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  • 81 prix

    prix [pʀi]
    1. masculine noun
       a. ( = coût) [d'objet, produit] price ; [de location, transport] cost
    • je l'ai payé 600 € -- c'est le prix I paid 600 euros for it -- that's the going rate
    • quel est votre dernier prix ? (pour vendre) what's the lowest you'll go? ; (pour acheter) what's your final offer?
    • à bas prix [produit, terrain] cheap ; [acheter, vendre] cheaply
    • je cherche une robe -- dans quels prix ? I'm looking for a dress -- in what price range?
    • mise à prix: 1 000 € (enchères) reserve (Brit) or upset (US) price: 1,000 euros
       b. ( = récompense) (School) prize
       c. ( = personne) prizewinner ; ( = livre) prizewinning book
       d. (Betting) race
    ► prix fixe set price ; (menu) set menu
    * * *
    pʀi
    nom masculin invariable
    1) Économie, fig price

    qu'il soit d'accord ou pas, c'est le même prix! — (colloq) fig it doesn't matter whether he agrees or not!

    trouver quelque chose dans ses prix — ( fourchette de prix) to find something within one's price range; ( dans ses moyens) to find something one can afford

    mettre quelque chose à prix à 50 euros — [commissaire-priseur] to start the bidding for something at 50 euros

    son amitié n'a pas de prix pour moi — his/her friendship is very precious to me

    j'attache beaucoup de prix à son amitié — I value his/her friendship highly ou greatly

    2) (honneur, récompense) prize

    prix Nobel — ( récompense) Nobel prize; ( personne) Nobel prizewinner

    3) ( course hippique) race
    * * *
    pʀi nm
    1) (= valeur, coût) price

    Je n'arrive pas à lire le prix de ce livre. — I can't see the price of this book.

    Je veux éviter ça à tout prix. — I want to avoid this at all costs.

    Je n'irai là-bas à aucun prix. — I'm not going there at any price.

    mettre à prix — to set a reserve price on Grande-Bretagne to set an upset price on USA

    2) (= récompense) prize

    Cécile a eu le prix de la meilleure actrice. — Cécile got the prize for best actress.

    3) ÉDUCATION prize
    * * *
    prix nm inv
    1 ( coût) price; prix d'achat/de vente purchase/selling price; prix de détail/de gros retail/wholesale price; prix fixe set price; prix affiché/conseillé/demandé posted/recommended/asking price; prix de revient cost price; vendre à or au prix coûtant to sell at cost price; au prix où sont les appartements nous ne pourrons jamais acheter at the price apartments are we'll never be able to buy anything; prix à la production/à la consommation producer/consumer price; prix de sortie d'usine factory(-gate) price; c'est à quel prix? how much is it?; ton prix sera le mien name your price; c'est mon dernier prix that's my final offer; tu me fais un prix (d'ami)? can you do GB ou make US me a special price○?; qu'il soit d'accord ou pas, c'est le même prix○! fig it doesn't matter whether he agrees or not!; trouver qch dans mes prix ( fourchette de prix) to find sth within my price-range; ( dans mes moyens) to find sth I can afford; meubles anciens vendus au prix fort antiques sold at a premium (price); acheter une maison au prix fort to buy a house when prices are at their highest; à bon prix [vendre] at a good price; de prix expensive; hors de prix extremely expensive; cela n'a pas de prix it's priceless; acheter qch à prix d'or to pay a small fortune for sth; c'est joli, mais j'y ai mis le prix it's pretty, but I paid a lot for it; si tu veux de la soie, il faut être prêt à y mettre le prix if you want silk, you have to be prepared to pay for it; mettre qch à prix à 50 euros [commissaire- priseur] to start the bidding at 50 euros; mettre à prix la tête de qn to put a price on sb's head;
    2 (coût en efforts, sacrifices) price; le prix de la réussite the price of success; à tout prix at all costs; je ne le ferai à aucun prix I will not do it at any price; au prix de nombreux sacrifices by dint of much sacrifice;
    3 (valeur affective, morale) price; son amitié n'a pas de prix pour moi his/her friendship is very precious to me; j'attache beaucoup de prix à son amitié I value his/her friendship greatly; cela donne du prix à ta visite it makes your visit all the more precious; apprécier l'amabilité de qn à son juste prix to appreciate sb's kindness fully;
    4 (honneur, récompense) prize; obtenir le premier/deuxième prix to win first/second prize; il n'a pas eu de prix he didn't get a prize; prix de consolation consolation prize; prix d'encouragement special ou consolation prize; obtenir le premier prix d'interprétation to get the award for best actor; le prix Nobel ( récompense) the Nobel prize; ( personne) the Nobel prize-winner; c'est le premier prix du concours Chopin ( personne) he/she won first prize in the Chopin competition; lire le prix Goncourt to read the book which won the Prix Goncourt;
    5 Turf race; ⇒ grand.
    prix d'appel loss leader; prix d'excellence prize for top academic achievement; prix de retrait reserve price.
    au prix où sont les choses or où est le beurre○! prices being what they are!
    [pri] nom masculin
    1. [tarif fixe] price, cost
    ‘prix écrasés/sacrifiés!’ ‘prices slashed!’
    mes bottes, dis un prix pour voir! how much do you think my boots cost?
    a. [maximal] top ou maximum price
    b. [excessif] high price
    prix imposé/libre fixed/deregulated price
    prix courant going ou market price
    oui, mais à quel prix! (figuré) yes, but at what cost!
    y mettre le prix: j'ai fini par trouver le cuir que je voulais mais j'ai dû y mettre le prix I finally found the type of leather I was looking for, but I had to pay top price for it
    elle a été reçue à son examen, mais il a fallu qu'elle y mette le prix (figuré) she pa ssed her exam, but she really had to work hard for it
    2. [étiquette] price (tag) ou label
    il n'y avait pas de prix dessus it wasn't priced, there was no price tag on it
    3. [barème convenu] price
    c'était la fin du marché, elle m'a fait un prix pour les deux cageots the market was nearly over, so she let me have both boxes cheap
    4. [valeur] price, value
    le prix de la vie/liberté the price of life/freedom
    il donne ou attache plus de prix à sa famille depuis sa maladie his family is more important to him since his illness
    5. [dans un concours commercial, un jeu] prize
    [dans un concours artistique, un festival] prize, award
    premier/deuxième prix first/second prize
    6. [œuvre primée - livre] award-winning book ou title ; [ - disque] award-winning record ; [ - film] award-winning film (UK) ou movie (US)
    7. [lauréat] prizewinner
    8. ÉDUCATION [distinction]
    à aucun prix locution adverbiale
    à n'importe quel prix locution adverbiale
    ————————
    à tout prix locution adverbiale
    1. [obligatoirement] at all costs
    2. [coûte que coûte] at any cost, no matter what (the cost)
    ————————
    au prix de locution prépositionnelle
    ————————
    de prix locution adjectivale
    [bijou, objet] valuable
    ————————
    sans prix locution adjectivale

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > prix

  • 82 surprise

    1. noun
    ((the feeling caused by) something sudden or unexpected: His statement caused some surprise; Your letter was a pleasant surprise; There were some nasty surprises waiting for her when she returned; He stared at her in surprise; To my surprise the door was unlocked; ( also adjective) He paid them a surprise visit.) overraskelse, forbauselse
    2. verb
    1) (to cause to feel surprise: The news surprised me.) overraske, forbause
    2) (to lead, by means of surprise, into doing something: Her sudden question surprised him into betraying himself.) få/narre til å gjøre
    3) (to find, come upon, or attack, without warning: They surprised the enemy from the rear.) overraske
    •
    - surprising
    - surprisingly
    - take by surprise
    overraske
    I
    subst. \/səˈpraɪz\/
    1) overraskelse
    2) forbauselse, forundring
    surprise attack overraskelsesangrep, overrumpling
    take by surprise overrumple, overraske, ta på fersk gjerning
    II
    verb \/səˈpraɪz\/
    1) overraske
    2) forbause, forundre
    • you surprise me!
    • I should not be surprised if...
    det skulle ikke forundre meg om...
    3) overrumple, komme over, gripe
    4) lokke, forlede, villede
    be surprised at være forbauset over
    surprise someone into doing something forlede noen til å gjøre noe

    English-Norwegian dictionary > surprise

  • 83 escaparse

    1 (huir) to escape, run away, get away
    2 (librarse) to escape, avoid
    3 (gas etc) to leak
    4 (autobús etc) to miss
    * * *
    VPR
    1) (=huir) [preso] to escape; [niño, adolescente] to run away

    ven aquí, no te me escapes — come here, don't run away

    • escaparse de — [+ cárcel, peligro] to escape from; [+ jaula] to get out of; [+ situación opresiva] to escape from, get away from

    pelo 7)
    2) (=filtrarse) [gas, líquido] to leak, leak out ( por from)
    3) (=dejar pasar)

    me voy, que se me escapa el tren — I'm going, or I'll miss my train

    se me había escapado ese detalle — that detail had escaped my notice, I had overlooked o missed that detail

    • no se me escapa que... — I am aware that..., I realize that...

    escaparse de las manos —

    la realidad se me escapa de las manos — I'm losing touch with reality, I'm losing my grip on reality

    4) (=dejar salir)
    a) [grito, eructo]

    se le escapó un suspiro de alivio — she breathed o let out a sigh of relief

    b) [dato, noticia]
    5) (=soltarse)
    a) [globo, cometa] to fly away
    b) [punto de sutura] to come undone
    c) (Cos)
    6) (=hacerse público) [información] to leak, leak out
    7) (=olvidarse) to slip one's mind
    * * *
    (v.) = slip away, duck away, run away, fall through + the net, break out, slip out, make off, do + a bunk, flee away, flee, weasel (on/out of), duck out
    Ex. He gradually let his original aims slip away until he was attempting the impossible -- a universal bibliography -- albeit highly selectively.
    Ex. The difficulty for teachers is that they cannot just duck away when children, individually or corporately, are set against what is being asked of them.
    Ex. Street boys like Slake, a dodger used to running away, do not, even when they are myopic and dreamers, allow themselves to bump into lampposts.
    Ex. For several years the library has had a successful arrangement with a local bookstore to supply it with unusual and important local material that would otherwise fall through the net of its collection development effort = Desde hace varios años, la biblioteca mantiene un acuerdo satisfactorio con una librería local para que le suministre fondo local importante y poco común que, de otro modo, se le escaparía en el desarrollo de la colección.
    Ex. The article ' Breaking out with books' describes a pilot project involving the offering of library courses to inmate library assistants and prison librarians.
    Ex. The two deflated employees exchanged looks and slipped quietly out of the room.
    Ex. To pull off the heist, the thief stole a swipe card for the complex before using the wheelchair to make off.
    Ex. As soon as the advance was paid however the manager did a bunk with the money, around £100000, and was never seen nor heard of again.
    Ex. For this is the way with these common people; they will work up an enthusiasm one minute, and an hour later it will have fled away and left them cold and empty.
    Ex. The Ndzevane Refugee Settlement in south eastern Swaziland provides a home to Swazis displaced from South Africa and those fleeing the RENAMO terrorists in Mozambique.
    Ex. Christians have of course been weaseling on this issue since Jesus himself evasively weaseled on it.
    Ex. Everyone and their mother (literally) will be ducking out from work early today to be with their nearest and dearest for the long weekend.
    * * *
    (v.) = slip away, duck away, run away, fall through + the net, break out, slip out, make off, do + a bunk, flee away, flee, weasel (on/out of), duck out

    Ex: He gradually let his original aims slip away until he was attempting the impossible -- a universal bibliography -- albeit highly selectively.

    Ex: The difficulty for teachers is that they cannot just duck away when children, individually or corporately, are set against what is being asked of them.
    Ex: Street boys like Slake, a dodger used to running away, do not, even when they are myopic and dreamers, allow themselves to bump into lampposts.
    Ex: For several years the library has had a successful arrangement with a local bookstore to supply it with unusual and important local material that would otherwise fall through the net of its collection development effort = Desde hace varios años, la biblioteca mantiene un acuerdo satisfactorio con una librería local para que le suministre fondo local importante y poco común que, de otro modo, se le escaparía en el desarrollo de la colección.
    Ex: The article ' Breaking out with books' describes a pilot project involving the offering of library courses to inmate library assistants and prison librarians.
    Ex: The two deflated employees exchanged looks and slipped quietly out of the room.
    Ex: To pull off the heist, the thief stole a swipe card for the complex before using the wheelchair to make off.
    Ex: As soon as the advance was paid however the manager did a bunk with the money, around £100000, and was never seen nor heard of again.
    Ex: For this is the way with these common people; they will work up an enthusiasm one minute, and an hour later it will have fled away and left them cold and empty.
    Ex: The Ndzevane Refugee Settlement in south eastern Swaziland provides a home to Swazis displaced from South Africa and those fleeing the RENAMO terrorists in Mozambique.
    Ex: Christians have of course been weaseling on this issue since Jesus himself evasively weaseled on it.
    Ex: Everyone and their mother (literally) will be ducking out from work early today to be with their nearest and dearest for the long weekend.

