saus und Braus leben
    6. SCHIFF hoch am Wind
    C s
    1. (An)Höhe f, hoch gelegener Ort:
    a) hoch oben, droben,
    b) hoch hinauf,
    c) im oder zum Himmel;
    a) von oben,
    b) vom Himmel
    2. METEO Hoch(druckgebiet) n
    3. TECH
    a) hochübersetztes oder hochuntersetztes Getriebe (an Fahrzeugen), besonders Geländegang m
    b) höchster Gang:
    move ( oder shift) into high den höchsten Gang einlegen
    4. fig Höchststand m:
    his life was full of highs and lows sein Leben war voller Höhen und Tiefen
    5. umg für high school
    6. he’s still got his high umg er ist noch immer blau oder high
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) hoch [Berg, Gebäude, Mauer]
    2) (above normal level) hoch [Stiefel]

    the river/water is high — der Fluss/das Wasser steht hoch

    be left high and dry — (fig.) auf dem trock[e]nen sitzen (ugs.)

    3) (far above ground or sea level) hoch [Gipfel, Punkt]; groß [Höhe]
    4) (to or from far above the ground) hoch [Aufstieg, Sprung]

    high diving — Turmspringen, das; see also bar 1. 2)

    5) (of exalted rank) hoch [Beamter, Amt, Gericht]

    high and mighty — (coll.): (highhanded) selbstherrlich; (coll.): (superior) hochnäsig (ugs.)

    be born or destined for higher things — zu Höherem geboren od. bestimmt sein

    6) (great in degree) hoch; groß [Gefallen, Bedeutung]; stark [Wind]

    be held in high regard/esteem — hohes Ansehen/hohe Wertschätzung genießen

    high blood pressure — Bluthochdruck, der

    have a high opinion of somebody/something — eine hohe Meinung von jemandem/etwas haben (geh.); viel von jemandem/etwas halten

    7) (noble, virtuous) hoch [Ideal, Ziel, Prinzip, Berufung]; edel [Charakter]
    8) (of time, season)

    it is high time you left — es ist od. wird höchste Zeit, dass du gehst

    high summer — Hochsommer, der

    9) (luxurious, extravagant) üppig [Leben]

    have a high [old] time — sich bestens amüsieren

    11) (coll.): (on a drug) high nicht attr. (ugs.) (on von)

    get high on — sich anturnen mit (ugs.) [Haschisch, LSD usw.]

    12) (in pitch) hoch [Ton, Stimme, Lage, Klang usw.]
    13) (slightly decomposed) angegangen (landsch.) [Fleisch]
    14) (Cards) hoch
    2. adverb

    search or hunt or look high and low — überall suchen

    3. noun
    1) (highest level/figure) Höchststand, der; see also all-time

    on high — hoch oben od. (geh., südd., österr.) droben; (in heaven) im Himmel

    3) (Meteorol.) Hoch, das
    * * *
    adj.
    hoch adj.
    hoh adj. n.
    Hoch nur sing. n.
    Höchststand m.

    English-german dictionary > high

  • 122 high

    1. adjective
    1) (at, from, or reaching up to, a great distance from ground-level, sea-level etc: a high mountain; a high dive; a dive from the high diving-board.) høj
    2) (having a particular height: This building is about 20 metres high; My horse is fifteen hands high.) høj
    3) (great; large; considerable: The car was travelling at high speed; He has a high opinion of her work; They charge high prices; high hopes; The child has a high fever/temperature.) høj
    4) (most important; very important: the high altar in a church; Important criminal trials are held at the High Court; a high official.) høj-; højeste; højtstående
    5) (noble; good: high ideals.) høj
    6) ((of a wind) strong: The wind is high tonight.) stærk
    7) ((of sounds) at or towards the top of a (musical) range: a high note.) høj
    8) ((of voices) like a child's voice (rather than like a man's): He still speaks in a high voice.) høj
    9) ((of food, especially meat) beginning to go bad.) blive dårlig
    10) (having great value: Aces and kings are high cards.) høj
    2. adverb
    (at, or to, a great distance from ground-level, sea-level etc: The plane was flying high in the sky; He'll rise high in his profession.) højt
    - highness
    - high-chair
    - high-class
    - higher education
    - high fidelity
    - high-handed
    - high-handedly
    - high-handedness
    - high jump
    - highlands
    - high-level
    - highlight     3. verb
    (to draw particular attention to (a person, thing etc).) fremhæve
    - high-minded
    - high-mindedness
    - high-pitched
    - high-powered
    - high-rise
    - highroad
    - high school
    - high-spirited
    - high spirits
    - high street
    - high-tech     4. adjective
    ((also hi-tech): high-tech industries.) hightech-; højteknologisk
    - high treason
    - high water
    - highway
    - Highway Code
    - highwayman
    - high wire
    - high and dry
    - high and low
    - high and mighty
    - the high seas
    - it is high time
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (at, from, or reaching up to, a great distance from ground-level, sea-level etc: a high mountain; a high dive; a dive from the high diving-board.) høj
    2) (having a particular height: This building is about 20 metres high; My horse is fifteen hands high.) høj
    3) (great; large; considerable: The car was travelling at high speed; He has a high opinion of her work; They charge high prices; high hopes; The child has a high fever/temperature.) høj
    4) (most important; very important: the high altar in a church; Important criminal trials are held at the High Court; a high official.) høj-; højeste; højtstående
    5) (noble; good: high ideals.) høj
    6) ((of a wind) strong: The wind is high tonight.) stærk
    7) ((of sounds) at or towards the top of a (musical) range: a high note.) høj
    8) ((of voices) like a child's voice (rather than like a man's): He still speaks in a high voice.) høj
    9) ((of food, especially meat) beginning to go bad.) blive dårlig
    10) (having great value: Aces and kings are high cards.) høj
    2. adverb
    (at, or to, a great distance from ground-level, sea-level etc: The plane was flying high in the sky; He'll rise high in his profession.) højt
    - highness
    - high-chair
    - high-class
    - higher education
    - high fidelity
    - high-handed
    - high-handedly
    - high-handedness
    - high jump
    - highlands
    - high-level
    - highlight     3. verb
    (to draw particular attention to (a person, thing etc).) fremhæve
    - high-minded
    - high-mindedness
    - high-pitched
    - high-powered
    - high-rise
    - highroad
    - high school
    - high-spirited
    - high spirits
    - high street
    - high-tech     4. adjective
    ((also hi-tech): high-tech industries.) hightech-; højteknologisk
    - high treason
    - high water
    - highway
    - Highway Code
    - highwayman
    - high wire
    - high and dry
    - high and low
    - high and mighty
    - the high seas
    - it is high time

    English-Danish dictionary > high

  • 123 last

    I 1. adjective
    letzt...

    be last to arrive — als letzter/letzte ankommen

    for the [very] last time — zum [aller]letzten Mal

    who was last? — wer war letzter?

    the last two — die letzten beiden

    he came last — er war letzter

    second last, last but one — vorletzt...

    last but not least — last, not least; nicht zuletzt

    last evening/night was windy — gestern abend/gestern od. heute nacht war es windig

    last evening/week we were out — gestern abend/letzte Woche waren wir aus

    that would be the last thing to do in this situation — das wäre das Letzte, was man in dieser Situation tun würde

    2. adverb
    1) [ganz] zuletzt; als letzter/letzte [sprechen, ankommen]
    2) (on last previous occasion) das letzte Mal; zuletzt

    when did you last see him or see him last? — wann hast du ihn zuletzt od. das letzte Mal gesehen?

