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1 general employment plan
GEP, general employment planEnglish-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > general employment plan
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2 general employment plan
Военный термин: план всеобщего применения ЯОУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > general employment plan
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3 plan
1. n1) план, программа2) проект3) план, схема
- action plan
- adaptation plan
- additional plan
- advertisement plan
- advertising plan
- allocation plan
- amended plan
- annual plan
- approved plan
- assistance plan
- balanced plan
- basic plan
- bonus plan
- borrowing plan
- buffer stock plan
- bungled plan
- business plan
- capacity plan
- capital investment plan
- capital spending plan
- cargo plan
- cash profit sharing plan
- coherent plan
- combined plan
- common plan
- complete plan
- comprehensive plan
- concrete plan
- consolidated financial plan
- consumption plan
- contingency plan
- conversion plan
- coordinated plan
- cost accounting plan
- cost finding plan
- counter plan
- credit plan
- cropping plan
- currency plan
- currency receipt plan
- current plan
- daily plan
- delivery plan
- development plan
- dividend reinvestment plan
- dividend rollover plan
- draft plan
- economic plan
- elaborate plan
- employee profit sharing plan
- employee stock ownership plan
- employer retirement plan
- employment plan
- enterprise plan
- environmental action plan
- export plan
- extra plan
- family assistance plan
- feasible plan
- finance plan
- financial plan
- financial incentive plan
- financing plan
- fixed plan
- front-end load plan
- general plan
- general building plan
- general work plan
- government's tax plans
- health insurance plan
- housing development plan
- implementation plan
- import plan
- income plan
- inspection plan
- installment plan
- interlocking cost plan
- investment plan
- issue plan
- loading plan
- long-range plan
- long-term plan
- management plan
- marketing plan
- master plan
- medium-term plan
- multiple time plan
- multistage plan
- national economic plan
- objectionable plan
- operating plan
- operational plan
- optimal plan
- organization plan
- organizing plan
- output plan
- overall plan
- package plan
- packaged mortgage plan
- pay plan
- pay-as-you-go plan
- payroll savings plan
- pension plan
- periodic average inventory plan
- perspective plan
- piece rate plan
- practicable plan
- preliminary plan
- private equity plan
- procurement plan
- production plan
- profit plan
- profit-sharing plan
- projected plan
- promotional plan
- purchase plan
- qualification plan
- quality assurance plan
- quarterly plan
- quota plan
- recapitalization plan
- redemption plan
- rescheduling plan
- rescue plan
- research plan
- restructuring plan
- retirement plan
- revised plan
- revitalization plan
- rough plan
- selective driver plan
- sales plan
- sample plan
- sampling plan
- sequential sampling plan
- short-range plan
- short-term plan
- single-sample plan
- site plan
- slack plan
- specific cost inventory plan
- spending plan
- staff retirement plan
- standard cost inventory plan
- state plan
- stock option plan
- stowage plan
- summary plan
- supply plan
- support plan
- tax-sheltered annuity plan
- technical development plan
- time-off plan
- tonnage plan
- turnover plan
- unacceptable plan
- underestimated plan
- understated plan
- unified accounts plan
- wage plan
- wage-incentive plan
- weighted average inventory plan
- workable plan
- yearly plan
- plan for a year
- plan of cash turnover
- plan of deliveries
- plan of development
- plan of distribution
- plan of diversification
- plan of measures
- plan of production and sales
- plan of reduction of production cost
- plan of reorganization
- plan of shipments
- plan of supplies
- above plan
- according to plan
- on a plan
- up to a plan
- abandon a plan
- adhere to a plan
- adjust a plan
- alter a plan
- approve a plan
- build plans
- carry out a plan
- change a plan
- coordinate plans
- deviate from a plan
- draw up a plan
- elaborate a plan
- execute a plan
- finance a plan
- fit into plans
- fulfil a plan
- fund a plan
- go ahead with one's plans
- implement a plan
- incorporate in a plan
- interfere with plans
- launch a plan
- make plans
- map up a plan
- modify a plan
- negotiate a plan
- offer a plan
- outline a plan
- overfulfil a plan
- prepare a plan
- project a plan
- propose a plan
- put forward a plan
- realize a plan
- reconsider a plan
- refine a plan
- revise a plan
- sanction a plan
- shape a plan
- spoil plans
- submit a plan
- tone down plans
- unfold a plan
- upset plans
- work out a plan2. v3) намереваться
- plan ahead -
4 plan
мен. план; проект; програмазаздалегідь розроблена, підготовлена менеджментом (management²) програма дій, процедур тощо, за якою передбачають виконання організаційних цілей, завдань, обсягу роботи і т. ін.═════════■═════════action plan план заходів; advertising plan план реклами • рекламний план • план рекламної кампанії; allocation plan план розподілу чого-небудь; alternative plan варіант плану • альтернативний план; amended plan уточнений план; annual plan річний план; appraisal plan система оцінювання; approved plan затверджений план; assistance plan план допомоги; balanced plan збалансований план; basic plan основний план • опорний план; bonus plan система заохочення • система заохочувальних винагород; brand plan план випуску марки • план випуску марочного товару; budget plan кошторисний план; business plan комерційний план • бізнес-план • план ділової активності; business-building plan план розширення діяльності; business-portfolio plan план розвитку сфери діяльності; campaign plan план рекламної кампанії; capacity plan план підвищення продуктивності • план розвитку виробничої потужності; capital investment plan план капіталовкладень; capital spending plan програма капіталовкладень; coherent plan послідовний план • внутрішньо скоординований план; combined plan поєднаний план; communications plan план комунікації; company-wide plan загальнофірмовий план; compensation plan програма відшкодовування; complete plan комплексний план; comprehensive plan комплексний план; concrete plan конкретний план; consumption plan план споживання; contingent consumption plan умовний план споживання; coordinated plan координований план; copy plan структура тексту; cost finding plan система калькуляційних відомостей; counter plan зустрічний план; coupon plan купонна програма; creative plan творчий план; credit plan кредитний план; current plan поточний план; daily plan добовий план • план на добу; decision plan схема прийняття рішень; delivery plan план постачання; departmental plan план відділу; development plan план розвитку; differential time plan почасово-прогресивна система заробітної плати; distribution plan план розподілу; draft plan проект плану; economic plan економічний план • господарський план; editorial plan редакційний план; elaborate plan старанно продуманий план; emergency plan план на випадок надзвичайних обставин • план на непередбачені випадки; employment plan програма забезпечення зайнятості; export plan план експорту; export-import plan план експорту-ім-порту товарів; family assistance plan програма допомоги багатодітним родинам; feasible plan допустимий план (у задачах лінійного програмування); financial plan фінансовий план; financing plan план фінансування; fixed plan твердий план • встановлений план; food stamp plan програма харчових купонів; formal plan формальний план; general plan загальний план; health insurance plan план медичного страхування; housing development plan програма житлового будівництва; implementation plan план здійснення наміченого; import plan план імпорту; initial plan вихідний план; inspection plan план інспекції • план приймального контролю; instalment plan план купівлі на виплат; integrated plan комплексний план; introductory plan ввідний план • план виходу на ринок; investment plan програма капіталовкладень; layaway plan відкладання і сплачування товару на виплат; lease plan план оренди; long-range plan перспективний план • довгостроковий план; long-term plan перспективний план • довгостроковий план; management plan план організаційної діяльності; market plan план роботи на ринку • план ринкової діяльності; marketing plan план збуту • план маркетингу; master plan генеральний план • зведений план; media plan план застосування засобів реклами • медіа-план; medium-term plan середньостроковий план; multistage plan багатоетапний план; multiple-time plan відрядно-прогресивна система заробітної плати; national plan національний план; national economic plan народногосподарський план; national media plan план застосування загальнонаціональних засобів реклами; objectionable plan неприйнятний план; on-going plan поточний план • план, який здійснюється в поточний період; operating plan виробничий план • оперативний фінансовий план; operational plan оперативний план; optimal plan оптимальний план; organization plan схема організаційної структури; organizational plan організаційний план • організаційна структура; outline plan схематичний план; output plan план випуску продукції; overall plan всеосяжний план; package plan комплексний план • пакет заходів • комплекс заходів; pay plan порядок виплати зарплати; payment plan план виплати; payout plan схема виплати; pension plan система пенсійного забезпечення; practicable plan здійсненний план; preliminary plan попередній план; procurement plan