    * * *

    ■escaparse verbo reflexivo
    1 to escape, run away, get away: le llamaré antes de que se me escape, I'll phone him before he gets away
    2 (una oportunidad, transporte) se me escapó el autobús, I missed the bus
    3 (gas, líquido) to leak, escape
    4 (salvarse) me escapé de una buena bronca, I escaped a good telling-off
    ' escaparse' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    irse
    - salirse
    - deslizar
    - escabullirse
    - escapar
    - escurrir
    - ir
    English:
    break away
    - escape
    - get away
    - leak
    - run off
    - shave
    - slip
    - squeak
    - break
    - elude
    - get
    - run
    - skive off
    - turn
    * * *
    vpr
    1. [huir] to get away, to escape (de from);
    se escaparon de la cárcel they escaped from prison;
    escaparse de casa to run away from home;
    se me escaparon las cabras the goats got away from me;
    no te escapes, que quiero hablar contigo don't run off, I want to talk to you
    2. [librarse]
    me escapé de milagro [de accidente] I escaped by a miracle;
    siempre se escapa de hacer las camas he always gets out of making the beds;
    Fam
    ¡de esta no te escaparás! you're not going to get out of this one!
    3. [en carrera] to break away;
    Herrera se escapó en solitario Herrera broke away on his own
    4. [sujeto: gas, agua] to leak;
    el aire se escapa por un agujero the air is leaking out through a hole
    5. [sin querer]
    se me escapó la risa/una palabrota I let out a laugh/an expletive;
    Fam
    se me ha escapado un pedo I've just farted;
    ¡era un secreto! – lo siento, se me escapó it was a secret! - I'm sorry, it just slipped out
    6. [irse]
    se me escapó el tren I missed the train;
    se me escapó la ocasión the opportunity slipped by
    7. [quedar fuera del alcance] to escape, to elude;
    los motivos de su comportamiento se me escapan the reasons for her behaviour are beyond me
    8. [pasar inadvertido]
    a tu madre no se le escapa nada your mother doesn't miss a thing;
    se me escapó lo que dijo I missed what he said
    9. [sujeto: punto de tejido] to drop;
    se te han escapado unos puntos you've dropped a couple of stitches
    * * *
    v/r
    1 ( huir) escape (de from); de casa run away (de from);
    :
    se me ha escapado el tren I missed the train
    3
    :
    no se te escapa nada nothing gets past you o escapes you
    * * *
    vr
    : to escape notice, to leak out
    * * *
    1. (lograr salir, huir) to escape
    2. (líquido, gas, aire) to leak
    3. (transporte) to miss
    4. (secreto) to slip out [pt. & pp. slipped]
    no quería decírselo, pero se me escapó I didn't mean to tell him, but it slipped out
    escaparse de las manos to slip out of your hands [pt. & pp. slipped]
    escapársele la risa to burst out laughing [pt. & pp. burst]

    Spanish-English dictionary > escaparse

  • 84 repay

    1. transitive verb,
    1) (pay back) zurückzahlen [Schulden usw.]; erstatten [Spesen]
    2) (return) erwidern [Besuch, Freundlichkeit]
    3) (give in recompense)
    2. intransitive verb,
    repaid Rückzahlungen leisten
    * * *
    [ri'pei]
    past tense, past participle - repaid; verb
    (to pay back: When are you going to repay the money you borrowed?; I must find a way of repaying his kindness / repaying him for his kindness.) zurückzahlen
    - academic.ru/61539/repayment">repayment
    * * *
    re·pay
    <-paid, -paid>
    [ˌri:ˈpeɪ]
    vt
    1. (pay back)
    ▪ to \repay sth etw zurückzahlen
    to \repay debts/a loan Schulden/ein Darlehen tilgen
    to \repay sth with labour [or AM labor] etw abarbeiten
    ▪ to \repay sb jdm Geld zurückzahlen
    to \repay money to sb jdm Geld zurückzahlen
    2. ( fig)
    ▪ to \repay sb for sth jdm etw vergelten, sich akk bei jdm für etw akk revanchieren
    to \repay a kindness sich akk für eine Gefälligkeit erkenntlich zeigen
    ▪ to \repay sth by sth etw mit etw dat vergelten
    the government repaid his contributions to party funds by awarding him a peerage die Regierung dankte ihm für seine Spenden an die Partei, indem sie ihm einen Adelstitel verlieh
    ▪ to \repay sth with sth etw mit etw dat belohnen [o geh vergelten]
    the team repaid their manager's faith with a series of wins das Team bedankte sich beim Manager für sein Vertrauen mit einer Siegesserie
    sth \repays one's attention/interest/time esp BRIT etw ist jds Aufmerksamkeit/Interesse/Zeit wert
    you should read this article — it would \repay your interest du solltest diesen Artikel lesen — es lohnt sich
    * * *
    ["riː'peɪ] pret, ptp repaid
    vt
    money zurückzahlen; expenses erstatten; debt abzahlen; kindness vergelten; visit, compliment erwidern

    if you lend me £2 I'll repay it or you on Saturday — leih mir doch mal 2 Pfund, ich zahle sie dir am Samstag zurück

    how can I ever repay you? —

    she wants to repay his faith in her — sie möchte das Vertrauen, das er in sie gesetzt hat, rechtfertigen

    * * *
    repay [riːˈpeı] irr
    A v/t
    1. Geld etc zurückzahlen, (-)erstatten:
    repay sb’s expenses jemandem seine Auslagen erstatten;
    I’ll repay you some time
    a) ich gebe dir das Geld irgendwann einmal zurück,
    b) fig ich werde mich irgendwann einmal erkenntlich zeigen,
    c) fig das zahle ich dir schon noch heim
    2. einen Besuch etc erwidern:
    repay a blow zurückschlagen
    3. a) (positiv) sich für etwas erkenntlich zeigen oder revanchieren:
    repay sb’s help, repay sb for their help jemanden für seine Hilfe belohnen oder entschädigen
    b) (negativ) etwas vergelten, lohnen ( beide:
    with mit):
    repay sb’s help with ingratitude;
    repay sb’s meanness, repay sb for their meanness jemandem seine Gemeinheit heimzahlen
    B v/i das Geld etc zurückzahlen
    * * *
    1. transitive verb,
    1) (pay back) zurückzahlen [Schulden usw.]; erstatten [Spesen]
    2) (return) erwidern [Besuch, Freundlichkeit]
    2. intransitive verb,
    repaid Rückzahlungen leisten
    * * *
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: repaid)
    = erstatten v.
    vergelten v.
    zurück zahlen v.
    zurückzahlen (alt.Rechtschreibung) v.

    English-german dictionary > repay

  • 85 surprise

    1. noun
    1) Überraschung, die

    take somebody by surprise — jemanden überrumpeln

    to my great surprise, much to my surprise — zu meiner großen Überraschung; sehr zu meiner Überraschung

    it came as a surprise to us — es war für uns eine Überraschung

    surprise, surprise! — (iron.) sieh mal einer an! (spött.)

    2) attrib. überraschend, unerwartet [Besuch]

    a surprise attack/defeat — ein Überraschungsangriff/eine überraschende Niederlage

    it's to be a surprise party — die Party soll eine Überraschung sein

    2. transitive verb
    überraschen; überrumpeln [Feind]

    I shouldn't be surprised if... — es würde mich nicht wundern, wenn...

    be surprised at somebody/something — sich über jemanden/etwas wundern

    * * *
    1. noun
    ((the feeling caused by) something sudden or unexpected: His statement caused some surprise; Your letter was a pleasant surprise; There were some nasty surprises waiting for her when she returned; He stared at her in surprise; To my surprise the door was unlocked; ( also adjective) He paid them a surprise visit.) die Überraschung
    2. verb
    1) (to cause to feel surprise: The news surprised me.) überraschen
    2) (to lead, by means of surprise, into doing something: Her sudden question surprised him into betraying himself.) verleiten
    3) (to find, come upon, or attack, without warning: They surprised the enemy from the rear.) überrumpeln
    •
    - academic.ru/112445/surprised">surprised
    - surprising
    - surprisingly
    - take by surprise
    * * *
    sur·prise
    [səˈpraɪz, AM sɚˈ-]
    I. n Überraschung f
    \surprise! \surprise! ( fam) Überraschung! a. iron
    element of \surprise Überraschungsmoment nt
    to be full of \surprises ( approv) voller Überraschungen stecken
    to come as a \surprise [to sb] völlig überraschend [für jdn] kommen
    to express \surprise at sth seine Überraschung über etw akk zum Ausdruck bringen
    to spring a \surprise on sb jdn vollkommen überraschen
    to take sb by \surprise jdn überraschen
    in [or with] \surprise überrascht, erstaunt
    to sb's [great] \surprise zu jds [großem] Erstaunen
    II. vt
    ▪ to \surprise sb
    1. (amaze) jdn überraschen
    it will not \surprise anyone to learn that the offer has been rejected es wird wohl niemanden verwundern, dass das Angebot abgelehnt wurde
    well, you do \surprise me nun, das erstaunt mich!
    2. (take unawares) jdn überraschen
    ▪ to \surprise sb doing sth jdn bei etw dat überraschen [o ertappen
    III. adj attr, inv überraschend, unerwartet
    \surprise visit Überraschungsbesuch m
    \surprise winner Überraschungssieger(in) m(f)
    * * *
    [sə'praɪz]
    1. n
    Überraschung f

    in surprise —

    much to my surprise, to my great surprise — zu meiner großen Überraschung

    with a look of surprise — mit überraschtem Gesicht

    it was a surprise ( for or to me) to find that... — ich war überrascht, als ich entdeckte, dass...

    it came as a surprise to us —

    surprise, surprise, it's me! — rate mal, wer hier ist?

    surprise, surprise! (iro) — was du nicht sagst!

    2. attr
    Überraschungs-, überraschend
    3. vt
    überraschen; (= catch unawares also) army, sentry überrumpeln; thief (auf frischer Tat) ertappen

    I was surprised to hear it — ich war überrascht, das zu hören

    I wouldn't be surprised if... —

    don't be surprised if he refuses — wundern Sie sich nicht, wenn er ablehnt

    I'm surprised at or by his ignorance — ich bin überrascht über seine Unkenntnis

    I'm surprised you didn't think of that — es wundert mich, dass du nicht daran gedacht hast

    go on, surprise me! — ich lass mich überraschen!

    he surprised me into agreeing — er hat mich so verblüfft, dass ich zugestimmt habe

    * * *
    surprise [sə(r)ˈpraız]
    A v/t
    1. allg überraschen:
    a) einen Einbrecher etc ertappen
    b) verblüffen, in Erstaunen (ver)setzen:
    be surprised erstaunt sein, sich wundern ( beide:
    at über akk);
    I should not be surprised if … es sollte mich nicht wundern, wenn …
    c) überrumpeln ( auch MIL):
    surprise sb into jemanden zu etwas verleiten;
    surprise sb into doing jemanden dazu verleiten, etwas zu tun
    2. befremden, empören, schockieren:
    be surprised at befremdet etc sein über (akk)
    B s
    1. Überraschung f, -rump(e)lung f:
    take by surprise jemanden, den Feind etc überrumpeln, überraschen, eine Festung etc im Handstreich nehmen
    2. Überraschung f:
    it came as a great (complete) surprise (to him) es kam sehr (völlig) überraschend (für ihn);
    surprise, surprise! umg
    a) da staunst du, was?,
    b) ätsch!,
    c) iron welch eine Überraschung!
    3. Überraschung f, Verblüffung f, Erstaunen n, Verwunderung f:
    there was little surprise that … man war nur wenig überrascht, dass …;
    to my surprise zu meiner Überraschung;
    in surprise überrascht;
    stare in surprise große Augen machen
    C adj
    a) überraschend
    b) Überraschungs…:
    surprise party auch Surprise-Party f
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) Überraschung, die

    to my great surprise, much to my surprise — zu meiner großen Überraschung; sehr zu meiner Überraschung

    surprise, surprise! — (iron.) sieh mal einer an! (spött.)

    2) attrib. überraschend, unerwartet [Besuch]

    a surprise attack/defeat — ein Überraschungsangriff/eine überraschende Niederlage

    2. transitive verb
    überraschen; überrumpeln [Feind]

    I shouldn't be surprised if... — es würde mich nicht wundern, wenn...

    be surprised at somebody/something — sich über jemanden/etwas wundern

    * * *
    n.
    Überraschung f. v.
    wundern v.
    überraschen v.

    English-german dictionary > surprise

  • 86 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 87 גבי

    גבי, גָּבָה(√גב, v. גבב) to collect a bill, taxes ; to make ones self paid, to seize. Keth.90a, a. fr. if a later creditor (second mortgagee) שקדם וג׳ מה שג׳ ג׳ collected first, what he has collected is his own. B. Mets.13b גּוֹבֶה מנכסיםב״ח he may make himself paid of unmortgaged property. Keth.V, 1 גּוֹבָה את הכל she is entitled to the whole amount; a. v. fr.Lev. R. s. 11 the king sent a treasury officer לִגְבוֹת to collect (the delinquent taxes); Gen. R. s. 42 לִגְבוֹתָהּ; Tanḥ. Shmini 9. (Lev. R. l. c. וגבו אותו, read והכו, cmp. Gen. R. l. c. Ex. R. s. 30 מי ג׳ הימנו הדםוכ׳ who collected from him (punished him for) the blood on his hand? לא ישראל גָּבוּ אותווכ׳ not the Israelites collected it, but the Gibeonites did.Gen. R. s. 85; s. 92 end מצאב״ח מקום לגבותוכ׳ the creditor met with a chance to collect his bill, i. e. the Lord takes this occasion to visit our sins; a. fr.Part. pass. גָּבוּי collected, seized. B. Mets.58a על הַגָּ׳ counting on the Shekel contributions collected (though not yet delivered in the Temple treasury); Keth.108a; Y.Shek.II, beg.46c. Shebu.48b, a. fr. כג׳ דמי is considered as if collected (in the possession of the creditor); a. fr. Nif. נִגְבֶה 1) to be collected, to be collectible. B. Mets. l. c. על העתיד לִגָּבוֹת; Y. Shek. l. c. להִיגָּבוֹת on what is yet to be collected. Peah VIII, 7 הקופה נִגְבֵּית בשנים the charity fund must be collected by two persons; B. Bath.8b; Snh.17b; a. fr. 2) to be collected from, be taxed. Pesik. R. s. 10 לא היו נִיגְּבִיםוכ׳ they were not highly taxed; a. fr. Hif. הִגְבָּה to cause to be collected. Ḥall. III, 1 מַגְבַּהַת חלתה she orders the priests gift to be collected; v., however, גָּבַהּ. Gitt.35b הַגְבּוּהָ את השאר help her to collect the balance. Tosef.Sabb.VI (VII), 1 מגבה, v. גָּבַח.Part. pass. fem. מוּגְבָּה collected fund. Tanḥ. Emor 18.

    Jewish literature > גבי

  • 88 גבה

    גבי, גָּבָה(√גב, v. גבב) to collect a bill, taxes ; to make ones self paid, to seize. Keth.90a, a. fr. if a later creditor (second mortgagee) שקדם וג׳ מה שג׳ ג׳ collected first, what he has collected is his own. B. Mets.13b גּוֹבֶה מנכסיםב״ח he may make himself paid of unmortgaged property. Keth.V, 1 גּוֹבָה את הכל she is entitled to the whole amount; a. v. fr.Lev. R. s. 11 the king sent a treasury officer לִגְבוֹת to collect (the delinquent taxes); Gen. R. s. 42 לִגְבוֹתָהּ; Tanḥ. Shmini 9. (Lev. R. l. c. וגבו אותו, read והכו, cmp. Gen. R. l. c. Ex. R. s. 30 מי ג׳ הימנו הדםוכ׳ who collected from him (punished him for) the blood on his hand? לא ישראל גָּבוּ אותווכ׳ not the Israelites collected it, but the Gibeonites did.Gen. R. s. 85; s. 92 end מצאב״ח מקום לגבותוכ׳ the creditor met with a chance to collect his bill, i. e. the Lord takes this occasion to visit our sins; a. fr.Part. pass. גָּבוּי collected, seized. B. Mets.58a על הַגָּ׳ counting on the Shekel contributions collected (though not yet delivered in the Temple treasury); Keth.108a; Y.Shek.II, beg.46c. Shebu.48b, a. fr. כג׳ דמי is considered as if collected (in the possession of the creditor); a. fr. Nif. נִגְבֶה 1) to be collected, to be collectible. B. Mets. l. c. על העתיד לִגָּבוֹת; Y. Shek. l. c. להִיגָּבוֹת on what is yet to be collected. Peah VIII, 7 הקופה נִגְבֵּית בשנים the charity fund must be collected by two persons; B. Bath.8b; Snh.17b; a. fr. 2) to be collected from, be taxed. Pesik. R. s. 10 לא היו נִיגְּבִיםוכ׳ they were not highly taxed; a. fr. Hif. הִגְבָּה to cause to be collected. Ḥall. III, 1 מַגְבַּהַת חלתה she orders the priests gift to be collected; v., however, גָּבַהּ. Gitt.35b הַגְבּוּהָ את השאר help her to collect the balance. Tosef.Sabb.VI (VII), 1 מגבה, v. גָּבַח.Part. pass. fem. מוּגְבָּה collected fund. Tanḥ. Emor 18.