    3. noun

    you haven't heard the last of this matter — das letzte Wort in dieser Sache ist noch nicht gesprochen

    that was the last we ever saw of him — das war das letzte Mal, daß wir ihn gesehen haben

    2) (person or thing) letzter...

    I'm always the last to be told — ich bin immer der letzte, der etwas erfährt

    3) (day, moment[s])

    to or till the last — bis zuletzt; see also academic.ru/8875/breathe">breathe 2. 1)

    4)

    at [long] last — endlich; schließlich [doch noch]

    II intransitive verb
    1) (continue) andauern; [Wetter, Ärger:] anhalten

    last from... to... — von... bis... dauern

    it can't/won't last — das geht nicht mehr lange so

    it's too good to last — es ist zu schön, um von Dauer zu sein

    2) (manage to continue) es aushalten
    3) (suffice) reichen

    this knife will last [me] a lifetime — dies Messer hält mein ganzes Leben

    III noun
    (for shoemaker) Leisten, der
    * * *
    I 1. adjective
    1) (coming at the end: We set out on the last day of November; He was last in the race; He caught the last bus home.) letzt
    2) (most recent; next before the present: Our last house was much smaller than this; last year/month/week.) letzt
    3) (coming or remaining after all the others: He was the last guest to leave.) letzt
    2. adverb
    (at the end of or after all the others: He took his turn last.) zuletzt
    - lastly
    - at long last
    - at last
    - hear
    - see the last of
    - the last person
    - the last straw
    - the last thing
    - the last word
    - on one's last legs
    - to the last     II verb
    1) (to continue to exist: This situation lasted until she got married; I hope this fine weather lasts.) andauern
    2) (to remain in good condition or supply: This carpet has lasted well; The bread won't last another two days - we'll need more; This coat will last me until I die.) sich halten
    •
    - lasting
    - last out
    * * *
    last1
    [lɑ:st, AM læst]
    n Leisten m
    ▶ the cobbler should stick to his \last ( prov) Schuster, bleib bei deinem Leisten prov
    last2
    [lɑ:st, AM læst]
    I. adj inv
    1. attr (after all the others)
    ▪ the \last... der/die/das letzte...
    they caught the \last bus sie nahmen den letzten Bus
    to arrive/come \last als Letzte(r) f(m) ankommen/kommen
    to plan sth [down] to the \last detail etw bis ins kleinste Detail planen
    to do sth \last thing etw als Letztes tun
    I always switch on the washing machine \last thing [at night] ich mache als Letztes vor dem Schlafengehen immer noch die Waschmaschine an
    the second/third \last door die vor-/drittletzte Tür
    the \last one der/die/das Letzte
    our house is the \last one on the left before the traffic lights unser Haus ist das Letzte links vor der Ampel
    to be the \last one to do sth etw als Letzte(r) tun
    she was the \last one to arrive sie kam als Letzte an
    2. (lowest in order, rank) letzte(r, s)
    the Mets will surely finish the season in \last place die Mets werden am Ende der Saison sicher Tabellenletzte sein
    ▪ to be [or come] \last Letzte(r) f(m) sein; (in a race, competition) Letzte(r) f(m) werden
    to be fourth/third from \last Viert-/Drittletzte(r) f(m) sein
    to be \last but one [or next to \last] [or second [to] \last] Vorletzte(r) f(m) sein
    3. attr (final, remaining) letzte(r, s)
    I'll give you one \last chance ich gebe dir eine letzte Chance
    this is the \last time I do him a favour das ist das letzte Mal, dass ich ihm einen Gefallen tue
    can I have the \last piece of chocolate? darf ich das letzte Stück Schokolade essen?
    I'm down to my \last 50p ich habe nur noch 50 Pence
    it's our \last hope das ist unsere letzte Hoffnung
    these are the \last of our supplies das sind unsere letzten Vorräte
    he calculated the costs down to the \last penny er hat die Kosten bis auf den letzten Penny berechnet
    I'm almost finished — this is the \last but one box to empty ich bin fast fertig — das ist schon die vorletzte Kiste, die ich noch ausräumen muss
    to the \last man MIL bis auf den letzten Mann
    at the \last minute/moment in letzter Minute/im letzten Moment
    till/to the \last minute [or [possible] moment] bis zur letzten Minute/zum letzten Moment
    he always leaves important decisions to the \last possible moment er schiebt wichtige Entscheidungen immer bis zum letzten Moment hinaus
    he waited till the \last minute to submit an offer er wartete mit seinem Angebot bis zur letzten Minute
    as a [or BRIT also in the] \last resort im äußersten Notfall
    police are supposed to use guns only as a \last resort die Polizei soll nur im äußersten Notfall von der Waffe Gebrauch machen
    that's my \last word [on the subject] das ist mein letztes Wort [zu diesem Thema]
    to have the \last word das letzte Wort haben
    at long \last schließlich und endlich, zu guter Letzt
    at long \last the government is starting to listen to our problems endlich wird die Regierung einmal auf unsere Probleme aufmerksam
    4. attr (most recent, previous) letzte(r, s)
    when was the \last time you had a cigarette? wann hast du zum letzten Mal eine Zigarette geraucht?
    did you hear the storm \last night? hast du letzte Nacht den Sturm gehört?
    did you see the news on TV \last night? hast du gestern Abend die Nachrichten im Fernsehen gesehen?
    sb's \last album/book jds letztes Album/Buch
    \last month/November letzten Monat/November
    \last Sunday [or on Sunday \last] letzten Sonntag
    your letter of Sunday \last ( form) Ihr Brief von letztem Sonntag
    the results from \last Sunday:
    \last Sunday's results die Ergebnisse vom letzten Sonntag
    \last week/year letzte Woche/letztes Jahr
    the week/year before \last vorletzte Woche/vorletztes Jahr
    in the \last five years in den letzten fünf Jahren
    5. attr (most unlikely)
    ▪ the \last sb/sth der/die/das Letzte
    she was the \last person I expected to see sie hätte ich am allerwenigsten erwartet
    the \last thing I wanted was to make you unhappy das Letzte, was ich wollte, war dich unglücklich zu machen
    he's the \last person I want to see at the moment er ist der Letzte, den ich im Moment sehen möchte
    the \last thing she needed is a husband eine Ehemann hatte ihr gerade noch gefehlt! iron
    6.
    ▶ to have the \last laugh zuletzt lachen fig; (show everybody) es allen zeigen
    I'll have the \last laugh [over you]! dir werd ich's schon noch zeigen! fam
    ▶ the \last laugh is on sb jd lacht zuletzt fig
    ▶ sth is on its \last legs ( fam) etw gibt bald den Geist auf [o macht es nicht mehr lange] fam
    the foundry business was on its \last legs das Gießereigeschäft pfiff auf dem letzten Loch sl
    ▶ sb is on their \last legs ( fam: very tired) jd ist fix und fertig fam, jd pfeift auf dem letzten Loch sl; (near to death) jd macht es nicht mehr lange fam
    ▶ to be the \last straw das Fass [endgültig] zum Überlaufen bringen fig
    ▶ to be the \last word ( fam) zurzeit das Beste [o Nonplusultra] sein
    digital audio is the \last word in sound reproduction digitales Audio ist zurzeit das Nonplusultra im Bereich der Klangwiedergabe
    II. adv inv
    1. (most recently) das letzte Mal, zuletzt
    I \last saw him three weeks ago ich habe ihn zuletzt [o das letzte Mal] vor drei Wochen gesehen
    when did you have a cigarette \last [or \last have a cigarette]? wann hast du das letzte Mal geraucht?
    2. (after the others) als Letzte(r, s)
    the horse came in \last das Pferd kam als Letztes ins Ziel
    until \last bis zuletzt [o zum Schluss
    3. (lastly) zuletzt, zum Schluss
    \last, and most important... der letzte und wichtigste Punkt...
    and \last, I'd like to thank you all for coming und zum Schluss möchte ich Ihnen allen dafür danken, dass Sie gekommen sind
    \last but not [or by no means] least nicht zu vergessen, nicht zuletzt
    \last but not least, I'd like to thank you for coming und ich möchte mich nicht zuletzt auch für ihr Kommen bedanken
    III. n
    <pl ->
    ▪ the \last der/die/das Letzte
    she was the \last to arrive sie kam als Letzte
    the \last but one esp BRIT, AUS [or AM the next to \last] der/die/das Vorletzte
    to be the \last to do sth als Letzte(r) f(m) etw tun
    why are they always the \last to arrive? warum kommen sie immer als Letzte?
    why is he always the \last to be told? warum erfährt er immer alles als Letzter?
    2. (only one left, final one)
    ▪ the \last der/die/das Letzte
    she was the \last of the great educational reformers sie war die Letzte der großen Schulreformer
    to breathe one's \last den letzten Atemzug tun
    ▪ the \last der letzte Rest
    that was the \last of the real coffee das war der letzte Rest Bohnenkaffee
    the \last of the ice cream/strawberries der letzte Rest Eis/Erdbeeren
    4. (most recent, previous one)
    ▪ the \last der/die/das Letzte
    the \last we heard of her was that... das Letzte, was wir von ihr hörten, war, dass...
    the \last I heard she had lost her job das Letzte was ich von ihr weiß ist, dass sie ihren Job verloren hatte
    the \last we heard from her,... als wir das letzte Mal von ihr hörten,...
    the \last we saw of her,... als wir sie das letzte Mal sahen,...
    that was the \last we saw of her das war das letzte Mal, das wir sie gesehen haben, seitdem haben wir sie nie wieder gesehen
    5. usu sing SPORT (last position) letzter Platz
    Lion Cavern came from \last in a slowly run race Lion Cavern holte in einem langsamen Rennen vom letzten Platz auf
    ▪ the \last die letzte Runde
    7. ( fam: end)
    the dying embers sparked their \last die Funken verglühten
    you haven't heard the \last of this! das letzte Wort ist hier noch nicht gesprochen!
    we'll never hear the \last of it if they win wenn sie gewinnen, müssen wir uns das endlos anhören fam
    to see the \last of sth ( fam) etw nie wieder sehen müssen
    at \last endlich
    I've finished my essay at \last! endlich habe ich meinen Essay fertig!
    to the \last ( form: until the end) bis zuletzt; (utterly) durch und durch
    to defend one's principles to the \last seine Prinzipien bis zuletzt verteidigen
    she is patriotic to the \last sie ist durch und durch patriotisch
    last3
    [lɑ:st, AM læst]
    I. vi
    1. (go on for) [an]dauern
    it was only a short trip, but very enjoyable while it \lasted die Reise war zwar nur kurz, aber insgesamt sehr angenehm
    to \last [for] a month/week einen Monat/eine Woche dauern
    the rain is expected to \last all weekend der Regen soll das gesamte Wochenende anhalten
    2. (endure) halten; enthusiasm, intentions anhalten
    this is too good to \last das ist zu gut, um wahr zu sein
    it's the only battery we've got, so make it \last wir habe nur diese eine Batterie — verwende sie also sparsam
    her previous secretary only \lasted a month ihre vorige Sekretärin blieb nur einen Monat
    you won't \last long in this job if... du wirst diesen Job nicht lange behalten, wenn...
    he wouldn't \last five minutes in the army! er würde keine fünf Minuten beim Militär überstehen!
    built to \last für die Ewigkeit gebaut
    II. vt
    ▪ to \last sb supplies etc [aus]reichen; car, machine halten
    we've only got enough supplies to \last us a week unsere Vorräte werden nur eine Woche reichen
    to \last five years fünf Jahre halten
    to \last [sb] a lifetime ein Leben lang halten
    if you look after your teeth they will \last you a lifetime wenn du deine Zähne gut pflegst, wirst du sie dein Leben lang behalten
    * * *
    I [lAːst]
    1. adj
    1) letzte(r, s)

