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  • 1 ad

    ad, prep. with acc. (from the fourth century after Christ written also at; Etrusc. suf. -a; Osc. az; Umbr. and Old Lat. ar, as [p. 27] in Eug. Tab., in S. C. de Bacch., as arveho for adveho; arfuerunt, arfuisse, for adfuerunt, etc.; arbiter for adbiter; so, ar me advenias, Plant. Truc. 2, 2, 17; cf. Prisc. 559 P.; Vel. Long. 2232 P.; Fabretti, Glos. Ital. col. 5) [cf. Sanscr. adhi; Goth. and Eng. at; Celt. pref. ar, as armor, i.e. ad mare; Rom. a].
    I.
    As antith. to ab (as in to ex), in a progressive order of relation, ad denotes, first, the direction toward an object; then the reaching of or attaining to it; and finally, the being at or near it.
    A.
    In space.
    1.
    Direction toward, to, toward, and first,
    a.
    Horizontally:

    fugere ad puppim colles campique videntur,

    the hills and fields appear to fly toward the ship, Lucr. 4, 390: meridie umbrae cadunt ad septentrionem, ortu vero ad occasum, to or toward the north and west, Plin. 2, 13, and so often of the geog. position of a place in reference to the points of compass, with the verbs jacere, vergere, spectare, etc.:

    Asia jacet ad meridiem et austrum, Europa ad septentriones et aquiionem,

    Varr. L. L. 5, § 31 Mull.;

    and in Plin. very freq.: Creta ad austrum... ad septentrionem versa, 4, 20: ad Atticam vergente, 4, 21 al.—Also trop.: animus alius ad alia vitia propensior,

    Cic. Tusc. 4, 37, 81.—
    b.
    In a direction upwards (esp. in the poets, very freq.): manusque sursum ad caelum sustulit, Naev. ap. Non. 116, 30 (B. Pun. p. 13, ed. Vahl.): manus ad caeli templa tendebam lacrimans, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 50 ed. Vahl.); cf.:

    duplices tendens ad sidera palmas,

    Verg. A. 1, 93: molem ex profundo saxeam ad caelum vomit, Att. ap. Prisc. 1325 P.: clamor ad caelum volvendus, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 104 Mull. (Ann. v. 520 ed. Vahl.) (cf. with this: tollitur in caelum clamor, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, or Ann. v. 422):

    ad caelumque ferat flammai fulgura rursum, of Aetna,

    Lucr. 1, 725; cf. id. 2, 191; 2, 325: sidera sola micant;

    ad quae sua bracchia tendens, etc.,

    Ov. M. 7, 188:

    altitudo pertingit ad caelum,

    Vulg. Dan. 4, 17.—
    c.
    Also in the direction downwards (for the usu. in):

    tardiore semper ad terras omnium quae geruntur in caelo effectu cadente quam visu,

    Plin. 2, 97, 99, § 216.
    2.
    The point or goal at which any thing arrives.
    a.
    Without reference to the space traversed in passing, to, toward (the most common use of this prep.): cum stupro redire ad suos popularis, Naev. ap. Fest. p. 317 Mull. (B. Pun. p. 14 ed. Vahl.):

    ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videatur potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

    Cic. Lael. 3, 12: ad terras decidat aether, Lucan. 2, 58. —Hence,
    (α).
    With verbs which designate going, coming, moving, bearing, bringing near, adapting, taking, receiving, calling, exciting, admonishing, etc., when the verb is compounded with ad the prep. is not always repeated, but the constr. with the dat. or acc. employed; cf. Rudd. II. pp. 154, 175 n. (In the ante-class. per., and even in Cic., ad is generally repeated with most verbs, as, ad eos accedit, Cic. Sex. Rosc. 8:

    ad Sullam adire,

    id. ib. 25:

    ad se adferre,

    id. Verr. 4, 50:

    reticulum ad naris sibi admovebat,

    id. ib. 5, 27:

    ad laborem adhortantur,

    id. de Sen. 14:

    T. Vectium ad se arcessit,

    id. Verr. 5, 114; but the poets of the Aug. per., and the historians, esp. Tac., prefer the dative; also, when the compound verb contains merely the idea of approach, the constr. with ad and the acc. is employed; but when it designates increase, that with the dat. is more usual: accedit ad urbem, he approaches the city; but, accedit provinciae, it is added to the province.)—
    (β).
    Ad me, te, se, for domum meam, tuam, suam (in Plaut. and Ter. very freq.):

    oratus sum venire ad te huc,

    Plaut. Mil. 5, 1, 12: spectatores plaudite atque ite ad vos comissatum, id. Stich. fin.:

    eamus ad me,

    Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64:

    ancillas traduce huc ad vos,

    id. Heaut. 4, 4, 22:

    transeundumst tibi ad Menedemum,

    id. 4, 4, 17: intro nos vocat ad sese, tenet intus apud se, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 86 P.:

    te oro, ut ad me Vibonem statim venias,

    Cic. Att. 3, 3; 16, 10 al.—
    (γ).
    Ad, with the name of a deity in the gen., is elliptical for ad templum or aedem (cf.:

    Thespiadas, quae ad aedem Felicitatis sunt,

    Cic. Verr. 4, 4; id. Phil. 2, 35:

    in aedem Veneris,

    Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 120;

    in aedem Concordiae,

    Cic. Cat. 3, 9, 21;

    2, 6, 12): ad Dianae,

    to the temple of, Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 43:

    ad Opis,

    Cic. Att. 8, 1, 14:

    ad Castoris,

    id. Quint. 17:

    ad Juturnae,

    id. Clu. 101:

    ad Vestae,

    Hor. S. 1, 9, 35 al.: cf. Rudd. II. p. 41, n. 4, and p. 334.—
    (δ).
    With verbs which denote a giving, sending, informing, submitting, etc., it is used for the simple dat. (Rudd. II. p. 175): litteras dare ad aliquem, to send or write one a letter; and: litteras dare alicui, to give a letter to one; hence Cic. never says, like Caesar and Sall., alicui scribere, which strictly means, to write for one (as a receipt, etc.), but always mittere, scribere, perscribere ad aliquem:

    postea ad pistores dabo,

    Plaut. As. 3, 3, 119:

    praecipe quae ad patrem vis nuntiari,

    id. Capt. 2, 2, 109:

    in servitutem pauperem ad divitem dare,

    Ter. Ph. 4, 3, 48:

    nam ad me Publ. Valerius scripsit,

    Cic. Fam. 14, 2 med.:

    de meis rebus ad Lollium perscripsi,

    id. ib. 5, 3:

    velim domum ad te scribas, ut mihi tui libri pateant,

    id. Att. 4, 14; cf. id. ib. 4, 16:

    ad primam (sc. epistulam) tibi hoc scribo,

    in answer to your first, id. ib. 3, 15, 2:

    ad Q. Fulvium Cons. Hirpini et Lucani dediderunt sese,

    Liv. 27, 15, 1; cf. id. 28, 22, 5.—Hence the phrase: mittere or scribere librum ad aliquem, to dedicate a book to one (Greek, prosphônein):

    has res ad te scriptas, Luci, misimus, Aeli,

    Lucil. Sat. 1, ap. Auct. Her. 4, 12:

    quae institueram, ad te mittam,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5: ego interea admonitu tuo perfeci sane argutulos libros ad Varronem;

    and soon after: mihi explices velim, maneasne in sententia, ut mittam ad eum quae scripsi,

    Cic. Att. 13, 18; cf. ib. 16; Plin. 1, 19.—So in titles of books: M. Tullii Ciceronis ad Marcum Brutum Orator; M. T. Cic. ad Q. Fratrem Dialogi tres de Oratore, etc.—In the titles of odes and epigrams ad aliquem signifies to, addressed to. —
    (ε).
    With names of towns after verbs of motion, ad is used in answer to the question Whither? instead of the simple acc.; but commonly with this difference, that ad denotes to the vicinity of, the neighborhood of:

    miles ad Capuam profectus sum, quintoque anno post ad Tarentum,

    Cic. de Sen. 4, 10; id. Fam. 3, 81:

    ad Veios,

    Liv. 5, 19; 14, 18; cf. Caes. B. G. 1, 7; id. B. C. 3, 40 al.—Ad is regularly used when the proper name has an appellative in apposition to it:

    ad Cirtam oppidum iter constituunt,

    Sall. J. 81, 2; so Curt. 3, 1, 22; 4, 9, 9;

    or when it is joined with usque,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 34, § 87; id. Deiot, 7, 19.— (When an adjective is added, the simple acc. is used poet., as well as with ad:

    magnum iter ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas,

    Prop. 3, 21, 1; the simple acc., Ov. H. 2, 83: doctas jam nunc eat, inquit, Athenas).—
    (ζ).
    With verbs which imply a hostile movement toward, or protection in respect to any thing, against = adversus:

    nonne ad senem aliquam fabricam fingit?

    Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 34:

    Lernaeas pugnet ad hydras,

    Prop. 3, 19, 9: neque quo pacto fallam, nec quem dolum ad eum aut machinam commoliar, old poet in Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 73:

    Belgarum copias ad se venire vidit,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 5; 7, 70:

    ipse ad hostem vehitur,

    Nep. Dat. 4, 5; id. Dion. 5, 4: Romulus ad regem impetus facit (a phrase in which in is commonly found), Liv. 1, 5, 7, and 44, 3, 10:

    aliquem ad hostem ducere,

    Tac. A. 2, 52:

    clipeos ad tela protecti obiciunt,

    Verg. A. 2, 443:

    munio me ad haec tempora,

    Cic. Fam. 9, 18:

    ad hos omnes casus provisa erant praesidia,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 65; 7, 41;

    so with nouns: medicamentum ad aquam intercutem,

    Cic. Off. 3, 24:

    remedium ad tertianam,

    Petr. Sat. 18:

    munimen ad imbris,

    Verg. G. 2, 352:

    farina cum melle ad tussim siccam efficasissima est,

    Plin. 20, 22, 89, § 243:

    ad muliebre ingenium efficaces preces,

    Liv. 1, 9; 1, 19 (in these two passages ad may have the force of apud, Hand).—
    (η).
    The repetition of ad to denote the direction to a place and to a person present in it is rare:

    nunc tu abi ad forum ad herum,

    Plaut. As. 2, 2, 100; cf.:

    vocatis classico ad concilium militibus ad tribunos,

    Liv. 5 47.—(The distinction between ad and in is given by Diom. 409 P., thus: in forum ire est in ipsum forum intrare; ad forum autem ire, in locum foro proximum; ut in tribunal et ad tribunal venire non unum est; quia ad tribunal venit litigator, in tribunal vero praetor aut judex; cf. also Sen. Ep. 73, 14, deus ad homines venit, immo, quod propius est, in homines venit.)—
    b.
    The terminus, with ref. to the space traversed, to, even to, with or without usque, Quint. 10, 7, 16: ingurgitavit usque ad imum gutturem, Naev. ap. Non. 207, 20 (Rib. Com. Rel. p. 30): dictator pervehitur usque ad oppidum, Naev. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 153 Mull. (B. Pun. p. 16 ed. Vahl.):

    via pejor ad usque Baii moenia,

    Hor. S. 1, 5, 96; 1, 1, 97:

    rigidum permanat frigus ad ossa,

    Lucr. 1, 355; 1, 969:

    cum sudor ad imos Manaret talos,

    Hor. S. 1, 9, 10:

    ut quantum posset, agmen ad mare extenderet,

    Curt. 3, 9, 10:

    laeva pars ad pectus est nuda,

    id. 6, 5, 27 al. —Hence the Plinian expression, petere aliquid (usque) ad aliquem, to seek something everywhere, even with one:

    ut ad Aethiopas usque peteretur,

    Plin. 36, 6, 9, § 51 (where Jan now reads ab Aethiopia); so,

    vestis ad Seras peti,

    id. 12, 1, 1.— Trop.:

    si quid poscam, usque ad ravim poscam,

    Plaut. Aul. 2, 5, 10:

    deverberasse usque ad necem,

    Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 13;

    without usque: hic ad incitas redactus,

    Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 136; 4, 2, 52; id. Poen. 4, 2, 85; illud ad incitas cum redit atque internecionem, Lucil. ap. Non. 123, 20:

    virgis ad necem caedi,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; so Hor. S. 1, 2, 42; Liv. 24, 38, 9; Tac. A. 11, 37; Suet. Ner. 26; id. Dom. 8 al.
    3.
    Nearness or proximity in gen. = apud, near to, by, at, close by (in anteclass. per. very freq.; not rare later, esp. in the historians): pendent peniculamenta unum ad quemque pedum, trains are suspended at each foot, Enn. ap. Non. 149, 33 (Ann. v. 363 ed. Vahl.):

    ut in servitute hic ad suum maneat patrem,

    Plaut. Capt. prol. 49; cf. id. ib. 2, 3, 98;

    3, 5, 41: sol quasi flagitator astat usque ad ostium,

    stands like a creditor continually at the door, id. Most. 3, 2, 81 (cf. with same force, Att. ap. Non. 522, 25;

    apud ipsum astas): ad foris adsistere,

    Cic. Verr. 1, 66; id. Arch. 24:

    astiterunt ad januam,

    Vulg. Act. 10, 17:

    non adest ad exercitum,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 6; cf. ib. prol. 133:

    aderant ad spectaculum istud,

    Vulg. Luc. 23, 48: has (testas) e fenestris in caput Deiciunt, qui prope ad ostium adspiraverunt, Lucil. ap. Non. 288, 31:

    et nec opinanti Mors ad caput adstitit,

    Lucr. 3, 959:

    quod Romanis ad manum domi supplementum esset,

    at hand, Liv. 9, 19, 6:

    haec arma habere ad manum,

    Quint. 12, 5, 1:

    dominum esse ad villam,

    Cic. Sull. 20; so id. Verr. 2, 21:

    errantem ad flumina,

    Verg. E. 6, 64; Tib. 1, 10, 38; Plin. 7, 2, § 12; Vitr. 7, 14; 7, 12; and ellipt. (cf. supra, 2. g):

    pecunia utinam ad Opis maneret!

    Cic. Phil. 1, 17.—Even of persons:

    qui primum pilum ad Caesarem duxerat (for apud),

    Caes. B. G. 6, 38; so id. ib. 1, 31; 3, 9; 5, 53; 7, 5; id. B. C. 3, 60:

    ad inferos poenas parricidii luent,

    among, Cic. Phil. 14, 13:

    neque segnius ad hostes bellum apparatur,

    Liv. 7, 7, 4: pugna ad Trebiam, ad Trasimenum, ad Cannas, etc., for which Liv. also uses the gen.:

    si Trasimeni quam Trebiae, si Cannarum quam Trasimeni pugna nobilior esset, 23, 43, 4.—Sometimes used to form the name of a place, although written separately, e. g. ad Murcim,

    Varr. L. L. 5, § 154:

    villa ad Gallinas, a villa on the Flaminian Way,

    Plin. 15, 30, 40, § 37: ad urbem esse (of generals), to remain outside the city (Rome) until permission was given for a triumph:

    “Esse ad urbem dicebantur, qui cum potestate provinciali aut nuper e provincia revertissent, aut nondum in provinciam profecti essent... solebant autem, qui ob res in provincia gestas triumphum peterent, extra urbem exspectare, donec, lege lata, triumphantes urbem introire possent,”

    Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 3, 8.—So sometimes with names of towns and verbs of rest:

    pons, qui erat ad Genavam,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

    ad Tibur mortem patri minatus est,

    Cic. Phil. 6, 4, 10:

    conchas ad Caietam legunt,

    id. Or. 2, 6:

    ad forum esse,

    to be at the market, Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 136; id. Most. 3, 2, 158; cf. Ter. Ph. 4, 2, 8; id. And. 1, 5, 19.—Hence, adverb., ad dextram (sc. manum, partem), ad laevam, ad sinistram, to the right, to the left, or on the right, on the left:

    ad dextram,

    Att. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 225; Plaut. Poen. 3, 4, 1; Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 44; Cic. Univ. 13; Caes. B. C. 1, 69:

    ad laevam,

    Enn. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 51; Att. ib. p. 217: ad sinistram, Ter. [p. 28] Ad. 4, 2, 43 al.:

    ad dextram... ad laevam,

    Liv. 40, 6;

    and with an ordinal number: cum plebes ad tertium milliarium consedisset,

    at the third milestone, Cic. Brut. 14, 54, esp. freq. with lapis:

    sepultus ad quintum lapidem,

    Nep. Att. 22, 4; so Liv. 3, 69 al.; Tac. H. 3, 18; 4, 60 (with apud, Ann. 1, 45; 3, 45; 15, 60) al.; cf. Rudd. II. p. 287.
    B.
    In time, analogous to the relations given in A.
    1.
    Direction toward, i. e. approach to a definite point of time, about, toward:

    domum reductus ad vesperum,

    toward evening, Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

    cum ad hiemem me ex Cilicia recepissem,

    toward winter, id. Fam. 3, 7.—
    2.
    The limit or boundary to which a space of time extends, with and without usque, till, until, to, even to, up to:

    ego ad illud frugi usque et probus fui,

    Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 53:

    philosophia jacuit usque ad hanc aetatem,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 3, 5; id. de Sen. 14:

    quid si hic manebo potius ad meridiem,

    Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 55; so id. Men. 5, 7, 33; id. Ps. 1, 5, 116; id. As. 2, 1, 5:

    ad multam noctem,

    Cic. de Sen. 14:

    Sophocles ad summam senectutem tragoedias fecit,

    id. ib. 2; cf. id. Rep. 1, 1:

    Alexandream se proficisci velle dixit (Aratus) remque integram ad reditum suum jussit esse,

    id. Off. 2, 23, 82:

    bestiae ex se natos amant ad quoddam tempus,

    id. Lael. 8; so id. de Sen. 6; id. Somn. Sc. 1 al. —And with ab or ab-usque, to desig. the whole period of time passed away:

    ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,

    Cic. Att. 7, 8:

    usque ab aurora ad hoc diei,

    Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 8.—
    3.
    Coincidence with a point of time, at, on, in, by:

    praesto fuit ad horam destinatam,

    at the appointed hour, Cic. Tusc. 5, 22:

    admonuit ut pecuniam ad diem solverent,

    on the day of payment, id. Att. 16, 16 A:

    nostra ad diem dictam fient,

    id. Fam. 16, 10, 4; cf. id. Verr. 2, 2, 5: ad lucem denique arte et graviter dormitare coepisse, at (not toward) daybreak, id. Div. 1, 28, 59; so id. Att. 1, 3, 2; 1, 4, 3; id. Fin. 2, 31, 103; id. Brut. 97, 313:

    ad id tempus,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 24; Sall. J. 70, 5; Tac. A. 15, 60; Suet. Aug. 87; Domit. 17, 21 al.
    C.
    The relations of number.
    1.
    An approximation to a sum designated, near, near to, almost, about, toward (cf. Gr. epi, pros with acc. and the Fr. pres de, a peu pres, presque) = circiter (Hand, Turs. I. p. 102):

    ad quadraginta eam posse emi minas,

    Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 111:

    nummorum Philippum ad tria milia,

    id. Trin. 1, 2, 115; sometimes with quasi added:

    quasi ad quadraginta minas,

    as it were about, id. Most. 3, 1, 95; so Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 93:

    sane frequentes fuimus omnino ad ducentos,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1:

    cum annos ad quadraginta natus esset,

    id. Clu. 40, 110:

    ad hominum milia decem,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 4:

    oppida numero ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos,

    id. ib. 1, 5.—In the histt. and post-Aug. authors ad is added adverbially in this sense (contrary to Gr. usage, by which amphi, peri, and eis with numerals retain their power as prepositions): ad binum milium numero utrinque sauciis factis, Sisenn. ap. Non. 80, 4:

    occisis ad hominum milibus quattuor,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 33:

    ad duorum milium numero ceciderunt,

    id. B. C. 3, 53:

    ad duo milia et trecenti occisi,

    Liv. 10, 17, 8; so id. 27, 12, 16; Suet. Caes. 20; cf. Rudd. II. p. 334.—
    2.
    The terminus, the limit, to, unto, even to, a designated number (rare):

    ranam luridam conicere in aquam usque quo ad tertiam partem decoxeris,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 26; cf. App. Herb. 41:

    aedem Junonis ad partem dimidiam detegit,

    even to the half, Liv. 42, 3, 2:

    miles (viaticum) ad assem perdiderat,

    to a farthing, to the last farthing, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 27; Plin. Ep. 1, 15:

    quid ad denarium solveretur,

    Cic. Quint. 4.—The phrase omnes ad unum or ad unum omnes, or simply ad unum, means lit. all to one, i. e. all together, all without exception; Gr. hoi kath hena pantes (therefore the gender of unum is changed according to that of omnes): praetor omnes extra castra, ut stercus, foras ejecit ad unum, Lucil. ap. Non. 394, 22:

    de amicitia omnes ad unum idem sentiunt,

    Cic. Lael. 23:

    ad unum omnes cum ipso duce occisi sunt,

    Curt. 4, 1, 22 al.:

    naves Rhodias afflixit ita, ut ad unam omnes constratae eliderentur,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 27; onerariae omnes ad unam a nobis sunt exceptae, Cic. Fam. 12, 14 (cf. in Gr. hoi kath hena; in Hebr., Exod. 14, 28).— Ad unum without omnes:

    ego eam sententiam dixi, cui sunt assensi ad unum,

    Cic. Fam. 10, 16:

