intervention

intervention

μεσεμβόλησις

intervention: fem nom /voc /acc dual (attic epic)

μεσεμβολήσεϊ, μεσεμβόλησις

intervention: fem dat sg (epic)

μεσεμβόλησις

intervention: fem dat sg (attic ionic)

μεσεμβολέω

intercalate: aor subj act 3rd sg (epic)

μεσεμβολέω

intercalate: fut ind mid 2nd sg

μεσεμβολέω

intercalate: fut ind act 3rd sg

⁺ V 41-106-68-40-34=289 Gn 35,2; 40,16; 43,34; 44,1; 45,23(bis)

A: to lift, to take up [τινα] Gn 46,5; to take up and carry [τι] Gn 43,34; to remove, to take away [τινα] Gn 35,2; to kill [τινα] 1 Mc 16,19; to wear [τι] 1 Sm 2,28; to excite [τι] 1 Mc 13,17

P: to be lifted up, to be carried Ex 25,28; to be removed, to be taken away Jer 38(31),24; to be eliminated, to be destroyed Est 4,1

ἦρα τοῦς ὀφθαλμούς μου I lifted up my eyes Ps 120(121),1; oὐ προσέθεντο ἆραι κεφαλὴν αὐτῶν they did not raise their head again (as a sign of pride) Jgs 8,28; ἀρῶ τὴν χεῖρά μου I will raise my hand (for an oath or as active intervention) Dt 32,40; πῶς ἀρω τὸ πρόσωπόν μου πρὸς Ιωαβ how should I look honestly into Joab’s eyes? 2 Sm 2,22; ὡσεὶ αἴραι τιθηνὸς τὸν θηλάζοντα as a nurse takes her suckling (to the breast) Nm 11,12; ᾖρκε χεῖρας ἐναντίον του Κυρίου he has lifted his hand against the Lord Jb 15,25; ἀρθήσεται ἡ σκήνη the tabernacle shall be carried further, set forward Nm 2,17; τρία ἐγώ εἰμι αἴρω ἐπὶ σέ I bring three things upon you 2 Sm 24,12

Cf. LUST 1995b, 33-45(esp.39-41(Deut 32,40)); →TWNT

(→ἀνταἴρω, ἀπ-, ἐξαἴρω, ἐπαἴρω, μετ-, ὑπεραἴρω,,)

-ας ⁺ ἡ N 1 0-1-1-1-9=12 2 Sm 7,23; Am 5,22; Est 5,1c; 2 Mc 2,21; 3,24

intervention 2 Mc 5,4; manifestation, appearance, presences 3 Mc 2,9

*Am 5,22 ἐπιφανείας (ὑμῶν) ( your) appearances-מראיכם for MT מריאיכם your choice ones, your fatted ones

Cf. CUSS 1974, 134-144; DANIEL, S. 1966 185.283-286; LÜHRMANN 1971, 185-199; MOHRMANN 1953

644-670(esp. 649-651); PAX 1955, 9-13; SPICQ 1978a, 286; →NIDNTT; TWNT

δαιμόνιος, α, ον: also ος, ον A.Th. 892, Lys.6.32, OGI383.175 ([place name] Commagene):—

A of or belonging to a δαίμων: properly miraculous, marvellous, but:

I in Hom. only in voc., δαιμόνιε, -ίη, good sir, or lady, addressed to chiefs or commoners, Il.2.190, 200, al., Hes. Th. 655: pl., Od.4.774: esp. in addressing strangers, 23.166, 174; used by husbands and wives, Il.6.407, 486 (Hector and Andromache), 24.194 (Priam to Hecuba): later c. gen.,

δαιμόνιε ἀνδρῶν Hdt.4.126

, 7.48, 8.84: freq. in Com., in an iron. sense,

ὦ δαιμόνι' ἀνδρῶν Ar. Ec. 564

, 784, etc.;

ὦ δαιμόνι' Id.Ra.44

, 175;

ὦ δαιμόνι' ἀνθρώπων Id.Av. 1638

, cf. Pl.R. 344d, 522b, Grg. 489d, etc.

II from Hdt. and Pi. downwds. (Trag. in lyr.), heaven-sent, miraculous, marvellous,

βῶλαξ Pi.P.4.37

;

τέρας B.15.35

, S.Ant. 376;

ὁρμή Hdt.7.18

; ἀραί, ἄχη, A.Th. 892, Pers. 581;

ἡ φύσις δ. ἀλλ' οὐ θεία Arist.Div. Somn.463b14

;

εὐεργεσία D.2.1

; εἰ μή τι δ. εἴη were it not a divine intervention, X.Mem.1.3.5, cf. S.El. 1270;

τὰ δαιμόνια

visitations of heaven, ways of God,

Th.2.64

, X.Mem.1.1.12;

πολλαὶ μορφαὶ τῶν δ. E.Alc. 1159

, al.;

δ. ἀνάγκη Lys.

l.c.; δ. τύχη of ill fortune, Pl.Hp. Ma.304b; Ἄπολλον, ἔφη, δαιμονίας ὑπερβολῆς ! Id.R. 509c.

2 of persons,

τῷ δ. ὡς ἀληθῶς καὶ θαυμαστῷ Id.Smp. 219b

; ὁ περὶ τοιαῦτα σοφὸς δ. ἀνήρ ib. 203a;

δαιμόνιος τὴν σοφίαν Luc.Philops.32

: [comp] Comp.

- ώτερος D.C.53.8

.

III Adv. - ίως by Divine power, opp. ἀνθρωπίνως, Aeschin.3.133, cf.Pl.Ti. 25e; marvellously, Ar.Nu.76;

δ. περί τι ἐσπουδακώς Aeschin.1.41

; δ. ποιεῖ, of remedies, Aët.15.14, al.; [

οἶνος] δ. γέρων Alex.167.5

; δ. καὶ μεγαλοπρεπῶς prob. in Epicur.Fr. 183 (cf. δάϊος): neut. pl. as Adv.,

δαιμόνια Ar. Pax 585

;

δαιμονιώτατα ἀποθνῄσκει

most clearly by the hand of the gods,

X.HG7.4.3

: also in fem. dat., δαιμονίᾳ, formed like κοινῇ, θεσπεσίῃ, etc., Pi.O.9.110.