план закупівлі; product plan план виробництва товару • план випуску товару; product promotion plan план просування товару; production plan виробничий план; profit plan заходи для отримання прибутку; profit-sharing plan система участі в прибутках; projected plan план на майбутнє; promotion plan план стимулювання збуту • план стимулювання; provisional plan тимчасовий план; publicity plan план популяризації • рекламний план; purchase plan план закупівлі; quality assurance plan програма забезпечення якості продукції; quarterly plan квартальний план; recruitment plan план набору персоналу; research plan план досліджень; retirement plan план пенсійного забезпечення • пенсійна програма; revised plan переглянутий план; rough plan приблизний план • орієнтовний план; sales plan план збуту; sales promotion plan план стимулювання збуту; sampling plan програма вибіркового обстеження • план вибіркового контролю; short-range plan короткостроковий план; short-term plan короткостроковий план; spending plan програма витрат; stowage plan план розміщення вантажу в вантажних приміщеннях судна; strategic plan стратегічний план; summary plan зведений план; supply plan план постачання; support plan план допомоги; survey plan план обстеження; systematic plan комплексний план; tactical plan тактичний план; target profit plan заходи для отримання цільового прибутку; technical plan технічний план; trial-use plan пробне вживання товару; turnover plan план обороту; unacceptable plan неприйнятний план; underestimated plan нереальний план; wage plan система заробітної плати; workable plan здійсненний план; working plan робочий план; yearly plan річний план; zone plan зональний план═════════□═════════according to plan згідно з планом • за планом • відповідно до плану; plan for expansion програма розвитку; plan of action план дій; plan of distribution план розподілу • план розміщення; plan of operation план роботи; to abandon a plan відмовлятися/відмовитися від плану • скасовувати/скасувати план; to adhere to a plan дотримуватися/дотриматися плану • додержуватися/додержатися плану; to adjust a plan вивіряти/вивірити план • коригувати/відкоригувати план; to approve a plan затверджувати/затвердити план; to carry out a plan виконувати/ виконати план; to coordinate plans координувати/скоординувати плани; to draw up a plan упорядковувати/упорядкувати план • накреслювати/накреслити план; to elaborate onaplan розробляти/розробити план; to execute a plan виконувати/ виконати план; to finance a plan фінансувати план; to fund a plan фінансувати план; to go ahead with plans реалізовувати/реалізувати план; to implement a plan виконувати/виконати план; to incorporate in a plan включати/включити в план; to interfere with plans розладнувати/розладнати плани; to launch a plan братися/взятися за виконання плану; to make plans складати/скласти плани; to negotiate a plan обговорювати/обговорити план; to offer a plan пропонувати/запропонувати план; to outline a plan накреслювати/накреслити план; to prepare a plan готувати/підготувати план; to propose a plan пропонувати/запропонувати план; to put forward a plan висувати/висунути план; to reconsider a plan переглядати/переглянути план; to refine a plan уточнювати/уточнити план; to revise a plan переглядати/переглянути план; to spoil plans розладнувати/розладнати плани; to submit a plan подавати/подати план на розгляд; to work out a plan розробляти/розробити план -
5 GEP
1) Военный термин: Ground Entry Point, general employment plan, ground effects phenomenon, group employment plan2) Сокращение: Ground Entry Point (communications)3) Университет: General Education Program4) Энергетика: панель возбуждения генератора, generator excitation panel5) Деловая лексика: Good Engineering Practice6) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: French Oil and Gas Suppliers Council -
6 gep
1) Военный термин: Ground Entry Point, general employment plan, ground effects phenomenon, group employment plan2) Сокращение: Ground Entry Point (communications)3) Университет: General Education Program4) Энергетика: панель возбуждения генератора, generator excitation panel5) Деловая лексика: Good Engineering Practice6) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: French Oil and Gas Suppliers Council -
7 GEP
GEP, general employment plan————————GEP, ground effects phenomenon————————GEP, group employment planEnglish-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > GEP
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8 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
9 private
1. adjective1) (of, for, or belonging to, one person or group, not to the general public: The headmaster lives in a private apartment in the school; in my private (=personal) opinion; This information is to be kept strictly private; You shouldn't listen to private conversations.) privado2) (having no public or official position or rank: It is your duty as a private citizen to report this matter to the police.) particular
2. noun(in the army, an ordinary soldier, not an officer.) soldado raso- privacy- privately
- private enterprise
- private means
- in private
private adj privado / particulartr['praɪvət]1 (own, for own use - property, house, class) particular; (- letter, income) personal2 (confidential) privado,-a, confidencial3 (not state-controlled) privado,-a; (school) privado,-a, de pago4 (not official) privado,-a, personal5 (person) reservado,-a1 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL soldado raso\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLprivate citizen particular nombre masulino o femeninoprivate detective detective nombre masulino o femenino privado,-aprivate eye detective nombre masulino o femenino privado,-aprivate individual particular nombre masulino o femeninoprivate investigator detective nombre masulino o femenino privado,-aprivate parts euphemistic use partes nombre femenino plural pudendas, intimidades nombre femenino pluralprivate ['praɪvət] adj1) personal: privado, particularprivate property: propiedad privada2) independent: privado, independienteprivate studies: estudios privados3) secret: secreto4) secluded: aislado, privado♦ privately advprivate n: soldado m rasoadj.• confidencial adj.• excusado, -a adj.• particular adj.• privado, -a adj.• privativo, -a adj.• reservado, -a adj.• secreto, -a adj.• soldado (raso) adj.• íntimo, -a adj.
I 'praɪvət, 'praɪvɪt1)a) ( confidential) < conversation> privado; < matter> privado, confidencial; < letter> personalb)in private: she told me in private me lo dijo confidencialmente or en confianza; can we talk in private? ¿podemos hablar en privado?; what you do in private is your own affair — lo que hagas en la intimidad or en tu vida privada es cosa tuya
2)a) ( restricted)private view — ( Art) vernissage m
private hearing — ( Law) vista f a puerta cerrada
private — privado; ( on envelope) personal
b) (for own use, in own possession) <road/lesson/secretary> particular; < income> personalprivate property — propiedad f privada
a gentleman of private means — (frml) un señor que vive de las rentas
private income — rentas fpl
3)a) ( not official) <visit/correspondence> privadob) ( unconnected to the state) < school> privado, particular, de pago (Esp); < ward> reservado; < patient> particularto be in private practice — ( Med) ejercer* la medicina privada; ( in US) ( Law) ocuparse de asuntos civiles
4)a) <thoughts/doubts> íntimotime is set aside for private study — se establecen ciertas horas para que cada uno estudie por su cuenta
it's a private joke — es un chiste que los dos entendemos/entienden
b) < person> reservado
II
1) ( rank) soldado mf raso2) privates pl ( genitals) (colloq & euph) partes fpl pudendas (euf & hum), intimidades fpl (euf & hum)['praɪvɪt]1. ADJ1) (=not public) [conversation, visit, land, matter] privado; [letter, reason, opinion] personal; [language] secreto; [thoughts, grief, fantasy] íntimoit was a private wedding, the wedding was private — la boda se celebró en la intimidad
private — (on door) privado; (on envelope) confidencial
private fishing — coto m de pesca
private parking — aparcamiento m or (LAm) estacionamiento m privado
•
it's a silly private joke of ours — es un chiste tonto que solo nosotras entendemos•
to keep sth private — [+ beliefs] no hablar de algo; [+ opinions, views, doubts] guardarse algo, reservarse algohe was diagnosed with AIDS in 1994 but kept it private — en 1994 le diagnosticaron SIDA pero lo mantuvo en secreto
strictly•
I've always tried to keep my private life private — [famous person] siempre he intentado mantener mi vida privada alejada de la mirada del público; [ordinary person] siempre he intentado mantener mi vida privada fuera del alcance de los demás2) (=own, individual) [car, house, lesson, room] particular; [bank account] personal76 bedrooms, all with private bathrooms — 76 habitaciones, cada una con su baño particular
3) (=independent) [medicine, education, finance] privado; [school] privado, particular; [patient, tutor, teacher] particulara private hospital — una clínica (privada), un hospital privado or particular
to go private — [patient] ir por lo privado; [dentist, doctor] establecerse de forma privada; [company] dejar de cotizar en bolsa
4) (=secluded) [place] retiradois there somewhere we can be private? — ¿hay algún sitio donde podamos hablar en privado?
2. N1) (Mil) soldado mf rasoPrivate Jones! — ¡Jones!
2)• in private: could I talk to you in private? — ¿te puedo hablar en privado?
I have been told in private that... — me han dicho confidencialmente or en confianza que...