    Jewish literature > גבה

  • 89 גָּבָה

    גבי, גָּבָה(√גב, v. גבב) to collect a bill, taxes ; to make ones self paid, to seize. Keth.90a, a. fr. if a later creditor (second mortgagee) שקדם וג׳ מה שג׳ ג׳ collected first, what he has collected is his own. B. Mets.13b גּוֹבֶה מנכסיםב״ח he may make himself paid of unmortgaged property. Keth.V, 1 גּוֹבָה את הכל she is entitled to the whole amount; a. v. fr.Lev. R. s. 11 the king sent a treasury officer לִגְבוֹת to collect (the delinquent taxes); Gen. R. s. 42 לִגְבוֹתָהּ; Tanḥ. Shmini 9. (Lev. R. l. c. וגבו אותו, read והכו, cmp. Gen. R. l. c. Ex. R. s. 30 מי ג׳ הימנו הדםוכ׳ who collected from him (punished him for) the blood on his hand? לא ישראל גָּבוּ אותווכ׳ not the Israelites collected it, but the Gibeonites did.Gen. R. s. 85; s. 92 end מצאב״ח מקום לגבותוכ׳ the creditor met with a chance to collect his bill, i. e. the Lord takes this occasion to visit our sins; a. fr.Part. pass. גָּבוּי collected, seized. B. Mets.58a על הַגָּ׳ counting on the Shekel contributions collected (though not yet delivered in the Temple treasury); Keth.108a; Y.Shek.II, beg.46c. Shebu.48b, a. fr. כג׳ דמי is considered as if collected (in the possession of the creditor); a. fr. Nif. נִגְבֶה 1) to be collected, to be collectible. B. Mets. l. c. על העתיד לִגָּבוֹת; Y. Shek. l. c. להִיגָּבוֹת on what is yet to be collected. Peah VIII, 7 הקופה נִגְבֵּית בשנים the charity fund must be collected by two persons; B. Bath.8b; Snh.17b; a. fr. 2) to be collected from, be taxed. Pesik. R. s. 10 לא היו נִיגְּבִיםוכ׳ they were not highly taxed; a. fr. Hif. הִגְבָּה to cause to be collected. Ḥall. III, 1 מַגְבַּהַת חלתה she orders the priests gift to be collected; v., however, גָּבַהּ. Gitt.35b הַגְבּוּהָ את השאר help her to collect the balance. Tosef.Sabb.VI (VII), 1 מגבה, v. גָּבַח.Part. pass. fem. מוּגְבָּה collected fund. Tanḥ. Emor 18.

    Jewish literature > גָּבָה

  • 90 toucher

    toucher [tu∫e]
    ➭ TABLE 1
    1. transitive verb
       a. (pour sentir, prendre) to touch ; (pour palper) to feel
    • « prière de ne pas toucher » "please do not touch"
    • pas touche ! (inf) hands off! (inf)
       b. ( = entrer en contact avec) to touch
       c. ( = être proche de) to adjoin ; [affaire] to concern
       d. ( = atteindre) [+ adversaire, objectif] to hit ; [+ public] to reach
    • touché ! (bataille navale) hit!
       e. ( = recevoir) [+ prime, allocation, traitement] to get ; [+ chèque] to cash ; [+ tiercé, gros lot] to win
       f. ( = émouvoir) [drame, deuil] to affect ; [scène attendrissante] to touch ; [critique, reproche] to have an effect on
       g. ( = concerner) to affect
    • toucher à to touch ; [+ réputation] to question ; ( = modifier) [+ règlement, loi, tradition] to meddle with ; [+ mécanisme] to tamper with ; ( = concerner) [+ intérêts] to affect ; [+ problème, domaine] to have to do with ; ( = aborder) [+ période, but] to approach ; [+ sujet, question] to broach
    • n'y touche pas ! don't touch!
    • « prière de ne pas toucher aux objets exposés » "please do not touch the exhibits"
    • toucher à tout [enfant] to be into everything ; [amateur curieux] to try one's hand at everything
    • s'il touche à cet enfant, gare à lui ! if he touches that child, he'd better watch out!
    • touche pas à ma bagnole ! (inf) hands off my car!
    • c'est parfait, n'y touche pas it's perfect, don't change a thing
    • l'hiver/la guerre touche à sa fin or son terme winter/the war is drawing to a close
    3. reflexive verb
       c. ( = se masturber) (inf) to play with o.s. (inf)
    4. masculine noun
    touch ; ( = impression produite) feel
    * * *

    I
    1. tuʃe

    toucher (de la main) — to touch [objet, surface, personne]

    toucher du bois — ( par superstition) to touch wood

    toucher quelque chose du doigt — lit, fig to put one's finger on something

    2) ( être en contact avec) to be touching [mur, plafond, fond]

    toucher le sol — [animal, sauteur, avion] to land

    3) ( heurter) to hit [adversaire, voiture, trottoir]

    si tu recules encore tu vas toucher le mur — if you reverse any more, you'll hit the wall

    4) ( attendrir) to touch [personne]
    5) ( affecter) [changement, crise, loi] to affect [personne, secteur, pays]; [intempérie] to hit [région]
    6) ( être contigu à) [pays, maison, usine] to be next to
    7) ( encaisser) [personne] to get, to receive [argent]; to cash [chèque]; to get [retraite]; to win [lot]
    8) ( joindre)
    9) ( atteindre)

    toucher trois millions d'auditeurs or de téléspectateurs — to have an audience of three million


    2.
    toucher à verbe transitif indirect

    toucher à — to touch [objets]

    toucher à tout — lit to be into everything; fig to be a jack of all trades

    avec son air de ne pas y toucher, c'est un malin — (colloq) he looks as if butter wouldn't melt in his mouth, but he's a sly one

    2) ( concerner)

    toucher à — to infringe on [droit, privilège]

    4) ( modifier)
    5) ( aborder)

    3.
    se toucher verbe pronominal [maisons, jardins] to be next to each other

    II tuʃe
    nom masculin
    1) ( sens)

    le toucher — touch, the sense of touch

    2) Médecine digital examination
    * * *
    tuʃe
    1. nm
    (= sens, faculté) touch

    le toucher — touch, the sense of touch

    2. vt
    1) (= entrer en contact avec, manipuler) [objet, substance] to touch
    2) (= palper) to feel

    Ce pull a l'air doux. Je peux toucher? — That sweater looks soft. Can I feel it?

    3) (= atteindre) (d'un coup de feu) to hit

    La balle l'a touché en pleine poitrine. — The bullet hit him right in the chest.

    4) (= affecter) [gentillesse, compliment] to touch, [deuil, malheur] to affect

    Leurs attentions l'ont beaucoup touché. — Their kind attentions touched him deeply.

    5) (= concerner) to affect, to concern

    Ces nouvelles réformes ne nous touchent pas. — The new reforms don't affect us.

    6) (= recevoir) [récompense, argent] to receive, to get, [salaire] to draw, to get, [chèque] to cash

    Il a touché une grosse somme d'argent. — He received a large sum of money.

    7) (= aborder) [problème, sujet] to touch on
    8) (= contacter) to reach, to contact
    3. vi
    1) (= manipuler) to touch
    2) (= modifier) to tamper with, to meddle with

    Quelqu'un a touché au dispositif de sécurité. — Someone has tampered with the safety device.

    3) (= traiter de, concerner) to deal with, to concern

    Cet article touche à des sujets d'actualité. — This article deals with topical issues.

    4) (= atteindre) [but, date] to reach
    5) (= être contigu à) [frontière, mur] to be next to

    Leur jardin touche au nôtre. — Their garden is next to ours.

    * * *
    toucher verb table: aimer
    A nm
    1 ( sens) le toucher touch, the sense of touch; reconnaître des objets au toucher to identify objects by touch; un tissu doux au toucher a fabric which is soft to the touch;
    2 Méd digital examination; toucher rectal digital examination of the rectum;
    3 Mus ( d'un pianiste) touch.
    B vtr
    1 ( poser la main sur) toucher (de la main) to touch [objet, surface, personne]; ‘prière de ne pas toucher’ ‘please do not touch’; ne touche pas, pas touche○! don't touch!; toucher le bras/l'épaule/le dos de qn to touch sb's arm/shoulder/back, to touch sb on the arm/shoulder/back; toucher du bois ( par superstition) to touch wood; je touche du bois, mais je ne suis jamais malade I never get ill, touch wood!; toucher le front de qn to feel sb's forehead; toucher qch du doigt lit, fig to put one's finger on sth;
    2 ( être en contact avec) to be touching [mur, plafond, fond]; toucher le sol [animal, sauteur, avion] to land;
    3 ( heurter) to hit [adversaire, voiture, trottoir]; si tu recules encore tu vas toucher le mur if you reverse any more, you'll hit the wall; ne pas toucher une or la balle○ not to get near the ball; ‘touché!’ ( en escrime) ‘touché!’; ( à la bataille navale) ‘hit!’; toucher qn à la tête/poitrine to hit sb in the head/chest; touché dans le dos il s'est effondré he was hit in the back and slumped down;
    4 ( attendrir) to touch [personne] ; ça me touche beaucoup I am very touched; j'ai été très touchée de ta visite or que tu viennes me voir I was very touched by your visit;
    5 ( affecter) [événement, changement, crise, loi] to affect [personne, secteur, pays]; [intempérie] to hit [région, ville]; rien ne la touche nothing affects her; la récession touche tout le monde the recession affects everybody; le chômage touche 15% de la population active unemployment affects 15 per cent of the working population; la région la plus touchée par l'ouragan the area hardest hit by the hurricane;
    6 ( être contigu à) [pays] to be next to, to border (on); [maison, usine] to be next to, to adjoin [bâtiment, parc]; leur terrain touche le nôtre their land is next to ou adjoins ours;
    7 ( encaisser) [personne] to get, to receive [argent, indemnités, dividendes]; to cash [chèque, mandat]; to get [retraite]; to win [tiercé, loterie]; il a touché une grosse somme à son départ he got a lot of money when he left; elle ne va toucher aucune indemnité she won't get ou receive any compensation; ils touchent une petite retraite they get a small pension;
    8 ( joindre) toucher qn to get hold of sb; il est difficile à toucher par téléphone he's difficult to get hold of on the phone;
    9 Presse, Radio, TV toucher trois millions d'auditeurs or de téléspectateurs to have an audience of three million; toucher sept millions de lecteurs to have a readership of seven million.
    C toucher à vtr ind
    1 ( poser la main sur) toucher à to touch [objets]; ne touchez à rien don't touch anything; il n'a pas touché à son repas he didn't touch his meal; il ne touche plus à une goutte d'alcool he doesn't touch a drop of alcohol anymore; toucher à tout lit to be into everything; fig to be a jackofall trades; il ne touche plus à un fusil he won't go near a rifle anymore; ‘touche pas à mon pote○’ ‘hands off my pal○’; avec son air de ne pas y toucher, c'est un malin○ he looks as if butter wouldn't melt in his mouth, but he's a sly one;
    2 ( concerner) toucher à to concern; la réforme touche à l'emploi des jeunes the reform concerns youth employment; tout ce qui touche à la discipline/l'individu anything that relates to ou that concerns discipline/the individual; c'est un problème qui touche à l'éthique it's a question of ethics;
    3 ( porter atteinte à) toucher à to infringe on [droit, liberté, privilège]; to detract from [dignité]; toucher aux principes fondamentaux de la démocratie to infringe on the fundamental principles of democracy;
    4 ( modifier) to change; on ne peut toucher aux coutumes tradition is sacrosanct;
    5 ( aborder) to get on to [question, problème]; vous touchez à un sujet délicat/une question fondamentale you're getting on to a delicate subject/a fundamental issue.
    D se toucher vpr
    1 ( se tâter) ( l'un l'autre) to feel each other; ( soi-même) to feel oneself; se toucher la tête/le bras/les pieds ( l'un l'autre) to feel each other's heads/arms/feet; ( soi-même) to feel one's head/arm/feet;
    2 ◑( se masturber) to play with oneself○;
    3 ( être contigu) (maisons, jardins, immeubles) to be next to each other; nos deux maisons se touchent our houses are next door to each other.
    I
    [tuʃe] nom masculin
    [palpation] touch
    2. [sensation] feel
    3. [manière de toucher] touch
    avoir un toucher délicat/vigoureux [généralement, MUSIQUE] to have a light/energetic touch
    4. MÉDECINE (digital) palpation (terme spécialisé), examination
    ————————
    au toucher locution adverbiale
    doux/rude au toucher soft/rough to the touch
    II
    [tuʃe] verbe transitif
    A.
    1. [pour caresser, saisir] to touch
    [pour examiner] to feel
    ne me touche pas! get your hands off me!, don't touch me!
    touchez avec les yeux! don't touch, just look!
    2. [entrer en contact avec] to touch
    3. (familier) [joindre - suj: personne] to contact, to reach, to get in touch with
    [suj: lettre] to reach
    4. MÉDECINE to palpate (terme spécialisé), to examine
    [rochers, fonds] to hit, to strike
    B.
    1. [se servir de - accessoire, instrument] to touch
    2. [consommer] to touch
    il n'a même pas touché son repas/la bouteille he never even touched his meal/the bottle
    3. [blesser] to hit
    touché, coulé! JEUX hit, sunk!
    4. [atteindre - suj: mesure] to concern, to affect, to apply to ; [ - suj: crise, krach boursier, famine] to affect, to hit ; [ - suj: incendie, épidémie] to spread to (inseparable)
    5. [émouvoir - suj: film, geste, gentillesse, spectacle] to move, to touch
    [affecter - suj: décès] to affect, to shake ; [ - suj: critique, propos désobligeants] to affect, to have an effect on
    6. (familier) [s'en prendre à - personne] to touch
    7. [percevoir - allocation, honoraires, pension, salaire] to receive, to get, to draw ; [ - indemnité, ration] to receive, to get ; [ - chèque] to cash (in) (separable)
    elle touche 30 000 euros par an she earns 30,000 euros a year
    toucher gros (familier) to line one's pockets, to make a packet
    C.
    1. [être contigu à] to join onto, to adjoin (soutenu), to be adjacent to (soutenu)
    2. [concerner]
    une affaire qui touche la Défense nationale a matter related to defence, a defence-related matter
    3. [être parent avec] to be related to
    ————————
    [tuʃe] verbe intransitif
    3. (très familier) [exceller]
    elle touche en informatique! she's a wizard at ou she knows a thing or two about computers!
    ça y est, au saxo, je commence à toucher! I'm beginning to get the hang of the sax now!
    touchez là! it's a deal!, (let's) shake on it!
    ————————
    toucher à verbe plus préposition
    1. [porter la main sur - objet] to touch
    si tu touches à un seul cheveu de sa tête...! if you so much as lay a finger on her...!
    [porter atteinte à] to interfere with (inseparable), to harm, to touch
    2. [modifier - appareil, documents, législation] to tamper ou to interfere with
    ton dessin est parfait, n'y touche plus your drawing is perfect, leave it as it is
    3. [utiliser - aliment, instrument] to touch ; [ - somme d'argent] to touch, to break into
    a. (sens propre) to fiddle with ou to touch everything
    a. [artisan] I'm a Jack-of-all-trades, I do a little bit of everything
    4. [être proche de - suj: pays, champ] to adjoin (soutenu), to border (upon) ; [ - suj: maison, salle] to join on (inseparable) to, to adjoin (soutenu)
    [confiner à]
    5. [concerner, se rapporter à - activité, sujet] to have to do with, to concern
    6. [aborder - sujet, question] to bring up (separable), to come onto (inseparable), to broach
    7. (soutenu) [atteindre - un point dans l'espace, dans le temps] to reach
    ————————
    se toucher verbe pronominal
    [entrer en contact] to touch, to come into contact
    [jardins, communes] to touch, to be adjacent (to each other), to adjoin each other (soutenu)
    ————————
    se toucher verbe pronominal

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > toucher

  • 91 surprise

    I 1. [sə'praɪz]
    1) (unexpected event, gift) sorpresa f.

    it came as o was a complete surprise to me è stata una vera sorpresa per me; to spring a surprise on sb. fare una sorpresa a qcn.; surprise, surprise! sorpresa! is he in for a surprise! — vedrai che sorpresa per lui!