θεῖος (A), α, ον: late [dialect] Ep. [full] θέειος Procl.H.2.16; [full] θεήϊος Bion Fr.15.9; late [dialect] Aeol. [full] θήϊος Epigr.Gr.989.4 ([place name] Balbilla); [dialect] Lacon. [full] σεῖος (v. infr. 1.3): [comp] Comp. and [comp] Sup. θειότερος, -ότατος, freq. in Pl., Phdr. 279a, Mx. 244d, al.: ([etym.] θεός):

1 of or from the gods, divine,

γένος Il.6.180

;

ὀμφή 2.41

; Ὄνειρος ib.22;

ἐπιπνοίαις A.Supp. 577

, cf. Pl.R. 499c;

μάστιξ A. Pr. 682

;

μανία S.Aj. 611

(lyr.); νόσος ib. 185 (lyr.) (but θ. νόσος, of a dust-storm, Id.Ant. 421);

κίνδυνοι And.1.139

; θ. τινὶ μοίρᾳ by divine intervention, X.HG7.5.10;

θ. τύχῃ γεγονώς Hdt.1.126

;

θ. τύχῃ χρεώμενος Id.3.139

; θ. κἀπόνῳ τύχῃ, of an easy death, S.OC 1585;

ἐκ θ. τύχης Id.Ph. 1326

;

ἔμαθε ὡς θ. εἴη τὸ πρῆγμα Hdt.6.69

;

ὁ θ. νόμος Th.3.82

; φύσις θ. SIG1125.8 ([place name] Eleusis), cf. 2 Ep.Pet.1.4; appointed of God,

βασιλῆες Od.4.691

; σκῆπτρον given by God, S.Ph. 139 (lyr.); v. infr. 2.

2 belonging or sacred to a god, holy, ἀγών, χορός, Il.7.298, Od. 8.264; under divine protection, πύργος, δόμος, Il.21.526, Od.4.43; of heralds and bards, Il.4.192, Od.4.17, al.; so perh., of kings, ib. 691.

3 morethan human, of heroes,

Ὀδυσσεύς Il.2.335

, al., Cratin. 144.4 (lyr.);

θ. ἀνήρ Pi.P.6.38

, A.Ag. 1548 (lyr.), Pl.R. 331e, Men. 99d (esp. at Sparta ([dialect] Lacon. σεῖος), Arist.EN 1145a29; ὦ θεῖε (in the mouth of a Spartan) Pl.Lg. 626c);

μετὰ σοῦ τῆς θείας κεφαλῆς Id.Phdr. 234d

, cf. Them.Or.9.128a, Lib.Or.19.66.

b of things, excellent,

θεῖον ποτόν Od.2.341

, 9.205;

ἁλὸς θείοιο Il.9.214

; θ. πρήγματα marvellous things, Hdt.2.66;

ἐν τοῖσι θειότατον Id.7.137

.

4 = Lat. divinus (or sacer), Imperial, διατάξεις prob. in BGU473.5 ( 200 A.D.), etc.;

θησαυροί PLips. 62ii14

(iv A.D.); θ. ὅρκος oath by the Emperor, POxy.83.6 (iv A.D.), etc.; θειότατος, of living Emperors, Inscr.Prien.105.22 (9 B.C.), etc.

b = Lat. divus, of deified Emperors, θ. Σεβαστός Edict.Claud. ap.J.AJ19.5.3, cf.Inscr.Perg. 283 (iii A.D.), Lyd.Mag.2.3.

II as Subst., θεῖον, τό, the Divinity, Hdt.1.32,3.108, al., A.Ch. 958 (lyr.);

τοῦ θ. χάριν Th.5.70

; ἡμαρτηκότα εἰς τὸ θ. Pl.Phdr. 242c.

2 in an abstract sense, divinity, κεκοινώνηκε.. τοῦ θ. ib. 246d; ἢ μόνον μετέχει τοῦ θ..., ἢ μάλιστα [ἄνθρωπος] Arist.PA 656a8, etc.; κατὰ θεῖον or κατά τι θ., Aen.Gaz.Thphr.p.37 B., p.4 B.

3 θεῖα, τά, the acts of the gods, course of providence, S.Ph. 452, etc.;

τὰ θ. θνητοὺς ὄντας εὐπετῶς φέρειν S.Fr. 585

;

τὰ θ. μὴ φαύλως φέρειν Ar.Av. 961

.

b matters of religion, ἔρρει τὰ θ. religion is no more, S.OT 910 (lyr.), cf. OC 1537, X.Cyr.8.8.2, etc.

c inquiries concerning the divine, Pl.Sph. 232c; τὰ φανερὰ τῶν θείων, i.e. the heavenly bodies, Arist.Metaph. 1026a18, cf. GA 731b24, Ph. 196a33 ([comp] Sup.), EN 1141b1.

III Adv. θείως by divine providence,

θ. πως X.Cyr.4.2.1

, etc.; θειοτέρως by special providence, Hdt.1.122; μᾶλλόν τι καὶ -ότερον ib. 174.

2 divinely, excellently, εὖ γε καὶ θ. Pl.Tht. 154d;

θείως εἰρῆσθαι Arist.Metaph. 1074b9

.

------------------------------------

θεῖος (B), ὁ,

A one's father's or mother's brother, uncle, E.IT 930, Ar. Nu. 124, And.1.18, 117, Pl.Chrm. 154b, Men.5 D., etc.; ὁ πρὸς μητρὸς θ. Is.5.10;

πρὸς πατρός Ph.2.172

. (Cf. τήθη.)