    the last but one, the second last (one) — der/die/das Vorletzte

    (the) last one there buys the drinks! — der Letzte or wer als Letzter ankommt, zahlt die Getränke

    last Monday, on Monday last — letzten Montag

    last year — letztes Jahr, im vorigen Jahr

    during the last 20 years, these last 20 years — in den letzten 20 Jahren

    last but not least — nicht zuletzt, last not least

    2)

    (= most unlikely, unsuitable etc) that's the last thing I worry about — das ist das Letzte, worüber ich mir Sorgen machen würde

    that's the last thing I wanted to happen —

    he's the last person I want to see — er ist der Letzte, den ich sehen möchte

    you're the last person to be entrusted with it — du bist der Letzte, dem man das anvertrauen kann

    2. n
    1) (= final one or part, one before) der/die/das Letzte

    he withdrew the last of his money from the bank — er hob sein letztes Geld von der Bank ab

    that was the last we saw of him —

    the last we heard of him was... — das Letzte, was wir von ihm hörten, war...

    that was the last we heard of it/him — seitdem haben wir nichts mehr darüber/von ihm gehört

    I hope this is the last we'll hear of it — ich hoffe, damit ist die Sache erledigt

    the last I heard, they were getting married — das Letzte, was ich gehört habe, war, dass sie heiraten

    I shall be glad to see the last of this/him — ich bin froh, wenn ich das hinter mir habe/wenn ich den los bin (inf) or wenn ich den nicht mehr sehe

    we shall never hear the last of it —

    2)
    3. adv
    II
    1. vt

    it will last me/a careful user a lifetime — das hält/bei vernünftiger Benutzung hält es ein Leben lang

    I didn't think he'd last the week — ich hätte nicht gedacht, dass er die Woche durchhält

    2. vi
    (= continue) dauern; (= remain intact cloth, flowers, marriage) halten

    it's too good to last — das ist zu schön, um wahr zu sein

    he'll stay as long as the beer lasts — er bleibt, solange Bier da ist

    will this material last? — ist dieses Material haltbar or dauerhaft?

    III
    n
    Leisten m

    cobbler, stick to your last! — Schuster, bleib bei deinem Leisten!