    Juppiter omnipotens si nondum exosus ad unum Trojanos,

    Verg. A. 5, 687.
    D.
    In the manifold relations of one object to another.
    1.
    That in respect of or in regard to which a thing avails, happens, or is true or important, with regard to, in respect of, in relation to, as to, to, in.
    a.
    With verbs:

    ad omnia alia aetate sapimus rectius,

    in respect to all other things we grow wiser by age, Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 45:

    numquam ita quisquam bene ad vitam fuat,

    id. ib. 5, 4, 1:

    nil ibi libatum de toto corpore (mortui) cernas ad speciem, nil ad pondus,

    that nothing is lost in form or weight, Lucr. 3, 214; cf. id. 5, 570; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 21, § 58; id. Mur. 13, 29: illi regi Cyro subest, ad immutandi animi licentiam, crudelissimus ille Phalaris, in that Cyrus, in regard to the liberty of changing his disposition (i. e. not in reality, but inasmuch as he is at liberty to lay aside his good character, and assume that of a tyrant), there is concealed another cruel Phalaris, Cic. Rep. 1, 28:

    nil est ad nos,

    is nothing to us, concerns us not, Lucr. 3, 830; 3, 845:

    nil ad me attinet,

    Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 54:

    nihil ad rem pertinet,

    Cic. Caecin. 58;

    and in the same sense elliptically: nihil ad Epicurum,

    id. Fin. 1, 2, 5; id. Pis. 68:

    Quid ad praetorem?

    id. Verr. 1, 116 (this usage is not to be confounded with that under 4.).—
    b.
    With adjectives:

    ad has res perspicax,

    Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 129:

    virum ad cetera egregium,

    Liv. 37, 7, 15:

    auxiliaribus ad pugnam non multum Crassus confidebat,

    Caes. B. G. 3, 25:

    ejus frater aliquantum ad rem est avidior,

    Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 51; cf. id. And. 1, 2, 21; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 129:

    ut sit potior, qui prior ad dandum est,

    id. Phorm. 3, 2, 48:

    difficilis (res) ad credendum,

    Lucr. 2, 1027:

    ad rationem sollertiamque praestantior,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 62; so id. Leg. 2, 13, 33; id. Fin. 2, 20, 63; id. Rosc. Am. 30, 85; id. Font. 15; id. Cat. 1, 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 25, 113; 1, 32, 146; 2, 49, 200; id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; Liv. 9, 16, 13; Tac. A. 12, 54 al.—
    c.
    With nouns:

    prius quam tuum, ut sese habeat, animum ad nuptias perspexerit,

    before he knew your feeling in regard to the marriage, Ter. And. 2, 3, 4 (cf. Gr. hopôs echei tis pros ti):

    mentis ad omnia caecitas,

    Cic. Tusc. 3, 5, 11:

    magna vis est fortunae in utramque partem vel ad secundas res vel ad adversas,

    id. Off. 2, 6; so id. Par. 1:

    ad cetera paene gemelli,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 3.—So with acc. of gerund instead of the gen. from the same vb.:

    facultas ad scribendum, instead of scribendi,

    Cic. Font. 6;

    facultas ad agendum,

    id. de Imp. Pomp. 1, 2: cf. Rudd. II. p. 245.—
    d.
    In gramm.: nomina ad aliquid dicta, nouns used in relation to something, i. e. which derive their significance from their relation to another object: quae non possunt intellegi sola, ut pater, mater;

    jungunt enim sibi et illa propter quae intelleguntur,

    Charis. 129 P.; cf. Prisc. 580 ib.—
    2.
    With words denoting measure, weight, manner, model, rule, etc., both prop. and fig., according to, agreeably to, after (Gr. kata, pros):

    columnas ad perpendiculum exigere,

    Cic. Mur. 77:

    taleis ferreis ad certum pondus examinatis,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 12: facta sunt ad certam formam. Lucr. 2, 379:

    ad amussim non est numerus,

    Varr. 2, 1, 26:

    ad imaginem facere,

    Vulg. Gen. 1, 26:

    ad cursus lunae describit annum,

    Liv. 1, 19:

    omnia ad diem facta sunt,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 5:

    Id ad similitudinem panis efficiebant,

    id. B. C. 3, 48; Vulg. Gen. 1, 26; id. Jac. 3, 9:

    ad aequos flexus,

    at equal angles, Lucr. 4, 323: quasi ad tornum levantur, to or by the lathe, id. 4, 361:

    turres ad altitudiem valli,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 42; Liv. 39, 6:

    ad eandem crassitudinem structi,

    id. 44, 11:

    ad speciem cancellorum scenicorum,

    with the appearance of, like, Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 8:

    stagnum maris instar, circumseptum aedificiis ad urbium speciem,

    Suet. Ner. 31:

    lascivum pecus ludens ad cantum,

    Liv. Andron. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 1:

    canere ad tibiam,

    Cic. Tusc. 4, 2: canere ad tibicinem, id. ib. 1, 2 (cf.:

    in numerum ludere,

    Verg. E. 6, 28; id. G. 4, 175):

    quod ad Aristophanis lucernam lucubravi,

    Varr. L. L. 5, § 9 Mull.: carmen castigare ad unguem, to perfection (v. unguis), Hor. A. P. 294:

    ad unguem factus homo,

    a perfect gentleman, id. S. 1, 5, 32 (cf. id. ib. 2, 7, 86):

    ad istorum normam sapientes,

    Cic. Lael. 5, 18; id. Mur. 3:

    Cyrus non ad historiae fidem scriptus, sed ad effigiem justi imperii,

    id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8:

    exercemur in venando ad similitudinem bellicae disciplinae,

    id. N. D. 2, 64, 161: so,

    ad simulacrum,

    Liv. 40, 6:

    ad Punica ingenia,

    id. 21, 22:

    ad L. Crassi eloquentiam,

    Cic. Var. Fragm. 8:

    omnia fient ad verum,

    Juv. 6, 324:

    quid aut ad naturam aut contra sit,

    Cic. Fin. 1, 9, 30:

    ad hunc modum institutus est,

    id. Tusc. 2, 3; Caes. B. G. 2, 31; 3, 13:

    ad eundem istunc modum,

    Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 70:

    quem ad modum, q. v.: ad istam faciem est morbus, qui me macerat,

    of that kind, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 73; id. Merc. 2, 3, 90; cf.

    91: cujus ad arbitrium copia materiai cogitur,

    Lucr. 2, 281:

    ad eorum arbitrium et nutum totos se fingunt,

    to their will and pleasure, Cic. Or. 8, 24; id. Quint. 71:

    ad P. Lentuli auctoritatem Roma contendit,

    id. Rab. Post. 21:

    aliae sunt legati partes, aliae imperatoris: alter omnia agere ad praescriptum, alter libere ad summam rerum consulere debet,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 51:

    rebus ad voluntatem nostram fluentibus,

    Cic. Off. 1, 26:

    rem ad illorum libidinem judicarunt,

    id. Font. 36:

    ad vulgi opinionem,

    id. Off. 3, 21.—So in later Lat. with instar:

    ad instar castrorum,

    Just. 36, 3, 2:

    scoparum,

    App. M. 9, p. 232:

    speculi,

    id. ib. 2, p. 118: ad hoc instar mundi, id. de Mundo, p. 72.—Sometimes, but very rarely, ad is used absol. in this sense (so also very rarely kata with acc., Xen. Hell. 2, 3; Luc. Dial. Deor. 8): convertier ad nos, as we (are turned), Lucr. 4, 317:

    ad navis feratur,

    like ships, id. 4, 897 Munro. —With noun:

    ad specus angustiac vallium,

    like caves, Caes. B. C. 3, 49.—Hence,
    3.
    With an object which is the cause or reason, in conformity to which, from which, or for which, any thing is or is done.
    a.
    The moving cause, according to, at, on, in consequence of:

    cetera pars animae paret et ad numen mentis momenque movetur,

    Lucr. 3, 144:

    ad horum preces in Boeotiam duxit,

    on their entreaty, Liv. 42, 67, 12: ad ea Caesar veniam ipsique et conjugi et fratribus tribuit, in consequence of or upon this, he, etc., Tac. Ann. 12, 37.—
    b.
    The final cause, or the object, end, or aim, for the attainment of which any thing,
    (α).
    is done,
    (β).
    is designed, or,
    (γ).
    is fitted or adapted (very freq.), to, for, in order to.
    (α).
    Seque ad ludos jam inde abhinc exerceant, Pac. ap. Charis. p. 175 P. (Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 80):

    venimus coctum ad nuptias,

    in order to cook for the wedding, Plaut. Aul. 3, 2, 15:

    omnis ad perniciem instructa domus,

    id. Bacch. 3, 1, 6; cf. Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 41; Liv. 1, 54:

    cum fingis falsas causas ad discordiam,

    in order to produce dissension, Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 71:

    quantam fenestram ad nequitiam patefeceris,

    id. Heaut. 3, 1, 72:

    utrum ille, qui postulat legatum ad tantum bellum, quem velit, idoneus non est, qui impetret, cum ceteri ad expilandos socios diripiendasque provincias, quos voluerunt, legatos eduxerint,

    Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 19, 57:

    ego vitam quoad putabo tua interesse, aut ad spem servandam esse, retinebo,

    for hope, id. Q. Fr. 1, 4; id. Fam. 5, 17:

    haec juventutem, ubi familiares opes defecerant, ad facinora incendebant,

    Sall. C. 13, 4:

    ad speciem atque ad usurpationem vetustatis,

    Cic. Agr. 2, 12, 31; Suet. Caes. 67:

    paucis ad speciem tabernaculis relictis,

    for appearance, Caes. B. C. 2, 35; so id. ib. 2, 41; id. B. G. 1, 51.—
    (β).
    Aut equos alere aut canes ad venandum. Ter. And. 1, 1, 30:

    ingenio egregie ad miseriam natus sum,

    id. Heaut. 3, 1, 11;

    (in the same sense: in rem,

    Hor. C. 1, 27, 1, and the dat., Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 6):

    ad cursum equum, ad arandum bovem, ad indagandum canem,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 13, 40:

    ad frena leones,

    Verg. A. 10, 253:

    delecto ad naves milite,

    marines, Liv. 22, 19 Weissenb.:

    servos ad remum,

    rowers, id. 34, 6; and:

    servos ad militiam emendos,

    id. 22, 61, 2:

    comparasti ad lecticam homines,

    Cat. 10, 16:

    Lygdamus ad cyathos,

    Prop. 4, 8, 37; cf.:

    puer ad cyathum statuetur,

    Hor. C. 1, 29, 8.—
    (γ).
    Quae oportet Signa esse [p. 29] ad salutem, omnia huic osse video, everything indicative of prosperity I see in him, Ter. And. 3, 2, 2:

    haec sunt ad virtutem omnia,

    id. Heaut. 1, 2, 33:

    causa ad objurgandum,

    id. And. 1, 1, 123:

    argumentum ad scribendum,

    Cic. Att. 9, 7 (in both examples instead of the gen. of gerund., cf. Rudd. II. p. 245):

    vinum murteum est ad alvum crudam,

    Cato R. R. 125:

    nulla res tantum ad dicendum proficit, quantum scriptio,

    Cic. Brut. 24:

    reliquis rebus, quae sunt ad incendia,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 101 al. —So with the adjectives idoneus, utilis, aptus, instead of the dat.:

    homines ad hanc rem idoneos,

    Plaut. Poen. 3, 2, 6:

    calcei habiles et apti ad pedem,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 54, 231:

    orator aptus tamen ad dicendum,

    id. Tusc. 1, 3, 5:

    sus est ad vescendum hominibus apta,

    id. N. D. 2, 64, 160:

    homo ad nullam rem utilis,

    id. Off. 3, 6:

    ad segetes ingeniosus ager,

    Ov. F. 4, 684.—(Upon the connection of ad with the gerund. v. Zumpt, § 666; Rudd. II. p. 261.)—
    4.
    Comparison (since that with which a thing is compared is considered as an object to which the thing compared is brought near for the sake of comparison), to, compared to or with, in comparison with:

    ad sapientiam hujus ille (Thales) nimius nugator fuit,

    Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 25; id. Trin. 3, 2, 100:

    ne comparandus hic quidem ad illum'st,

    Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 14; 2, 3, 69:

    terra ad universi caeli complexum,

    compared with the whole extent of the heavens, Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40:

    homini non ad cetera Punica ingenia callido,

    Liv. 22, 22, 15:

    at nihil ad nostram hanc,

    nothing in comparison with, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 70; so Cic. Deiot. 8, 24; and id. de Or. 2, 6, 25.
    E.
    Adverbial phrases with ad.
    1.
    Ad omnia, withal, to crown all:

    ingentem vim peditum equitumque venire: ex India elephantos: ad omnia tantum advehi auri, etc.,

    Liv. 35, 32, 4.—
    2.
    Ad hoc and ad haec (in the historians, esp. from the time of Livy, and in authors after the Aug. per.), = praeterea, insuper, moreover, besides, in addition, epi toutois:

    nam quicumque impudicus, adulter, ganeo, etc.: praeterea omnes undique parricidae, etc.: ad hoc, quos manus atque lingua perjurio aut sanguine civili alebat: postremo omnes, quos, etc.,

    Sall. C. 14, 2 and 3:

    his opinionibus inflato animo, ad hoc vitio quoque ingenii vehemens,

    Liv. 6, 11, 6; 42, 1, 1; Tac. H. 1, 6; Suet. Aug. 22 al.—
    3.
    Ad id quod, beside that (very rare):

    ad id quod sua sponte satis conlectum animorum erat, indignitate etiam Romani accendebantur,

    Liv. 3, 62, 1; so 44, 37, 12.—
    4.
    Ad tempus.
    a.
    At a definite, fixed time, Cic. Att. 13, 45; Liv. 38, 25, 3.—
    b.
    At a fit, appropriate time, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 54, § 141; Liv. 1, 7, 13.—
    c.
    For some time, for a short time, Cic. Off. 1, 8, 27; id. Lael. 15, 53; Liv. 21, 25, 14.—
    d.
    According to circumstances, Cic. Planc. 30, 74; id. Cael. 6, 13; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 9.—
    5.
    Ad praesens (for the most part only in post-Aug. writers).
    a.
    For the moment, for a short time, Cic. Fam. 12, 8; Plin. 8, 22, 34; Tac. A. 4, 21.—
    b.
    At present, now, Tac. A. 16, 5; id. H. 1, 44.—So, ad praesentiam, Tac. A. 11, 8.—
    6.
    Ad locum, on the spot:

    ut ad locum miles esset paratus,

    Liv. 27, 27, 2.—
    7.
    Ad verbum, word for word, literally, Cic. Fin. 1, 2, 4; id. de Or. 1, 34, 157; id. Ac. 2, 44, 135 al.—
    8.
    Ad summam.
    a.
    On the whole, generally, in general, Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3; id. Att. 14, 1; Suet. Aug. 71.—
    b.
    In a word, in short, Cic. Off. 1, 41, 149; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 106. —
    9.
    Ad extremum, ad ultimum, ad postremum.
    a.
    At the end, finally, at last.
    (α).
    Of place, at the extremity, extreme point, top, etc.:

    missile telum hastili abiegno et cetera tereti, praeterquam ad extremum, unde ferrum exstabat,

    Liv. 21, 8, 10.—
    (β).
    Of time = telos de, at last, finally:

    ibi ad postremum cedit miles,

    Plaut. Aul. 3, 5, 52; so id. Poen. 4, 2, 22; Cic. Off. 3, 23, 89; id. Phil. 13, 20, 45; Caes. B. G. 7, 53; Liv. 30, 15, 4 al.— Hence,
    (γ).
    of order, finally, lastly, = denique: inventa componere; tum ornare oratione; post memoria sepire;

    ad extremum agere cum dignitate,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 31, 142.—
    b.
    In Liv., to the last degree, quite: improbus homo, sed non ad extremum perditus, 23, 2, 3; cf.:

    consilii scelerati, sed non ad ultimum dementis,

    id. 28, 28, 8.—
    10.
    Quem ad finem? To what limit? How far? Cic. Cat. 1, 1; id. Verr. 5, 75.—
    11.
    Quem ad modum, v. sub h. v.
    ► a.
    Ad (v. ab, ex, in, etc.) is not repeated like some other prepositions with interrog. and relative pronouns, after nouns or demonstrative pronouns:

    traducis cogitationes meas ad voluptates. Quas? corporis credo,

    Cic. Tusc. 3, 17, 37 (ubi v. Kuhner).—
    b.
    Ad is sometimes placed after its substantive:

    quam ad,

    Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 39:

    senatus, quos ad soleret, referendum censuit,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 4:

    ripam ad Araxis,

    Tac. Ann. 12, 51;

    or between subst. and adj.: augendam ad invidiam,

    id. ib. 12, 8.—
    c.
    The compound adque for et ad (like exque, eque, and, poet., aque) is denied by Moser, Cic. Rep. 2, 15, p. 248, and he reads instead of ad humanitatem adque mansuetudinem of the MSS., hum. atque mans. But adque, in acc. with later usage, is restored by Hand in App. M. 10, p. 247, adque haec omnia oboediebam for atque; and in Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 9, utroque vorsum rectum'st ingenium meum, ad se adque illum, is now read, ad te atque ad illum (Fleck., Brix).
    II.
    In composition.
    A.
    Form. According to the usual orthography, the d of the ad remains unchanged before vowels, and before b, d, h, m, v: adbibo, adduco, adhibeo, admoveo, advenio; it is assimilated to c, f, g, l, n, p, r, s, t: accipio, affigo, aggero, allabor, annumero, appello, arripio, assumo, attineo; before g and s it sometimes disappears: agnosco, aspicio, asto: and before qu it passes into c: acquiro, acquiesco.—But later philologists, supported by old inscriptions and good MSS., have mostly adopted the following forms: ad before j, h, b, d, f, m, n, q, v; ac before c, sometimes, but less well, before q; ag and also ad before g; a before gn, sp, sc, st; ad and also al before l; ad rather than an before n; ap and sometimes ad before p; ad and also ar before r; ad and also as before s; at and sometimes ad before t. In this work the old orthography has commonly been retained for the sake of convenient reference, but the better form in any case is indicated.—
    B.
    Signif. In English up often denotes approach, and in many instances will give the force of ad as a prefix both in its local and in its figurative sense.
    1.
    Local.
    a.
    To, toward: affero, accurro, accipio ( to one's self).—
    b.
    At, by: astare, adesse.—
    c.
    On, upon, against: accumbo, attero.—
    d.
    Up (cf. de- = down, as in deicio, decido): attollo, ascendo, adsurgo.—
    2.
    Fig.
    a.
    To: adjudico, adsentior.—
    b.
    At or on: admiror, adludo.—
    c.
    Denoting conformity to, or comparison with: affiguro, adaequo.—
    d.
    Denoting addition, increase (cf. ab, de, and ex as prefixes to denote privation): addoceo, adposco.—
    e.
    Hence, denoting intensity: adamo, adimpleo, aduro, and perhaps agnosco.—
    f.
    Denoting the coming to an act or state, and hence commencement: addubito, addormio, adquiesco, adlubesco, advesperascit. See more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 74-134.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > ad