μεσεμβόλ-ησις, εως, ἡ, Astrol.,

A intervention of a planetary influence, interception, Antioch.Astr. in Cat.Cod.Astr.8(3).107, Porph. in Ptol. 188.

συναλλ-ᾰγή, ἡ,

A interchange, esp. for purposes of conciliation, ἐν ξυναλλαγῇ λόγου by reconciling words, S.Aj. 732;

λόγων ξυναλλαγαῖς E.Supp. 602

(lyr.): abs., reconciliation, making of peace, Th.4.20;

ὅρκοι ξυναλλαγῆς Id.3.82

: in pl. συναλλαγαί, treaty of peace, X.HG 6.5.8.

2 commerce, dealings, λέκτρων ἦλθες ἐς συναλλαγάς (of a procuress) E.Hipp. 652; ἔν τε δαιμόνων συναλλαγαῖς in the dealings of men with the immortals, S.OT34;

ἐπὶ συναλλαγαῖς γάμου D.H. 1.60

; covenant, contract, Id.6.22, POxy.70.4 (iii A.D.); αἱ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ς. OGI669.18 (Egypt, i A.D.).

3 rate of exchange, agio, PMasp. 131.1, al. (vi A.D.).

II that which is brought about by the intervention or agency of another, visitation,

νόσου ξυναλλαγῇ S.OT 960

; conjuncture, Id.OC 410; μολόντ' ὀλεθρίαισι ς. Id.Tr. 845 (lyr., unless = meeting, converse).

συντῠχ-ία, [dialect] Ion. -ιη, ἡ,

A occurrence, happening, incident, freq. with a qualifying epithet,

ἀγαθή Thgn.590

= Sol.13.70;

σ. κρυόεσσα Pi.I.1.38

;

δεινὴ καὶ μεγάλη Hdt.3.43

;

κατὰ σ. ἀγαθήν Ar.Av. 544

(lyr.); καλὴ ἡ ξ, the conjuncture is fair, Th.1.33; ἐρωτικὴ ξ. an incident of a love-affair, Id.6.54: without any qualifying word, μεταλλαγαὶ συντυχίας changes of fortune, E.HF 766 (lyr.);

σ. τις τοιαύτη ἐπεγένετο Hdt.3.121

;

συντυχίῃ ταύτῃ χρησαμένη Id.5.41

; θυμοῦμαι τῇ ξ. Ar.Ra. 1006 (anap.); ὡς ἑκάστοις τῆς ξυντυχίας.. ἔσχεν according to the circumstances of each party, Th.7.57; ἅμα τοῦ ἔργου τῇ ξ. at the very moment of action, Id.3.112; ἀπὸ τοιαύτης ξ. Id.5.11; κατὰ συντυχίην by chance, Hdt.3.74, 9.21; κατά τινα ς. Plb.10.32.3, Gal.16.837; κατὰ ς. also, as it happens, as a matter of fact, OGI 331.19 (Pergam., ii B.C.): pl., the chances or incidents of life, circumstances, Th.3.45.

2 abs. also, acc. to the context, of good or evil chances,

a happy event, success, Pi.P.1.36 (pl.);

συντυχίῃ χρησάμενος καὶ σοφίῃ Hdt.1.68

; θεῶν ἐπὶ συντυχίαις the happy issues due to them, S.Ant. 157 (anap.).

b mishap, mischance,

ξυντυχίᾳ βαρυνόμενοι Cratin.166

, cf. E.Tr. 1119 (anap.), El. 1358 (anap.), Pl. Phdr. 248c, etc.

c μειράκιον.. ἀποσκορακίσαν τὴν τοῦ Πυθαγόρου ς. the intervention of P., Iamb.VP25.112.

ἄτομος, ον,

A uncut, unmown,

λειμών S.Tr. 200

;

ἄ. πώγωνος βάθη Ephipp.14.7

;

ἄ. λίβανος

in lumps,

Dsc.1.68.1

; ἄτομον, τό, = ὑοσκύαμος, dub. in Ps.-Dsc.4.68 (cf. ἀταῖος).

2 Gramm., of words, not compound, D.H.Th.22.

II that cannot be cut, indivisible,

γραμμαί Arist.Ph. 206a17

, cf. LI 968a1;

μεγέθη Id.Ph. 187a3

; esp. of particles of matter, ἐτεῇ ἄτομα (sc. σώματα)

καὶ κενόν Democr.9

, 125, cf. Arist.de An. 404a2, Metaph. 1039a10; in full,

ἄ. σώματα Id.Cael. 303a21

, Epicur.Nat.14Fr.5: sg., ἄτομόν ἐστι σῶμα στερεόν .. Id.p.129.24 U.; also

ἄ. φύσεις Democr.

ap. Diog.Oen.5, Epicur.Ep.1p.7U.; ἄτομοι, αἱ, ib.p.14 U.,al., Phld.Sign.5,al., Alciphr.1.34.

2 of Time,

οὐχ οἷόν τε εἰς ἀ. χρόνους διαιρεῖσθαι τὸν χρόνον Arist.Ph. 263b27

;

κατ' ἄ. χρόνον Id.Sens. 447b18

; ἐν ἀτόμῳ in a moment, Id.Ph. 236a6, 1 Ep.Cor.15.52;

ἐν ἀ. ὀργῆς Sm.Is.54.8

.

b metaph., infinitely small,

διαφοραί Plu.Phoc.3

.

III in Logic, individual, of terms, Pl.Sph. 229d; of the εἶδος, Arist.Metaph. 1034a8, de An. 414b27.

2 individual, Id.APo. 96b11, al.: Subst. ἄτομον, τό, Id.Cat. 1b6, 3a38, Metaph. 1058a18 (pl.), Plot.6.2.2, al.

3 of the summum genus,

πρὶν εἰς τὰ ἄ. ἐλθεῖν Arist.Metaph. 994b21

. Adv.

ἀτόμως, ὑπάρχειν

immediately, without the intervention of a middle term,

Id.APo. 79a33

.