    * * *
    last1 [lɑːst; US læst]
    A adj (adv → lastly)
    1. letzt(er, e, es):
    the last two die beiden Letzten;
    last but one vorletzt(er, e, es);
    last but two drittletzt(er, e, es);
    for the last time zum letzten Mal;
    to the last man bis auf den letzten Mann;
    the Last Day REL der Jüngste Tag;
    Last Frontier US (Beiname für den Staat) Alaska n;
    last letter Abschiedsbrief m;
    last name bes US Familien-, Nach-, Zuname m;
    last number recall ( oder redial) TEL Wahlwiederholung f;
    last rites REL Sterbesakramente;
    last thing als Letztes (besonders vor dem Schlafengehen);
    be last SPORT etc an letzter Stelle liegen; → home A 4, honor B 2, judgment 6 b, etc
    2. letzt(er, e, es), vorig(er, e, es):
    last Monday, Monday last (am) letzten oder vorigen Montag;
    a) gestern Abend,
    b) in der vergangenen Nacht, letzte Nacht;
    last week in der letzten oder vorigen Woche, letzte oder vorige Woche
    3. neuest(er, e, es), letzt(er, e, es):
    the last thing in jazz das Neueste im Jazz; → word Bes Redew
    4. letzt(er, e, es) (allein übrig bleibend):
    5. letzt(er, e, es), endgültig, entscheidend: → word Bes Redew
    6. äußerst(er, e, es):
    the last degree der höchste Grad;
    of the last importance von höchster Bedeutung;
    my last price mein äußerster oder niedrigster Preis
    the last man I would choose der Letzte, den ich wählen würde;
    he was the last person I expected to see mit ihm oder mit seiner Gegenwart hatte ich am wenigsten gerechnet;
    the last thing I would do das Letzte, was ich tun würde;
    this is the last thing to happen es ist sehr unwahrscheinlich, dass das geschieht
    8. letzt(er, e, es), miserabelst(er, e, es), scheußlichst(er, e, es):
    B adv
    1. zuletzt, als Letzt(er, e, es), an letzter Stelle:
    he came last er kam als Letzter;
    last but not least last, (but) not least; nicht zuletzt; nicht zu vergessen;
    last of all zuallerletzt, ganz zuletzt
    2. zuletzt, zum letzten Mal:
    3. schließlich, zu guter Letzt
    4. letzt…:
    last-mentioned letztgenannt, -erwähnt
    C s
    1. (der, die, das) Letzte:
    the last to arrive der Letzte, der ankam;
    he was the last to come er kam als Letzter;
    he would be the last to say such a thing er wäre der Letzte, der so etwas sagen würde
    2. (der, die, das) Letzte oder Letztgenannte
    3. umg kurz für last baby, last letter etc:
    I wrote in my last ich schrieb in meinem letzten Brief;
    this is our last das ist unser Jüngstes
    4. umg
    a) letzte Erwähnung
    b) letztmaliger Anblick
    c) letztes Mal: → Bes Redew
    5. Ende n:
    a) Schluss m
    b) Tod m: → Bes RedewBesondere Redewendungen: at last
    a) endlich,
    b) schließlich, zuletzt;
    at long last schließlich (doch noch), nach langem Warten;
    a) bis zum Äußersten,
    b) bis zum Ende oder Schluss,
    c) bis zum Tod;
    breathe one’s last seinen letzten Atemzug tun, sein Leben aushauchen;
    a) zum letzten Male hören von,
    b) nichts mehr hören von;
    we’ve seen the last of him den sehen wir nie mehr wieder;
    we’ll never see the last of that guy den Kerl werden wir nie mehr los
    last2 [lɑːst; US læst]
    A v/i
    1. (an-, fort)dauern:
    too good to last zu schön, um lange zu währen
    2. bestehen:
    3. auch last out durch-, aus-, standhalten, sich halten:
    he won’t last much longer er wird es nicht mehr lange machen (auch Kranker);
    he didn’t last long in that job er hat es in dieser Stelle nicht lange ausgehalten
    4. (sich) halten:
    the paint will last die Farbe wird halten;
    the book will last das Buch wird sich (lange) halten;
    last well haltbar sein
    5. auch last out (aus)reichen, genügen:
    while the money lasts solange das Geld reicht;
    while stocks last solange der Vorrat reicht;
    we must make our supplies last wir müssen mit unseren Vorräten auskommen
    B v/t
    1. jemandem reichen:
    it will last us a week damit kommen wir eine Woche aus
    a) überdauern, -leben,
    b) (es mindestens) ebenso lange aushalten wie
    last3 [lɑːst; US læst] s Leisten m:
    put shoes on the last Schuhe über den Leisten schlagen;
    stick to one’s last fig bei seinem Leisten bleiben
    last4 [lɑːst; US læst] s Last f (Gewicht oder Hohlmaß, verschieden nach Ware und Ort, meist etwa 4000 englische Pfund oder 30 hl)
    * * *
    I 1. adjective
    letzt...

    be last to arrive — als letzter/letzte ankommen

    for the [very] last time — zum [aller]letzten Mal

    second last, last but one — vorletzt...

    last but not least — last, not least; nicht zuletzt

    last evening/night was windy — gestern abend/gestern od. heute nacht war es windig

    last evening/week we were out — gestern abend/letzte Woche waren wir aus

    that would be the last thing to do in this situation — das wäre das Letzte, was man in dieser Situation tun würde

    2. adverb
    1) [ganz] zuletzt; als letzter/letzte [sprechen, ankommen]
    2) (on last previous occasion) das letzte Mal; zuletzt

    when did you last see him or see him last? — wann hast du ihn zuletzt od. das letzte Mal gesehen?

    3. noun
    1) (mention, sight)

    that was the last we ever saw of him — das war das letzte Mal, daß wir ihn gesehen haben

    2) (person or thing) letzter...

    I'm always the last to be told — ich bin immer der letzte, der etwas erfährt

    3) (day, moment[s])

    to or till the last — bis zuletzt; see also breathe 2. 1)

    4)

    at [long] last — endlich; schließlich [doch noch]

    II intransitive verb
    1) (continue) andauern; [Wetter, Ärger:] anhalten

    last from... to... — von... bis... dauern

    it can't/won't last — das geht nicht mehr lange so

    it's too good to last — es ist zu schön, um von Dauer zu sein

    2) (manage to continue) es aushalten
    3) (suffice) reichen

    this knife will last [me] a lifetime — dies Messer hält mein ganzes Leben

    III noun
    (for shoemaker) Leisten, der
    * * *
    adj.
    letzt adj.
    letzter adj.
    letztes adj.
    vorig adj.
    zuletzt adj. (weather) v.
    andauern (Wetter) v. v.
    andauern v.
    dauern v.