  • 2 ad

       ad praep. with acc.    [cf. Eng. at].—Of approach (opp. to ab, as in to ex).    I. In space, to, toward: retorquet oculos ad urbem: una pars vergit ad septentriones, Cs.: tendens ad sidera palmas, V. —Fig.: ad alia vitia propensior, more inclined to. —Esp., ad dextram, sinistram, or laevam, to or on the right or left: ito ad dextram, T.: alqd ad dextram conspicere, Cs.: non rectā regione... sed ad laevam, L.—Designating the goal, to, toward: ad ripam convenire, Cs.: vocari ad cenam, H.: ad se adferre: reticulum ad narīs sibi admovebat (cf. accedit ad urbem, he approaches the city; and, accedit provinciae, it is added to the province).— Ad me, te, se, for domum meam, tuam, suam (in T. freq.): eamus ad me, T. — With gen., ellipt.: ad Dianae, to the temple of, T.: ad Castoris currere. — Used for dat: litteras dare ad aliquem, to write one a letter (cf. litteras dare alicui, to give a letter to one): domum ad te scribere: ad primam (epistulam) scribere, to answer.—Hence, librum ad aliquem mittere, scribere, to dedicate a book to one. —In titles, ad aliquem signifies to, addressed to.— With names of towns, ad answers to Whither? for the simple acc., i. e. to the vicinity of, to the neighborhood of: ad Aquinum accedere, approach: ut cum suis copiis iret ad Mutinam. — Of hostile movement or protection, against (cf. adversus): veniri ad se existimantes, Cs.: ipse ad hostem vehitur, N.: Romulus ad regem impetum facit (cf. in), L.: clipeos ad tela protecti obiciunt, V.: ad hos casūs provisa praesidia, Cs.—In war, of manner of fighting: ad pedes pugna venerat, was fought out on foot, L.: equitem ad pedes deducere, L.: pugna ad gladios venerat, L. — Emphatic of distance, to, even to, all the way to: a Salonis ad Oricum portūs... occupavit, Cs.: usque a Dianis ad Sinopum navigare. — Fig.: deverberasse usque ad necem, T.: virgis ad necem caedi.—Of nearness or proximity in gen. (cf. apud), near to, by, at, close by: ad forīs adsistere: Ianum ad infimum Argiletum fecit, L.: quod Romanis ad manum domi supplementum esset, at hand, L.: errantem ad flumina, V.; and ellipt.: pecunia utinam ad Opis maneret! — Of persons: qui primum pilum ad Caesarem duxerat, Cs.: ad me fuit, at my house: ad inferos poenas parricidi luent, among.—So, fig.: ad omnīs nationes sanctum, in the judgment of, Cs.: ut esset ad posteros monumentum, etc., L.: ad urbem esse (of a general outside of the walls): ad urbem cum imperio remanere, Cs.—With names of towns and verbs of rest: pons, qui erat ad Genavam, Cs.; and with an ordinal number and lapis: sepultus ad quintum lapidem, N.—    II. In time, about, toward: domum reductus ad vesperum, toward evening.—Till, until, to, even to, up to: usque ad hanc aetatem: ad multam noctem: amant ad quoddam tempus, until: quem ad finem? how long: ad quartam (sc. horam), H. — Hence, ad id (sc. tempus), till then: ad id dubios servare animos, L.— At, on, in, by: ad horam destinatam, at the appointed hour: frumentum ad diem dare. —    III. In number or amount, near, near to, almost, about, toward (cf. circiter): talenta ad quindecim coëgi, T.: annos ad quadraginta natus.—Adverb.: occisis ad hominum milibus quattuor, Cs.: ad duo milia et trecenti occisi, L.—Of a limit, to, unto, even to (rare): (viaticum) ad assem perdere, to the last farthing, H.: ad denarium solvere. —Esp., ad unum, to a single one, without exception: omnes ad unum idem sentiunt: exosus ad unum Troianos, V. —    IV. In other relations, with regard to, in respect of, in relation to, as to, to, in: ad honorem antecellere: nihil ad rem pertinet.—Ellipt.: rectene an secus, nihil ad nos: Quid ad praetorem? quid ad rem? i. e. what difference does it make? H.: quibus (auxiliaribus) ad pugnam confidebat, Cs.: ad speciem ornatus, ad sensum acerbus: mentis ad omnia caecitas: ad cetera paene gemelli, H.: facultas ad dicendum.—With words denoting measure, weight, manner, model, rule, etc., according to, agreeably to, after: taleis ad certum pondus examinatis, Cs.: ad cursūs lunae describit annum, L.: canere ad tibiam: carmen castigare ad unguem, to perfection (see unguis), H.: ad istorum normam sapientes: ad specus angustiae vallium (i. e. ad specuum similitudinem angustae valles), Cs. — With the cause or reason, according to, at, on, in consequence of, for, in order to: ad horum proces in Boeotiam duxit, on their entreaty, L.: dictis ad fallendum instructis, L.: causae ad discordiam, to produce dissension, T.: ad facinora incendere, S.: ad speciem tabernaculis relictis, for appearance, Cs.: ad id, for this use, as a means to that end, L.: ad id ipsum, for that my purpose, L.: delecto milite ad navīs, marines, L.: puer ad cyathum statuetur, H.: biiugi ad frena leones, yoked in pairs with bits, V.: res quae sunt ad incendia, Cs.: ad communem salutem utilius.—In comparison, to, compared with, in comparison with: terra ad universi caeli complexum: nihil ad tuum equitatum, Caesar.—    V. In adverbial phrases, ad omnia, withal, to crown all: ad omnia tantum advehi auri, etc., L.—Ad hoc and ad haec, moreover, besides, in addition: ad hoc, quos... postremo omnes, quos, etc., S. — Ad id quod, beside that (rare): ad id quod... indignitate etiam Romani accendebantur, L. — Ad tempus, at a definite, fixed time, C., L.; at a fit, appropriate time, L.; for some time, for a short time, L.; according to circumstances. — Ad praesens, for the moment, for a short time.—Ad locum, on the spot: ut ad locum miles esset paratus, L.—Ad verbum, word for word, literally. — Ad summam, on the whole, generally, in general; in a word, in short, C., H.—Ad extremum, ad ultimum, ad postremum, at the end, finally, at last; of place, at the extremity, at the top, at the end: ad extremum (teli) unde ferrum exstabat, L.; of time, at last, finally: ad extremum incipit philosophari; of order, finally, lastly; to the last degree, quite, L. — Quem ad finem? to what limit? how far? how long? Note.—a. Ad rarely follows its acc: quam ad, T.: quos ad, C.: ripam ad Araxis, Ta.—b. In composition, ad- stands before vowels, b, d, f, h, i consonant, m, n, q, v, and mostly before l, r, s; acbefore c; but very often ad- before cl-, cr-, and cu-; ag- or ad- before g; ap- or ad- before p; atbefore t; but a- or ad- before gn, sp, sc, st.
    * * *
    I II
    to, up to, towards; near, at; until, on, by; almost; according to; about w/NUM

    Latin-English dictionary > ad

  • 3 Land

    n; -(e)s, Länder und Lande
    1. nur Sg.; (Grund und Boden) land; (Ackerboden) land, soil; 10 Hektar Land 10 hectares of land; das Land bebauen farm the land; lit. till the soil
    2. nur. Sg.; (Ggs. Wasser) land; Land in Sicht NAUT. land ahead; an Land ashore; an Land gehen go ashore, disembark; etw. an Land ziehen land s.th., pull s.th. ashore; umg., fig. land o.s. s.th.; wieder ( festes) Land unter den Füßen haben be back on terra firma ( oder dry land); Land sehen see land; ( wieder) Land sehen umg., fig. see the light at the end of the tunnel; ich sehe noch kein Land fig. there’s no end in sight yet; kein Land mehr sehen fig. be completely at sea, be floundering; unter I, 1
    3. nur Sg.; (Ggs. Stadt) country; countryside; auf dem Land in the country; aufs Land fahren go ( oder drive) out into the country(side); aufs Land ziehen move to the country(side); ( draußen) auf dem flachen oder platten Land umg. out in the sticks, in the middle of nowhere
    4. Pl. altm. oder hum. Lande; (Gegend) region; (Landschaft) country; hügeliges Land hilly (stretch of) country; durch die Lande reisen oder ziehen travel widely; in deutschen Landen altm., hum. in Germany; ins Land gehen oder ziehen fig., Zeit: pass, elapse
    5. Pl. Länder; (geographisches Land) country; (Staat) auch nation, state; lit. land; das Land, wo Milch und Honig fließt hum. the land of milk and honey; das Land meiner / seiner etc. Väter geh. the land of my / his etc. fathers; das Land meiner Träume the land of my dreams; das Land der unbegrenzten Möglichkeiten the land of limitless opportunity; das Land der aufgehenden Sonne the land of the rising sun; das Land der tausend Seen the land of a thousand lakes; andere Länder, andere Sitten Sprichw. when in Rome, do as the Romans do; Land und Leute kennen lernen get to know the country and its people; aus aller Herren Länder from all four corners of the earth; wieder im Lande sein umg., fig. be back again; (unter den Leuten) be back in circulation; bist du wieder mal im Lande? umg., nach langer Abwesenheit: returned from your wanderings, have you?, iro. hello (there), stranger!; zu einem Ausländer etc.: come to see us again, have you?; bei uns zu Land in our country, where we live gelobt, heilig
    6. nur Sg.; (Territorium, Lebensraum) territory, land; dieses Gebiet war das Land der Apachen this area was Apache territory ( oder land)
    7. Pl. Länder; POL., innerhalb Deutschlands: (federal) state, Land (Pl. Länder); in Österreich: province; die Länder der Bundesrepublik Deutschland the states ( oder Länder) of the Federal Republic of Germany; das Land Bayern the state of Bavaria; das Land Kärnten the province of Carinthia
    8. nur Sg.: Land der Träume etc. fig. land of dreams etc.
    * * *
    das Land
    (Grund und Boden) land; property;
    (Staat) country; state;
    (ländliche Gegend) countryside; country
    * * *
    Lạnd [lant]
    nt -(e)s, -er
    ['lɛndɐ]
    1) (= Gelände, Festland) land; (= Landschaft) country, landscape

    ein Stück Land — a plot of land or ground

    Land bestellen — to till the soil or land

    Land gewinnen (lit) (am Meer) — to reclaim land; (Agr) to cultivate land; (fig) to gain ground

    an Land gehen — to go ashore

    jdn an Land setzen — to put sb ashore

    Land sehen (lit) — to see or sight land

    endlich können wir Land sehen/sehe ich Land (fig) — at last we/I can see the light at the end of the tunnel

    kein Land mehr sehen ( können) (fig) — to be completely muddled, to be in a complete muddle

    einen Millionär/einen Auftrag an Land ziehen (inf) — to land a millionaire/an order

    bei uns/euch zu Lande — back home, where we/you come from or live, in our/your country