    2) (astonishment) sorpresa f., stupore m.

    to express surprise at sth. — manifestare (la propria) sorpresa per qcs.

    to take sb. by surprise — cogliere o prendere qcn. di sorpresa

    2.
    modificatore [announcement, result] inaspettato; [party, attack] a sorpresa

    to pay sb. a surprise visit — fare una sorpresa o un'improvvisata a qcn

    II [sə'praɪz]
    1) (astonish) sorprendere, meravigliare, stupire

    you (do) surprise me! — iron. tu mi stupisci!

    go on, surprise me! — forza, stupiscimi!

    2) (come upon) sorprendere [ intruder]; attaccare [qcs.] di sorpresa [ garrison]
    * * *
    1. noun
    ((the feeling caused by) something sudden or unexpected: His statement caused some surprise; Your letter was a pleasant surprise; There were some nasty surprises waiting for her when she returned; He stared at her in surprise; To my surprise the door was unlocked; ( also adjective) He paid them a surprise visit.) sorpresa
    2. verb
    1) (to cause to feel surprise: The news surprised me.) sorprendere
    2) (to lead, by means of surprise, into doing something: Her sudden question surprised him into betraying himself.) sorprendere (al punto da/che)
    3) (to find, come upon, or attack, without warning: They surprised the enemy from the rear.) sorprendere
    •
    - surprising
    - surprisingly
    - take by surprise
    * * *
    I 1. [sə'praɪz]
    1) (unexpected event, gift) sorpresa f.

    it came as o was a complete surprise to me è stata una vera sorpresa per me; to spring a surprise on sb. fare una sorpresa a qcn.; surprise, surprise! sorpresa! is he in for a surprise! — vedrai che sorpresa per lui!

    2) (astonishment) sorpresa f., stupore m.

    to express surprise at sth. — manifestare (la propria) sorpresa per qcs.

    to take sb. by surprise — cogliere o prendere qcn. di sorpresa

    2.
    modificatore [announcement, result] inaspettato; [party, attack] a sorpresa

    to pay sb. a surprise visit — fare una sorpresa o un'improvvisata a qcn

    II [sə'praɪz]
    1) (astonish) sorprendere, meravigliare, stupire

    you (do) surprise me! — iron. tu mi stupisci!

    go on, surprise me! — forza, stupiscimi!

    2) (come upon) sorprendere [ intruder]; attaccare [qcs.] di sorpresa [ garrison]

    English-Italian dictionary > surprise

  • 92 kommen

    kom·men <kam, gekommen> [ʼkɔmən]
    vi sein
    1) ( eintreffen) to come, to arrive;
    ich bin gerade ge\kommen I just arrived [or got here];
    ich komme schon! I'm coming!;
    sie \kommen morgen aus Berlin they're arriving [or coming] from Berlin tomorrow;
    der Zug kommt aus Paris the train is coming from Paris;
    da kommt Anne/ der Bus there's Anne/the bus;
    der Bus müsste jeden Augenblick \kommen the bus is due any minute;
    ich komme um vier und hole Sie ab I'll come and fetch you at four;
    der Wind kommt von Osten/ von der See the wind is blowing [or coming] from the East/off the sea;
    sie kam in Begleitung ihres Mannes she was accompanied by her husband;
    ich bin ge\kommen, um zu helfen I've come [or I'm here] to help;
    du kommst wie gerufen! you've come just at the right moment!;
    wann soll das Baby \kommen? when's the baby due?;
    das Baby kam am 1. Mai the baby arrived [or was born] on the 1 May;
    zurzeit \kommen laufend Anfragen zur neuen Software we keep receiving queries about the new software at the moment;
    seine Antwort kam zögernd his answer was hesitant, he answered hesitantly;
    jede Hilfe kam zu spät help came [or arrived] too late;
    früh/ pünktlich/ rechtzeitig/spät \kommen to arrive early/on time [or punctually] /in time/late;
    als Erster/Letzter \kommen to be the first/last to arrive, to arrive first/last;
    angereist \kommen to arrive;
    angefahren/ angeflogen/angerannt \kommen to arrive by car/by plane/at a run;
    sie kamen gestern aus Rom angefahren/ angeflogen they drove up/flew in from Rome yesterday;
    mit dem Auto/Fahrrad \kommen to come by car/bike, to drive/cycle;
    zu Fuß \kommen to come on foot, to walk
    2) ( gelangen)
    irgendwohin \kommen to get [or reach] somewhere;
    kommt man hier zum Bahnhof? is this the way to the station?;
    wie komme ich von hier zum Bahnhof? how do I get to the station from here?;
    zu Fuß kommt man am schnellsten dahin the quickest way [to get] there is to walk;
    sie kommt kaum noch aus dem Haus she hardly gets out of the house these days;
    nach Hause \kommen to come [or get] home;
    unter's Messer \kommen ( hum) to have an operation;
    [sicher] ans Ufer \kommen to [safely] reach the bank;
    ans Ziel \kommen to reach the finishing [or (Am) finish] line
    3) ( sich begeben) to come;
    kommst du mit uns ins Kino? are you coming to the cinema with us?;
    meine Kollegin kommt sofort zu Ihnen my colleague will be with you [or be along] immediately;
    nach London/England \kommen to come to London/England;
    nach draußen/ oben/unten \kommen to come outside/upstairs/downstairs
    4) ( passieren)
    durch/ über etw akk /einen Ort \kommen to pass [or come] through sth/a place
    zu etw \kommen Kongress, Party, Training to come to [or ( form) attend] sth
    6) ( besuchen)
    zu jdm \kommen to visit sb, to come and see [or visit] sb;
    ich komme gerne einmal zu Ihnen I'd be delighted to visit you sometime;
    komm doch mal, ich würde mich sehr freuen! [come and] stop by sometime, I'd love to see you!
    irgendwoher \kommen to come [or be] [or hail] from somewhere;
    sie kommt aus New York/ Australien she's [or she comes]; [or she hails] from New York/Australia, she's a New Yorker/an Australian
    8) (folgen, an der Reihe sein) to come;
    wer kommt [jetzt]? whose turn [or go] is it?;
    nach etw \kommen to come after [or follow] sth;
    die Schule kommt kurz nach der Kreuzung the school is just after the crossroads;
    nach/vor jdm \kommen to come after/before sb;
    an die Reihe \kommen to be sb's turn [or go];
    ich komme zuerst [an die Reihe] I'm first, it's my turn [or go] first;
    zuerst [o als Erster] / als Nächster/ zuletzt [o als Letzter] \kommen to come first/next/last;
    noch \kommen to be still [or yet] to come;
    da wird noch mehr Ärger \kommen there'll be more trouble yet;
    das Schlimmste kommt noch the worst is yet to come
    ins Gefängnis/Krankenhaus \kommen to go to prison/into hospital;
    vor Gericht \kommen Fall to come to court; Mensch to come [or appear] before the court;
    in die Schule/Lehre \kommen to start school/an apprenticeship
    zu etw \kommen to achieve sth;
    wie komme ich zu dieser Ehre? (iron, hum) to what do I owe this honour?;
    zu der Erkenntnis \kommen, dass... to realize [or come to the realization] that...;
    zu Geld \kommen to come into money;
    zu Kräften \kommen to gain strength;
    zu Ruhm \kommen to achieve [or win] fame;
    zu sich \kommen to come to, to regain consciousness;
    [wieder] zu sich selbst \kommen to get out of one's head, to come back to [or find] oneself again;
    an jdn/etw \kommen to get hold of sb/sth;
    wie bist du an das viele Geld ge\kommen? how did you get hold of [or come by] all that money?; s. a. Besinnung, Ruhe
    um etw \kommen to lose sth;
    ums Leben \kommen to lose one's life, to be killed, to die
    12) ( erreichen) to reach;
    auf den 2. Platz \kommen to reach 2nd place, to come [in] 2nd
    13) ( gebracht werden) to come;
    kam Post für mich? was there any post for me?
    14) (veranlassen, dass jd kommt)
    den Arzt/ Klempner/ein Taxi \kommen lassen to send for [or call] the doctor/plumber/a taxi
    15) ( hingehören) to go, to belong;
    die Tasse kommt dahin the cup belongs there
    16) ( herannahen) to approach;
    (eintreten, geschehen) to come about, to happen;
    heute kommt noch ein Gewitter there'll be a thunderstorm today;
    der Winter kommt mit Riesenschritten winter is fast approaching;
    der Termin kommt etwas ungelegen the meeting comes at a somewhat inconvenient time;
    das habe ich schon lange \kommen sehen! I saw that coming a long time ago;
    das kam doch anders als erwartet it/that turned out [or happened] differently than expected;
    es kam eins zum anderen one thing led to another;
    und so kam es, dass... and that's why/how..., and that's how it came about [or happened] that...;
    wie kommt es, dass...? how is it that...?, how come...?;
    es musste ja so \kommen it/that was bound to happen;
    es hätte viel schlimmer \kommen können it could have been much worse;
    es zu etw \kommen lassen zum Streit to let it come to sth;
    so weit \kommen, dass... to get to the stage [or point] where...;
    so weit kommt es noch! ( iron) ( fam) that'll be the day! ( fam)
    komme, was da wolle come what may;
    was auch immer \kommen mag whatever happens;
    wie's kommt so kommt's whatever happens happens;
    zu etw \kommen to happen;
    zum Prozess \kommen to come to trial;
    [wieder] im K\kommen sein to be[come] fashionable again
    17) ( in Erscheinung treten) Pflanzen to come on [or along];
    die ersten Tomaten \kommen schon the first tomatoes are appearing
    über jdn \kommen Gefühl to come over sb;
    eine gewaltige Traurigkeit kam über mich I was overcome by a tremendous sadness;
    es kam einfach so über mich it just came over me
    jdm \kommen die Tränen sb is overcome by tears, sb starts to cry;
    jdm \kommen Zweifel, ob... sb is beset [or overcome] by doubts [or sb doubts] whether...
    in etw \kommen to get into sth;
    wir kamen plötzlich ins Schleudern we suddenly started to skid;
    in Fahrt [o Schwung] \kommen to get going;
    in Gefahr/Not \kommen to get into danger/difficulty;
    in Sicherheit \kommen to get to safety;
    in Verlegenheit \kommen to get [or become] embarrassed; s. a. Stillstand
    21) ( sich verhalten) to be;
    so lasse ich mir nicht \kommen! I won't have [or stand for] that!;
    so kommst du mir nicht! don't you take that line with me!;
    jdm frech \kommen to be cheeky to sb
    jdm mit etw \kommen to start telling sb about sth;
    komm' mir nicht schon wieder damit! don't give me [or start] that again!;
    da kann [o könnte] ja jeder \kommen ( fam) anyone could say that;
    der soll nur \kommen! ( fam) just let him try!
    23) ( seinen Grund haben) to come from;
    wie kommt es, dass... how come..., how is it that [that]...;
    daher kommt es, dass... that's why...;
    das kommt davon! ( fam) it's your own fault!;
    das kommt davon, dass/weil... that's because...;
    das kommt davon, wenn... that's what happens when...
    auf etw akk \kommen to remember sth, to recall sth;
    ich komme beim besten Willen nicht darauf I just can't seem to remember [or recall] it
    jdm \kommen to think of, to occur;
    jdm kommt der Gedanke, dass... it occurs to sb that...;
    na, das kommt dir aber früh! ( iron) why didn't that occur to you sooner?
    an etw akk \kommen to get hold of sth;
    wie bist du an das Geld ge\kommen? where did you get the money?
    hinter etw akk \kommen Pläne to find out sth sep, to get to the bottom of sth;
    hinter ein Geheimnis \kommen to uncover [or sep find out] a secret;
    dahinter \kommen, dass/ was/ wer/wie... ( fam) to find out that/what/who/how...;
    wie kommst du darauf? what gives you that idea?, what makes you think that?; s. a. Schlich, Spur
    28) film, radio, tv ( gesendet werden) to be on;
    was kommt heute im Fernsehen? what's on [television] tonight?;
    als Nächstes \kommen die Nachrichten the news is [on] next
    zu etw \kommen to get around to doing sth;
    ich komme zu nichts mehr! I don't have time for anything else!
    auf jdn/ etw akk \kommen to be allotted to sb/sth;
    auf jeden Studenten kamen drei Studentinnen for every male student there were three female students, the ratio of female to male students was 3:1
    nach jdm \kommen to take after sb
    32) (fam: kosten) to cost;
    die Reparatur kam sehr teuer the repairs cost a lot [of money];
    auf etw \kommen akk to come to sth
    unter ein Auto/einen Lastwagen \kommen to be knocked down by a car/lorry [or (Am) truck];
    unter die Räder \kommen to get knocked [or run] down [or run over];
    auf etw akk zu sprechen \kommen to get [a]round to [talking about] sth;
    jetzt, wo wir auf das Thema Gehaltserhöhung zu sprechen \kommen,... now that we're on [or we've got round to] the subject of payrises...;
    ich werde gleich darauf \kommen I'll come [or get] to that in a moment;
    auf einen Punkt/eine Angelegenheit \kommen to broach [or get onto] a point/matter
    an etw akk \kommen to reach sth
    36) (sl: Orgasmus haben) to come ( fam)
    komm, sei nicht so enttäuscht come on, don't be so disappointed;
    komm, lass uns gehen! come on [or hurry up], let's go!;
    komm, komm, werd nicht frech! now now, don't get cheeky!;
    ach komm! ( fam) come on!
    WENDUNGEN:
    erstens kommt es anders und zweitens als man denkt ( und zweitens als man denkt) ( fam) things never turn out the way you expect;
    zu kurz \kommen to come off badly, to get a raw deal;
    komm' ich heut' nicht, komm' ich morgen (' nicht, komm' ich morgen) you'll see me when you see me;
    wer zuerst kommt, mahlt zuerst (kommt, mahlt zuerst) first come, first served;
    auf jdn/etw nichts \kommen lassen ( fam) to not hear a [bad] word said against sb; s. a. achtzig, halten, nahe, Zeit
    vi impers sein
    es kommt jd sb is coming;
    es kommt jetzt der berühmte Magier Obrikanus! and now the famous magician, Obrikanus!;
    es scheint keiner mehr zu \kommen nobody else seems to be coming
    2) ( beginnen)
    es kommt etw sth is coming;
    es kommt auch mal wieder schöneres Wetter the weather will turn nice again
    3) (sl: Orgasmus haben) to come;
    vt sein (fam: kosten)
    jdn etw \kommen to cost sb sth;
    die Reparatur kam mich sehr teuer I paid a lot [of money] for the repairs, the repairs cost a lot [of money]