3) privates * euph, hum partes fpl pudendas3.CPDprivate citizen N — (Jur) particular mf
private company N — empresa f privada, compañía f privada
private detective N — detective mf privado(-a)
private enterprise N — (=industry) el sector privado; (=initiative) la iniciativa privada
new employment laws which will hamper private enterprise — nuevas leyes fpl laborales que van a dificultar el crecimiento del sector privado
private enterprise economy N — economía f capitalista, economía f de mercado
private equity fund N — fondo que invierte en compañías privadas que no cotizan en bolsa
private eye N — (US) * detective mf privado(-a)
private finance initiative N — (Brit) plan de incentivos y potenciación de la iniciativa privada en el sector público
private health care N — servicio m médico privado
private health insurance N — seguro m médico privado
private hearing N — (Jur) vista f a puertas cerradas
private hotel N — hotel m privado
private income N — rentas fpl
private individual N — (Jur) particular mf
private investigator N — investigador(a) m / f privado(-a)
private law N — derecho m privado
private life N — vida f privada
private limited company N — sociedad f limitada
private line N — (Telec) línea f particular
private means NPL — rentas fpl
private member, Private Member N — (Brit) (Parl) diputado(-a) m / f sin responsabilidades de gobierno
Private Member's Bill N — proyecto de ley presentado por un diputado a título personal
private parts NPL — euph, hum partes fpl pudendas
private patient N — paciente mf privado(-a)
private pension N — pensión f personal
private pension plan N — plan m de pensiones personal
private pension scheme N — = private pension plan
private practice N — (Med) consulta f privada
to be in private practice — (Med) ejercer la medicina de forma privada
private property N — propiedad f privada
private property rights NPL — derechos mpl de propiedad
private prosecution N — (Jur) demanda f civil
private school N — escuela f privada, escuela f particular
private secretary N — secretario(-a) m / f particular
private soldier N — soldado mf raso
private study N — (Brit) estudio m personal
private tuition N — clases fpl particulares
private view, private viewing N — visita f privada (a una exposición)
* * *
I ['praɪvət, 'praɪvɪt]1)a) ( confidential) < conversation> privado; < matter> privado, confidencial; < letter> personalb)in private: she told me in private me lo dijo confidencialmente or en confianza; can we talk in private? ¿podemos hablar en privado?; what you do in private is your own affair — lo que hagas en la intimidad or en tu vida privada es cosa tuya
2)a) ( restricted)private view — ( Art) vernissage m
private hearing — ( Law) vista f a puerta cerrada
private — privado; ( on envelope) personal
b) (for own use, in own possession) <road/lesson/secretary> particular; < income> personalprivate property — propiedad f privada
a gentleman of private means — (frml) un señor que vive de las rentas
private income — rentas fpl
3)a) ( not official) <visit/correspondence> privadob) ( unconnected to the state) < school> privado, particular, de pago (Esp); < ward> reservado; < patient> particularto be in private practice — ( Med) ejercer* la medicina privada; ( in US) ( Law) ocuparse de asuntos civiles
4)a) <thoughts/doubts> íntimotime is set aside for private study — se establecen ciertas horas para que cada uno estudie por su cuenta
it's a private joke — es un chiste que los dos entendemos/entienden
b) < person> reservado
II
1) ( rank) soldado mf raso -
10 office
n1) служба, место, должность2) ведомство, министерство; управление3) контора, офис
- accountancy office
- accountant's office
- administrative office
- advance booking office
- assay office
- audit office
- back office
- booking office
- box office
- branch office
- brokerage office
- buyers' office
- cash office
- cashier's office
- central office
- central administration office
- central administrative office
- central statistical office
- chief administrative office
- clearing office
- clerical office
- Companies Registration Office
- consultation office
- conversion office
- cost office
- currency control office
- customs office
- design office
- director's office
- dispatch office
- district office
- drawing office
- editorial office
- employment office
- exchange office
- excise office
- executive office
- export office
- fair office
- field office
- Foreign Office
- front office
- freight office
- frontier customs office
- general office
- general accounting office
- General Accounting Office
- General Post Office
- General Procurator's Office
- government office
- head office
- Home Office
- home office
- import office
- information office
- Inland Revenue Office
- inquiry office
- insurance office
- legal advice office
- legal consultation office
- life office
- loan office
- mail dispatching office
- main office
- money office
- notarial office
- notary office
- notary's
- ombudsman's office
- open plan office
- order office
- passport and visa office
- patent office
- patent agent's office
- patent attorney's office
- pay office
- paying office
- personnel office
- post office
- principal office
- public office
- public relations office
- publicity office
- purchasing office
- receiving office
- record office
- record-keeping office
- regional office
- register office
- registered office
- registration office
- registry office
- remote office
- revenue office
- representative office
- sales office
- selling office
- Serious Fraud Office
- shipping office
- shop office
- social insurance office
- solicitor's office
- state office of a notary public
- state attorney-general's office
- state notary's office
- statutory office
- stock brokerage office
- surveyor's office
- tax office
- trade fair office
- traffic office
- transport office
- transportation office
- travel office
- treasurer's office
- visa office
- Office of Fair Trading
- appoint to an office
- assume an office
- be in office
- come to office
- continue in office
- dismiss from office
- hold an office
- man an office by personnel
- occupy an office
- qualify for an office
- quit office
- raid the office
- remove from office
- resign one's office
- retire from office
- set up an office
- share an office
- stand for an office
- start an office
- succeed smb in office
- suspend from office
- take officeEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > office
-
11 premium
1. сущ.сокр. prem1) общ. награда, вознаграждение, премия (что-л. предоставляемое в качестве стимула в каком-л. проекте, какой-л. системе и пр.)consumer premium — подарок [премия\] потребителю*
The program will award points to consumers for each brewery visit during the week, allowing them to earn premiums such as beer mugs and logo shirts.
Mortgage brokers, who match borrowers with lenders, can earn premiums by steering borrowers to higher-rate loans.
They claim that lenders on the higher-than-market rate loans will pay a premium to the mortgage broker and that those payments will be used to pay the fees associated with the low-interest loans.
See:bonus 1), 2) advertising premium, consumer premium, container premium, employment premium, fast food premium, free-in-the-mail premium, in-pack premium, mail-in premium, on-pack premium, referral premium, reverse premium, self-liquidating premium, service release premium, with-pack premium, yield spread premium, premium bond 2), premium buyer 1), premium campaign, premium container, premium coupon, premium merchandise 1), premium offer, premium pack, premium product 2), premium service 1) а)2) страх. = insurance premiumATTRIBUTES: adjustable, assumed 3) а), base 3. 3) а), direct 1. 3) а), earned 1. 1) а), fixed 1. 4) а), flexible 1. 2) б), gross 1. 3) а), а initial 1. 2) б), level 2. 3) б), lump sum, net 3. 3) а), n1а outstanding 1. 3) а), periodic 1. 1) а), regular 1. 2) б), n2 subject 1. 2) б), n2 underlying 1. 2) б), n2 variable 1. 2) б), n2 written 1. 4) а), б
annual [yearly\] premium — ежегодная премия
monthly [biweekly, weekly\] premium — ежемесячная [двухнедельная, еженедельная\] премия
annual [monthly, weekly\] premium insurance — страхование с ежегодной [ежемесячной, еженедельной\] уплатой премий [премии\]
annual premium policy — полис с ежегодной уплатой премий [премии\]
ATTRIBUTES:
paid premium — уплаченная [выплаченная\] премия
The refund of paid premium is based on the insured's age at death and is decreased by any benefits paid under the plan.
Company-paid premiums are deductible by the employer as an ordinary and necessary business expense. — Уплаченные компанией премии подлежат вычету работодателем как обычные и необходимые деловые расходы.
For federal tax purposes the employer-paid premiums are taxed as additional earned income for the employee. — Для целей федерального налогообложения, уплаченные работодателем премии облагаются налогом как дополнительный заработанный доход работника.
Employee-paid premiums for health insurance vary by salary. — Размер уплачиваемых работником премий по страхованию здоровья меняется в зависимости от размера оклада.
We can recover overpaid premiums for the last three policy years.
unpaid premium — неуплаченная [невыплаченная\] премия
The late charge formula is the unpaid premium amount multiplied by four percent.
COMBS:
life insurance premiums, life premiums — премии по страхованию жизни
non-life insurance premiums, non-life premiums — премии по страхованию иному, чем страхование жизни; премии по страхованию "не жизни"
health insurance premiums, health premiums — премии по страхованию здоровья
liability insurance premiums, liability premiums — премии по страхованию ответственности
disability insurance premiums, disability premiums — премии по страхованию от [на случай\] нетрудоспособности
property insurance premiums, property premiums — премии по страхованию имущества
premium payment — уплата [выплата\] премии; премиальный платеж
Mortgage insurance premium payments are made once per year. — Выплаты премий по ипотечному страхованию осуществляются раз в год.
premium of $1000, $1000 premium — премия [надбавка\] в размере 1000 долл.
Our commercial premium finance program allows you to finance premiums from $0 to $200000 or more.
The policies in question have a waiver of premium benefit, whereby the insurer would waive premiums during any period in which the policyholder is disabled.
We cede premiums and losses to reinsurers under quota share reinsurance agreements. — Мы передаем премии и убытки перестраховщиками на основании договоров квотного перестрахования.
Also, under our quota share assumed reinsurance contracts, we will continue to assume premiums through the third quarter of 2006. — Также, на основании принятых договоров квотного перестрахования, мы будем продолжать принимать премии на протяжении третьего квартала 2006 г.
to write premiums — подписывать премии*; страховать*, принимать на страхование*, осуществлять страхование*
In general, for insurers to write premiums in California, they must be admitted by the Insurance Commissioner. — В общем, для того, чтобы страховщики смогли осуществлять страховую деятельность в Калифорнии, они должны получить разрешение уполномоченного по страхованию.
The company is licensed to write insurance business in all 50 states, has specialty lines in risk insurance for architects and lawyers and is expected to write premiums of $75 million this year. — Компания имеет лицензию на осуществление страховой деятельности во все 50 штатах, предлагает специальные разновидности страхования рисков для архитекторов и юристов и, как ожидается, подпишет в этом году премий на сумму 75 млн долл.
Moreover, an insurance company that earns premiums between $300,000 and $1,000,000 is taxed at a reduced rate.
If you want to pay premiums for a limited time, the limited payment whole life policy gives you lifetime protection but requires only a limited number of premium payments.
to raise [to increase\] premiums — увеличивать премии
to reduce [to decrease, to cut\] premiums — уменьшать премии
premiums go down — премии снижаются [уменьшаются\]
See:adjustable premium, advance premium, annual premium, annuity premium, base premium, beneficiary premium, deposit premium, direct premiums, earned premium, financed insurance premium, financed premium, fixed premium, flexible premium, graded premium, gross premium, in-force premiums, initial premium, level premium, lump sum premium, modified premium, mortgage insurance premium, net premium, net retained premiums, new business premiums, outstanding premiums, periodic premium, premium earned, premiums in force, premium written, regular premium, reinsurance premium, renewal premium, retained premiums, retrospective premium, return premium, single premium, subject premium, surplus line premium, surplus lines premium, underlying premium, unearned premium, valuation premium, vanishing premium, variable premium, written premium, yearly premium, overall premium limit, premium audit, premium auditor, premium base, premium bordereau, premium conversion, premium discount, premium financing, premium holiday, premium income б), premium loan, premium notice, premium rate 1) б), premium receipt, premium refund, premium subsidy, premium tax, premium trust fund, return of premium, waiver of premium, continuous-premium whole life, premium only plan, premium-to-surplus ratio3)а) торг. премия; наценка, надбавка ( сумма или процент сверх стандартной цены товара или услуги)to fetch a premium [a premium price\] — продаваться с надбавкой [с премией\]
Premium products generally fetch a premium price. — Премиальные товары обычно продаются с надбавкой [с премией\].
to command a premium [a premium price\] — продаваться с надбавкой [с премией\], продаваться по премиальной цене
Some products command a premium price in the marketplace simply because they are considered to be higher in quality. — Некоторые товары продаются на рынке по премиальной цене просто из-за того, что они считаются товарами более высокого качества.
to command a premium — содержать надбавку [премию\]* (о ценах, ставках)
As long as there is a threat of war in the Middle Eastern oil fields, oil prices will command a premium. — До тех пор, пока существует угроза войны на территории средневосточных нефтяных месторождений, цены на нефть будут содержать надбавку.
to attract a premium/a premium price/a premium rate — продаваться с премией [надбавкой\], стоить дороже; оплачиваться с надбавкой [с премией\]*
Because of their locations these houses attract a premium. — Благодаря своему расположению эти дома стоят дороже.