ἐπιφοίτ-ησις, εως, ἡ,

A a coming upon one,

τῶν στρατιωτῶν J.AJ19.3.2

; of a god, intervention, manifestation, ib. 17.2.4, Jul.Or.7.221c, Steph.in Hp.1.74 D.

2 frequenting,

ἐπὶ τὴν αὐτῷ ποέπουσαν κοινωνίαν Procl.in Prm.p.519

S.

σημεῖον, ου, τό (s. prec. entry; Aeschyl., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., apolog.; loanw. in rabb.; Hippol., Ref. 6, 27, 4; Did., Gen. 115, 9 ‘symbol’; gener. ‘sign’)

① a sign or distinguishing mark whereby someth. is known, sign, token, indication (Diod S 3, 66, 3=evidences τῆς παρουσίας τοῦ θεοῦ; Cornutus 16 p. 21, 9.—Arrian, Anab. 6, 26, 4 of marks in the landscape showing direction; ParJer 5:11 τὰ ς. τῆς πόλεως; Just., A I, 55, 6 al.; Iren. 1, 14, 8 [Harv. I 143, 10]; Orig., C. Cels. 3, 43, 36 ς. τῆς μετὰ θάνατον ἐπιφανείας αὐτοῦ [sc. Ἰησοῦ]; 2, 59, 6 of the scars of the resurrected Lord τὰ ς. τῆς κολάσεως). τοῦτο ὑμῖν σημεῖον this (will be) a sign for you Lk 2:12 (cp. Is 37:30). ὅ ἐστιν ς. ἐν πάσῃ ἐπιστολῇ this is the mark of genuineness in every letter 2 Th 3:17 (Ps.-Pla., Ep. 13, 360a has at its beginning the words σύμβολον ὅτι παρʼ ἐμοῦ ἐστιν). Of a signal previously agreed upon δοῦναί τινι σημεῖον (PFay 128, 7 ἔδωκεν ἡμῖν σημεῖον ‘he gave us a signal’; Jos., Ant. 12, 404) Mt 26:48; 1 Cl 12:7.— A sign of things to come (PsSol 15:9 τὸ … σημεῖον ἀπωλείας ἐπὶ τοῦ μετώπου αὐτῶν; Did., Gen. 191, 6; Philo, Op. M. 58 σημεῖα μελλόντων; Jos., Bell. 6, 285; 296; 297) Mk 13:4; Lk 21:7. The event to be expected is added in the gen. τί τὸ ς. τῆς σῆς παρουσίας; Mt 24:3. τὸ ς. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου the sign by which one can mark the coming of the Human One (Son of Man) vs. 30 (TGlasson, JTS 15, ’64, 299f [a military metaphor, ‘standard’; cp. Is 18:3; 1QM 3f]). τὰ σημεῖα τῶν καιρῶν the signs of the (end)times (καιρός 3b) Mt 16:3.— A sign of warning (Plut., Caes. 737 [63, 1]; SibOr 3, 457; Mel., P. 14, 90) 1 Cl 11:2. Prob. in like manner αἱ γλῶσσαι εἰς σημεῖόν εἰσιν τοῖς ἀπίστοις the tongues (γλῶσσα 3) serve as a (warning) sign to the unbelievers 1 Cor 14:22. Likew. the sign of Jonah (s. Ἰωνᾶς 1) in Luke: Lk 11:29, 30. Here the Human One is to be a sign to his generation, as Jonah was to the Ninevites; cp. οὗτος κεῖται εἰς σημεῖον ἀντιλεγόμενον (s. ἀντιλέγω 2) 2:34 (cp. Is 11:12).—W-S. §30, 10d.—GRunze, Das Zeichen des Menschensohnes u. der Doppelsinn des Jonazeichens 1897 (against him PSchmiedel, Lit. Centralblatt 48, 1897, 513–15; Runze again, ZWT 41, 1898, 171–85; finally PSchm. ibid. 514–25); PAsmussen, Protestantenblatt 37, 1904, 375–8; STyson, Bibl. World 33,1909, 96–101; CBowen, AJT 20, 1916, 414–21; JMichael, JTS 21, 1920, 146–59; JBonsirven, RSR 24, ’34, 450–55; HGale, JBL 60, ’41, 255–60; PSeidelin, Das Jonaszeichen, StTh 5, ’51, 119–31; AVögtle, Wikenhauser Festschr. ’53, 230–77; OGlombitza, D. Zeichen des Jona, NTS 8, ’62, 359–66.—In the OT circumcision is σημεῖον διαθήκης=a sign or token of belonging to the covenant (Gen 17:11). For Paul this sign becomes a mark, or seal (so σημεῖον: PRev 26, 5 [III B.C.]; PRein 9 introd. [II B.C.]; 35, 3; BGU 1064, 18) σημεῖον ἔλαβεν περιτομῆς σφραγῖδα he got the mark of circumcision as a seal Ro 4:11. In the difficult pass. B 12:5 ἐν σημείῳ is prob. best taken as by a sign; but it is poss. that the text is defective (s. Windisch, Hdb. ad loc.; RKraft, Did. and Barnabas ’65, 119 note: ‘standard, norm’).—τὰ σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου 2 Cor 12:12a belongs rather to the next category; the signs of the (true) apostle (cp. SIG 831, 14 [117 A.D.] ἡγούμην σημεῖα ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν) are, as is shown by the verb κατειργάσθη and what follows, the wonders or miracles performed by him.