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > kommen

  • 93 SKJÓTA

    * * *
    (skýt; skaut, skutum; skotinn), v.
    1) to shoot with a weapon, with dat. (skjóta öru, spjóti, kólfi);
    vera skotinn spjóti í gegnum, to be shot through with a spear;
    skjóta af boga, to shoot with a bow;
    with the object shot at in acc. (skjóta dýr, mann, sel, fugl);
    skjóta at e-m, til e-s, to shoot at one;
    skjóta til hœfis, to shoot at a mark;
    skjóta skildi fyrir sik, to put a shield before one;
    skjóta loku fyrir, to shoot the bolt, lock the door;
    skjóta frá lokum, to unlock;
    skjóta e-u fyrir borð, to ‘shoot’ overboard;
    skjóta skipum á vatn, to launch ships;
    skjóta útan báti, to shove out a boat;
    skjóta hesti uridir e-n, to put a horse under one, to mount him;
    var mér hér skotit á land, I was put ashore here;
    skjóta e-u niðr, to thrust it down (hann skaut svá fast niðr skildinum, at);
    skjóta e-m brott or undan, to let one escape;
    skjóta undan peningum, to abstract, embezzle money;
    skjóta e-u í hug e-m to suggest to one (þá skaut guð því ráði í hug þeim);
    skjóta upp hvítum skildi, to hoist a white shield;
    skjóta upp vita, skjóta eldi í vita, to light up a beacon;
    skjóta land-tjaldi, to pitch a tent;
    skjóta á fylking, to draw up in battle array;
    skjóta á husþingi, to call a meeting together;
    skjóta á eyrendi, to make a speech;
    skjóta fótum undir sik, to take to one’s heels, to run;
    barnit skaut öndu upp, the child began to breathe;
    skjóta e-u of öxl, to throw off one’s shoulder;
    vér tólf dómendr, er málum þessum er t il skotit, to whom these suits are handed over;
    skýt ek því til gúðs ok góðra manna, at, I call God and all good men to witness, that;
    4) to pay (hann skaut einn fyrir sveitunga sína alla);
    5) impers., e-u skýtr upp, it shoots up, emerges, comes forth;
    upp skýtr jörðunni þá ór sænum, then the earth rises from the sea;
    skaut upp jörðu dag frá degi, the earth appeared day by day (as the snow melted);
    þó at þér skyti því í hug, though it shot into thy mind, occurred to thee;
    þeim skaut skelk í bringu, they were panic-stricken;
    sem kólfi skyti, swift as a dart;
    6) refl., skjótast.
    * * *
    skýt, pret. skaut, skauzt (skauztu rhyming with laust, Fms. vi. in a verse), skaut, pl. skutu; subj. skyti; imperat. skjót, skjóttú; part. skotinn: [A. S. sceôtan, scyttan; Engl. shoot and shut; Dan. skyde; Germ. schiessen.]
    A. To shoot with a weapon, the weapon being in dat.; skjóta öru (örum), spjóti, fleini, skutli, kesju, kólfi …, Fms. i. 44, x. 308, 362, Eg. 380; þeir þykkjask eigi hafa skotið betra skot, Fms. vii. 211; vera skotinn spjóti í gögnum, shot through with a spear, Nj. 274: the object shot at in acc., skjóta dýr, fugla, sela, Edda 16, Nj. 95, Ld. 56, Fms. x. 356, 362, and passim: also, s. til e-s, to shoot at; s. til fugls, Orkn. 346; s. til hæfis, to shoot at a mark, Fms. ii. 268; s. kesju at e-m, Eg. 380; allir skutu at Baldri, Edda 37.
    II. to shoot, to push or shove quickly; skjóta loku fyrir (or frá) hurðu (dyrum), to shoot the bolt, lock the door; s. frá lokum, to unlock, Lv. 60; hann lagðisk niðr ok skaut fyrir loku, Eg. 601; skaut hann þá frá lokum, Fms. vi. 189; þeir lögðu hann í kistu ok skutu síðan fyrir borð, and shot the chest overboard, Eg. 127; skaut Egill yfir brúnni, E. shot the bridge over the ditch, 531; s. brú af, to draw the bridge off or away, Fms. xi. 370; s. skipum á vatn, to launch the ships into water, ix. 501; s. báti, to launch a boat from the shore, Nj. 133; s. útan báti, to shove out a boat, 272; brauð þat er hón hafði í ofninn skotið, Hom. 114; menn er í ofn vóru skotnir, 117; var þeim skotið í eld brennanda, Eg. 232; then in all kinds of relations, s. hesti uudir e-n, to put a horse under one, mount him, Eg. 397, 602, Fms. vii. 21; var mér hér skotið á land, I was put ashore here, Nj. 45; s. e-m upp á land, id., Fms. i. 131; s. barni heim af fóstri, to send back a bairn from the fóstr, Grág. i. 276; s. e-m brott, to let one escape, Fms. ix. 420; s. e-m undan, id., vi. 116, vii. 250; s. niðr úmaga, to leave a pauper behind, place him there, Grág. i. 296, 297; s. fé á brott (undan), to abstract, embezzle money, 334; þetta líkar Þórdísi ílla ok skýtr undan peningunum, Korm. 150; skjóttú diametro sólarinnar í tvá staði, divide it into two, Rb. 462; þá skaut Guð því ráði í hug þeim, put this rede into their mind, 655. 3; s. upp hvítum skildi, to hoist a white shield, Fms. x. 347; s. upp vita, to light up the beacon, Hkr. i. 148; þá varð engum vita upp skotið, Orkn. 266; vita-karlinn skaut eldi í vitann, lighted up the beacon, Fms. viii. 188; s. land-tjaldi, to pitch a tent, Nj. 157; var skotið um hann skjaldborg, 274; s. á skjaldborg, to draw up a s., Fms. vii. 70; s. á fylking, to draw up in battle array, Ó. H. 209; s. á húsþingi, to call a meeting together, Eg. 357; s. á eyrendi, to make a speech, Fms. i. 215; skýtr or skýtsk mjök í tvau horn um e-t, see horn B.I. 2; s. fótum undir sik, to take to one’s heels, to run, Fms. viii. 358; hann skaut sér út hjá þeim, shot out, escaped, vi. 189; harm hljóp upp á altarit, ok skaut á knjám sínum, ix. 462; barnit skaut öndu upp, the bairn began to breathe, Hkr. ii. 199; s. skildi fyrir sik, to put a shield before one, Eg. 378, Nj. 156; s. skjóli yfir e-n, to protect (see skjól); Máriusúðin skaut lykkjunum, she (the ship) shivered, Fms. viii. 199; þá segisk, at hann skyti í fyrstu þessu orði, eldisk árgalinn nú, he is said to have let this word slip, to have said, vi. 251; s. e-u of öxl, to throw it off one’s shoulder, Gg. 6; s. e-u á frest, to put off, delay: skjóta augum, to look askance, Eg. (in a verse), from which the mod. gjóta augum is a corruption.
    III. metaph. to shift or transfer a case to another, appeal; skutu þau til ráða Ólafs, Ld. 74; s. þrætu til ór skurðar e-s, Fms. vii. 203; því skýt ek til Guðs, i. 3; s. sínu máli á Guðs vald, x. 103; s. þessu máli til Frosta-þings …, þeir skutu þangat sínu máli, i. 32; vér tólf dómendr, er málum þessum er til skotið, Nj. 188; s. máli á fylkis-þing, N. G. L. i. 21; skýt ek því til Guðs ok góðra manna, Nj. 176; menn þá er hann skaut ráðum undir, whom he took as his counsel, Fms. vii. 308.
    IV. [A. S. scot; Engl. shot, scot, see skot, I and II]:—to pay; rétt er at fimm búar virði gripinn, ok skal hann þá skjóta í móti slíku, er þeir virða gripinn dýrra enn hans skuld var fyrir öndverðu, Grág. i. 412; skjóta fé saman, to club money together, make a collection, Mar.; þeir skutu saman fjár-hlutum sínum hverr eptir efnum, Hom, 123 (samskot); hann skaut einn fyrir sveitunga sína alla ( he paid their scot) þá er þeir sátu í skytningum, Ld. 312 (see skytningr).
    V. impers., e-u skýtr upp, it shoots up, emerges, comes forth; upp skýtr jörðunni þá ór sænum, Edda 44; skaut upp jörðu dag frá degi, the earth appeared day by day (as the snow melted), Fms. ii. 228; þó at þér skyti því í hug, though it shot into thy mind, occurred to thee, Band. 37 new Ed.; þeim skaut skelk í bringu, they were panic-stricken, Ld. 78, Eg. 49, Fb. i. 418 (see skelkr); mjök skýtr mornar vakri, she is much tossed, Hallfred; sveita skaut á skjaldrim, the shield-rim was blood-shot, blood-stained, Orkn. (in a verse); sem kólfi skyti, swift as a dart, Fms. ii. 183.
    B. Reflex. to shoot, start, move, slip away; Skíði frá ek at skauzt á fætr, S. started to his feet, Skíða R. 52; Björn skauzk aptr síðan at baki Kára, B. shot or slipped behind Kári’s back, Nj. 262; at menn hans skytisk eigi frá honum, lest they should slip away, abscond, Fms. vii. 49; vildi ljósta Gretti, en hann skautzk undan, started away from the blow, Grett. 91 A; þeir fálmauðu af hræðslu, ok skutusk hingað ok þingat undan geislum hans, Niðr. 5; þó at fé hans skjótisk fyrir garðsenda, to slip through by the end of the fence, Grág. ii. 263; nú skýzk maðr undan tali (evades,) N. G. L. i. 97; kemr í hug, at hann mun skotisk hafa undan, ok vilja eigi fara, Ísl. ii. 334: skjótask yfir (impers.), to skip, slip over; mér hefir skotisk yfir að telja hann, þeim hafði yfir skotisk um þetta, they had made a false calculation, Ld. 100; þá skjótumk ek mjök yfir, then I am much mistaken, Skálda (Thorodd); skýzt þeim mörgum vísdómrinn sem betri ván er at, Grett. 25 new Ed.: skjótask e-m, to fail; margir skutusk honum, many forsook him, Fms. i. 22; skutusk þá margir við Þórð í trúnaðinum, many proved false to Thord, Sturl. iii. 75 C; vildi dýrið ljósta þeim hramminum seni heill var, ok skauzk á stúfinn, and stumbled, reeled on the stump of the other leg, Grett. 101 A; hann var nokkut við aldr, ok skauzk á fótum ( and tottered on his legs), ok þó hinn karlmannligsti, Háv. 45: also in the law phrase, hafa e-u fyrir skotið, to have a case forfeited, N. G. L. i. 52, 53; ef hann stefnir eigi … þá er þeim váttum fyrir skotið, then the witnesses are valueless, 54 (cp. Dan. for-skyde).
    2. reflex., in the mod. skjótask, to go on a short errand, pay a short visit; viltu ekki skjótast með bréfið að tarna? eg ætla að skjútast inn sem snöggvast, bíddu meðan eg skýzt inn, and the like.
    II. recipr., skjótask á, to exchange shots, Fms. i. 93, vii. 54.
    III. part., of corn, to shoot; rúgakr al-skotinn, Þiðr. 180.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > SKJÓTA

  • 94 should

    see academic.ru/66362/shall">shall
    * * *
    [ʃud]
    negative short form - shouldn't; verb
    1) (past tense of shall: I thought I should never see you again.) pt von shall
    2) (used to state that something ought to happen, be done etc: You should hold your knife in your right hand; You shouldn't have said that.) Konjunktiv
    3) (used to state that something is likely to happen etc: If you leave now, you should arrive there by six o'clock.) Ausdruck der Wahrscheinlichkeit
    4) (used after certain expressions of sorrow, surprise etc: I'm surprised you should think that.) nach Ausdrücken der Überraschung etc.
    5) (used after if to state a condition: If anything should happen to me, I want you to remember everything I have told you today.) Konditionell
    6) ((with I or we) used to state that a person wishes something was possible: I should love to go to France (if only I had enough money).) Ausdruck eines Wunsches
    7) (used to refer to an event etc which is rather surprising: I was just about to get on the bus when who should come along but John, the very person I was going to visit.) Ausdruck höchster Überraschung
    * * *
    [ʃʊd]
    1. (expressing advisability)
    ▪ sb/sth \should... jd/etw sollte...
    if you're annoyed with him, you \should tell him wenn du dich über ihn ärgerst, solltest du ihm das sagen
    he said that I \should see a doctor er meinte, ich solle zum Arzt gehen
    you \should be ashamed of yourselves ihr solltet euch [was] schämen
    how kind! you really \shouldn't have! wie nett! das war doch [wirklich] nicht nötig!
    I \should have written to her ich hätte ihr schreiben sollen
    one \should not judge people by their appearance man sollte Menschen nicht nach ihrem Äußeren beurteilen
    he \shouldn't say things like that er sollte so etwas nicht sagen
    she \should worry! she hasn't a problem in the world! ( iron) was braucht sie sich schon Sorgen zu machen! sie hat doch keinerlei Probleme
    the car \should be serviced every year das Auto sollte jedes Jahr zur Inspektion
    I recommend that there \should be an investigation ich würde dazu raten, eine Untersuchung durchzuführen
    it's essential that the project \should not be delayed any further es ist wichtig, dass das Projekt nicht noch weiter verzögert wird
    2. (asking for advice)
    ▪ \should sb/sth...? soll[te] jd/etw...?
    \should I apologize to him? soll[te] ich mich bei ihm entschuldigen?
    \should he apply for the job? soll[te] er sich für die Stelle bewerben?
    how often \should the plant be watered? wie oft sollte [o muss] die Pflanze gegossen werden?
    3. (expressing expectation)
    ▪ sb/sth \should... jd/etw sollte [o müsste] [eigentlich]...
    you \should find this guidebook helpful dieser Führer wird dir sicher nützlich sein
    there \shouldn't be any problems es dürfte eigentlich keine Probleme geben
    that \should be safe enough das dürfte [o müsste eigentlich] sicher genug sein
    everything is as it \should be alles ist wie es sein soll
    this shirt's made of very good quality silk — I \should think it is, considering how much it cost dieses Hemd ist aus hochwertiger Seide — das will ich wohl meinen, wenn man bedenkt, was es gekostet hat
    could you have the report ready by Friday? — yes, I \should think so könnten Sie den Bericht bis Freitag fertig haben? — ja, ich glaube schon
    I don't like to drink more than one bottle of wine in an evening — I \should think not! ich mag pro Abend nicht mehr als eine Flasche Wein trinken — das will ich wohl meinen!
    I bought her some flowers to say thank you — I \should think so too ich habe ihr ein paar Blumen gekauft, um mich zu bedanken — das war auch gut so
    the boss wants to see us in her office immediately — this \should be good! ( iron fam) wir sollen sofort zur Chefin ins Büro kommen — das kann ja heiter werden! iron fam
    I \should be so lucky ( fam) schön wär's! fam
    4. (expressing futurity)
    ▪ sb/sth \should... jd/etw würde...
    he realized that he \should have to do most of the work es wurde ihm klar, dass er die meiste Arbeit würde erledigen müssen
    in case [or if] sth/sb \should do sth falls etw/jd etw tun sollte
    he took his cap in case it \should snow er nahm seine Mütze für den Fall mit, dass es zu schneien anfing
    it seems very unlikely to happen, but if it \should, we need to be well-prepared es scheint unwahrscheinlich, aber für den Fall, dass es doch passieren sollte, müssen wir gut vorbereitet sein
    he would be most welcome, \should he be coming at all er wäre höchst willkommen, falls er überhaupt kommt
    ▪ why \should sb/sth...? warum sollte jd/etw...?
    why \should anyone want to eat something so horrible? warum sollte irgendjemand so etwas Scheußliches essen wollen?
    I was just getting off the bus when who \should I see but my old school friend Pat! was glaubst du, wen ich gesehen habe, als ich aus dem Bus ausstieg — niemand anderen als meinen alten Schulfreund Pat!
    8. (expressing an opinion)
    it's odd that she \should think I would want to see her again es ist seltsam, dass sie meint, ich wolle sie wiedersehen
    it's so unfair that she \should have died so young es ist so ungerecht, dass sie so jung sterben musste
    it worries me that he \should drive all that way on his own esp BRIT es beunruhigt mich, dass er die ganze Strecke alleine fährt
    I suggest that you \should leave esp BRIT ( form) du solltest besser gehen
    I prefer that Jane \should do it esp BRIT ( form) es wäre mir lieber, wenn Jane es täte
    9. (could)
    where's Daryl? — how \should I know? wo ist Daryl? — woher soll[te] ich das wissen?
    for fear that I \should miss my flight, I arrived at the airport five hours early aus Angst, ich könnte mein Flugzeug verpassen, war ich fünf Stunden früher am Flughafen
    ▪ I/we \should... ich würde/wir würden...
    I \should like a whisky before the meal ich hätte vor dem Essen gern einen Whisky
    we \should like to take you out for dinner next week wir würden Sie gerne nächste Woche zum Abendessen einladen
    I \shouldn't worry about it if I were you ich würde mir deswegen an deiner Stelle keine Sorgen machen
    he took his umbrella so that he \shouldn't get wet er nahm seinen Schirm mit, um nicht nass zu werden
    we \should have come sooner if we'd known how ill he was wir wären früher gekommen, wenn wir gewusst hätten, wie krank er war
    I \shouldn't be surprised ich wäre nicht überrascht
    * * *
    [ʃʊd] pret of shall
    modal aux vb
    1)