    2) (= ländliches Gebiet) country

    über Land fahren (mit Auto etc) — to drive/travel across country; (Fahrschüler) to drive on country roads; (old

    3) (= Staat) country, land (esp liter); (= Bundesland) (in BRD) Land, state; (in Österreich) province

    das Land Tirol — the province of Tyrol, Tyrol province

    außer Landes sein/gehen — to be out of/leave the country

    das Land der unbegrenzten Möglichkeiten — the new world, the land of limitless opportunity

    aus aller Herren Länder(n) — from all over the world, from the four corners of the earth

    See:
    → Milch
    4) pl (poet) lands pl

    in fernen Landen (liter) — in distant lands, in faraway lands

    * * *
    das
    1) (the solid part of the surface of the Earth which is covered by the sea: We had been at sea a week before we saw land.) land
    2) (a country: foreign lands.) land
    3) (the ground or soil: He never made any money at farming as his land was poor and stony.) land
    4) (an estate: He owns land/lands in Scotland.) land
    5) (any of the nations of the world; the land occupied by a nation: Canada is a larger country than Spain.) country
    6) ((usually with the) districts where there are fields, moors etc as opposed to towns and areas with many buildings: a quiet holiday in the country; ( also adjective) country districts.) country
    * * *
    <-[e]s, Länder>
    [lant, pl ˈlɛndɐ]
    nt
    1. (Staat) country, state, nation
    aus aller Herren Länder[n] from all corners of the earth
    \Land und Leute the country and its people
    andere Länder, andere Sitten every country has its own customs
    das \Land der unbegrenzten Möglichkeiten the land of opportunity
    das \Land der aufgehenden Sonne the land of the rising sun
    das \Land der Verheißung, das Gelobte \Land the promised land
    das Heilige \Land the Holy Land
    durch die \Lande ziehen (geh) to travel around
    außer \Landes abroad, out of the country
    bei jdm zu \Land where sb comes from, in sb's country
    2. (Bundesland) federal state
    3. NAUT land
    \Land in Sicht! land ahoy!
    \Land unter! NORDD land under water!
    zu \Lande und zu Wasser on land and at sea
    an \Land gehen, \Land sehen to sight land, to go ashore
    jdn an \Land setzen to put sb ashore
    jdn/etw an \Land spülen to wash sb/sth ashore
    jdn/etw an \Land ziehen to pull sb/sth ashore
    an \Land ashore
    4. kein pl (Gelände) land, property
    das \Land bestellen to till the soil
    5. kein pl (ländliche Gegend) country
    auf dem flachen [o platten] \Land[e] on the plains
    aufs \Land ziehen to move to the country
    auf dem \Land[e] in the country
    6.
    ▶ das \Land, wo Milch und Honig fließt the land of milk and honey
    ▶ bleibe im \Lande und nähre dich redlich (prov) enjoy the trappings of home
    ▶ [wieder] \Land sehen (fam) to get things sorted [again]
    endlich sehe ich wieder \Land I'm finally getting things sorted again
    ▶ etw an \Land ziehen (fam) to land sth fam
    ▶ ins \Land ziehen [o gehen] (geh) to pass
    die Jahre zogen ins \Land the years went by
    * * *
    das; Landes, Länder od. (veralt.) Lande
    1) o. Pl. land no indef. art.

    Land in Sicht! — (Seemannsspr.) land [ahead]!

    ‘Land unter!’ melden — report that the land is flooded or under water

    [wieder] Land sehen — (fig.) be able to see light at the end of the tunnel (fig.)

    [sich (Dat.)] eine Millionärin/antike Truhe/einen fetten Auftrag an Land ziehen — (ugs., oft scherzh.) hook a millionairess/get one's hands on an antique chest/land a fat contract

    2) o. Pl. (Grund und Boden) land

    ein Stück Land — a plot or piece of land or ground

    das Land bebauen/bestellen — farm/till the land

    3) Plural Lande (veralt.) (Gegend) country; land

    Wochen/Jahre waren ins Land gegangen — weeks/years had passed or gone by

    4) o. Pl. (dörfliche Gegend) country no indef. art.

    andere Länder, andere Sitten — (Spr.) every nation has its own ways of behaving

    außer Landes gehen/sich außer Landes befinden — leave the country/be out of the country

    wieder im Lande sein — (ugs.) be back again

    hier zu Lande — [here] in this country

    6) (Bundesland) Land; state; (österr.) province
    •• Cultural note:
    Germany is a federal republic consisting of 16 member states called Länder or Bundesländer. Five so-called neue Bundesländer were added after reunification in 1990. The Land has a degree of autonomy and is responsible for all educational and cultural affairs, the police, the environment, and local government. The German Länder, including three city-states, and their state capitals are: Baden-Württemberg, capital: Stuttgart; Bayern( Bavaria), capital: München( Munich); Berlin; Brandenburg, capital: Potsdam; Bremen; Hamburg; Hessen (Hesse), capital: Wiesbaden; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ( Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania), capital: Schwerin; Niedersachsen( Lower Saxony), capital: Hannover( Hanover); Nordrhein-Westfalen (North Rhine-Westphalia), capital: Düsseldorf; Rheinland-Pfalz ( Rhineland-Palatinate), capital: Mainz; Saarland, capital: Saarbrücken; Sachsen( Saxony), capital: Dresden; Sachsen-Anhalt ( Saxony-Anhalt), capital: Magdeburg; Schleswig-Holstein, capital: Kiel; Thüringen( Thuringia), capital: Erfurt. Austria is a federal state consisting of 9 Länder: Burgenland; Kärnten( Carinthia); Niederösterreich( Lower Austria); Oberösterreich( Upper Austria); Salzburg; Steiermark( Styria); Tirol (Tyrol); Vorarlberg; Wien( Vienna).The Swiss equivalent of a German or Austrian Land is a Kanton
    * * *
    Land n; -(e)s, Länder und Lande
    1. nur sg; (Grund und Boden) land; (Ackerboden) land, soil;
    10 Hektar Land 10 hectares of land;
    das Land bebauen farm the land; liter till the soil
    2. nur. sg; (Ggs Wasser) land;
    Land in Sicht SCHIFF land ahead;
    an Land ashore;
    an Land gehen go ashore, disembark;
    etwas an Land ziehen land sth, pull sth ashore; umg, fig land o.s. sth;
    wieder (festes) Land unter den Füßen haben be back on terra firma ( oder dry land);
    Land sehen see land;
    (wieder) Land sehen umg, fig see the light at the end of the tunnel;
    ich sehe noch kein Land fig there’s no end in sight yet;
    kein Land mehr sehen fig be completely at sea, be floundering; → unter1 A, 1
    3. nur sg; (Ggs Stadt) country; countryside;
    auf dem Land in the country;
    aufs Land fahren go ( oder drive) out into the country(side);
    aufs Land ziehen move to the country(side);
    (draußen) auf dem flachen oder
    platten Land umg out in the sticks, in the middle of nowhere
    4. pl obs oder hum Lande; (Gegend) region; (Landschaft) country;
    hügeliges Land hilly (stretch of) country;
    ziehen travel widely;
    in deutschen Landen obs, hum in Germany;
    5. pl Länder; (geografisches Land) country; (Staat) auch nation, state; liter land;
    das Land, wo Milch und Honig fließt hum the land of milk and honey;
    das Land meiner/seiner etc
    Väter geh the land of my/his etc fathers;
    das Land meiner Träume the land of my dreams;
    das Land der unbegrenzten Möglichkeiten the land of limitless opportunity;
    das Land der aufgehenden Sonne the land of the rising sun;
    das Land der tausend Seen the land of a thousand lakes;
    andere Länder, andere Sitten sprichw when in Rome, do as the Romans do;
    Land und Leute kennenlernen get to know the country and its people;
    aus aller Herren Länder from all four corners of the earth;
    wieder im Lande sein umg, fig be back again; (unter den Leuten) be back in circulation;
    bist du wieder mal im Lande? umg, nach langer Abwesenheit: returned from your wanderings, have you?, iron hello (there), stranger!; zu einem Ausländer etc: come to see us again, have you?;
    bei uns zu Land in our country, where we live → gelobt, heilig
    6. nur sg; (Territorium, Lebensraum) territory, land;
    dieses Gebiet war das Land der Apachen this area was Apache territory ( oder land)
    7. pl Länder; POL, innerhalb Deutschlands: (federal) state, Land (pl Länder); in Österreich: province;
    die Länder der Bundesrepublik Deutschland the states ( oder Länder) of the Federal Republic of Germany;
    das Land Bayern the state of Bavaria;
    das Land Kärnten the province of Carinthia
    8. nur sg:
    Land der Träume etc fig land of dreams etc
    * * *
    das; Landes, Länder od. (veralt.) Lande
    1) o. Pl. land no indef. art.

    Land in Sicht! — (Seemannsspr.) land [ahead]!

    ‘Land unter!’ melden — report that the land is flooded or under water

    [wieder] Land sehen — (fig.) be able to see light at the end of the tunnel (fig.)