② an event that is an indication or confirmation of intervention by transcendent powers, miracle, portent

ⓐ miracle

α. a miracle of divine origin, performed by God himself, by Christ, or by men of God (cp. Diod S 5, 70, 4 πολλὰ ς. of the young Zeus; 16, 27, 2 ἐγένετο αὐτῷ σημεῖον ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος; Strabo 16, 2, 35 παρὰ τ. θεοῦ ς.; Appian, Ital. 8 §1 σημείων γενομένων ἐκ Διός, Hann. 56 §233; SIG 709, 25 [c. 107 B.C.] διὰ τῶν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ γενομένων σαμείων; PGM 1, 65; 74; Jos., Ant. 2, 274; 280; Mel., P. 78, 568): Mt 12:38f; 16:1 (ς. ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ), 4; Mk 8:11 (ς. ἀπὸ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, as Synes., Prov. 1, 7; s. OLinton, The Demand for a Sign from Heaven, StTh 19, ’65, 112–29; JGibson, JSNT 38, ’90, 37–66, a phenomenon suggesting divine deliverance), 12; 16:17, 20; Lk 11:16 (ς. ἐξ οὐρανοῦ), 29 (s. 1 above); 23:8; J 2:11, 18, 23; 3:2; 4:54; 6:2, 14, 26, 30; 7:31; 9:16; 10:41; 11:47; 12:18, 37; 20:30 (on σημ. as a designation of Jesus’ miracles in J s. Hdb. on J 2:11 and 6:26; JBernard, ICC John 1929, I introd. 176–86; CBarrett, The Gosp. acc. to St. John, ’55, 62–65); Ac 4:16, 22 (τὸ ς. τῆς ἰάσεως the miracle of healing); 8:6; 1 Cor 1:22; Agr 9. τί εἴδετε σημεῖον ἐπὶ τὸν γεννηθέντα βασιλέα; what kind of sign did you see over the newborn king? GJs 21:2 (codd.). τὸ σημεῖον τὸ ἐνάρετον the marvelous sign AcPl Ha 3,16.—σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα (Polyb. 3, 112, 8 σημείων δὲ καὶ τεράτων πᾶν μὲν ἱερόν, πᾶσα δʼ ἦν οἰκία πλήρης; Plut., Alex. 706 [75, 1 sing.]; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 36 §144 τέρατα καὶ σημεῖα οὐράνια; 4, 4 §14; Aelian, VH 12, 57; Philo, Mos. 1, 95, Aet. M. 2; Jos., Bell. 1, 28, Ant. 20, 168. Oft. in LXX: Ex 7:3; Dt 4:34; 6:22; 7:19 al.; Is 8:18; 20:3; Jer 39:21; Wsd 8:8; 10:16) J 4:48; Ac 2:43; 4:30; 5:12; 6:8; 7:36; 14:3; 15:12; Ro 15:19; Hb 2:4; 1 Cl 51:5; B 4:14; 5:8. δυνάμεις καὶ τέρατα κ. σημεῖα Ac 2:22; 2 Cor 12:12b (SSchreiber, Paulus als Wundertäter: BZNW 79, ’96) σημεῖα καὶ δυνάμεις Ac 8:13.—1 Cl 25:1; 2 Cl 15:4. SMc-Casland, JBL 76, ’57, 149–52; MWhittaker, Studia Evangelica 5, ’68, 155–58.

β. worked by Satan or his agents to mislead God’s people (s. Iren. 5, 28, 2 [Harv. V 401, 32]) Rv 13:13f; 16:14; 19:20. σημεῖα κ. τέρατα Mt 24:24; Mk 13:22 (GBeasley-Murray, A Commentary on Mk 13, ’57; EGrässer, D. Problem der Parusie-verzögerung, ’57, 152–70); 2 Th 2:9; D 16:4.

ⓑ portent terrifying appearances in the heavens, never before seen, as portents of the last days Lk 21:11, 25 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 4 §14 σημεῖα πολλά around the sun; AscIs 3, 20); Ac 2:19 (cp. Jo 3:3); s. D 16:6. Of that which the seer of the Apocalypse sees ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ Rv 12:1, 3; 15:1. Of the portentous signs in heaven and earth at the death of Jesus GPt 8:28 (cp. Da 6:28 Theod. σημεῖα κ. τέρατα ἐν οὐρανῷ κ. ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς; Diod S 38 + 39 Fgm. 5: at the end of each one of the eight ages ordained by God there is a σημεῖον ἐκ γῆς ἢ οὐρανοῦ θαυμάσιον).—On miracles s. SIG 1168–73; RLembert, Das Wunder bei Römern u. Griechen I 1905; RReitzenstein, Hellenist. Wundererzählungen 1906, OWeinreich, Antike Heilungswunder 1909, Gebet u. Wunder: WSchmid Festschr. 1929, 169ff; PWendland, De Fabellis Antiquis earumque ad Christianos Propagatione 1911; FKutsch, Attische Heilgötter u. Heilheroen 1913; WJayne, The Healing Gods of Ancient Civilizations 1925; RHerzog, D. Wunderheilungen v. Epidaurus ’31; PFiebig, Jüdische Wundergeschichten des ntl. Zeitalters 1911; ASchlatter, Das Wunder in d. Synagoge 1912.—RLehmann, Naturwissenschaft u. bibl. Wunderfrage 1930; GNaumann, Die Wertschätzung des Wunders im NT 1903; GTraub, Das Wunder im NT² 1907; KBeth, Die Wunder Jesu 1908; JThompson, Miracles in the NT 1911; LFonck, Die Wunder des Herrn im Ev.² 1907; LFillion, Les miracles de Jésus-Christ 1909/1910; PDausch, Die Wunder Jesu 1912; SEitrem, Nordisk Tidskrift for Filologie 5, 1919, 30–36; RBultmann, Die Gesch. der synopt. Tradition² ’31, 223–60; RJelke, Die Wunder Jesu 1922; GShafto, The Wonders of the Kingdom 1924; JBest, The Miracles of Christ in the Light of our Present Day Knowledge ’37; TTorrance, Expository Studies in St. John’s Miracles ’38; ARichardson, The Miracle Stories of the Gospels ’41; AFridrichsen, Le Problème du Miracle dans le Christianisme primitif: Études d’ Hist. et de Phil. rel. XII 1925; HSchlingensiepen, Die Wunder des NT ’33; OPerels, D. Wunderüberlieferung der Synoptiker ’34; PSaintyves, Essais de folklore biblique 1923; GMarquardt, D. Wunderproblem in d. deutschen prot. Theologie der Gegenwart ’33; GDelling, D. Verständnis des Wunders im NT, ZST 24, ’55, 265–80, Zur Beurteilung des Wunders durch d. Antike: Studien zum NT ’70, 53–71; SMcCasland, Signs and Wonders, JBL 76, ’57, 149–52; CBarrett, The Gosp. Acc. to John ’55, 62–65; JCharlier, La notion de signe (sêmeion) dans J: RSPT 43, ’59, 434–48; PRiga, Signs of Glory (J): Int 17, ’63, 402–24; HvanderLoos, The Miracles of Jesus ’65; WNicol, The Semeia in the Fourth Gosp. ’72; for Acts s. FNeirynck, the Miracle Stories in the Acts of the Apostles, An Introduction, in Les Actes des Apôtres, ed. JKremer ’79, 169–213.—Esp. on the healing of demoniacs JWeiss, RE IV 408ff; JJaeger, Ist Jesus Christus ein Suggestionstherapeut gewesen? 1918; KKnur, M.D., Christus medicus? 1905; KDusberger, Bibel u. Kirche ’51, 114–17 (foretoken).—RGrant, Miracle and Natural Law in Graeco-Roman and Early Christian Thought ’52. S. also the lit. s.v. δαιμόνιον 2.—See further MWestermann, ed. ΠΑΡΑΔΟΞΑΓΡΑΦΟΙ, Scriptores Rerum Mirabilium Graeci, 1839.—B. 914. DELG s.v. σῆμα. M-M. DBS XII 1281–1330. EDNT. ABD IV 869 (lit.). TW. Spicq. Sv.