Therefore, when we buy your diamond, we can pay a premium over the current market price.
For which services are customers willing to pay a premium when flying with a low-fare airline?
Ant:call option premium, call premium 2), put option premium, put premium, premium deal, premium income а) contingent premium option, deferred premium optionSee:б) фин. премия (сумма, на которую цена размещения или текущая рыночная цена ценной бумаги больше ее номинала)ATTRIBUTES: amortizable б)
COMBS:
$20-a-share premium — премия в размере $20 на (одну) акцию
H-P will buy 1,2 million Convex shares at $14.875 a share, representing a 1,25-a-share premium over the price of Convex stock. — "H-P" купит 1,2 млн акций компании "Конвекс" по цене 14,875 долл. за штуку, что означает уплату премии в размере 1,25 долл. на акцию сверх цены акций "Конвекса".
COMBS:
premium over [to\] market price — премия к рыночной цене, премия сверх рыночной цены
premium over [to\] issue price — премия к эмиссионной цене, премия сверх эмиссионной цены
premium payment — уплата [выплата\] премии; премиальный платеж
Mortgage insurance premium payments are made once per year. — Выплаты премий по ипотечному страхованию осуществляются раз в год.
premium of $1000, $1000 premium — премия [надбавка\] в размере 1000 долл.
10% premium, premium of 10% — премия [надбавка\] в размере 10%
The shares jumped to a 70 per cent premium on the first day.
Of all the common bond-tax errors, the most surprising to me is neglecting to amortize premiums paid on taxable bonds.
For premium securities, we project the excess coupon. payments using our prepayment assumption.
Ant:call option premium, call premium 2), put option premium, put premium, premium deal, premium income а) contingent premium option, deferred premium optionSee:amortized premium, bond premium, call premium 1), debt premium 1) а), market premium 1) а), original issue premium, premium on capital stock, premium on share, premium on stock, price premium 1) б), redemption premium, share premium, tender offer premium, unamortized premium, amortization of premium, premium bond 1), premium price 1) б), premium raid, issue price, market price, face value а) at a premium 1) а)в) фин. премия (при оценке стоимости предприятия или крупных пакетов акций: разница, на которую фактически согласованная цена предприятия/пакета акций больше базовой рыночной цены)See:г) эк. премия; надбавка (сумма, на которую цена товара, услуги или ценной бумаги превышает цену сходного товара, услуги или ценной бумаги)Currently, US small caps are trading at a 15.7 per cent premium to large caps. — В настоящее время, акции американских компаний с маленькой капитализацией по сравнению с акциями компаний с большой капитализацией торгуются с премией в размере 15,7%.
Platinum usually trades at a premium to gold. — Платина обычно продается по более высокой цене, чем золото.
See:at a premium 1)д) фин. ажио (превышение стоимости золотых или серебряных денег по сравнению с бумажными деньгами)Syn:agio в)See:е) эк. премия; надбавка (в самом общем смысле: дополнительная сумма, на которую увеличена базовая стоимость или другая базовая величина)перен. to put [place\] a premium on (smth.) — считать (что-л.) исключительно важным [ценным\], придавать (чему-л.) большое значение
He put a premium on peace and stability. — Он считает исключительно важным поддержание мира и стабильности.
Employers today put a premium on reasoning skills and willingness to learn. — В наше время работодатели придают большое значение умению рассуждать и готовности учиться.
Ant:call option premium, call premium 2), put option premium, put premium, premium deal, premium income а) contingent premium option, deferred premium optionSee:conversion premium, forward premium, inflation premium, investment currency premium, liquidity premium 2), 3), mortgage indemnity guarantee premium, mortgage indemnity premium, premium over conversion value, revenue premium, risk premium, time premium, union premium, union wage premium, warrant premium, yield premium, premium rate 1) а) at a premium 2), Canada Premium Bond, high-premium convertible debenture4) эк. тр. премия, (премиальная) надбавка (дополнительное вознаграждение, выплачиваемое в дополнение к заработной плате в качестве поощрения за хорошую работу, работу в сверхурочные и т. п.)COMBS:
premiums for work outside basic workday or workweek — премии за работу сверх базового рабочего дня или рабочей недели
premium payment — уплата [выплата\] премии; премиальный платеж
premium of $1000, $1000 premium — премия [надбавка\] в размере 1000 долл.
to attract a premium/a premium rate — оплачиваться с надбавкой [с премией\]*
In many industries work on Saturday or Sunday will attract a premium on the ordinary hourly rate. — Во многих отраслях работа в субботу или воскресенье предусматривает выплату надбавки сверх обычной часовой ставки.
Neither federal law nor state law requires local government employers to give employees paid holidays or to pay a premium when employees must work on what would otherwise be a holiday.
Syn:bonus 3)See:expatriate premium, foreign service premium, holiday premium, incentive premium, mobility premium, on-call premium, overtime premium, shift premium, Halsey premium plan, premium pay, premium rate 1) а)5) фин. = option premiumInvestors willing to buy stock at certain prices might consider selling puts to earn premiums, while those willing to sell shares at certain prices might think about selling calls.
When you purchase an option, you pay a premium. — Покупая опцион, вы уплачиваете премию.
See:call option premium, call premium 2), put option premium, put premium, premium deal, premium income а) contingent premium option, deferred premium option2. прил.1) общ. первосортный, высшего качества [сорта\], исключительный, премиальныйpremium product — премиальный товар, товар высшего сорта
premium card — первоклассная [приоритетная, премиальная\] карта [карточка\]*
premium space — привилегированное [премиальное\] место*
premium advertising — премиальная [первосортная, элитная\] реклама*
premium customer — премиальный клиент [покупатель\]*
premium quality — премиальное [высшее\] качество; премиальный [высший\] сорт
premium grade — премиальный [высший\] сорт
See:premium advertising, premium buyer 2), premium card, premium customer, premium grade, premium merchandise 2), premium position, premium product 1), premium quality, premium service 1) б), premium space, quality 2., inferior 2., n32) эк. премиальный, с премией, с надбавкой (о ценах, ставках выше обычного уровня)premium price — цена с надбавкой, цена с премией, премиальная цена
See:
* * *
premium; PM; Prem премия, маржа: 1) премия (надбавка) к цене, курсу: разница между более высокой текущей (рыночной) и номинальной ценами финансового актива (напр., облигации); см. discount; 2) разница между более высоким срочным (форвардным) и наличным валютными курсами, т. е. валюта на срок продается с премией; 3) ажио: более высокая стоимость золотых или бумажных денег по отношению к бумажным деньгам; 4) цена опциона: сумма, уплачиваемая за получение права продать или купить финансовый инструмент; 5) = insurance premium; 6) платеж по рентному контракту; 7) = call premium; 8) льгота, призванная привлечь вкладчиков или заемщиков, а также покупателей товаров и услуг (напр., повышенная процентная ставка, скидки с цен и др.); 9) надбавка к рыночной цене, которую иногда приходится уплачивать при заимствованиях ценных бумаг для их поставки по "короткой" продаже; 10) разница в цене между данной ценной бумагой и сходными бумагами или индексом (напр., говорят: "бумага продается с премией к аналогичным бумагам"); 11) новая ценная бумага, продающаяся с премией; 12) надбавка к рыночной цене ценных бумаг в случае тендерного предложения; см. premium raid;* * *Финансы/Кредит/Валютаотклонение в сторону превышения рыночного курса денежных знаков и ценных бумаг от их нарицательной стоимости-----разница между рыночной ценой и ценой эмиссии акции или ценной бумаги; при начале операции с акциями нового выпуска говорится, что рыночная цена включает премию по отношению к цене эмиссии-----сумма, выплачиваемая держателем полиса для получения страховой суммы в нужный момент-----Банки/Банковские операциипремия, вознаграждение, надбавка -
12 line
1. n иск. линия; линии, контур2. n черта, штрихline style — тип линии; тип штриха литеры
draw a line — подвести черту; положить предел
3. n муз. линейка4. n черта, особенность, штрих5. n верёвка, бечёвка6. n проводline communication, line transmission — проводная связь; передача сообщений по проводам
7. n лесаto be clever with rod and line, to throw a good line — быть хорошим рыболовом
fishing line — леса, леска
8. n мор. линь9. n поэт. нитьrubber band line — отрезок типа "резиновая нить"
10. n граница, пограничная линия; предел11. n морщина, складкаface covered with deep lines — лицо, изборождённое глубокими морщинами
12. n линия ладони13. n l14. n контур, очертания; обводыwave line — линия волн; волнообразный обвод
15. n план, теоретический чертёжline plan — контурный план; ситуационный план
16. n ряд, линияsingle-wire line — однопроводная линия; несимметричная линия
17. n строй, ряд18. n воен. развёрнутый строй19. n мор. строй фронтаto go up the line — идти, уходить на фронт
20. n очередь, хвост21. n тех. конвейер, поточная линия22. n тех. трубопровод23. n тех. линия связиparty line — спаренные телефоны; общий провод у нескольких абонентов
24. n тех. линия сообщения25. n тех. линия электросетиline bar — контактный рельс; собирательная шина
in line — входящая линия; входная шина
26. n тех. ж. -д. рельсовый путь27. n тех. экватор28. n тех. редк. меридиан или параллель29. n тех. направление; курс, путьline of march — маршрут, путь следования
party line — политический курс; линия партии
30. n тех. направление, ходline of argument — последовательность доводов; ход доказательства
31. n тех. образ действий; линия поведения32. n тех. полит. линия; курс33. n тех. происхождение, родословная, линия; генеалогия, семья34. n тех. очерёдность; перспектива35. n тех. с. -х. генеалогическая линия36. n тех. короткая запискаjust a line to say that all goes well — несколько слов, чтобы только сказать, что всё благополучно
37. n тех. стих, строчка стиха38. n тех. стихи, стихотворение39. n тех. школ. «строчки», дополнительное задание40. n тех. театр. роль, слова роли41. n тех. разг. свидетельство о браке42. n тех. медицинское свидетельство43. n тех. род занятий, род деятельности; специальность; область интересовin line of duty — при исполнении служебных обязанностей; на посту
line of profession — профессия; специальность
44. n тех. ком. ассортимент; партия товаров; серия изделийline cologne — одеколон, входящий в парфюмерную серию
45. n тех. судьба46. n воен. линия фронта; оборонительный рубежlp/mm line pairs per millimetre — количество пар линий на мм
47. n воен. укреплённая линия48. n воен. сведения, информация49. n воен. нападающие50. n воен. пехотные части51. n воен. амер. строевые войска52. n воен. тлв. строкаin line with — в согласии, в соответствии с