    (expressing duty, advisability, command) I/he should do that — ich/er sollte das tun

    all is as it should be — alles ist so, wie es sein sollte or muss

    he should know that it's wrong to lie — er sollte or müsste wissen, dass man nicht lügen darf

    should I go too? – yes you should was it a good film? – I should think it was — sollte ich auch gehen? – ja, das sollten Sie schon war der Film gut? – und ob

    he's coming to apologize – I should think so — er will sich entschuldigen – das möchte ich auch meinen or hoffen

    ... and I should know —... und ich müsste es ja wissen

    2)

    (expressing probability) he should be there by now —

    3)

    (in tentative statements) I shouldn't like to say —

    I should think there were about 40 — ich würde schätzen, dass etwa 40 dort waren

    I should like to disagree — da möchte ich widersprechen

    I should like to know — ich wüsste gern, ich möchte gern wissen

    thanks, I should like to — danke, gern

    4)

    (expressing surprise) who should I see/should it be but Anne! — und wen sehe ich/und wer wars? Anne!

    why should he want to know/do that? — warum will er das wohl wissen/machen?

    why should he have done it, if...? — warum hat er es dann gemacht, wenn...?

    5)

    (subjunc, conditional) I/he should go if... —

    we should have come if... — wir wären gekommen, wenn...

    it seems unbelievable that he should have failed/be so young — es scheint unglaublich, dass er versagt hat/so jung ist

    I don't see why he shouldn't have paid by now — ich verstehe nicht, warum er bis jetzt noch nicht bezahlt hat

    if they should send for me —

    if he should come, should he come — falls er kommen sollte, sollte er kommen

    I shouldn't be surprised if he comes or came or were to come — ich wäre nicht or keineswegs überrascht, wenn er kommen würde or wenn er käme

    I shouldn't (do that) if I were you —

    I shouldn't worry about it it is necessary that he should be told — ich würde mir darüber keine Gedanken machen es ist nötig, dass man es ihm sagt

    * * *
    should [ʃʊd; unbetont ʃəd; ʃd; ʃt]
    1. prät von shall, auch konditional futurisch: ich, er, sie, es sollte, du solltest, wir, Ihr, Sie, sie sollten:
    should it prove false sollte es sich als falsch erweisen;
    he should be home by then er müsste bis dahin wieder zu Hause sein
    2. konditional: ich würde, wir würden:
    I should go if …;
    I should not have come if ich wäre nicht gekommen, wenn;
    I should like to ich würde oder möchte gern
    3. nach Ausdrücken des Erstaunens etc:
    it is incredible that he should have failed es ist unglaublich, dass er versagt hat
    * * *
    * * *
    sollen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: sollte, gesollt)

    English-german dictionary > should

  • 95 if

    if [ɪf]
    ∎ if he comes, we'll ask him s'il vient, on lui demandera;
    ∎ if possible si (c'est) possible;
    ∎ have it done by Tuesday, if at all possible faites-le pour mardi si possible;
    ∎ if necessary si (c'est) nécessaire, le cas échéant;
    ∎ if so si c'est le cas;
    ∎ if so, when? si oui, quand?;
    ∎ if all goes well, we'll be there by midnight si tout va bien, nous y serons pour minuit;
    ∎ if anyone wants me, I'm or I'll be in my office si quelqu'un veut me voir, je suis dans mon bureau;
    ∎ if she hadn't introduced herself, I would never have recognized her si elle ne s'était pas présentée, je ne l'aurais pas reconnue;
    ∎ if I'd known you were coming, I'd have bought some wine si j'avais su que tu venais, j'aurais acheté du vin;
    ∎ if a child can do it, so can I si un enfant peut le faire, je peux le faire aussi;
    ∎ if you'd told me the truth, this would never have happened si tu m'avais dit la vérité, ça ne serait jamais arrivé;
    ∎ if I was older, I'd leave home si j'étais plus âgé, je quitterais la maison;
    ∎ if you could have anything you wanted, what would you ask for? si tu pouvais avoir tout ce que tu désires, qu'est-ce que tu demanderais?;
    ∎ if I were a millionaire, I'd buy a yacht si j'étais millionnaire, j'achèterais un yacht;
    ∎ would you mind if I invited Angie too? ça te dérangerait si j'invitais aussi Angie?;
    ∎ if he agrees and (if) we have time s'il est d'accord et que nous avons le temps
    ∎ if you mix blue and yellow you get green si on mélange du bleu et du jaune, on obtient du vert;
    ∎ if you ever come or if ever you come to London, do visit us si jamais tu passes à Londres, viens nous voir;
    ∎ if you are "gratified" by something, you are pleased by it si (on dit que) quelque chose nous "satisfait", cela veut dire que ça nous fait plaisir;
    ∎ he gets angry if I so much as open my mouth si j'ai seulement le malheur d'ouvrir la bouche, il se fâche
    ∎ if Paul was the brains in the family, then Julia was the organizer si Paul était le cerveau de la famille, Julia en était l'organisatrice
    ∎ to ask/to know/to wonder if demander/savoir/se demander si;
    ∎ it doesn't matter if he comes or not peu importe qu'il vienne ou (qu'il ne vienne) pas;
    ∎ I'll see if she's up yet je vais voir si elle est levée
    ∎ I'm sorry if I upset you je suis désolé si je t'ai fait de la peine;
    ∎ if I gave you that impression, I apologize je m'excuse si c'est l'impression que je vous ai donnée;
    ∎ we'd be so pleased if you could come ça nous ferait tellement plaisir si vous pouviez venir
    ∎ few, if any, readers will have heard of him peu de lecteurs auront entendu parler de lui, ou même aucun;
    ∎ modifications, if any, will have to be made later les modifications éventuelles devront être apportées plus tard;
    ∎ he was intelligent if a little arrogant il était intelligent, mais quelque peu arrogant;
    ∎ pleasant weather, if rather cold temps agréable, bien qu'un peu froid;
    ∎ it is well-paid, if uninteresting work c'est un travail bien payé à défaut d'être intéressant
    ∎ if I could just come in here... si je puis me permettre d'intervenir...;
    ∎ it's rather good, if I say so myself c'est assez bon, sans fausse modestie;
    ∎ I'll leave it there, if I may, and go on to my next point j'en resterai là, si vous voulez bien et passerai au point suivant;
    ∎ I thought you were rather rude, if you don't mind my saying so je vous ai trouvé assez grossier, si je peux me permettre;
    ∎ well, if you want my opinion or if you ask me, I thought it was dreadful eh bien, si vous voulez mon avis, c'était affreux;
    ∎ if you think about it, it is rather odd si vous y réfléchissez, c'est plutôt bizarre;
    ∎ if I remember rightly, she was married to a politician si j'ai bonne mémoire, elle était mariée à un homme politique;
    ∎ if I know Sophie, she won't have done it! comme ou telle que je connais Sophie, elle ne l'aura pas fait!
    ∎ if you could just write your name here... si vous voulez bien inscrire votre nom ici...;
    ∎ if you could all just wait in the hall, I'll be back in a second si vous pouviez tous attendre dans l'entrée, je reviens tout de suite;
    ∎ would you like me to wrap it for you? - if you would, please vous voulez que je vous l'emballe? - oui, s'il vous plaît
    (i) (expressing surprise, indignation) tiens, ça alors;
    ∎ well, if it isn't my old mate Jim! tiens ou ça alors, c'est ce vieux Jim!
    2 noun
    si m inv;
    ∎ if you get the job - and it's a big if - you'll have to move to London si tu obtiens cet emploi, et je dis bien si, tu devras aller t'installer à Londres;
    ∎ no ifs and buts, we're going il n'y a pas de "mais" qui tienne ou pas de discussions, on y va;
    ∎ the agreement is full of ifs and buts l'accord n'est qu'une suite de conditions
    au cas où;
    ∎ if and when he phones, I'll simply tell him to leave me alone au cas où il appellerait, je lui dirais tout simplement de me laisser tranquille
    plutôt;
    ∎ he doesn't look any slimmer, if anything, he's put on weight il n'a pas l'air plus mince, il a même plutôt grossi;
    ∎ I am, if anything, even keener to be involved j'ai peut-être encore plus envie d'y participer
    ∎ there's a hopeless case if ever I saw one! voilà un cas désespéré s'il en est!;
    ∎ if ever I saw a man driven by ambition, it's him si quelqu'un est poussé par l'ambition, c'est bien lui
    à ta place;
    ∎ if I were you I'd accept the offer si j'étais toi ou à ta place, j'accepterais la proposition
    sinon;
    ∎ I'm happy to eat out if you want to, if not, I'll just rustle something up here on peut aller manger quelque part si tu veux, sinon je préparerai quelque chose ici;
    ∎ are you going to read this book? if not, I will tu vas lire ce livre? sinon, je vais le lire moi;
    ∎ did you finish on time? and if not, why not? avez-vous terminé à temps? sinon, pourquoi?;
    ∎ hundreds, if not thousands des centaines, voire des milliers
    ∎ I think I should come along too, if only to make sure you don't get into mischief je crois que je devrais venir aussi, ne serait-ce que pour m'assurer que vous ne faites pas de bêtises;
    ∎ all right, I'll let you go to the party, if only to keep you quiet bon d'accord, tu peux aller à la fête, comme ça au moins, j'aurai la paix
    (b) (expressing a wish) si seulement;
    ∎ if only! si seulement!;
    ∎ if only I could drive si seulement je savais conduire;
    ∎ if only someone would tell us what has happened si seulement quelqu'un nous disait ce qui s'est passé;
    ∎ if only we'd known si seulement nous avions su