    English-german dictionary > last

  • 124 single

    'siŋɡl
    1. adjective
    1) (one only: The spider hung on a single thread.) solo, único
    2) (for one person only: a single bed/mattress.) individual
    3) (unmarried: a single person.) soltero
    4) (for or in one direction only: a single ticket/journey/fare.) de ida, sencillo

    2. noun
    1) (a gramophone record with only one tune or song on each side: This group have just brought out a new single.) (disco) sencillo, single
    2) (a one-way ticket.) billete sencillo
    •
    - singles
    - singly
    - single-breasted
    - single-decker
    - single-handed
    - single parent
    - single out
    single1 adj
    1. solo / único
    2. individual
    3. soltero
    are you single or married? ¿estás soltero o casado?
    single2 n
    1. billete de ida
    a single to Castleford, please un billete de ida a Castleford, por favor
    2. sencillo
    have you listened to their new single? ¿has escuchado su nuevo sencillo?
    Del verbo singlar: ( conjugate singlar) \ \
    singlé es: \ \
    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    single es: \ \
    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo
    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo
    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    single /'siŋgel/ sustantivo masculino 1 (Mús) single 2 ( en tenis)
    b)
    ◊ singles sustantivo masculino plural (AmL) ( partido) singles (match)
    ' single' also found in these entries: Spanish: billete - cama - casarse - desfilar - fila - gramaje - india - indio - individual - monetaria - monetario - monocultivo - monofásica - monofásico - monoplaza - no - pasar - sencilla - sencillo - singularizar - sola - solo - soltera - soltero - triste - unicameral - unicelular - unifamiliar - año - boleto - crema - habitación - labio - madre - ni - palabra - pasaje - quedar - seguir - suelto - único - uno English: currency - file - navigate - section - single - single currency - single out - single parent - single-breasted - single-family - single-figure - single-handed - single-minded - single-mindedness - single-sex - single-space - single-spacing - anything - bachelor - blossom - cloud - coil - curriculum - hair - individual - odd - one - scrap - session - shred - sitting - solitary - stair - standing - straw - whisker - work
    tr['sɪŋgəl]
    1 (only one) solo,-a, único,-a
    2 (composed of one part) simple, sencillo,-a
    3 (for one person) individual
    4 (separate, individual) cada
    5 (unmarried) soltero,-a
    1 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL (single ticket) billete nombre masculino de ida, billete nombre masculino sencillo
    2 (record) (disco) sencillo, single nombre masculino
    3 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (in cricket) tanto; (in baseball) sencillo
    4 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (one dollar bill) billete nombre masculino de un dólar
    1 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (in tennis, badminton) individuales nombre masculino plural
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    in single file en fila india
    single cream nata líquida
    single room habitación nombre femenino individual
    single ['sɪŋgəl] vt, - gled ; - gling or to single out
    1) select: escoger
    2) distinguish: señalar
    single adj
    1) unmarried: soltero
    2) sole: solo
    a single survivor: un solo sobreviviente
    every single one: cada uno, todos
    1) : soltero m, -ra f
    for married couples and singles: para los matrimonios y los solteros
    2) or single room : habitación f individual
    3) dollar: billete m de un dólar
    adj.
    • célibe adj.
    • habitación individual s.f.
    • individual adj.
    • mozo, -a adj.
    • sencillo, -a adj.
    • simple adj.
    • singular adj.
    • solo, -a adj.
    • soltero, -a adj.
    • uno, -a adj.
    • único, -a adj.
    v.
    • singularizar v.

    I 'sɪŋgəl
    1) ( just one) (before n) solo

    a single issue dominated the talks — un solo or único tema dominó las conversaciones

    every single day — todos los días sin excepción, todos los santos días (fam); (with neg)

    2) (before n)
    a) ( for one person) < room> individual; <bed/sheet> individual, de una plaza (AmL)
    b) ( not double) <lens/engine/line> solo; < flower> simple

    single figures — cifras fpl de un solo dígito

    c) (BrE Transp) <fare/ticket> de ida, sencillo
    3) ( unmarried) soltero

    I'm single — soy or (Esp tb) estoy soltero

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    1) (Audio, Mus) single m, (disco m) sencillo m
    2)
    a) ( ticket) (BrE) boleto m or (Esp) billete m de ida
    b) ( room) (habitación f) individual f or sencilla f
    3) singles pl (before n)

    singles bar — bar para personas en busca de pareja

    4) ( Sport)
    a) ( in baseball) sencillo m
    b) ( in cricket) tanto m; see also singles
    ['sɪŋɡl]
    1. ADJ
    1) (before noun) (=one only) solo
    2) (before noun) (emphatic)

    • we didn't see a single car that afternoon — no vimos ni un solo coche esa tarde

    • it rained every single day — no dejó de llover ni un solo día, llovió todos los días sin excepción

    • I did not doubt her sincerity for a single moment — no dudé de su sinceridad ni por un momento

    • not a or one single person came to her aid — ni una sola persona fue a ayudarla

    • the single biggest problem — el problema más grande

    • I couldn't think of a single thing to say — no se me ocurría nada que decir

    3) (before noun) (=individual)
    4) (before noun) (=not double) [bed, sheet, room] individual; [garage] para un solo coche; [whisky, gin etc] sencillo; [bloom] simple
    figure 1., 5)
    5) (=unmarried) [person] soltero; [mother, father] sin pareja; [life] de soltero; single-parent
    6) (before noun) (Brit) (=one-way) [ticket, fare] de ida
    2. N
    1) (in hotel) (also: single room) habitación f individual
    2) (Brit) (also: single ticket) billete m de ida
    3) (=record) sencillo m, single m
    4) (Cricket) (=one run) tanto m
    5) (Brit) (=pound coin or note) billete m or moneda f de una libra; (US) (=dollar note) billete m de un dólar
    6) singles
    a) (Tennis etc) individuales mpl
    b) (=unmarried people) solteros mpl
    3.
    CPD

    single combat N — combate m singular

    single cream N — (Brit) crema f de leche líquida, nata f líquida (Sp)

    single currency N — moneda f única

    single density disk N — disco m de densidad sencilla

    • the Single European Market — el Mercado Único Europeo

    single father N — padre m soltero, padre m sin pareja

    single honours N — licenciatura universitaria en la que se estudia una sola especialidad

    single lens reflex (camera) N — cámara f réflex de una lente

    single malt (whisky) N — whisky m de malta

    single market N — mercado m único

    single mother N — madre f soltera, madre f sin pareja

    single parent N — (=woman) madre f soltera, madre f sin pareja; (=man) padre m soltero, padre m sin pareja

    single parent benefit N — ayuda del Estado por ser padre soltero o madre soltera

    singles bar N — bar m para solteros

    singles chart N — lista f de los singles más vendidos

    single spacing N — (Typ) interlineado m simple

    single supplement, single person supplement, single room supplement N — (in hotel) recargo m por reserva individual

    single transferable vote system — sistema m del voto único transferible

    * * *

    I ['sɪŋgəl]
    1) ( just one) (before n) solo

    a single issue dominated the talks — un solo or único tema dominó las conversaciones

    every single day — todos los días sin excepción, todos los santos días (fam); (with neg)

    2) (before n)
    a) ( for one person) < room> individual; <bed/sheet> individual, de una plaza (AmL)
    b) ( not double) <lens/engine/line> solo; < flower> simple

    single figures — cifras fpl de un solo dígito

    c) (BrE Transp) <fare/ticket> de ida, sencillo
    3) ( unmarried) soltero

    I'm single — soy or (Esp tb) estoy soltero

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    1) (Audio, Mus) single m, (disco m) sencillo m
    2)
    a) ( ticket) (BrE) boleto m or (Esp) billete m de ida
    b) ( room) (habitación f) individual f or sencilla f
    3) singles pl (before n)

    singles bar — bar para personas en busca de pareja

    4) ( Sport)
    a) ( in baseball) sencillo m
    b) ( in cricket) tanto m; see also singles

    English-spanish dictionary > single

  • 125 next

    1. adjective
    1) (nearest) nächst...

    the seat next to me — der Platz neben mir

    the next but one — der/die/das übernächste

    next to — (fig.): (almost) fast; nahezu

    2) (in order) nächst...

    within the next few days — in den nächsten Tagen

    we'll come next May — wir kommen im Mai nächsten Jahres

    the next largest/larger — der/die/das nächstkleinere/nächstgrößere

    [the] next time — das nächste Mal

    the next best — der/die/das nächstbeste

    2. adverb
    (in the next place) als nächstes; (on the next occasion) das nächste Mal

    sit/stand next to somebody — neben jemandem sitzen/stehen

    place something next to somebody/something — etwas neben jemanden/etwas stellen

    come next to last — (in race) zweitletzter/zweitletzte werden

    come next to bottom — (in exam) der/die Zweitschlechteste sein

    3. noun
    1)

    the week after next — [die] übernächste Woche

    2) (person)

    next of kin — nächster/nächste Angehörige

    next please! — der nächste, bitte!