τύχη, ης, ἡ (Hom. Hymns, Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX; Jos., Bell. 4, 365, C. Ap. 2, 130; 227; Ath.) the condition of happening without human intervention or control, fortune, in our lit. only as v.l. in Lk 10:31 D by chance, and in the expr. ὀμνύναι τὴν Καίσαρος τύχην swear by the Fortune of Caesar (cp. Cass. Dio 44, 6; 50; 57, 8; Jos., Ant. 16, 344. Very oft. in pap, from POxy 483, 21 [108 A.D.] on) MPol 9:2; 10:1.—On Τύχη and her cult s. UvonWilamowitz-Moellendorff, Der Glaube der Hellenen² ’55, 298–305.—B. 1096. Schmidt, Syn. IV 364–76. DELG s.v. τυγχάνω. DDD s.v. Fortuna. Sv.

ἀντί prep. w. gen. (Hom.+; for lit. s. on ἀνά, beg.); orig. mng. local, ‘opposite’, then of various types of correspondence ranging from replacement to equivalence. A marker

① indicating that one person or thing is, or is to be, replaced by another, instead of, in place of ἀντὶ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ Ἡρῴδου in place of his father Herod Mt 2:22 (cp. Hdt. 1, 108; X., An. 1, 1, 4; Appian, Mithrid, 7 §23 Νικομήδης ἀντὶ Προυσίου ἐβασίλευε, Syr. 69 §364; 3 Km 11:43; Tob 1:15, 21; 1 Macc 3:1; 9:31 al.; Jos., Ant. 15, 9). ἀ. ἰχθύος ὄφιν instead of a fish, a snake Lk 11:11 (Paroem. Gr.: Zenobius [Hadr.] 1, 88 ἀντὶ πέρκης σκορπίον, prob. from Attic comedy: Kock III 678 [Adesp.]; Paus. 9, 41, 3 Cronos receives ἀντὶ Διὸς πέτρον to swallow). ἀ. τῆς προκειμένης αὐτῷ χαρᾶς ὑπέμεινεν σταυρόν Hb 12:2 (cp. PHib 170 [247 B.C.] ἀντὶ φιλίας ἔχθραν; 3 Macc 4:6, 8); sense 3 is also prob., depending on the mng. of πρόκειμαι (q.v. 2 and 3). Cp. Hs 1:8; 9, 29, 4.

② indicating that one thing is equiv. to another, for, as, in place of (Diod S 3, 30, 3) κόμη ἀ. περιβολαίου hair as a covering 1 Cor 11:15. ὀφθαλμὸν ἀ. ὀφθαλμοῦ καὶ ὀδόντα ἀ. ὀδόντος Mt 5:38 (Ex 21:24). κακὸν ἀ. κακοῦ ἀποδίδωμι (cp. Ael. Aristid. 38 p. 711 D.: ἴσα ἀντʼ ἴσων ἀποδ.; Pr 17:13; Mel., P. 72, 531 κακὰ ἀντὶ ἀγαθῶν [cp. Ps 34:12].—SIG 145, 9 τὰ κακὰ ἀντὶ τ. ἀγαθῶν) Ro 12:17; 1 Th 5:15; 1 Pt 3:9. λοιδορίαν ἀ. λοιδορίας ibid. (Dionys. Soph., Ep. 40 χάριν ἀντὶ χάριτοσ= gift in return for gift). Differently to be understood is χάριν ἀ. χάριτος grace after or upon grace (i.e. God’s favor comes in ever new streams; cp. Philo, Poster. Cain. 145 διὰ τὰς πρώτας χάριτας … ἑτέρας ἀντʼ ἐκείνων καὶ τρίτας ἀντὶ τ. δευτέρων καὶ ἀεὶ νέας ἀντὶ παλαιοτέρων … ἐπιδίδωσι. Theognis 344 ἀντʼ ἀνιῶν ἀνίας) J 1:16 (JBover, Biblica 6, 1925, 454–60; PJoüon, RSR 22, ’32, 206; WNewton, CBQ 1, ’39, 160–63).