to act out of line — грубить; скандалить; вести себя вызывающе
by line and level, by rule and line — очень точно; аккуратно, методично
all along the line — во всём, во всех отношениях
to draw a line — подвести черту, положить предел ;
line advance — перевод строки; переход на следующую строку
continuation line — строка продолжения; строка-продолжение
line overset — излишек букв в строке, переполнение строки
53. v проводить линии; линоватьcolumn line — линия столбца; линия графы; вертикальная шина
54. v строить, выстраивать в ряд, в линию; устанавливать в ряд55. v стоять, тянуться вдольline wells — скважины, расположенные вдоль границ участка
56. v тех. центрировать, выравнивать, правильно устанавливать57. v редк. завязывать, обвязывать бечёвкой, проволокой58. v амер. редк. удить59. v класть на подкладку, подбивать60. v служить подкладкой61. v обивать, обшивать изнутри; выстилать62. v покрывать; служить обивкойtapestries lined the walls — гобелены покрывали все стены; стены были обиты гобеленами
63. v тех. обкладывать, облицовывать64. v тех. прокладывать65. v метал. футеровать66. v разг. наполнять, набиватьСинонимический ряд:1. border (noun) border; edge; margin2. cord (noun) cord; rope; twine; wire3. course (noun) approach; attack; course; method; passage; path; plan; policy; polity; procedure; program; road; route; tack; technique; way4. dash (noun) band; dash; streak; stripe; stroke5. family (noun) ancestry; birth; blood; bloodline; descent; extraction; family; genealogy; lineage; origin; parentage; pedigree; relative; seed6. furrow (noun) crease; crinkle; furrow; wrinkle7. lie (noun) lie; story8. merchandise (noun) commodities; goods; merchandise; produce; stock; vendibles; wares9. occupation (noun) business; calling; discipline; employment; job; occupation; pursuit; racket; trade; vocation; work10. outline (noun) contour; delineation; figuration; lineament; lineation; outline; profile; silhouette11. programme (noun) policy; procedure; programme12. row (noun) column; echelon; file; queue; rank; row; sequence; string; tier13. adjoin (verb) abut; adjoin; border; butt against; butt on; communicate; join; march; neighbor; touch; verge14. line up (verb) align; allineate; arrange; line up; marshal; order; range15. outline (verb) outline; rule; trace16. pad (verb) embroider; face; pad; panel; paper; quiltАнтонимический ряд:contents; deviation; disarrange; discontinuance; interruption; solution; space; strip; variation -
13 Keynes, John Maynard
перс.эк. Кейнс, Джон Мэйнард (1883-1946; английский экономист, государственный деятель, один из создателей макроэкономики как области научного исследования; в своей работе "General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money", которая вышла в 1936 г., определил ряд ключевых макроэкономических понятий, которые составляют основу макроэкономических теорий и теорий международной экономики, в том числе: совокупный спрос, совокупное предложение, баланс сбережений и инвестиций, мультипликатор, склонность к сбережению и инвестированию)See: -
14 manager
сущ.сокр. mgr1) упр. менеджер, управляющий, руководитель, директор, заведующий (лицо, осуществляющее руководство людьми, управление процессами, распоряжение имуществом и т. п.; первоначально термин использовался в основном в частном секторе, однако позже стал применяться и в области государственного управления)Syn:See:absentee manager, account manager, accounting manager, accounts manager, acting manager, administrative manager, advertisement manager, advertising agency manager, advertising manager, advertising production manager, alternative asset manager, area manager, artist's manager, asset manager, assistant manager, assistant to manager, bank manager, benefits manager, booking manager, branch manager, branch office manager, brand manager, building manager, business manager, business promotion manager, CDO asset manager, CDO manager, change manager, circulation manager, claim manager, claims manager, comanager, co-manager, combination export manager, commercial manager, commissary manager, compensation manager, contract manager, customer service manager, data processing manager 1), debt manager, department manager, departmental manager, deputy manager, design manager, display manager 1), district manager, divisional manager, economic manager, employee benefits manager, employee welfare manager, employment manager, engineering managers, entrepreneurial manager, estate manager, executive manager, export manager, export sales manager, factory manager, factory services manager, farm manager, field district manager, field sales manager, finance manager, financial manager, first-line manager, fishery manager, floor manager, functional manager, fund manager, general manager, goods manager, group brand manager, group manager, house manager 1), &2, human resources manager, insurance claim manager, insurance claims manager, insurance manager, integrating manager, interim manager, inventory manager, investment manager, joint manager 1), junior manager, knowledge manager 1) а), labor relations manager, labour manager, line manager, list manager 1), &2, location manager, lodging managers, mailing list manager, market manager, marketing administration manager, marketing manager, marketing research manager, material control manager, media manager 1), middle manager, money manager, national sales manager, new product manager, new products manager, non-owning manager, office manager, one-minute manager, operating manager, operations manager, owner-manager, paid manager, parts manager, pension manager, pension plan manager, pension scheme manager, pensions manager, personal manager, personnel manager, planning manager, plant manager, portfolio manager, primary care manager, procurement manager, procurement services manager, product development manager, product group manager, product line manager, product manager, product promotion manager, product sales manager, production control manager 1), production manager, production theatrical manager, professional manager, program manager 1), project manager, promotion manager, promotional manager, property manager, public relations managers, purchasing manager, quality control manager, quality manager, ranch manager, real estate asset manager, regional manager, regional sales manager, relationship manager, research manager, risk manager, run-off manager, safety manager, sales managers, sales promotion manager, security manager, senior manager, service manager, shift manager, special manager, staff manager, 1), stockroom manager, sub-manager, supplies manager, syndicate manager, system manager 1), technical manager, technology manager, top manager, traffic manager, training manager, transportation manager, turnaround manager, unit manager, upper manager, value stream manager, vice-manager, works manager, manager's assistant, manager's fee, manager's job, manager's performance, manager's qualities, Lewis v. BT Investment Managers, Inc., Lewis v. BT Investment Managers, Inc., Lewis v. BT Investment Managers, Inc., Lewis v. BT Investment Managers, Inc., Lewis v. BT Investment Managers, Inc., Lewis v. BT Investment Managers, Inc., Lewis v. BT Investment Managers, Inc., Lewis v. BT Investment Managers, Inc., Lewis v. BT Investment Managers, Inc., Lewis v. BT Investment Managers, Inc., Lewis v. BT Investment Managers, Inc.2) комп. администратор; менеджер; распорядитель; диспетчер (компьютерная программа либо устройство, предназначенное для автоматической организации данных, управления другими устройствами или программами)Syn:See:data processing manager 2), display manager 2), house manager 2), б, knowledge manager 2) б), list manager 3) б), media manager, production control manager 2), program manager 2), 2), system manager 2)3) фин., банк. банк-организатор займа*, управляющий банк* (банк, входящий в группу организаторов размещения нового выпуска ценных бумаг или синдицированного кредита; может быть главным организатором или одним из организаторов)See:
* * *
менеджер, управляющий: 1) лицо, осуществляющее оперативное руководство компанией или ее подразделением; 2) банк - организатор займа, в отличие от простого участника синдиката; может быть главным организатором (лид-менеджер) или одним из организаторов (коменеджер); см. co-manager;* * *руководитель; менеджер; участник синдиката по размещению ценных бумаг (о банке). . Словарь экономических терминов . -
15 policy
I сущ.общ. политика, курс, стратегия [методика, линия\] поведения [действия\] (совокупность принципов, направлений и способов деятельности в определенной области)policy of neutrality, neutrality policy — политика нейтралитета
policy of appeasement, appeasement policy — политика умиротворения
near-optimal policy — политика, близкая к оптимальной
short-sighted [myopic\] policy — недальновидная [близорукая\] политика
subtle policy — тонкая [умная\] политика
prudent policy — разумная [предусмотрительная\] политика
cautious policy — осторожная [осмотрительная\] политика
clear-cut [clear\] policy — четкая [ясная\] политика
rigid policy — твердая [жесткая\] политика
sound [wise\] policy — здравая [мудрая\] политика
long-run [long-range\] policy — долгосрочная политика, политика дальнего прицела
consistent policy — последовательная [неизменная\] политика
deliberate policy — обдуманная [взвешенная\] политика
moderate policy — умеренная [сдержанная\] политика
to carry out [to conduct, to operate\] a policy — проводить политику
to implement a policy — осуществлять [проводить\] политику
to effect a policy — осуществлять [реализовать\] политику
to set [to set down\] a policy — устанавливать политику
to form [shape\] a policy — вырабатывать политику
to reverse a policy — резко [круто\] изменить политику
to adhere to [to follow, to pursue\] a policy — следовать политике, придерживаться политики, проводить политику
to ease [to relax\] policy — ослаблять [смягчать\] политику
easing [relaxation, ease\] of policy — ослабление [смягчение\] политики
policy tool — средство проведения политики, орудие [инструмент\] политики
policy manual — руководство, инструкция
policy objective — цель [задача\] политики
two-track [twin\] policy — двойственная политика
government policy on wages [wages policy\] — государственная политика в области оплаты труда
information policy — информационная политика, политика в области информации
language policy — языковая политика, политика в области [в отношении\] языка
export policy — экспортная политика, политика в области экспорта
import policy — импортная политика, политика в области импорта
education policy, educational policy — образовательная политика, политика в области образования
science policy — научная политика, политика в области науки
fishery policy, fisheries policy — политика рыболовства, политика в области рыболовства, рыболовная политика
privacy policy — политика конфиденциальности, политика (в отношении) конфиденциальности личной [частной\] информации
Our policy is to submit all contracts to the legal department. — Мы придерживаемся политики предоставления всех контрактов на изучение в юридический отдел.