    [sich (Dat.)] eine Millionärin/antike Truhe/einen fetten Auftrag an Land ziehen — (ugs., oft scherzh.) hook a millionairess/get one's hands on an antique chest/land a fat contract

    2) o. Pl. (Grund und Boden) land

    ein Stück Land — a plot or piece of land or ground

    das Land bebauen/bestellen — farm/till the land

    3) Plural Lande (veralt.) (Gegend) country; land

    Wochen/Jahre waren ins Land gegangen — weeks/years had passed or gone by

    4) o. Pl. (dörfliche Gegend) country no indef. art.

    andere Länder, andere Sitten — (Spr.) every nation has its own ways of behaving

    außer Landes gehen/sich außer Landes befinden — leave the country/be out of the country

    wieder im Lande sein — (ugs.) be back again

    hier zu Lande — [here] in this country

    6) (Bundesland) Land; state; (österr.) province
    •• Cultural note:
    Germany is a federal republic consisting of 16 member states called Länder or Bundesländer. Five so-called neue Bundesländer were added after reunification in 1990. The Land has a degree of autonomy and is responsible for all educational and cultural affairs, the police, the environment, and local government. The German Länder, including three city-states, and their state capitals are: Baden-Württemberg, capital: Stuttgart; Bayern (Bavaria), capital: München (Munich); Berlin; Brandenburg, capital: Potsdam; Bremen; Hamburg; Hessen (Hesse), capital: Wiesbaden; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania), capital: Schwerin; Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony), capital: Hannover (Hanover); Nordrhein-Westfalen (North Rhine-Westphalia), capital: Düsseldorf; Rheinland-Pfalz (Rhineland-Palatinate), capital: Mainz; Saarland, capital: Saarbrücken; Sachsen (Saxony), capital: Dresden; Sachsen-Anhalt (Saxony-Anhalt), capital: Magdeburg; Schleswig-Holstein, capital: Kiel; Thüringen (Thuringia), capital: Erfurt. Austria is a federal state consisting of 9 Länder: Burgenland; Kärnten (Carinthia); Niederösterreich (Lower Austria); Oberösterreich (Upper Austria); Salzburg; Steiermark (Styria); Tirol (Tyrol); Vorarlberg; Wien (Vienna).The Swiss equivalent of a German or Austrian Land is a Kanton
    * * *
    ¨-er n.
    country n.
    county n.
    land n.
    terra n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Land

  • 4 Т-95

    С ТЕЧЕНИЕМ ВРЕМЕНИ PrepP Invar adv fixed WO
    after some time has passed, or in conjunction with the passing of time
    in (with) time
    after a time in the course of time as time goes (went) by with the passage of time.
    С течением времени обойщик добился ещё одного звания — камердинера его величества короля Франции (Булгаков 5). In time the upholsterer attained yet another title-that of Valet to His Majesty, the King of France (5a). «...Я усматриваю, что наше общество продолжает коснеть всё в том же бездействии, в каком я застал его и в первое время по приезде моём в Навозный край. А именно: путей сообщения не существует, судоходство в упадке, торговля преследует цели низкие и неблагородные... К сему, с течением времени, присоединились: процветание кабаков и необыкновенный успех сибирской язвы» (Салтыков-Щедрин 2). "I must state that our society continues to stagnate in the same state of inactivity in which I found it on my arrival in the Navozny province. To be more precise, there are no means of communication, navigation is in a state of complete decay, trade is pursuing base and dishonourable ends....To this have been added in the course of time the great increase in the number of public houses and the quite extraordinary success achieved by anthrax!" (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Т-95

  • 5 с течением времени

    [PrepP; Invar; adv; fixed WO]
    =====
    ⇒ after some time has passed, or in conjunction with the passing of time:
    - in < with> time;
    - as time goes < went> by;
    - with the passage of time.
         ♦ С течением времени обойщик добился ещё одного звания - камердинера его величества короля Франции (Булгаков 5). In time the upholsterer attained yet another title-that of Valet to His Majesty, the King of France (5a). "...Я усматриваю, что наше общество продолжает коснеть всё в том же бездействии, в каком я застал его и в первое время по приезде моём в Навозный край. А именно: путей сообщения не существует, судоходство в упадке, торговля преследует цели низкие и неблагородные... К сему, с течением времени, присоединились: процветание кабаков и необыкновенный успех сибирской язвы" (Салтыков-Щедрин 2). "I must state that our society continues to stagnate in the same state of inactivity in which I found it on my arrival in the Navozny province. To be more precise, there are no means of communication, navigation is in a state of complete decay, trade is pursuing base and dishonourable ends....To this have been added in the course of time the great increase in the number of public houses and the quite extraordinary success achieved by anthrax!" (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > с течением времени

  • 6 Τυχικός

    Τυχικός, οῦ, ὁ (ins, e.g. nine times in those fr. Magnesia; Hemer, Acts 236.—On the accent s. KLipsius, Gramm. Untersuchungen über die biblische Gräz. 1863, 30; Tdf., Proleg. 103) Tychicus, a man fr. the province of Asia who accompanied Paul on his journey to Jerusalem w. the collection Ac 20:4. In Eph 6:21 he is called ὁ ἀγαπητὸς ἀδελφὸς καὶ πιστὸς διάκονος ἐν κυρίῳ, and in Col 4:7 σύνδουλος is added to these. In both of these he is to report to the recipients of the letter concerning the apostle. In 2 Ti 4:12 he is sent to Ephesus. In Tit 3:12 it is proposed to send him or Artemas to Titus in Crete. S. also Eph subscr.; Col subscr.—Cp. DELG s.v. τυγχάνω. LGPN I. M-M.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > Τυχικός

  • 7 reducción

    f.
    1 reduction, decrease, decline, fall.
    2 curtailment, deescalation, cut, cutback.
    * * *
    1 reduction
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=disminución)
    a) [de cantidad, precios, consumo, tamaño] reduction

    una reducción del gasto público — a cut o reduction in public spending

    b) [de tiempo] reduction
    2) (Mat) (=conversión) [de unidades, medidas] conversion; [de ecuaciones] reduction
    3) [de rebeldes] defeat
    4) (Med) setting, reduction frm
    5) Chile [de indígenas] reservation ( of natives)
    6) LAm ( Hist) settlement of Christianized Indians
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( disminución) reduction

    la reducción del precio del pan — the reduction in o lowering of the price of bread

    reducción de impuestos — tax cuts, reduction in taxes

    b) (Fot) reduction
    2) (Mat, Quím, Med) reduction
    3) (Chi) ( de indígenas) reservation
    * * *
    = compression, curtailment, cutting, reduction, shrinkage, contraction, dilution, diminution, abatement, slashing, ebbing, depletion, narrowing, cut, effacement, drawdown, mark-down.
    Ex. The compression keys are built for all main and added entry combinations appropriate to a record.
    Ex. This paper emphasises the need for booksellers to keep informed of new developments and of the danger of curtailment of present activities, but also to be prepared to experiment.
    Ex. This article concludes that cutting the number of words could lead to undesirable impoverishing of data bases rendering them useless as an independent source of information.
    Ex. A scheme should allow reduction, to take out subjects and their subdivisions which are no longer used.
    Ex. DBMS systems aim to allow data to be re-organised to accommodate growth, shrinkage and so on.
    Ex. The euphoric years of affluence and expansion in the decades immediately following the midpoint of the century have given way to traumatic years of austerity and contraction.
    Ex. The good novelist is therefore an author with a wide appeal but this wide appeal is not attained, or even sought, through a dilution of quality; it is simply that this type of writer has a different sort of skill.
    Ex. Most adults feel the awakening of interest in biography and a diminution at the same time of the fondness for fiction.
    Ex. The asbestos literature is discussed under its industrial, medical, legal, control and abatement aspects.
    Ex. But more to the point, the claim that 2 1/2 million jobs depend on slashing red tape is a misrepresentation of a CBI survey carried out in advance of the UK general election of 1983.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'The ebbing of municipal documents and the flow of public information in New York'.
    Ex. Results indicated that there will be a serious depletion of resources in library schools before the year 2001.
    Ex. The narrowing of the curriculum has implications for the future.
    Ex. Cuts in the 1988 budget have resulted in cuts in opening hours, staff hours, and book budget.
    Ex. Meanwhile a coalition of cells has been effected at intervals through the effacement of their walls.
    Ex. Commanders in Iraq have decided to begin the drawdown of U.S. forces in volatile Diyala province, marking a turning point in the U.S. military mission.
    Ex. Customers will be charged either a mark-up or a mark-down, depending on whether they are buying or selling.
    ----
    * escala de reducción = reduction ratio.
    * mamoplastía de reducción = reduction mammoplasty.
    * mecanismo de reducción de situaciones difíciles = threat-reduction mechanism.
    * reducción al mínimo = minimisation [minimization, -USA].
    * reducción de costes = cost saving [cost-saving].
    * reducción de gastos = cost cutting, cost saving [cost-saving], cost reduction.
    * reducción de impuestos = tax cut.
    * reducción de la cuota de los países endeudados = debt relief.
    * reducción de la deuda externa = debt relief.
    * reducción de las diferencias entre... y = narrowing gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and.
    * reducción de los precios = price cut.
    * reducción de los tipos de interés = rate cut, interest-rate cut.
    * reducción de pecho = breast reduction.
    * reducción de personal = staff cutbacks, downsizing.
    * reducción de plantilla = downsizing.
    * reducción de precios = pricecutting.
    * reducción de tipo impositivo = tax abatement.
    * reducción de una palabra a su raíz = stemming.
    * reducciones presupuestarias = budgetary restrictions.
    * reducción fiscal = tax cut.
    * reducción para piano = piano score.
    * reducción presupuestaria = budget reduction, budgetary constraint.
    * reducción tributaria = tax reduction.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( disminución) reduction

    la reducción del precio del pan — the reduction in o lowering of the price of bread

    reducción de impuestos — tax cuts, reduction in taxes

    b) (Fot) reduction
    2) (Mat, Quím, Med) reduction
    3) (Chi) ( de indígenas) reservation
    * * *
    = compression, curtailment, cutting, reduction, shrinkage, contraction, dilution, diminution, abatement, slashing, ebbing, depletion, narrowing, cut, effacement, drawdown, mark-down.

    Ex: The compression keys are built for all main and added entry combinations appropriate to a record.