③ indicating a process of intervention. Gen 44:33 shows how the sense ‘in place of’ can develop into in behalf of, for someone, so that ἀ. becomes =ὑπέρ (s. Rossberg [s.v. ἀνά] 18.—Diod S 20, 33, 7 αὐτὸν ἀντʼ ἐκείνου τὴν τιμωρίαν ὑπέχειν=he would have to take the punishment for him [i.e., his son]; Ael. Aristid. 51, 24 K.=27 p. 540 D.: Φιλουμένη ψυχὴν ἀντὶ ψυχῆς κ. σῶμα ἀντὶ σώματος ἀντέδωκεν, τὰ αὑτῆς ἀντὶ τῶν ἐμῶν) δοῦναι ἀ. ἐμοῦ καὶ σοῦ pay (it) for me and for yourself Mt 17:27. λύτρον ἀ. πολλῶν a ransom for many 20:28; Mk 10:45 (Appian, Syr. 60 §314 διδόναι τι ἀντὶ τῆς σωτηρίας, Bell. Civ. 5, 39 §166 ἐμοὶ ἀντὶ πάντων ὑμῶν καταχρήσασθαι=inflict punishment on me in place of all of you; Jos., Ant. 14, 107 τὴν δοκὸν αὐτῷ τὴν χρυσῆν λύτρον ἀ. πάντων ἔδωκεν; cp. Eur., Alc. 524). S. the lit. on λύτρον.—W. articular inf. (Ael. Aristid. 34 p. 654 D.; Jos., Ant. 16, 107) ἀ. τοῦ λέγειν ὑμᾶς instead of (your) saying Js 4:15 (B-D-F §403; Rob. 574; Mlt-Turner 258).—Replacing the gen. of price (even in Hdt. et al., s. Kühner-G. I 454; cp. Hdt. 3, 59 νῆσον ἀντὶ χρημάτων παρέλαβον; Pla., Rep. 371d; Jos., Ant. 4, 118) ἀ. βρώσεως μιᾶς ἀπέδοτο (in exchange) for a single meal Hb 12:16. So perh. also vs. 2 (s. 1 above).

④ indicating the reason for someth., because of, for the purpose of, ἀ. τούτου for this reason Eph 5:31. W. attraction of the rel. ἀνθʼ ὧν in return for which= because (Soph., Ant. 1068; X., An. 1, 3, 4; OGI 90, 35 [196 B.C.]; PLeid D I, 21; LXX; AscIs 2:14; Jos., Ant. 17, 201; SibOr 5, 68; B-D-F §294, 4) Lk 1:20; 19:44; Ac 12:23; 2 Th 2:10.

⑤ indicating result, w. implication of being a replacement for someth., wherefore, therefore, so then (Aeschyl., Prom. 31; Thu. 6, 83, 1; 4 Macc 18:3; Jdth 9:3; Jos., Ant. 4, 318) Lk 12:3.—DELG s.v. ἄντα. M-M. EDNT. TW.

ἀπόδειξις, εως, ἡ (s. ἀποδείκνυμι; Pre-Socr., Hdt.+) a pointing away to someth. for the purpose of demonstration, proof (esp. of or for an intervention by a divinity, as Diod S 15, 49, 4; Theoph. Ant. 1, 13 [p. 86, 26]) ἀ. πνεύματος καὶ δυνάμεως lit. proof of spirit and power, i.e. proof consisting in possession of the Holy Spirit and miracle-working power (opp. πειθοὶ λόγοι) 1 Cor 2:4 (Philo, Mos. 1, 95 ἀ. διὰ σημείων κ. τεράτων in contrast to διὰ τ. λόγων; on assoc. w. ancient rhetoric s. GDautzenberg, EDNT I 127; HHommel/KZiegler, Pauly-W. IV 1396–1414).—M-M. TW. Sv.

ἔμπροσθεν (also ἐνπ-; Hdt.+; also in OT quotes w. and against LXX; Mel., P. 61, 444 [ἀπέναντι Dt 28:66]) ἔμπροσθε (SIG 371, 13 [289/288 B.C.]; 915, 27) ApcPt 3:6; orig. adv. of place, then used as prep. (B-D-F §104, 2; 214, 1; 6; Mlt-H. 329).

① pert. to a position in front of an object

ⓐ gener. adv. as marker of something that is relatively removed in distance in front, ahead (opp. ὄπισθεν, as X., Equ. 1, 3; Polyb. 12, 15, 2; Aelian, VH 12, 21; Palaeph. 29, 2; 2 Ch 13:14; Ezk 2:10) Rv 4:6. As subst.: εἰς τὸ ἔ. toward the front (Diod S 11, 18, 5; 19, 26, 10; 19, 83, 2; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 203) προδραμὼν εἰς τὸ ἔ. he ran ahead Lk 19:4 (where εἰς τὸ ἔ. is pleonast., as Artem. 2, 9 p. 93, 2 προϊέναι εἰς τοὔμπροσθεν; B-D-F §484; Semitism [?]: MBlack, An Aramaic Approach³, ’67, 116); τὰ ἔ. (sc. ὄντα; cp. X., An. 6, 3, 14; 1 Macc 13:27; TestJob 27:1; location in a dialogue Just., D. 126, 6; 140, 4) what lies ahead (as a goal) Phil 3:13.—Forward, ahead πορεύεσθαι ἔ. (X., Cyr. 4, 2, 23) Lk 19:28. αἱ ἔ. ἐκκλησίαι the congregations/churches farther on or principal churches (s. JKleist, tr., ’46, ad loc. w. note) IPol 8:1.

ⓑ indicating more immediate presence of the object that is in front, with ἔ. functioning as prep. w. gen. (s. on ἀνά, beg.) in front of, before in a variety of aspects

α. purely local (X., Cyr. 3, 2, 5; Jos., Bell. 6, 366) Hs 9, 2, 7 (opp. ὀπίσω); ἔ. τοῦ ναοῦ before the shrine (Cebes, Tab. 1, 1) 1 Cl 41:2; ἔ. τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου Mt 5:24; ἔ. τοῦ βήματος Ac 18:17; ἔ. τοῦ Ἰησοῦ Lk 5:19; cp. 14:2; ApcPt 3:6; GPt 4:12. γονυπετεῖν ἔ. τινος kneel before someone Mt 27:29; πίπτειν ἔ. τῶν ποδῶν τινος fall at someone’s feet Rv 19:10; 22:8; βάλλειν ἔ. τινος Mt 7:6 (PGM 4, 1229 βάλε ἔ. αὐτοῦ κλῶνας ἐλαίας). μαστιγοῦντες ἑαυτοὺς ἔ. τούτων τῶν εἰδώλων flagellating themselves before these images ApcPt Bodl. (as restored by EWinstedt, s. MJames, JTS 1910, 12, 157).