It is not the normal policy of the council to give grants for more than three years. — Выдавать гранты более чем на три года не в правилах совета.
The government made a policy statement [a statement of policy\]. — Правительство сделало программное заявление.
for reasons of policy — по политическим соображениям, по соображениям политики
The first step in ensuring your computer security is up to scratch is to write a security policy. — Первый шаг на пути обеспечения поддержания вашей компьютерной безопасности на должном уровне — разработка политики безопасности.
See:agricultural policy, anti-inflationary policy, antitrust policy, beggar-thy-neighbour policy, benign neglect policy, budgetary policy, business policy, commercial policy 1), competition policy, consumer policy, corporate social policy, countercyclical policy, credit policy, currency policy, customs policy, demographic policy, discount policy, economic policy, employment policy, environmental policy, exchange policy, exchange rate policy, fiscal policy, foreign policy, foreign exchange policy ! foreign trade policy, good neighbour policy, home policy, incomes policy, industrial policy, inflationary policy, investment policy, monetary policy, open-door policy, open market policy, organizational policy, policy of continuity, policy of drift, policy of obstruction, population policy, procurement policy, social policy, stocking policy, tax policy, trade policy, wages policy, wholesale policy, policy committee, policy departure, policy economics, policy maker, policymaker, policy reversal, politics, technique, procedureII сущ.страх. (страховой) полис (документ, который выдается страховщиком страхователю в подтверждение заключения договора страхования; содержит условия страхования; служит юридическим доказательством заключения договора страхования)to issue [write up, write\] a policy — выдавать [выписывать\] полис
to take out a policy — получить [приобрести\] полис, застраховаться
to effect a policy — застраховаться, приобрести полис
to carry a policy — иметь (страховой) полис, быть застрахованным
to purchase [to buy\] a policy — покупать полис
to obtain [get\] a policy — приобрести полис
to terminate a policy — прекратить действие полиса, аннулировать полис
termination of a policy — прекращение действия [аннулирование\] полиса
to void a policy — признавать полис недействительным, аннулировать полис
to keep a policy in force — поддерживать полис в силе, сохранять действие полиса
This policy covers the cost of injury or damage caused by another driver who is not insured. — Этот полис покрывает [страхует, распространяется на\] расходы, связанные с травмой или ущербом, причиненным незастрахованным водителем. [Этот полис предоставляет страховую защиту от расходов, связанных с травмой или ущербом, причиненным незастрахованным водителем.\]
This portion of the policy covers you in the event a claim or lawsuit is brought against you for bodily injury or property damage as the result of an accident or event occurring on your property. — Эта часть полиса предоставляет вам страховую защиту в случае [страхует вас на случай\] подачи жалобы или иска против вас в связи с нанесением телесных повреждений или имущественного ущерба в результате несчастного случая или иного события, произошедшего на территории вашего владения.
to be covered by a policy — покрываться [охватывается, страховаться\] полисом
$500000 insurance policy, insurance policy of $500000 — страховой полис на сумму $500000
policy amount, amount of a policy — сумма полиса
a policy expires, a policy lapses, a policy matures — срок действия полиса истекает
expired [lapsed, matured\] policy — истекший [прекративший действие\] полис
policy endorsement, endorsement to a policy, policy rider, rider to a policy — приложение [дополнение\] к полису
Syn:See:cargo policy, commercial policy 2), tenant's policy, accident policy, annual policy, annuity policy, assessable policy, automobile liability policy, blanket policy, business auto policy, business owners policy, cancellable policy, claims-made policy, combination policy, commercial package policy, convertible policy, dental policy, endowment policy, equity-linked policy, fire policy, floating policy, general liability policy, group policy, homeowner's policy, individual policy, joint policy, life insurance policy, long-term policy, master policy, non-assessable policy, noncancellable policy, non-participating policy, non-qualifying policy, non-tax-qualified policy, occurrence policy, open policy, package policy, paid-up policy, participating policy, partnership policy, personal auto policy, professional liability policy, rated policy, qualifying policy, renewable policy, single premium policy, short-term policy, surplus lines policy, survivorship policy, tax-qualified policy, unit-linked policy, valued policy, certificate of insurance, insurance contract, cover note, policyholder, insurance, assurance, insurance identification card, insurer, insured, insurance money, insured event, insured loss, insurance claim, insurance period, insurance premium, declarations section, coverage part, exclusion, rider
* * *
страховой полис; = insurance policy.* * *. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * *см. agreement -
16 youth
ju:Ɵplural - youths; noun1) ((the state of being in) the early part of life: Enjoy your youth!; He spent his youth in America.) juventud2) (a boy of fifteen to twenty years old approximately: He and two other youths were kicking a football about.) joven3) (young people in general: Some people say that today's youth has/have no sense of responsibility.) juventud, los jóvenes•- youthful- youthfully
- youthfulness
- youth hostel
- youth mentor
youth n1. juventud2. joventr[jʊːɵ]1 (period) juventud nombre femenino\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto go youth hostelling hospedarse en albergues juvenilesyouth club club nombre masculino juvenilyouth hostel albergue nombre masculino juvenil1) : juventud fin her youth: en su juventud2) boy: joven m3) : jóvenes mfpl, juventud fthe youth of our city: los jóvenes de nuestra ciudadjuːθ1) ( early life) juventud fin my youth — cuando era joven, en mi juventud
2) u ( young people) (+ sing or pl vb) juventud ftoday's youth — la juventud or los jóvenes de hoy; (before n) <movement, orchestra> juvenil
youth club — club m de jóvenes
3) c ( young man) (frml) joven m[juːθ]1. N1) (=young age) juventud f2) (pl youths) [juːðz](=boy) joven mthe youth of today — los jóvenes or la juventud de hoy
2.CPDyouth centre, youth center (US) N — centro m de ocio juvenil
youth club N — club m juvenil
youth crime N — delincuencia f juvenil
youth culture N — cultura f juvenil
youth employment scheme N — plan m de empleo juvenil
youth hostel N — albergue m juvenil
youth hostelling N —
youth movement N — movimiento m juvenil
youth worker N — (Brit) (=social worker) asistente social que se encarga de adolescentes menores de 18 años ; (=community worker) empleado del municipio que trabaja con grupos de jóvenes en la comunidad
* * *[juːθ]1) ( early life) juventud fin my youth — cuando era joven, en mi juventud
2) u ( young people) (+ sing or pl vb) juventud ftoday's youth — la juventud or los jóvenes de hoy; (before n) <movement, orchestra> juvenil
youth club — club m de jóvenes
3) c ( young man) (frml) joven m -
17 política
política sustantivo femenino 1 (Pol) politics 2 ( postura) policy;◊ política interior/exterior domestic/foreign policy
político,-a
I adjetivo
1 political
2 (parentesco) in-law: se lleva mal con su familia política, he doesn't get on with his in-laws
II sustantivo masculino y femenino politician
política sustantivo femenino
1 politics sing
2 (forma de actuar) policy Recuerda la diferencia entre politics, política (en general), y policy, política (un plan o una serie de medidas): la política agrícola, the agricultural policy. Aunque politics lleva una s final, es un sustantivo singular: Politics is very interesting. La política es muy interesante. El hombre o la mujer que se dedica a la política (un político) se llama politician.