    Ex: This paper emphasises the need for booksellers to keep informed of new developments and of the danger of curtailment of present activities, but also to be prepared to experiment.
    Ex: This article concludes that cutting the number of words could lead to undesirable impoverishing of data bases rendering them useless as an independent source of information.
    Ex: A scheme should allow reduction, to take out subjects and their subdivisions which are no longer used.
    Ex: DBMS systems aim to allow data to be re-organised to accommodate growth, shrinkage and so on.
    Ex: The euphoric years of affluence and expansion in the decades immediately following the midpoint of the century have given way to traumatic years of austerity and contraction.
    Ex: The good novelist is therefore an author with a wide appeal but this wide appeal is not attained, or even sought, through a dilution of quality; it is simply that this type of writer has a different sort of skill.
    Ex: Most adults feel the awakening of interest in biography and a diminution at the same time of the fondness for fiction.
    Ex: The asbestos literature is discussed under its industrial, medical, legal, control and abatement aspects.
    Ex: But more to the point, the claim that 2 1/2 million jobs depend on slashing red tape is a misrepresentation of a CBI survey carried out in advance of the UK general election of 1983.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'The ebbing of municipal documents and the flow of public information in New York'.
    Ex: Results indicated that there will be a serious depletion of resources in library schools before the year 2001.
    Ex: The narrowing of the curriculum has implications for the future.
    Ex: Cuts in the 1988 budget have resulted in cuts in opening hours, staff hours, and book budget.
    Ex: Meanwhile a coalition of cells has been effected at intervals through the effacement of their walls.
    Ex: Commanders in Iraq have decided to begin the drawdown of U.S. forces in volatile Diyala province, marking a turning point in the U.S. military mission.
    Ex: Customers will be charged either a mark-up or a mark-down, depending on whether they are buying or selling.
    * escala de reducción = reduction ratio.
    * mamoplastía de reducción = reduction mammoplasty.
    * mecanismo de reducción de situaciones difíciles = threat-reduction mechanism.
    * reducción al mínimo = minimisation [minimization, -USA].
    * reducción de costes = cost saving [cost-saving].
    * reducción de gastos = cost cutting, cost saving [cost-saving], cost reduction.
    * reducción de impuestos = tax cut.
    * reducción de la cuota de los países endeudados = debt relief.
    * reducción de la deuda externa = debt relief.
    * reducción de las diferencias entre... y = narrowing gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and.
    * reducción de los precios = price cut.
    * reducción de los tipos de interés = rate cut, interest-rate cut.
    * reducción de pecho = breast reduction.
    * reducción de personal = staff cutbacks, downsizing.
    * reducción de plantilla = downsizing.
    * reducción de precios = pricecutting.
    * reducción de tipo impositivo = tax abatement.
    * reducción de una palabra a su raíz = stemming.
    * reducciones presupuestarias = budgetary restrictions.
    * reducción fiscal = tax cut.
    * reducción para piano = piano score.
    * reducción presupuestaria = budget reduction, budgetary constraint.
    * reducción tributaria = tax reduction.

    * * *
    A
    1
    (disminución): reducción de gastos reduction in costs
    la reducción del precio del pan the reduction in o lowering of the price of bread
    no habrá reducción de los impuestos there will be no tax cuts o no reduction in taxes
    una reducción del personal a reduction o cutback in the workforce
    se ha producido una reducción en el consumo de tabaco there has been a reduction o drop in tobacco consumption
    una reducción de tres horas semanales a reduction of three hours a week
    se solicitó la reducción de la pena they asked for the sentence to be commuted o reduced
    2 ( Fot) reduction
    B
    1 ( Mat) reduction
    2 ( Quím) reduction
    C (de una ciudad) conquest; (de los rebeldes, enemigos) defeat
    D
    2 ( Chi) (de indígenas) reservation
    E (de una fractura) setting, reduction ( tech)
    * * *

     

    reducción sustantivo femenino
    reduction;
    ◊ reducción de impuestos tax cuts, reduction in taxes;

    una reducción de personal a reduction o cutback in the workforce
    reducción sustantivo femenino reduction
    reducción de plantilla, streamlining

    ' reducción' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    contrapartida
    - polvareda
    - rebaja
    - despedir
    English:
    cut
    - cutback
    - decrease
    - reduction
    - redundant
    - remission
    - retrenchment
    - board
    * * *
    1. [disminución] reduction;
    piden la reducción de la jornada laboral they are asking for working hours to be shortened;
    reducción al absurdo reductio ad absurdum;
    reducción de gastos cost cutting;
    han anunciado una reducción de gastos they have announced that they are going to cut costs;
    reducción de jornada: [m5] estar en reducción de jornada to work part-time;
    reducción de precios [acción] price-cutting;
    [resultado] price cut;
    2. [sometimiento] [de rebelión] suppression;
    [de ejército] defeat
    3. Med [de fractura] reduction
    4. Quím reduction
    5. Hist = settlement of Indians converted to Christianity
    6. RP [de cadáver] exhumation [for reburial of bones in smaller container]
    * * *
    f
    1 reduction;
    reducción de empleo job cuts pl ;
    reducción de la jornada laboral shortening of the working day;
    plantilla cutbacks pl, job cuts pl
    2 MED setting
    * * *
    reducción nf, pl - ciones : reduction, decrease
    * * *
    reducción n reduction

    Spanish-English dictionary > reducción

  • 8 स्थान


    sthā́na
    n. ( alsoﾠ said to be m. Siddh.) the act of standing, standing firmly, being fixed orﾠ stationary AV. etc. etc.;

    position orﾠ posture of the body (in shooting etc.) R. ;
    staying, abiding, being in orﾠ on (loc. orﾠ comp.) Daṡ. Kām. Hariv. Sāh. ;
    storingplace orﾠ storage (of goods) Mn. VIII, 401 ;
    firm bearing (of troops), sustaining a charge (as opp. to yuddha, « charging») ib. VII, 190 ;
    state, condition (ifc. = « being in the state of») Up. BhP. ;
    continued existence, continuance in the same state (i.e. in a kind of neutral state unmarked by loss orﾠ gain), continuing as orﾠ as long as (with instr.) MBh. R. BhP. ;
    a state of perfect tranquillity Sarvad. ;
    station, rank, office, appointment, dignity, degree MaitrUp. Mn. MBh. etc.;
    place of standing orﾠ staying, any place, spot, locality, abode, dwelling, house, site ( sthānesthāne orﾠ sthānesthāneshu, « in different places», « here andﾠ there») RV. etc. etc.;
    place orﾠ room, stead ( sthāne with gen. orﾠ ifc. « in place of», « instead of», « in lieu of» ;
    ripu-sthāne-vṛit, « to act in the place of an enemy» ;
    vilocana-sthāna-gata, « acting the part of eyes» ;
    alsoﾠ sthāna ifc. = « taking the place of», « acting as», « representing» orﾠ « represented by» e.g.. pitṛi-sth-, « acting as a father» orﾠ « represented by a father» ;
    iyaṅ-uvaṅ-sthāna, reprepresented by iy orﾠ uv <as ī andﾠ ū Pāṇ. 1-4, 4 >;
    in Pāṇini's grammar the gen. case is often used alone, when the word sthāne has to be supplied e.g.. hanterjaḥ,
    ja is to be substituted in place of han, I, 1, 49) AitBr. GṛṠrS. etc.;
    place for, receptacle of (gen.) Mn. MBh. etc.;
    proper orﾠ right place ( sthāne, « in the right place orﾠ at the right time, seasonably, justly») PañcavBr. etc. etc. (cf. gaṇa svar-ādi);
    province, region, domain, sphere (of gods orﾠ virtuous men;
    said to be in one of three places,
    viz. « earth» orﾠ « atmosphere» orﾠ « heaven» ;
    accord. toﾠ some that of virtuous Brāhmans is called Prājāpatya;
    of Kshatriyas, Aindra;
    of Vaiṡyas, Māruta;
    of Ṡūdras, Gāndharva) Nir. VarBṛS. ;
    the main support orﾠ strength orﾠ chief constituent of a kingdom (said to be four, viz. « army», « treasury», « city», « territory») Mn. VII, 56 ;
    a stronghold, fortress Pañcat. ;
    the place orﾠ organ of utterance of any sound (said to be 8 in number, viz. kaṇṭha, « throat» ;
    tālu, « palate» ;
    mūrdhan, « top of palate» ;
    danta, « teeth» ;
    oshṭha, « lips» ;
    kaṇṭha-tālu, « throat andﾠ palate» ;
    kaṇṭh'-oshṭha, « throat andﾠ lips» ;
    dant'-oshṭha, « teeth andﾠ lips» ;
    to which are added nāsikā, « nose», said to be the place of utterance of true Anusvāra, andﾠ uras, « chest», of Visarga) Pāṇ. 1-9 Sch. Prāt. Sarvad. ;
    any organ of sense (e.g.. the eye) BhP. ;
    the pitch orﾠ key of the voice, note, tone (of which accord. toﾠ RPrāt., there are three < seeﾠ mandra>, orﾠ accord. toﾠ TPrāt., seven;
    vīnācyutāsthānāt, « a lute out of tune») ṠrS. Prāt. MBh. etc.;
    shape, form, appearance (as of the moon) VarBṛS. ;
    the part orﾠ character of an actor MW. ;
    case, occurrence ( nêdaṉsthānaṉvidyate, « this case does not occur») Yājñ. Pañcat. Vajracch. ;
    occasion, opportunity ( orﾠ (gen. orﾠ comp.;
    sthāne ind. « occasionally») ṠrS. MBh. etc.;
    cause orﾠ object of (gen. orﾠ comp. e.g.. ṡulka-sthāna, « an object of toll» ;
    pūjā- orﾠ mānya-sth-, « an object of honour» ;
    alsoﾠ applied to persons;
    sthāne ind. « because of», « on account of») MBh. Pañcat. Kathās. ;
    a section orﾠ division (e.g.. of medicine) Car. Suṡr. etc.;
    an astrol. mansion orﾠ its subdivision VarBṛS. ;
    = kāryôtsarga, Ṡīl. ;
    an open place in a town, plain, square W. ;
    a holy place MW. ;
    an altar ib. ;
    N. of a Gandharva king R. ;
    sthāna

    - स्थानचञ्चला
    - स्थानचतुर्विधश्लोक
    - स्थानचिन्तक
    - स्थानच्युत
    - स्थानतस्
    - स्थानता
    - स्थानत्याग
    - स्थानत्व
    - स्थानदातृ
    - स्थानदीप्त
    - स्थानपत
    - स्थानपति
    - स्थानपात
    - स्थानपाल
    - स्थानप्रच्युत
    - स्थानप्राप्ति
    - स्थानभङ्ग
    - स्थानभूमि
    - स्थानभ्रंश
    - स्थानभ्रष्ट
    - स्थानमाहात्म्य
    - स्थानमृग
    - स्थानयोग
    - स्थानयोगिन्
    - स्थानरक्षक
    - स्थानवत्
    - स्थानविद्
    - स्थानविभाग
    - स्थानवीरासन
    - स्थानस्थ
    - स्थानस्थान
    - स्थानस्थित

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > स्थान

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