    * * *
    [nekst] 1. adjective
    (nearest in place, time etc: When you have called at that house, go on to the next one; The next person to arrive late will be sent away; Who is next on the list?) nächst
    2. adverb
    (immediately after in place or time: John arrived first and Jane came next.) als Nächste/r/s
    3. pronoun
    (the person or thing nearest in place, time etc: Finish one question before you begin to answer the next; One minute he was sitting beside me - the next he was lying on the ground.) der/die/das Nächste
    - academic.ru/117500/next_best">next best
    - biggest
    - oldest
    - next door
    - next to
    * * *
    [nekst]
    I. adj inv
    1. (coming immediately after) nächste(r, s)
    the \next moment she was gone im nächsten Augenblick war sie weg
    I'll be on holiday for the \next couple of days ich bin die nächsten zwei Tage auf Urlaub
    this time \next year nächstes Jahr um diese Zeit
    for the \next couple of weeks die nächsten paar Wochen
    the \next day am nächsten Tag
    \next month nächsten Monat
    [the] \next time das nächste Mal, nächstes Mal
    \next time I'll bring a hat nächstes Mal bringe ich einen Hut mit
    on Monday \next nächsten Montag
    2. (next in order, space) nächste(r, s), folgende(r, s)
    the \next step is to find a house to buy als Nächstes müssen wir dann ein Haus finden, das wir kaufen können
    take the \next turning on the right biegen Sie bei der nächsten Gelegenheit rechts ab
    the woman in the \next room die Frau im Raum nebenan
    the \next chapter das nächste Kapitel
    as much as the \next person wie jede(r) andere [auch]
    the \next but one der/die/das Übernächste
    she is the \next managing director but one sie ist die übernächste Geschäftsführerin
    ▪ to be \next der/die Nächste sein, als Nächste(r) dran sein
    who's \next please? wer ist der/die Nächste?
    excuse me, I was \next Entschuldigung, ich komme als Nächste(r)
    3.
    ▶ the \next world das Jenseits
    II. adv inv
    1. (subsequently) dann, gleich darauf
    what would you like \next? was möchten Sie als Nächstes?
    so what happened \next? was geschah als Nächstes?
    \next, I heard the sound of voices dann hörte ich Stimmen
    2. (again) das nächste Mal
    when I saw him \next he had transformed himself als ich ihn das nächste Mal sah, sah er ganz verwandelt aus
    when are you \next going to London? wann fährst du das nächste Mal nach London?
    3. (second) zweit-
    the opinion poll found that law and order is the most important political issue for voters and education is the \next most important bei der Meinungsumfrage kam heraus, dass Gesetze für die Wähler das wichtigste Thema sind, Bildung das zweitwichtigste
    \next-to-last day esp AM vorletzter Tag
    he injured himself in a climbing accident on the \next-to-last day of his vacation er verletzte sich am vorletzten Tag seines Urlaubs bei einem Kletterunfall
    the \next best thing die zweitbeste Sache
    the \next oldest/youngest der/die/das Zweitälteste/Zweitjüngste
    Jo was the \next oldest after Martin Jo war der/die Zweitälteste nach Martin
    4. (to one side)
    ▪ \next to sth/sb neben etw/jdm
    who works in the office \next to yours? wer arbeitet in dem Büro neben dir?
    I prefer to sit \next to the window when I'm on a plane ich sitze im Flugzeug am liebsten neben dem Fenster
    we sat \next to each other wir saßen nebeneinander
    5. (following in importance)
    ▪ \next to sth nach etw dat
    cheese is my favourite food and \next to cheese I like chocolate best Käse esse ich am liebsten und nach Käse mag ich am liebsten Schokolade
    ▪ \next to... beinahe..., fast...
    in \next to no time im Handumdrehen fam
    there was very little traffic and it took \next to no time to get home es war sehr wenig Verkehr, und wir waren im Handumdrehen zu Hause
    \next to impossible beinahe unmöglich
    it's \next to impossible to find somewhere cheap to live in the city centre es ist fast unmöglich, eine günstige Wohnung im Stadtzentrum zu finden
    \next to nothing fast gar nichts
    Charles knew \next to nothing about farming Charles wusste fast nichts über Landwirtschaft
    7. (compared with)
    ▪ \next to sb/sth neben jdm/etw
    \next to her I felt like a fraud neben ihr komme ich mir wie ein Betrüger/eine Betrügerin vor
    8.
    ▶ what [or whatever] \next! und was kommt dann?
    so he decided to get married at last — whatever \next! — children, I expect jetzt haben sie also endlich geheiratet — und was kommt als Nächstes? — Kinder, nehme ich an
    III. n (following one) der/die/das Nächste
    nothing ever changes, one day is very much like the \next nichts ändert sich, ein Tag gleicht so ziemlich dem anderen
    can we arrange a meeting for the week after \next? können wir uns übernächste Woche treffen?
    one moment he wasn't there, the \next he was kaum war er da, war er auch schon wieder weg
    \next in line der/die/das Nächste
    hey don't butt in in front of me — I was the \next in line he, drängen Sie sich nicht vor — ich war der/die Nächste
    he is \next in line to the throne er ist der Nächste in der Thronfolge
    from one day/moment/year/minute to the \next von einem Tag/Augenblick/Jahr/einer Minute auf den nächsten/das nächste/die nächste
    things don't change much here from one year to the \next die Dinge ändern sich hier von einem Jahr aufs andere kaum
    * * *
    [nekst]
    1. adj
    1) (in place) nächste(r, s)

    next ( Comput: command ) — weiter

    2) (in time) nächste(r, s)

    come back next week/Tuesday — kommen Sie nächste Woche/nächsten Dienstag wieder

    he came back the next day/week — er kam am nächsten Tag/in der nächsten Woche wieder

    (the) next time I see him — wenn ich ihn das nächste Mal sehe

    the year after next —

    3) (order) nächste(r, s)

    I knew I was the next person to speak — ich wusste, dass ich als Nächster sprechen sollte

    I'll ask the very next person (I see) — ich frage den Nächsten(, den ich sehe)

    the next but one —

    the next thing to do is (to) polish it — als Nächstes poliert man (es)

    the next thing I knew I... — bevor ich wusste, wie mir geschah,... ich...; (after fainting etc) das Nächste, woran ich mich erinnern kann, war, dass ich...

    the next size up/down — die nächstkleinere/nächstgrößere Größe

    2. adv
    1) (= the next time) das nächste Mal; (= afterwards) danach

    what shall we do next? —

    whatever next? (in surprise) — Sachen gibts! (inf); (despairingly) wo soll das nur hinführen?