' política' also found in these entries: Spanish: acabar - agraria - agrario - álgida - álgido - angular - batalla - comulgar - comunitaria - comunitario - desunir - distensión - esfera - expansionista - exterior - granjear - imponerse - introducir - izquierda - izquierdo - octavilla - orientarse - persecución - político - propaganda - reivindicación - rumbo - singladura - viñeta - alejado - arena - bloque - concreto - desvincularse - discutir - eje - energético - entendido - errado - familia - favorecer - filiación - hermano - hijo - interesar - interior - internacional - intervención - madre - orientar English: active - affair - anathema - arena - assessment - border - bow out - circle - clash - daughter-in-law - employment - figure - fiscal - foreign policy - get into - go into - hands-off - high - home - in-laws - instability - liberal - line - lobby - mainstream - policy - political - politician - politics - reshape - reversal - ruin - shadow cabinet - switch - wing - affiliation - come - dabble - government - heavyweight - housing - main - unaware -
18 Keynes, John Maynard
эк. Кейнс, Джон Мэйнард (1883-1946; английский экономист, государственный деятель, один из создателей макроэкономики как области научного исследования, основоположник кейнсианства; в своей работе "Общая теория занятости, процента и денег" (General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money), которая вышла в 1936 г., определил ряд ключевых макроэкономических понятий, которые составляют основу макроэкономических теорий и теорий международной экономики, в том числе: совокупный спрос, совокупное предложение, баланс сбережений и инвестиций, мультипликатор, склонность к сбережению и инвестированию)See:The new English-Russian dictionary of financial markets > Keynes, John Maynard
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19 aircraft
aircraft nвоздушное судноabandon an aircraftпокидать воздушное судноabandoned aircraftвоздушное судно, исключенное из реестраaccident to an aircraftпроисшествие с воздушным судномaccommodate an aircraftразмещать воздушное судноactive aircraftэксплуатируемое воздушное судноafter an aircraftдорабатывать конструкцию воздушного суднаageing aircraftизнос воздушного суднаairborne aircraftвоздушное судно, находящееся в воздухеaircraft acceleration factorкоэффициент перегрузки воздушного суднаaircraft acceleration testsиспытания воздушного судна на перегрузкиaircraft accessory gear boxкоробка приводов самолетных агрегатовaircraft ageсрок службы воздушного суднаaircraft alert positionсостояние готовности воздушного судна к вылетуaircraft alternate-stress testsиспытания воздушного судна на переменные нагрузкиaircraft anticollision deviceприбор предупреждения столкновений воздушных судовaircraft assembly jigсборочный стапель воздушного суднаaircraft axisось симметрии воздушного суднаaircraft balance diagramцентровочный график воздушного суднаaircraft basic specificationsосновные технические данные воздушного суднаaircraft bearingпеленг воздушного суднаaircraft behaviorповедение воздушного суднаaircraft blind transmissionпередача воздушного суднаaircraft braking performanceтормозная характеристика воздушного суднаaircraft breakawayстрагивание воздушного суднаaircraft breakdownвесовая классификация воздушного суднаaircraft call signпозывной код воздушного суднаaircraft capacityвместимость воздушного суднаaircraft capacity rangeпредел коммерческой загрузки воздушного суднаaircraft cargo lashingшвартовка груза на воздушном суднеaircraft categoryвид воздушного суднаaircraft category ratingклассификация воздушных судов по типамaircraft center lineосевая линия воздушного суднаaircraft center - of - gravityцентровка воздушного суднаaircraft certificateсертификат воздушного суднаaircraft certificate holderвладелец сертификата на воздушное судноaircraft classificationклассификация воздушных судовaircraft clockбортовой синхронизаторaircraft commanderкомандир воздушного суднаaircraft commissioning testsэксплуатационные испытания воздушного суднаaircraft communication equipmentбортовое связное оборудованиеaircraft companyфирма по производству воздушных судовaircraft componentэлемент конструкции воздушного суднаaircraft containerконтейнер для перевозки грузов и багажа на воздушном суднеaircraft control lossпотеря управляемости воздушного суднаaircraft control marginзапас управляемости воздушного суднаaircraft control systemсистема управления воздушным судномaircraft control transferпередача управления воздушным судномaircraft cost levelсебестоимость воздушного суднаaircraft courseкурс воздушного суднаaircraft customerзаказчик воздушного суднаaircraft deckпол кабины воздушного суднаaircraft decompressionразгерметизация воздушного суднаaircraft defects listведомость дефектов воздушного суднаaircraft deliveryпоставка воздушных судовaircraft depotавиационная базаaircraft designконструкция воздушного суднаaircraft designerавиаконструкторaircraft design loadрасчетный предел нагрузки воздушного суднаaircraft development plantопытная авиационный заводaircraft dimension toleranceдопуск на размеры воздушного суднаaircraft ditchingвынужденная посадка воздушного судна на водуaircraft documentsбортовая документацияaircraft dry leaseаренда воздушного судна без экипажаaircraft dryleaseаренда воздушного судна без экипажаaircraft earthingзаземление воздушного суднаaircraft electrical failureотказ электросистемы воздушного суднаaircraft electric systemэлектросистема воздушного суднаaircraft electrificationосветительное оборудование воздушного суднаaircraft embodyпроводить доработку воздушного суднаaircraft emergencyаварийная ситуация с воздушным судномaircraft emergency locator beaconбортовой аварийный приводной маякaircraft employmentэксплуатация воздушного суднаaircraft empty weightмасса пустого воздушного суднаaircraft endurance testsресурсные испытания воздушного суднаaircraft environmental testиспытание воздушного судна в термобарокамереaircraft equipmentбортовое оборудованиеaircraft equipment overhaulремонт оборудования воздушного суднаaircraft escape chuteаварийный бортовой трап - лотокaircraft evacuation meansсредства эвакуации воздушного суднаaircraft evolutionэволюция воздушного суднаaircraft factoryавиационный заводaircraft fatigue lifeусталостный ресурс воздушного суднаaircraft fire pointочаг пожара на воздушном суднеaircraft first costсебестоимость производства воздушного суднаaircraft fixместоположение воздушного суднаaircraft fixed equipmentбортовое стационарное оборудованиеaircraft fix latitudeширота местонахождения воздушного суднаaircraft fixtureстапель для сборки воздушного суднаaircraft flashзасветка воздушного суднаaircraft fleetпарк воздушных судовaircraft fleet turnoverоборот парка воздушных судовaircraft flight reportполетный лист воздушного суднаaircraft flyingполеты воздушных судовaircraft freightгруз, перевозимый воздушным судномaircraft fuel consumptionрасход топлива воздушным судномaircraft fuel quantityзапас топлива воздушного суднаaircraft fuel supplyподача топлива в систему воздушного суднаaircraft galleyбортовая кухня воздушного суднаaircraft generationпоколение воздушных судовaircraft geometryконтуры воздушного суднаaircraft handlingуправление воздушным судномaircraft hardwareприборное оборудование воздушного суднаaircraft headingкурс воздушного суднаaircraft heaterаэродромный обогреватель воздушного суднаaircraft heating systemсистема обогрева воздушного суднаaircraft heelкрен воздушного суднаaircraft high tension wiringэлектропроводка высокого напряжения на воздушном суднеaircraft hijack protectionзащита воздушного судна от угонаaircraft hoistсамолетный подъемникaircraft hourсамолето-часaircraft hydraulic jackгидроподъемник для воздушного суднаaircraft icingобледенение воздушного суднаaircraft identificationопознавание воздушного суднаaircraft identification systemсистема опознавания воздушного суднаaircraft impactстолкновение воздушного суднаaircraft impact angleугол удара воздушного суднаaircraft in distressвоздушное судно, терпящее бедствиеaircraft in missingвоздушное судно, пропавшее без вестиaircraft in serviceэксплуатируемое воздушное судноaircraft insuranceстрахование воздушного суднаaircraft integrated data systemбортовая комплексная система регистрации данныхaircraft intentional swerveпреднамеренное отклонение воздушного суднаaircraft interchangeобмен воздушными судамиaircraft is considered to be missingвоздушное судно считается пропавшим без вестиaircraft jacking pointместо установки домкрата для подъема воздушного суднаaircraft ladderбортовая лестницаaircraft ladingзагрузка воздушного суднаaircraft landingпосадка воздушного суднаaircraft landing measurement systemсистема измерения посадочных параметров воздушного суднаaircraft lateral inbalanceнарушение поперечной центровки воздушного суднаaircraft layoutкомпоновка воздушного суднаaircraft leadэлектропроводка воздушного суднаaircraft leafletрекламный проспект воздушного суднаaircraft leaseаренда воздушного суднаaircraft leveling pointнивелировочная точка воздушного суднаaircraft lightsбортовые аэронавигационные огниaircraft limit switchконцевой выключатель в системе воздушного суднаaircraft listкрен воздушного суднаaircraft load distributionраспределение загрузки воздушного суднаaircraft load factorкоэффициент загрузки воздушного суднаaircraft loading chartсхема загрузки воздушного суднаaircraft loading diagramсхема загрузки воздушного суднаaircraft loading instructionинструкция по загрузке воздушного суднаaircraft low tension wiringэлектропроводка низкого напряжения на воздушном суднеaircraft maintenance baseавиационная техническая базаaircraft maintenance depotавиационная техническая базаaircraft maintenance divisionцех технического обслуживания воздушных судовaircraft maintenance engineerинженер по техническому обслуживанию воздушных судовaircraft maintenance engineering exhibitionвыставка технического оборудования для обслуживания воздушных судовaircraft maintenance guideруководство по технической эксплуатации воздушного суднаaircraft maintenance performanceэксплуатационная технологичность воздушного суднаaircraft maintenance practiceтехнология технического обслуживания воздушного суднаaircraft maintenance teamбригада технического обслуживания воздушных судовaircraft main viewобщий вид воздушного суднаaircraft manoeuvrabilityманевренность воздушного суднаaircraft manufacturing facilitiesавиационное производственное предприятиеaircraft manufacturing plantавиационный заводaircraft minimaминимум воздушного суднаaircraft mockupмакет воздушного суднаaircraft modelмодель воздушного суднаaircraft movementдвижение воздушного суднаaircraft mushпросадка воздушного суднаaircraft nationality markгосударственный опознавательный знак воздушного суднаaircraft navigation equipmentбортовое навигационное оборудованиеaircraft noise abatement operating proceduresэксплуатационные методы снижения авиационного шумаaircraft noise annoyanceраздражающее воздействие шума от воздушного судaircraft noise certificateсертификат