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > if

  • 96 be

    {bi:}
    I. 1. v was, were, been
    pres p being, are, is, pl are
    pt. sing was were was, pl were
    pres subj be, past subj were
    2. гл. връзка
    he is a teacher той e учител
    the roses are beautiful розите ca красиви
    3. съществувам, живея
    I think, therefore, I am мисля, следователно съществувам
    he is no more той не e вече жив
    4. наличие, местонахождение
    there is a man in the garden в градината има човек
    the book is йп the table книгата e на масата
    5. случвам се, състоя се, съм, ставам
    that was yesterday това беше/се случи вчера
    tomorrow is the last session утре ще бъде/ще се състои последното заседание
    this will not BE това няма да стане
    it was not to BE не било писано (да стане)
    6. притежание, предназначение съм
    this book is mine тази книга e моя
    the flowers are for you цветята ca за теб
    7. приcъcтвue съм
    she was at the concert тя беше на концерта
    8. пребиваване съм
    I've BEeп here twice бил съм тук два пъти
    9. струвам
    this skirt is five pounds тази пола струва пет лири
    the oranges are three pence a piece портокалите са/струват (по) три пенса парчето
    10. причина
    this girl will BE the death of me това момиче ще ме умори
    you've BEen and bought that house! разг. шег. ти хем взе, че купи тази къща! who's BEen and taken my new ball-pen again? кой пак мие задигнал новата химикалка? for the time BE ing за сега, понастоящем
    BE that as it may както и да е, дори и да е така
    to let something BEне закачам/не бутам, оставям (на мира) нещо
    his wife-to-BE бъдещата му съпруга
    the to-BE бъдещето
    11. в съчет. с предлози и наречия и при съответните предлози и наречия
    be about налице/наоколо/наблизо съм
    what are you BE? какво правиш? какво си намислил? to BE about to каня се/готвя се да
    be after търся, преследвам
    they are still after the thief все още търсят крадеца, търся, стремя се (да получа, да се сдобия с)
    there are too many men after the same job твърде много хора аспирират за/гонят същата работа
    he is after the family silver той иска да открадне семейните сребърни прибори/предмети
    be around проявявам се, работя (в дадена област)
    съм, идвам (някъде), вж. around
    be at занимавам се с
    what is she at now? с какво се занимава тя сега? разг. пипвам, бърникам
    someone has been at my books again някой пак е пипал книгите ми, нападам, нахвърлям се на, разг. тормозя, врънкам
    to BE at a halt/standstill в застой съм, спрял съм
    be away няма ме, отсъствувам
    be back завръщам се, върнат/поставен съм обратно (някъде)
    be behind закъснял/изостанал съм, изоставам
    прен. крия се зад (за подбуди и пр.), be in вкъщи/в къщата/помещението/кантората и пр. съм, на мода съм, прибран съм (за реколта), намирам се, има ме по магазините (за стока), избран съм, на власт съм, горя (за огън, печка и пр.)
    to BE all in изтощен/капнал съм
    to BE in at участвувам в (пакост и пр.)
    to BE in for включен съм като участник/ще участвувам в
    кандидатствувам (за длъжност, пост), разг. предстои ми, очаква ме (нещо неприятно), to BE in for it изложен/застрашен съм, лошо ми се пише, нямам изход
    to BE in on участвувам в (план, сделка и пр.), осведомен съм за
    to BE (all) in with близък съм/имам връзки/дружа с, в добри отношения съм с
    be off тръгвам (си), отивам (си), заминавам (си)
    BE off! махай се! да те няма! be out не съм в къщи/помещението/кантората и пр., няма ме
    to BE out of (tea, etc.) нямам вече, свърши ми се (чаят и пр.)
    be over свършвам, преминавам
    winter is over зимата свърши
    be up на крак съм, станал съм, свършвам, минавам, изтичам
    time is up времето мина/изтече, свърши се, край! to BE up against someone /something изправен съм пред някого/нещо
    to BE up against it разг. ирон. добре съм се наредил
    it is all up with him свърши се с него, отпиши го
    II. 1. с pres р-за образовано на продължителните времена
    she was watching Т. V. тя гледаше телевизия
    2. с рр-за образуване на pаss
    the book was found книгата се намери
    he will BE informed той ще бъде уведомен
    3. с рр на някой глаголи-за образуване на перфектните времена
    you may go when you are finished след като свършнте, можете да си отидете
    she was gone тя си беше отишла
    4. с prеs р или inf-за изразяване на бъдещност, възможност, задължение, намерение и пp
    she is coming tomorrow тя ще дойде утре
    I was to BE there about noon трябваше да бъда там към обед
    the house is not to let it is to be pulled down къщата няма да се дава под наем ще я събарят
    where am 1 to come? къде трябва да дойда? nobody is to know никой не трябва да знае
    * * *
    {bi:} v (was {wъz. wъz}: were {wъ(:); been {bi:n}; pres p (2) аих 1. с pres р - за образовано на продьлжителните времена:
    * * *
    съм; съществувам; представлявам; be a farm-hand ратайствам; be a prostitute проституирам; be ablaze съумявам; умея; be about понечвам; имам намерение; be about to каня се; be absent отсъствам; be affected превземам; be affected - by пострадвам; be afraid страх; страхувам се; уплашвам; плаша; боя се; be after целя; натискам се; be amused развеселявам; забавлявам се; be an apprentice чиракувам; be an obstacle преча; be angry сърдя; be anxious безпокоя се; be ashamed срамувам се; свеня се; be at a loss недоумявам; be at war воювам; be avenged отмъстен съм; be awake бодърствам; будувам; be aware ясно; съзнавам; зная; be aware of знам; be benumbed схващам; be bewildered недоумявам; be bewitched урочасвам; be boiled увирам; be born раждам; be born anew прераждам се; be buried тъна; be content with задоволявам се; be crisp underfoot утайвам се; be due to {bi `dyu; tu;} дължа; be enough стигам; be enraptured захласвам се; be entranced прехласвам се; захласвам се; be excited вълнувам се; be exhausted изчерпвам се; be familiar with знам; be famous славя; be fine здрав съм; be fit ставам; be forthcoming предстои; be found срещам; be friends with другарувам; be furious разгневен; be going to ще; be good at удава ми се; be healthy здрав съм; be hypnotized хипноза; be impregnated зачевам; be in agony агонизирам; be in circulation котирам се; be in debt to дължа; be in demand търся; котирам се; be in good condition здрав съм; be in harmony хармонирам; be in mourning for негодувам; be informed {bi in'fO;md} знам; be jealous of завиждам; be late просрочвам; закъснявам; be located намирам се; be lucky сполучвам; be mashed on лудея; be missing липсвам; be moved разчувствам; be necessary трябвам; be obliged to длъжен съм; be off отивам си; be on светя; работя; be on a visit гостувам; be on guard карауля; be on the alert нащрек съм; be on the run дрискам; be open работя; be orphaned осиротявам; be out for натискам се; be out of breath запъхтян; be over свършен; свършвам; be paid дължим; be paralyzed схващам; сковавам; be passable ядва се; be present присъствам; be presumptuous самозабравям се; be realized сбъдвам се; be reflected оглеждам се; be related to родея се; be rife ширя се; be sad тъжа; be scared уплашвам; be seated седя; be sentimental сантименталнича; be sick and tired of схождам се; be situated {'sitSueitid} намирам се; be slow туткам се; закъснявам; изоставам; be sorry съжалявам; разкайвам се; be speechless занемявам; be started стряскам; be startled стъписвам; be struck поразявам; be stubborn упорствам; be taken aback изненадвам се; be taken unawares изненадвам се; be there седя; be thrilled with тръпна; be thunderstruck поразявам; be tight стягам; be transparent прозирам; be under a vow заклел съм се; be victim страдам; be victorious тържествувам; be worth чиня; струвам; be wrong сбърквам; греш
    * * *
    1. 1 в съчет. с предлози и наречия и при съответните предлози и наречия 2. be about налице/наоколо/наблизо съм 3. be after търся, преследвам 4. be around проявявам се, работя (в дадена област) 5. be at занимавам се с 6. be away няма ме, отсъствувам 7. be back завръщам се, върнат/поставен съм обратно (някъде) 8. be behind закъснял/изостанал съм, изоставам 9. be off тръгвам (си), отивам (си), заминавам (си) 10. be off! махай се! да те няма! be out не съм в къщи/помещението/кантората и пр., няма ме 11. be over свършвам, преминавам 12. be that as it may както и да е, дори и да е така 13. be up на крак съм, станал съм, свършвам, минавам, изтичам 14. he is a teacher той e учител 15. he is after the family silver той иска да открадне семейните сребърни прибори/предмети 16. he is no more той не e вече жив 17. he will be informed той ще бъде уведомен 18. his wife-to-be бъдещата му съпруга 19. i think, therefore, i am мисля, следователно съществувам 20. i was to be there about noon трябваше да бъда там към обед 21. i've beeп here twice бил съм тук два пъти 22. i. v was, were, been 23. ii. с pres р-за образовано на продължителните времена 24. it is all up with him свърши се с него, отпиши го 25. it was not to be не било писано (да стане) 26. pres p being, are, is, pl are 27. pres subj be, past subj were 28. pt. sing was were was, pl were 29. she is coming tomorrow тя ще дойде утре 30. she was at the concert тя беше на концерта 31. she was gone тя си беше отишла 32. she was watching Т. v. тя гледаше телевизия 33. someone has been at my books again някой пак е пипал книгите ми, нападам, нахвърлям се на, разг. тормозя, врънкам 34. that was yesterday това беше/се случи вчера 35. the book is йп the table книгата e на масата 36. the book was found книгата се намери 37. the flowers are for you цветята ca за теб 38. the house is not to let it is to be pulled down къщата няма да се дава под наем ще я събарят 39. the oranges are three pence a piece портокалите са/струват (по) три пенса парчето 40. the roses are beautiful розите ca красиви 41. the to-be бъдещето 42. there are too many men after the same job твърде много хора аспирират за/гонят същата работа 43. there is a man in the garden в градината има човек 44. they are still after the thief все още търсят крадеца, търся, стремя се (да получа, да се сдобия с) 45. this book is mine тази книга e моя 46. this girl will be the death of me това момиче ще ме умори 47. this skirt is five pounds тази пола струва пет лири 48. this will not be това няма да стане 49. time is up времето мина/изтече, свърши се, край! to be up against someone /something изправен съм пред някого/нещо 50. to be (all) in with близък съм/имам връзки/дружа с, в добри отношения съм с 51. to be all in изтощен/капнал съм 52. to be at a halt/standstill в застой съм, спрял съм 53. to be in at участвувам в (пакост и пр.) 54. to be in for включен съм като участник/ще участвувам в 55. to be in on участвувам в (план, сделка и пр.), осведомен съм за 56. to be out of (tea, etc.) нямам вече, свърши ми се (чаят и пр.) 57. to be up against it разг. ирон. добре съм се наредил 58. to let something beне закачам/не бутам, оставям (на мира) нещо 59. tomorrow is the last session утре ще бъде/ще се състои последното заседание 60. what are you be? какво правиш? какво си намислил? to be about to каня се/готвя се да 61. what is she at now? с какво се занимава тя сега? разг. пипвам, бърникам 62. where am 1 to come? къде трябва да дойда? nobody is to know никой не трябва да знае 63. winter is over зимата свърши 64. you may go when you are finished след като свършнте, можете да си отидете 65. you've been and bought that house! разг. шег. ти хем взе, че купи тази къща! who's been and taken my new ball-pen again? кой пак мие задигнал новата химикалка? for the time be ing за сега, понастоящем 66. гл. връзка 67. кандидатствувам (за длъжност, пост), разг. предстои ми, очаква ме (нещо неприятно), to be in for it изложен/застрашен съм, лошо ми се пише, нямам изход 68. наличие, местонахождение 69. пребиваване съм 70. прен. крия се зад (за подбуди и пр.), be in вкъщи/в къщата/помещението/кантората и пр. съм, на мода съм, прибран съм (за реколта), намирам се, има ме по магазините (за стока), избран съм, на власт съм, горя (за огън, печка и пр.) 71. приcъcтвue съм 72. притежание, предназначение съм 73. причина 74. с prеs р или inf-за изразяване на бъдещност, възможност, задължение, намерение и пp 75. с рр на някой глаголи-за образуване на перфектните времена 76. с рр-за образуване на pаss 77. случвам се, състоя се, съм, ставам 78. струвам 79. съм, идвам (някъде), вж. around 80. съществувам, живея
    * * *
    be [bi:] v ( was[wɔz]; been [bi:n]) pres sing: (1) am; (2) are, ост. art; (3) is; pl: (1, 2, 3) are; past sing: (1) was; (2) were, ост. wast, wert; (3) was; pl: (1, 2, 3) were; pres subjunctive: \be; past subjunctive, sing: (1) were; (2) were, ост. wert; (3) were; pl: (1, 2, 3) were; pp been; pres p being; imper \be; 1. съм (като свързващ глагол); today is Monday днес е понеделник; she is my mother тя е моя майка; 2. равнявам се на, съм; let x be 6 нека х е равно на 6; 3. струвам; the fee is 20 dollars таксата е 20 долара; 4. бъда, съм; съществувам, живея; he is no more той не е вече между живите; I think therefore I am мисля, следователно съществувам; how are you? как сте? are you in town often? често ли сте (ходите) в града? I was at the lecture бях (присъствах) на лекцията; I've been in Paris бил съм в Париж; 5. става, случва се, сбъдва се, книж. обстоятелствата се стичат, осъществява се; this will not \be това няма да стане, "няма да го бъде"; it was not to \be не би, не било писано; \be as it may да става каквото ще; 6. за образуване на всички продължителни времена със сегашното причастие на главния глагол; I was not listening не слушах; 7. за образуване на страдателния залог; the letter is sent писмото е изпратено; 8. за образуване на перфект на някои глаголи: he is gone отиде си, няма го; the sun is set слънцето залезе; I am done свърших; 9. в съчетание с инфинитива на глагола за означаване на задължение, намерение, възможност; they are to arrive on Monday те трябва (очаква се) да пристигнат в понеделник; the house is to let къщата се дава под наем; • there is, there are има, намира се, среща се, фигурира, не липсва ( безлично); let \be! остави! let him \be! оставете го на мира; to \be o.s. държа се както винаги, нормално; to \be fair ( frank) ако трябва да бъда справедлив (честен); as happy as can \be напълно щастлив; if it wasn't for you ако не беше ти; \be that as it may както и да е, дори и така да е; the to-\be бъдещето; a has-been минало величие; I've been there разг. знам това, това ми е известно; Miss Smith that was бившата (по име) мис Смит; I've been and dropped the cake взех, че изтървах кейка; it was he who did it именно той го направи; would-\be poet набеден поет, поет в кавички; the \be-all and end-all крайната (заветната) цел; това, което има значение; важното;

    English-Bulgarian dictionary > be

  • 97 П-462

    С ПОЧТЕНИЕМ бытье у кого, явиться к кому и т. п. obs PrepP Invar adv
    (to visit s.o.) as an expression of one's high regard for him
    X был с почтением у Y-a — X paid his respects to Y.
    Весь следующий день посвящен был визитам приезжий отправился делать визиты всем городским сановникам. Был с почтением у губернатора... Потом отправился к вице-губернатору, потом был у прокурора... (Гоголь 3). All the next day was devoted to calls. The newcomer set out on a round of visits to all the high officials in town. He paid his respects to the Governor....Then (he) called on the Vice-Governor, on the Public Prosecutor... (3c).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > П-462

  • 98 с почтением

    • С ПОЧТЕНИЕМ быть у кого, явиться к кому и т.п. obs
    [PrepP; Invar; adv]
    =====
    ⇒ (to visit s.o.) as an expression of one's high regard for him:
    - X был с почтением у Y-a ≈ X paid his respects to Y.
         ♦ Весь следующий день посвящен был визитам; приезжий отправился делать визиты всем городским сановникам. Был с почтением у губернатора... Потом отправился к вице-губернатору, потом был у прокурора... (Гоголь 3). All the next day was devoted to calls. The newcomer set out on a round of visits to all the high officials in town. He paid his respects to the Governor....Then [he] called on the Vice-Governor, on the Public Prosecutor... (3c).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > с почтением

  • 99 compliment

    1. noun
    1) (polite words) Kompliment, das

    pay somebody a compliment [on something] — jemandem [wegen etwas] ein Kompliment machen

    return the compliment — das Kompliment erwidern; (fig.) zurückschlagen

    2) in pl. (formal greetings) Grüße Pl.; Empfehlung, die
    2. transitive verb
    * * *
    1. ['kompləmənt] noun
    (an expression of praise or flattery: He's always paying her compliments.) das Kompliment
    2. [kompli'ment] verb
    (to praise or flatter: He complimented her on her cooking.) Komplimente machen
    - academic.ru/14821/complimentary">complimentary
    - with compliments
    * * *
    com·pli·ment
    [ˈkɒmplɪmənt, AM ˈkɑ:mplə-]
    I. n
    1. (expression of approval) Kompliment nt
    my \compliments to the chef! mein Kompliment an die Köchin!
    that he survived the accident is a \compliment to the skill of the medical team dass er den Unfall überlebt hat, macht dem Ärzteteam alle Ehre
    to pay sb a \compliment jdm ein Kompliment machen
    he paid me the \compliment of trusting me with his secret er erwies mir die Ehre, mich in sein Geheimnis einzuweihen
    to repay [or return] a \compliment ein Kompliment erwidern
    to take sth as a \compliment etw als Kompliment auffassen
    2. ( form)
    with \compliments mit den besten Empfehlungen geh, zur gefälligen Kenntnisnahme geh
    to supply drinks with one's \compliments eine Runde ausgeben
    3.
    ▶ to be fishing for \compliments auf Komplimente aus sein
    ▶ \compliments of the season frohes Fest
    II. vt
    ▪ to \compliment sb jdm ein Kompliment machen
    I must \compliment you on your handling of a very difficult situation ich muss Ihnen dazu gratulieren, wie Sie die schwierige Situation gemeistert haben
    * * *
    ['kɒmplɪmənt]
    1. n
    1) Kompliment nt (on zu, wegen)

    that's quite a compliment, coming from you — wenn Sie das sagen, heißt das schon etwas or ist das wahrhaftig ein Kompliment

    (give) my compliments to the chef — mein Lob or Kompliment dem Koch/der Köchin

    2) pl (form) Grüße pl

    to pay one's compliments to sb (on arrival) (on departure) (= visit) — jdn begrüßen sich jdm empfehlen (dated form) jdm einen Höflichkeitsbesuch abstatten (form)

    "with the compliments of Mr X/the management" —

    "with the compliments of the publishers" — "zur gefälligen Kenntnisnahme, der Verlag"

    2. vt
    ['kɒmplɪment] ein Kompliment/Komplimente machen (+dat) (on wegen, zu)
    * * *
    A s [ˈkɒmplımənt; US ˈkɑmplə-]
    1. Kompliment n:
    pay sb a compliment jemandem ein Kompliment machen (on wegen);
    return the compliment das Kompliment erwidern;
    my compliments to the chef! mein Kompliment dem Küchenchef!; → angle2, fish B 3
    2. Lob n, Ausdruck m der Bewunderung:
    in compliment to zu Ehren (gen);
    he paid you a high compliment er hat dir ein großes Lob gespendet;
    do ( oder pay) sb the compliment of doing sth jemandem die Ehre erweisen, etwas zu tun
    3. pl Empfehlung(en) f(pl), Grüße pl:
    give her my compliments bitte grüßen Sie sie von mir;
    with the compliments of the season mit den besten Wünschen zum Fest
    4. obs Geschenk n
    B v/t [-ment]
    1. (on)
    a) jemandem ein Kompliment oder Komplimente machen (wegen)
    b) jemandem gratulieren (zu)
    2. jemanden beehren, auszeichnen ( beide:
    with mit)
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (polite words) Kompliment, das

    pay somebody a compliment [on something] — jemandem [wegen etwas] ein Kompliment machen

    return the compliment — das Kompliment erwidern; (fig.) zurückschlagen

    2) in pl. (formal greetings) Grüße Pl.; Empfehlung, die
    2. transitive verb
    * * *
    n.
    Ehrenbezeigung f.
    Kompliment n.
    Lob nur sing. n. (on) v.
    beglückwünschen (zu) v.
    jemandem Komplimente machen ausdr.