    2)

    next to sb/sth — neben jdm/etw; (with motion) neben jdn/etw

    the next to last row —

    the next to bottom shelf — das vorletzte Brett, das zweitunterste Brett

    next to nothing/nobody — so gut wie nichts/niemand

    next to impossible —

    I kept it next to my heart (most important thing) (dearest thing) — es lag mir am meisten am Herzen es war mir das Liebste

    3)

    the next best — der/die/das Nächstbeste

    3. n
    Nächste(r) mf; (= child) Nächste(s) nt
    4. prep (old)
    neben (+dat)
    * * *
    next [nekst]
    A adj
    1. (Ort, Lage) nächst(er, e, es), nächststehend:
    the next house; → door Bes Redew
    2. (Zeit, Reihenfolge) nächst(er, e, es), (unmittelbar) folgend:
    next month nächsten Monat;
    next time das nächste Mal, ein andermal, in Zukunft;
    the next day am nächsten oder folgenden oder anderen Tag
    3. unmittelbar vorhergehend oder folgend:
    next in size nächstgrößer(er, e, es) oder nächstkleiner(er, e, es)
    4. (an Rang) nächst(er, e, es)
    B adv
    1. (Ort, Zeit etc) als Nächste(r) oder Nächstes, gleich darauf:
    come next als Nächster (Nächste, Nächstes) folgen;
    his turn comes next after hers er kommt unmittelbar nach ihr dran
    2. nächstens, demnächst, das nächste Mal:
    when I saw him next als ich ihn das nächste Mal sah
    3. (bei Aufzählung) dann, darauf
    C präp obs
    1. gleich neben (dat oder akk)
    2. gleich nach (Rang, Reihenfolge)
    D s (der, die, das) Nächste:
    next, please der Nächste, bitte!;
    the next to come der Nächste;
    you are next Sie sind als Nächster dran;
    you’ll be next du wirst der Nächste sein;
    “to be continued in our next” „Fortsetzung folgt“;
    in my next obs in meinem nächsten SchreibenBesondere Redewendungen: next to
    a) gleich neben (dat od akk),
    b) gleich nach (Rang, Reihenfolge),
    c) beinahe, fast unmöglich etc, so gut wie nichts etc next to useless praktisch zwecklos;
    next to last zweitletzt(er, e, es);
    I got it for next to nothing ich hab’s für einen Apfel und ein Ei bekommen umg;
    next to the ( oder one’s) skin auf der bloßen Haut;
    next but one übernächst(er, e, es);
    the next best thing to do das Nächstbeste;
    (the) next moment im nächsten Augenblick;
    the next man ( oder person) der erste Beste;
    I’m as honest as the next man ich bin genauso ehrlich wie jeder andere oder wie alle anderen;
    my washing machine is as good as the next one meine Waschmaschine ist ebenso gut wie alle anderen;
    the river next ( oder the next river) to the Thames in length der nächstlängste Fluss nach der Themse;
    not till next time hum nie mehr bis zum nächsten Mal; → what Bes Redew
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (nearest) nächst...

    the next but one — der/die/das übernächste

    next to — (fig.): (almost) fast; nahezu

    2) (in order) nächst...

    the next largest/larger — der/die/das nächstkleinere/nächstgrößere

    [the] next time — das nächste Mal

    the next best — der/die/das nächstbeste

    2. adverb
    (in the next place) als nächstes; (on the next occasion) das nächste Mal

    sit/stand next to somebody — neben jemandem sitzen/stehen

    place something next to somebody/something — etwas neben jemanden/etwas stellen

    come next to last — (in race) zweitletzter/zweitletzte werden

    come next to bottom — (in exam) der/die Zweitschlechteste sein

    3. noun
    1)

    the week after next — [die] übernächste Woche

    2) (person)

    next of kin — nächster/nächste Angehörige

    next please! — der nächste, bitte!

    * * *
    adj.
    nächstes adj. prep.
    nächst präp.

    English-german dictionary > next

  • 126 Introduction

       Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.
       Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.
       Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.
       Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).
       Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.
       Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.
       LAND AND PEOPLE
       The Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).
       For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.
       Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into the
       Atlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.
       Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:
       1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)
       1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)
       1864 4,287,000 first census
       1890 5,049,700
       1900 5,423,000
       1911 5,960,000
       1930 6,826,000
       1940 7,185,143
       1950 8,510,000
       1960 8,889,000
       1970 8,668,000* note decrease
       1980 9,833,000
       1991 9,862,540
       1996 9,934,100
       2006 10,642,836
       2010 10,710,000 (estimated)