β. of position without ref. to motion toward, before, in the presence of (Gen 45:5) ὁμολογεῖν and ἀρνεῖσθαι Mt 10:32f; 26:70; Lk 12:8; cp. Gal 2:14. Esp. of appearance before a judge Mt 27:11; also before the divine judge 25:32; Lk 21:36; 1 Th 2:19; 3:13; GPt 11:48; cp. 2 Cor 5:10. But the judicial element is not decisive in all the pass. in which pers. stand or come ἔ. τοῦ θεοῦ or ἔ. τ. χυρίου; cp. 1 Th 1:3; 3:9; 1J 3:19.

γ. of appearance before a large assemblage to discharge an obligation, before, in the sight of (SIG 1173, 14 [138 A.D.] the man who was healed through the intervention of Asklepios ηὐχαρίστησεν ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ δήμου) Mt 5:16; 6:1; 17:2; 23:13 in the face of; Mk 2:12; 9:2; Lk 19:27; J 12:37; Ac 10:4.

δ. as a reverential way of expressing oneself, when one is speaking of an eminent pers., and esp. of God, not to connect the subject directly w. what happens, but to say that it took place ‘before someone’ (s. Dalman, Worte 171–74): ἐπακοῦσαι ἔ. αὐτοῦ ἔθνη that the nations should give heed (or obey) (before) God B 12:11 (Is 45:1). ποιεῖν τὸ πονηρὸν ἔ. τοῦ κυρίου Hm 4, 2, 2 (cp. Judg 2:11; 3:12; 4:1). εὐδοκία ἔ. σου pleasing to you Mt 11:26; Lk 10:21; θέλημα ἔ. τ. πατρὸς ὑμῶν Mt 18:14.

ε. before, ahead of, w. motion implied ἔ. τινος (UPZ 78, 15 [159 B.C.] ἔμπροσθεν αὐτῶν ἐπορευόμην) J 10:4; B 11:4 (Is 45:2); προπορεύεσθαι ἔ. τινος 3:4 (Is 58:8); cp. 4:12; ἀποστέλλεσθαι ἔ. τινος (Gen 24:7; 32:4) J 3:28; σαλπίζειν ἔ. τινος blow a trumpet before someone Mt 6:2; τὴν ὁδὸν κατασκευάζειν ἔ. τινος Mt 11:10; Lk 7:27.

ζ. of rank (Pla., Leg. 1, 631d; 5, 743e; 7, 805d; Demosth. 56, 50 εἶναι ἔ. τινος; Gen 48:20) ἔ. τινος γίνεσθαι rank before (i.e. higher than) someone J 1:15, 30 (Plut., Pericl. 158 [11, 1] οἱ ἀριστοκρατικοὶ … Περικλέα … πρόσθεν ὁρῶντες γεγονόντα τῶν πολιτῶν). If ἔ. τινος γ. is to be understood temporally here (as 3 Km 3:12; 16:25, 33; 4 Km 18:5; Eccl 1:16; 2:7, 9; Jos, Ant. 1, 109; cp. Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 12 Jac. ἔτει ἑνὶ ἔμπροσθεν)=‘be earlier than someone’, the foll. ὅτι πρῶτός μου ἦν, which gives the reason for it, would simply be an instance of tautology (but s. OCullmann, ConNeot 11, ’47, 31, who holds that the ὅτι-clause refers to the absolute time of the Prologue while the preceding words merely give the order in which the ministries of John and Jesus began). S. on ὀπίσω 2b.

② on the front surface of someth., in front (opp. ὄπισθεν, as cp. Ezk 2:10) Rv 4:6.—DELG s.v. πρόσθε(ν). M-M.

ἰχθύς (Herodian 2, 936 prefers ἰχθῦς; s. Schwyzer I 350; DELG and Frisk s.v. ἰχθῦς; B-D-F §13; Mlt-H. 141f), ύος, ὁ (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX; En 7:5; 101:7; PsSol 5:9; TestSol; also PVindob 18:38 superscr.; Test12Patr; JosAs 10:14; Philo, Joseph., Just., Ath.) acc. pl. ἰχθύας (Epict. 4, 1, 30; Arrian, Anab. 5, 4, 3; PFay 113, 13 [100 A.D.].—The acc. form ἰχθῦς [Athen. 7 p. 327b] is not found in our lit.) fish, as food Mt 7:10; 14:17, 19; 15:36; 17:27 (s. RMeyer, OLZ 40, ’37, 665–70; JDerrett, Law in the NT, ’70, 258–60); Mk 6:38, 41, 43; Lk 5:6, 9; 9:13, 16; 11:11; 24:42; J 21:6, 8, 11 (Jos., Bell. 3, 508 the γένη ἰχθύων in the Lake of Gennesaret.—TestZeb 6:6 extraordinary catches of fish caused by divine intervention). The flesh of fishes 1 Cor 15:39. ἰχθύες τ. θαλάσσης B 6:12 (Gen 1:26, 28); cp. vs. 18; 10:10. οἱ ἰ. αὐτῶν (τῶν ὑδάτων) GJs 3:3. Fish that by nature have no scales may not be eaten by Jews B 10:1 (s. Lev 11:9–12; Dt 14:9f).—RAC VII 959–1097 (lit.); D’Arcy Thompson, A Glossary of Greek Fishes ’47. B. 184. M-M.

1) intercession

2) intervention