    English-german dictionary > compliment

  • 100 w

    w, we praep. 1. (wskazując na miejsce) in (czymś sth); (o instytucji) at (czymś sth)
    - w kuchni/łazience in the kitchen/bathroom
    - w domu/szkole/pracy at home/school/work
    - w Warszawie/we Wrocławiu in Warsaw/Wrocław
    - w Polsce/we Włoszech in Poland/Italy
    - w górach/lesie in the mountains/forest
    - w powietrzu/wodzie in the air/water
    - w szklance/pudełku in a glass/box
    - w prasie in the press
    - w telewizji/radiu on television/on the radio
    - w wyobraźni in one’s imagination
    - otwór w desce a hole in a board
    - trzymała coś w dłoni she was holding something in her hand
    - siedział w fotelu he was sitting in an armchair
    - trzymał ręce w kieszeniach he had his hands in his pockets
    - byłem wczoraj w kinie/teatrze I went to the cinema/theatre yesterday
    - uczyła się w szkole muzycznej she was studying at a music school
    - nagle stanął w drzwiach suddenly he appeared in the doorway
    - służyć w armii to be in the army
    - grać w orkiestrze to play with a. in an orchestra
    - działać w związkach zawodowych to be a trade union activist
    - to najcenniejszy obraz w całej kolekcji this is the most valuable picture in the entire collection
    - śledzie w oleju/sosie pomidorowym herring in oil/tomato sauce
    2. (kierunek) (in)to (coś sth)
    - w stronę czegoś in the direction of sth, towards sth
    - nie wchodź w kałuże don’t walk in the puddles
    - samochód wjechał w tłum the car ploughed into the crowd
    - pies chwycił kość w zęby the dog took the bone in its teeth
    - wziął ją w ramiona he took her in his arms
    - wpięła kokardę we włosy she pinned a ribbon in her hair
    - pojechali w góry they’ve gone to the mountains
    - spojrzeć w lewo/prawo to look (to one’s) left/right
    - spojrzeć w górę/dół to look up(wards)/down(wards)
    - wypłynąć w morze to set sail
    3. (wskazując na kontakt) on
    - uderzenie w nos/szczękę a blow on the nose/jaw
    - pocałować kogoś w usta/policzek to kiss sb on the lips/cheek
    - uderzyć się w głowę/kolano (o coś) to hit one’s head/knee (on sth)
    - walić w drzwi to bang on the door
    - oparzyć się w rękę to burn one’s hand
    - ugryźć się w język to bite one’s tongue także przen.
    - pies ugryzł go w nogę a dog bit his leg a. bit him in the leg
    - podrap mnie w plecy scratch my back
    - piorun uderzył w drzewo the lightning struck a tree
    4. (wskazując na rodzaj ubrania, opakowania) in
    - w spódnicy/sandałach/okularach in a skirt/in sandals/in glasses
    - mężczyzna w czarnym kapeluszu a man in a. wearing a black hat
    - (on) zawsze chodzi w dżinsach he always wears jeans
    - ubrał się w ciemny garnitur he put on a dark suit
    - kobieta w bieli a woman (dressed) in white
    - bukiet róż w celofanie a bunch of roses wrapped in cellophane
    - proszę mi to zapakować w papier/w pudełko please wrap it up in paper/pack it in a box (for me)
    5. (wskazując na dziedzinę) in
    - nowe kierunki w sztuce new directions in art
    - symbole stosowane w matematyce symbols used in mathematics
    - co nowego w polityce? what’s new in politics?
    6. (wskazując na stan) in
    - żyć w skrajnej nędzy to live in extreme poverty
    - być w wyśmienitym nastroju to be in the best of moods
    - być w opłakanym stanie to be in a lamentable state
    - wpakować kogoś w kłopoty to get sb into trouble
    - wprawić kogoś w zdumienie/zakłopotanie to astonish/embarrass sb
    - wpaść w furię to fly into a passion
    7. (wskazując na okoliczności) in
    - w milczeniu in silence
    - w samotności in solitude
    - w całym zamieszaniu in all the confusion
    - w wielkim skupieniu with great concentration
    - w tych warunkach in these conditions
    - w trzydziestostopniowym upale in the 30-degree heatwave
    - nie wychodzę z domu w taki mróz/upał I don’t go out when it’s that cold/hot
    8. (w określeniach czasu) in
    - w XX wieku/w 1873 roku in the 20th century/in 1873
    - w latach dwudziestych XIX wieku in the eighteen twenties
    - w zimie/lecie in (the) winter/summer
    - w maju/we wrześniu in May/September
    - w poniedziałek/we wtorek on Monday/Tuesday
    - w ubiegły/przyszły czwartek last/next Thursday
    - w ubiegłym/przyszłym roku last/next year
    - w następnym roku in the following year
    - we dnie i w nocy day and night
    - w ten dzień a. w tym dniu (on) that day
    - w dniu 11 listopada on the 11th of November
    - w starożytności/średniowieczu in ancient times a. antiquity/the Middle Ages
    - w dawnych czasach in the old days
    - w przeszłości/przyszłości in the past/the future
    - w młodości in sb’s youth
    - w rok/miesiąc/tydzień później a year/month/week later
    - w dwie godziny/w trzy miesiące/w rok in two hours/three months/a year
    9 (podczas) in, during
    - zginął w powstaniu he was killed during/in the uprising
    - w rozmowie ze mną wspomniał, że… in conversation with me he mentioned that…
    - w podróży (on) najczęściej śpi he usually sleeps when travelling
    10 (wskazując na formę) in
    - komedia w trzech aktach a comedy in three acts
    - mapa w skali 1:100000 a map to a scale of 1:100,000
    - stoły ustawione w podkowę tables arranged in a horseshoe
    - otrzymać honorarium w gotówce to be paid in cash
    - mówili w jakimś obcym języku they were speaking in a foreign language
    - cukier w kostkach cube sugar, sugar cubes
    - herbata w granulkach granulated tea
    - mleko w proszku powdered milk
    - mydło w płynie liquid soap
    - spodnie w jasnym kolorze light-coloured trousers
    - sukienki w kilku kolorach dresses in several colours
    - rzeźba w marmurze a sculpture in marble
    - 10 tysięcy złotych w banknotach dwudziestozłotowych ten thousand zlotys in twenty-zloty notes
    11 (wzór) sukienka w grochy a polka-dot dress
    - spódnica w kwiaty a flower-patterned skirt
    - zasłony w paski striped curtains
    - papier w kratkę squared paper
    - rękawy haftowane w srebrne gwiazdy sleeves embroidered with silver stars
    12 (wskazując na przemianę) into
    - pokroić coś w kostkę/plastry to cut sth into cubes/slices, to cube/slice sth
    - czarownica przemieniła królewicza w żabę the witch turned the prince into a frog
    - mżawka przeszła w ulewę the drizzle turned into a downpour
    13 (wskazując na ilość) in
    - podanie w dwóch/trzech egzemplarzach an application in duplicate/triplicate
    - spali we trójkę w jednym łóżku the three of them slept in one bed
    - poszliśmy w piątkę do kina the five of us went to the cinema
    - romantyczna podróż we dwoje a romantic journey for two
    14 (jeśli chodzi o) cierpki w smaku bitter in taste
    - szorstki w dotyku rough to the touch
    - on jest miły/niemiły w obejściu he’s pleasant/unpleasant
    - za ciasny/luźny w pasie too tight/loose round the waist
    - ciasny w ramionach tight across the shoulders
    - szeroki w ramionach/biodrach broad-shouldered/broad-hipped
    - urządzenie proste w obsłudze an easy-to-use appliance
    - był zawsze rozsądny w planowaniu wydatków he was always prudent in planning his expenditure
    15 (wskazując na powód) in
    - w uznaniu jego zasług in recognition of his services
    - w obawie o jej/własne bezpieczeństwo in fear of a. fearing for her/one’s own safety
    - w poszukiwaniu lepszego życia in one’s search for a better life
    - w nadziei, że… in the hope that…
    16 (wskazując na cel) pójść w odwiedziny do kogoś to go to visit a. see sb
    - ruszyć w pogoń za kimś to set off in pursuit of sb
    - puścić się w tany to start dancing
    17 (wskazując na cechę) in
    - wahanie w jego/jej głosie hesitation in his/her voice
    - było coś dostojnego w jej zachowaniu there was something dignified in her manner
    * * *
    1. nt
    inv ( litera) W, w

    W jak Wacław — ≈W for William

    2. abbr
    ( =wat) W. ( watt)
    * * *
    I.
    w
    n.
    indecl. ( litera) W, w; W jak Wacław W is for Whiskey; W as in Whiskey.
    II.
    w
    prep.
    + Loc.
    1. (miejsce, lokalizacja) in, at, inside; w domu at home; w pracy at work; w kinie at the movie theater; Br. at the cinema; w górach in the mountains; w lesie in the forest; w szklance in a glass; w samochodzie in the car; w pociągu on the train; w areszcie in detention; w biurze at the office; w odległości stu metrów 100 meters away, within 100 meters; w prasie in the papers; w radiu on the radio; w telewizji on TV; w wojsku in the army; w sądzie in court; w pamięci in memory; w wyobraźni in one's imagination; w sercu in one's heart; w duchu in one's soul; zimno mi w nogi my feet are cold.
    2. ( okoliczności) in; w bójce in fight; w płomieniach in flames; w trzech tomach in three volumes; w dwóch egzemplarzach in two copies; w skrócie in short; w poszukiwaniu prawdy in search for the truth; w części (odnowiony) partly (redecorated).
    3. ( stan) in; w chorobie in illness; w gorączce in fever; w miłości in love; w milczeniu in silence; w nędzy in poverty; w panice in panic; w budowie under construction; w blasku sławy in a blaze of glory; być w dobrym humorze be in a good mood; być w błędzie be mistaken; coś jest w modzie sth is in vogue l. fashion.
    4. ( ograniczenie) in; w pasie round the waist; szorstki w dotyku rough to the touch; szczupła w biodrach slim-hipped; miły w kontaktach osobistych pleasant in personal relations.
    5. ( ubiór lub jego część) in; w futrze in a fur coat; w okularach wearing glasses; w kapeluszu with a hat on, in a hat; kobieta w bieli a woman in white.
    6. (to, w czym się coś trzyma) in; w ręce in hand; w pułapce in a trap; trzymać kogoś w ramionach hold sb in one's arms.
    7. ( postać) in; mydło w płynie liquid soap; cukier w kostkach cube sugar; rzeźba w marmurze sculpture in marble; milion dolarów w złocie a million dollars in gold; 1000 zł w banknotach stuzłotowych a thousand zlotys in one hundred zloty bills; Br. a thousand zlotys in one hundred zloty notes.
    8. ( typ działania) in; dostać (coś) w prezencie get l. receive (sth) as a present; płacić w gotówce/ratach pay in cash/in installments.
    9. + Acc. ( kierunek) in, to; w lewo/prawo to the left/right; w dół/górę downwards/upwards; patrzeć w niebo look up in the sky; pojechać w góry go to the mountains; wyjść w morze set sail.
    10. (kształt, właściwość) in; w kratkę checked, checkered, Br. chequered; w kwiaty flowered, millefleurs; w paski striped; w parach in pairs; pokroić (coś) w kostkę cut (sth) into cubes, cube (sth).
    11. ( przedmiot działania) on, in; bić w dzwony ring the bells; celować w serce aim at the heart; inwestować w swoją przyszłość invest in one's future; uderzyć się w palec ( u nogi) stub one's toe; ( u ręki) hit one's finger; uderzyć się w głowę get a bang on the head; walić w drzwi bang on the door; wdać się w bójkę get into a fight; wierzyć w Boga believe in God; wprawić w zdumienie astonish, amaze; puknij się w czoło are you out of senses?
    12. + Acc. ( całość) in; w całości in full; w pełni to the full; w całym słowa tego znaczeniu par excellence; układać fakty w logiczną całość arrange facts logically.
    13. + Acc. ( wyposażenie) with; uzbrojony w karabin armed with a gun; wyposażony w narzędzia equipped with tools; obfitować w ryby swarm l. teem with fish; zaopatrzyć w żywność provide with food.
    14. + Acc. ( sposób) in; rozumieć w lot be quick on the uptake; śmiać się w głos laugh up l. in one's sleeve; wyciąć w pień kill every last one; żyć w nędzy live in poverty.
    15. + Acc. ( cel) in; grać w karty play cards; pójść (do kogoś) w odwiedziny pay (sb) a visit; zapaść w sen lapse into sleep, fall asleep.
    16. + Acc. ( skutek) into; obrócić się w popiół turn to dust; rozpaść się w kawałki fall into pieces; śpiew przerodził się w krzyk the singing turned into a scream.
    17. + Acc. ( odczucia) in; być w dobrym humorze be in a good mood; leżeć w bólach be lying in pains.
    18. + Acc. l. Loc. ( czas) at, on, in; we wtorek on Tuesday; w dzień during the day, by day; w południe at noon; w nocy at night; w maju in May; w roku 1995 in 1995; w lecie in the summer; w porze lunchu at lunchtime; w czasie urlopu during the holiday; w dniu ślubu on the wedding day; w wieczór wigilijny on Christmas Eve; w rok po spotkaniu a year after the meeting; w godzinę po twoim wyjściu an hour after you left; w ostatniej chwili at the last minute l. moment, at the eleventh hour; w ostatnich latach in recent years; w biały dzień in broad daylight; w młodości in one's youth; dzień w dzień day after day.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > w

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