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Introduction

  • 127 last

    1. last [lɑ:st, Am læst] n
    Leisten m
    PHRASES:
    the cobbler should stick to his \last (to his \last) Schuster, bleib bei deinem Leisten ( prov)
    2. last [lɑ:st, Am læst] adj
    1) (lowest in order, rank) letzte(r, s);
    the Mets will surely finish the season in \last place die Mets werden am Ende der Saison sicher Tabellenletzte sein;
    to be [or come] \last ( in series) als Letzte(r) f(m) kommen;
    (in race, competition) Letzte(r) f(m) werden;
    to be \last but one [or next to \last] [or second [to] \last] Vorletzte(r) f(m) sein;
    to be \last but three/ four [or third/fourth from \last] Dritte(r) f(m) /Vierte(r) f(m) von hinten sein
    the \last... der/die/das letzte...;
    our house is the \last one on the left before the traffic lights unser Haus ist das Letzte links vor der Ampel;
    do you mind if I have the \last chocolate? macht es dir was aus, wenn ich die letzte Schokolade esse?;
    they caught the \last bus sie nahmen den letzten Bus;
    to the \last man bis auf den letzten Mann;
    \last thing at night am Abend vor dem Schlafengehen;
    down to the \last sth bis auf der/die/das letzte;
    he has calculated the costs down to the \last penny er hat die Kosten bis auf den letzten Penny berechnet;
    [down] to the \last detail bis ins kleinste Detail;
    it was all planned down to the [very] \last detail es war bis ins kleinste Detail geplant;
    to be the \last one to do sth etw als Letzte(r) tun;
    she was the \last one to arrive sie kam als Letzte an
    3) attr ( final) letzte(r, s);
    I'll give you one \last chance ich gebe dir eine letzte Chance;
    this is the \last time I do him a favour das ist das letzte Mal, dass ich ihm einen Gefallen tue;
    that's my \last word on the subject das ist mein letztes Wort zu diesem Thema;
    as a [or (Brit a.) in the] \last resort im äußersten Notfall;
    British police are supposed to use guns only as a \last resort die britische Polizei soll die Waffen nur im äußersten Notfall einsetzen;
    to have the \last word das letzte Wort haben
    4) attr ( most recent) letzte(r, s), vorigere(r, s);
    when was the \last time you had a cigarette? wann hast du zum letzten Mal eine Zigarette geraucht?;
    they haven't yet replied to my \last letter sie haben auf meinen letzten Brief noch nicht geantwortet;
    these \last five years have been very difficult for him diese letzten fünf Jahre waren sehr hart für ihn;
    where were you \last Sunday? wo warst du letzten Sonntag?;
    their \last album ihr letztes Album;
    \last month/ week/ year letzten Monat/letzte Woche/letztes Jahr;
    they got married \last November sie heirateten letzten November;
    did you hear the storm \last night? hast du letzte Nacht den Sturm gehört?;
    did you see the news on TV \last night? hast du gestern Abend die Nachrichten im Fernsehen gesehen?;
    the week/year before \last vorletzte Woche/vorletztes Jahr ( form);
    your letter of Sunday \last Ihr Brief von letztem Sonntag
    5) attr ( only remaining) letzte(r, s);
    I'm down to my \last 50p ich habe nur noch 50 Pence;
    it's our \last hope das ist unsere letzte Hoffnung
    the \last sb/ sth der/die/das Letzte;
    she was the \last person I expected to see sie habe ich am allerwenigsten erwartet, mit ihr hätte ich am wenigsten gerechnet;
    the \last thing I wanted was to make you unhappy das Letzte, was ich wollte, war, dich unglücklich zu machen;
    he's the \last person I want to see at the moment er ist der Letzte, den ich im Moment sehen möchte;
    the \last thing sb needs das Letzte, was jd braucht, jdm gerade noch fehlen;
    the \last thing she needed was a husband was ihr gerade noch fehlte war ein Ehemann
    PHRASES:
    to have the \last laugh am längeren Ast sitzen;
    the \last laugh is on sb jd hat den längeren Atem ( fam)
    sth is on its \last legs ( fam) etw gibt bald den Geist auf ( fam), etw fällt bald auseinander;
    the foundry business was on its \last legs das Gießereigeschäft pfiff aus dem letzten Loch (sl)
    sb is on their \last legs (fam: very tired) jd ist fix und fertig ( fam), jd pfeift auf [o aus] dem letzten Loch (sl)
    we'd been out walking all day and I was on my \last legs when we reached the hotel wir wanderten den ganzen Tag, und ich war fix und fertig, als wir das Hotel erreichten;
    ( near to death) jd macht es nicht mehr lange ( fam)
    it looks as though her grandfather's on his \last legs es sieht so aus, als ob ihr Großvater es nicht mehr lange machen würde ( fam)
    to do sth at the \last minute [or moment] etw in letzter Minute [o ( fam) auf den letzten Drücker] tun;
    at the \last moment he changed his mind im letzten Moment änderte er seine Meinung;
    to leave sth till the \last minute [or [possible] moment] etw bis zur letzten Minute liegen lassen, mit etw dat bis zur letzten Minute warten;
    he always leaves important decisions to the \last possible moment er schiebt wichtige Entscheidungen immer bis zum letzten Moment hinaus;
    to wait till the \last minute [to do sth] [mit etw dat] bis zur letzten Minute warten;
    to be the \last straw zu viel sein, das Fass zum Überlaufen bringen;
    his affair was the \last straw seine Affäre brachte das Fass zum Überlaufen;
    it's the \last straw that breaks the camel's back der Tropfen, der das Fass zum Überlaufen bringt;
    to be the \last word in sth der letzte Schrei in etw dat sein;
    digital audio is the \last word in sound reproduction digitales Radio ist der letzte Schrei in der Klangwiedergabe adv
    1) ( most recently) zuletzt;
    I \last saw him three weeks ago das letzte Mal sah ich ihn vor drei Wochen;
    when did you have a cigarette \last [or \last have a cigarette] ? wann hast du das letzte Mal geraucht?
    2) ( after the others) als Letzte(r, s);
    the horse came in \last das Pferd kam als Letzter ins Ziel;
    to keep [or save] sth until \last etw bis zum Schluss aufheben;
    to leave sth/sb until \last etw/jdn für den Schluss aufheben;
    to wait until \last bis zum Schluss warten
    3) ( lastly) zuletzt, zum Schluss;
    \last, and most important... der letzte und wichtigste Punkt...;
    and \last, I'd like to thank you all for coming und zum Schluss möchte ich Ihnen allen dafür danken, dass Sie gekommen sind;
    \last but not [or by no means] least nicht zu vergessen, nicht zuletzt
    PHRASES:
    at [long] \last zu guter Letzt, endlich;
    I've finished my essay at \last ich habe endlich meinen Essay fertig n <pl ->
    1) (last person, thing)
    the \last der/die/das Letzte;
    she was the \last of the great educational reformers sie war die Letzte der großen Schulreformer;
    the \last but one (esp Brit, Aus) [or (Am) the next to \last] der/die/das Vorletzte;
    I'm almost finished - this is the \last but one box to empty ich bin fast fertig - das ist die vorletzte Kiste, die ich ausräumen muss;
    to be the \last to do sth als Letzte(r) f(m) etw tun;
    why are you always the \last to arrive? warum kommst du immer als Letzter?;
    why am I always the \last to be told? warum erfahre ich immer alles als Letzte/Letzter?
    the \last der/die/das Vorige;
    each new painting she does is better than the \last jedes neue Bild, das sie malt, ist besser als das vorherige;
    the \last we heard of her,... als wir das letzte Mal von ihr hörten,...;
    the \last we saw of her,... als wir sie das letzte Mal sahen,....
    3) ( remainder)
    the \last der letzte Rest;
    that was the \last of the real coffee das war der letzte Rest Bohnenkaffee;
    the \last of the ice cream/ strawberries der letzte Rest Eis/Erdbeeren
    4) usu sing sports ( last position) letzter Platz;
    Lion Cavern came from \last in a slowly run race Lion Cavern kam in einem langsamen Rennen von der letzten Stelle
    the \last die letzte Runde
    6) (fam: end)
    the dying embers sparked their \last die Funken verglühten;
    you haven't heard the \last of this! das letzte Wort ist hier noch nicht gesprochen!;
    we'll never hear the \last of it if they win wenn sie gewinnen, müssen wir uns das endlos anhören;
    to see the \last of sth ( fam) etw nie wiedersehen;
    to the \last (form: until the end) bis zum [bitteren] Ende ( fam), bis zuletzt;
    I think my policy is right, and I'll defend it to the \last ich glaube, meine Vorgangsweise ist richtig, und ich werde sie bis zuletzt verteidigen;
    she is patriotic to the \last sie ist eingefleischte Patriotin;
    to breathe one's \last den letzten Atemzug tun
    3. last [lɑ:st, Am læst] vi
    1) ( go on for) [an]dauern;
    it was only a short trip, but very enjoyable while it \lasted die Reise war zwar nur kurz, aber insgesamt sehr angenehm;
    to \last [for] a month/ week einen Monat/eine Woche dauern;
    the rain is expected to \last all weekend der Regen soll das gesamte Wochenende anhalten
    2) ( endure) halten; enthusiasm, intentions anhalten;
    this is too good to \last das ist zu gut, um wahr zu sein;
    it's the only battery we've got, so make it \last wir habe nur diese eine Batterie - verwende sie also sparsam;
    her previous secretary only \lasted a month ihre vorige Sekretärin blieb nur einen Monat;
    you won't \last long in this job if... du wirst diesen Job nicht lange behalten, wenn...;
    he wouldn't \last five minutes in the army! er würde keine fünf Minuten beim Militär überstehen!;
    built to \last für die Ewigkeit gebaut vt
    to \last sb supplies etc [aus]reichen; car, machine halten;
    we've only got enough supplies to \last us a week unsere Vorräte werden nur eine Woche reichen;
    to \last five years fünf Jahre halten;
    to \last [sb] a lifetime ein Leben lang halten;
    if you look after your teeth they will \last you a lifetime wenn du deine Zähne gut pflegst, wirst du sie dein Leben lang behalten

    English-German students dictionary > last

  • 128 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

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