воздушного судна по шумуaircraft noise pollutionвредное воздействие шума от воздушных судовaircraft noise prediction programпрограмма прогнозирования авиационного шумаaircraft nose sectionносовая часть воздушного суднаaircraft observationнаблюдение с борта воздушного суднаaircraft on flightвоздушное судно в полетеaircraft on registerвоздушное судно, занесенное в реестрaircraft operating agencyлетно-эксплуатационное предприятиеaircraft operating expensesэксплуатационные расходы на воздушное судноaircraft operating instructionинструкция по эксплуатации воздушного суднаaircraft operationэксплуатация воздушного суднаaircraft operational empty weightдопустимая посадочная массаaircraft operational rangeэксплуатационная дальность полета воздушного суднаaircraft operational weightмасса снаряженного воздушного судна без пассажировaircraft overhaulремонт воздушного суднаaircraft overhaul plantремонтный авиационный заводaircraft overhaul shopмастерская капитального ремонта воздушных судовaircraft overswingingраскачивание воздушного суднаaircraft parkingпарковка воздушного суднаaircraft parking equipmentоборудование места стоянки воздушного суднаaircraft parking placeместо стоянки воздушного суднаaircraft passenger insuranceстрахование авиапассажировaircraft perfomance limitationsлетно-технические ограниченияaircraft performance characteristicsлетно-технические характеристикиaircraft performancesлетно-технические характеристики воздушного суднаaircraft phantom viewусловно прозрачный вид воздушного суднаaircraft pivotingразворот воздушного суднаaircraft pneumatic systemпневматическая система воздушного суднаaircraft portable equipmentпереносное бортовое оборудованиеaircraft positionотметка местоположения воздушного суднаaircraft position indicatorуказатель положения воздушного суднаaircraft position lineлиния положения воздушного суднаaircraft position reportсообщение о положении воздушного суднаaircraft power reductionуменьшение мощности двигателей воздушного суднаaircraft power supplyбортовой источник электропитанияaircraft productionпроизводство воздушных судовaircraft production break lineлиния технологического разъема воздушного суднаaircraft production inspectionконтроль качества изготовления воздушных судовaircraft prototypeопытный вариант воздушного суднаaircraft provider stateгосударство - поставщик воздушного суднаaircraft rangeдальность полета воздушного суднаaircraft ratingклассификационная отметка воздушного суднаaircraft readinessготовность воздушного суднаaircraft recorderбортовой регистраторaircraft recorder equipmentбортовая контрольно-записывающая аппаратураaircraft recoveryобнаружение и удаление воздушного суднаaircraft recovery dateдата обнаружения пропавшего воздушного суднаaircraft recovery kitкомплект оборудования для удаления воздушного суднаaircraft recovery planплан восстановления воздушного суднаaircraft reference symbolуказатель положения воздушного судна(на шкале навигационного прибора) aircraft registrationрегистрация воздушного суднаaircraft registration markбортовой регистрационный знак воздушного суднаaircraft registry stateгосударство регистрации воздушного суднаaircraft reliabilityнадежность воздушного суднаaircraft removal from serviceснятие воздушного судна с эксплуатацииaircraft rental costsрасходы на аренду воздушного суднаaircraft repair depotбаза ремонта воздушных судовaircraft repair kitтехническая аптечка воздушного суднаaircraft repairmanспециалист по ремонту воздушных судовaircraft repair shopавиаремонтная мастерскаяaircraft requiring assistanceвоздушное судно, нуждающееся в помощиaircraft reserve factorзапас прочности воздушного суднаaircraft responderсамолетный ответчикaircraft retrofitдоработка воздушного суднаaircraft rollкрен воздушного суднаaircraft safe lifeбезопасный срок службы воздушного суднаaircraft safety beaconпроблесковый маяк для предупреждения столкновенияaircraft safety factorуровень безопасности полетов воздушного суднаaircraft salvageэвакуация воздушного судна с места аварииaircraft sanitary controlсанитарный контроль воздушных судовaircrafts batchсерия воздушных судовaircraft seating densityплотность размещения кресел на воздушном суднеaircraft self routingпрокладка маршрута с помощью бортовых средств навигацииaircraft sensitivityуправляемость воздушного суднаaircraft separation assuranceобеспечение эшелонирования полетов воздушных судовaircraft service periodпродолжительность обслуживания воздушного суднаaircraft service truck'sтранспортные средства для обслуживания воздушного суднаaircraft servicingобслуживание воздушного суднаaircraft servicing equipmentоборудование для обслуживания воздушного суднаaircraft servicing installationстационарная установка для обслуживания воздушного суднаaircraft settingпеленгование воздушного суднаaircraft's fileнабор бортовой документацииaircraft shedангар для воздушного суднаaircraft sideборт воздушного суднаaircrafts impingementстолкновение воздушных судовaircraft simulatorтренажер воздушного суднаaircraft skidding dragсопротивление скольжению воздушного суднаaircraft's loading positionместо загрузки воздушного суднаaircraft sound proofingзвукоизоляция воздушного суднаaircraft spacingэшелонирование полетов воздушных судовaircraft spare partзапасные части для воздушного суднаaircraft's parking positionместо стоянки воздушного суднаaircraft speedскорость воздушного суднаaircraft spiral glideпланирование воздушного судна по спиралиaircraft's present positionфактическое положение воздушного суднаaircraft standместо остановки воздушного суднаaircraft standby facilitiesрезервное оборудование воздушного суднаaircraft stand identificationобозначение места остановки воздушного суднаaircraft stand identification signопознавательный знак места стоянки воздушного суднаaircraft stand lead-in lineлиния заруливания воздушного судна на стоянкуaircraft stand markingмаркировка места стоянки воздушного суднаaircraft stand taxilaneлиния руления воздушного судна в зоне стоянкиaircraft status reportдонесение о состоянии парка воздушных судовaircraft step unitбортовой трапaircraft stopостановка воздушного суднаaircraft stopping performanceтормозная характеристика воздушного суднаaircraft storage batteryбортовая аккумуляторная батареяaircraft storage instructionинструкция по консервации и хранению воздушного суднаaircraft structural deformationдеформация конструкции воздушного суднаaircraft structureконструкция воздушного суднаaircraft substantial damageзначительное повреждение суднаaircraft sudden swerveвнезапное отклонение воздушного суднаaircraft supersedeasсписание воздушного суднаaircraft supplierпредприятие - поставщик воздушных судовaircraft surface movement indicatorиндикатор наземного движения воздушных судовaircraft systemбортовая системаaircraft technicianавиационный техникaircraft test dataданные о результатах испытаний воздушного суднаaircraft test stationиспытательная станция воздушных судовaircraft tie-down pointточка швартовки воздушного суднаaircraft tightnessгерметичность воздушного суднаaircraft tool codingмаркировка бортового инструментаaircraft towing pointбуксировочный узел воздушного суднаaircraft trailспутный след воздушного суднаaircraft trimбалансировка воздушного суднаaircraft typeтип воздушного суднаaircraft uncontrollabilityнеуправляемость воздушного суднаaircraft underloadingнеполная загрузка воздушного суднаaircraft unlawful seizureнезаконный захват воздушного суднаaircraft usability factorкоэффициент использования воздушного суднаaircraft useful loadполезная нагрузка воздушного суднаaircraft user stateгосударство - эксплуатант воздушного суднаaircraft ventilation rateстепень вентиляции кабины воздушного суднаaircraft wakeспутная струя за воздушным судномaircraft warning systemсистема предупредительной сигнализации воздушного суднаaircraft warrantyгарантийный срок воздушного суднаaircraft washing plantмоечная установка для воздушных судовaircraft wearout rateстепень износа воздушного суднаaircraft weight categoryвесовая категория воздушного суднаaircraft weight toleranceдопуск на массу воздушного суднаaircraft wet leaseаренда воздушного судна вместе с экипажемaircraft wreckполомка воздушного суднаairodynamically balanced aircraftаэродинамически сбалансированное воздушное судноalign the aircraftустанавливать воздушное судноalign the aircraft with the center lineустанавливать воздушное судно по осиalign the aircraft with the runwayустанавливать воздушное судно по оси ВППall-cargo aircraftгрузовое воздушное судноall-metal aircraftцельнометаллическое воздушное судноall-purpose aircraftмногоцелевое воздушное судноall-weather aircraftвсепогодное воздушное судноall-wing aircraftвоздушное судно схемы летающее крылоambulance aircraftсанитарное воздушное судноamphibian aircraftсамолет - амфибияapproaching aircraftвоздушное судно, совершающее заход на посадкуarriving aircraftприбывающее воздушное судноassociated aircraft systemвспомогательная бортовая система воздушного суднаauthorized aircraftвоздушное судно, имеющее разрешение на полетbalanced aircraftсбалансированное воздушное судноbalance the aircraftбалансировать воздушное судноbaseline aircraftслужебное воздушное судноbaseline aircraft configurationконфигурация базовой модели воздушного суднаbasic aircraftосновной вариант воздушного суднаboard an aircraftподниматься на борт воздушного суднаbring the aircraft backвозвращать воздушное судноbring the aircraft outвыводить воздушное судно из кренаbusiness aircraftслужебное воздушное судноcanard aircraftвоздушное судно схемы уткаcargo aircraftгрузовое служебное судноcause of aircraft troubleпричина неисправности воздушного суднаcharter an aircraftфрахтовать воздушное судноchartered aircraftзафрахтованное воздушное судноcivil aircraftвоздушное судно гражданской авиацииclean aircraftвоздушное судно с убранной механизацией крылаclean the aircraftубирать механизацию крыла воздушного суднаclearance of the aircraftразрешение воздушному суднуcleared aircraftвоздушное судно, получившее разрешениеclear the aircraftдавать разрешение воздушному суднуcombination aircraftвоздушное судно для смешанных перевозокCommittee on Aircraft NoiseКомитет по авиационному шумуcommuter-size aircraftвоздушное судно местных воздушных линийcomplex type of aircraftкомбинированный тип воздушного суднаconsider an aircraft serviceableдопускать воздушное судно к дальнейшей эксплуатацииcontrol the aircraftуправлять воздушным судномconventional takeoff and landing aircraftвоздушное судно обычной схемы взлета и посадкиconvert an aircraftпереоборудовать воздушное судноconvertible aircraftгрузопассажирское воздушное судноcover an aircraft withзачехлять воздушное судноdamage aircraft structureповреждать конструкцию воздушного суднаdamaged aircraftповрежденное воздушное судноdecelerate the aircraft toснижать скорость воздушного судна доdelta-wing aircraftвоздушное судно с треугольным крыломdeparting aircraftвылетающее воздушное судноderived aircraftмодифицированное воздушное судноdisabled aircraftвоздушное судно, выведенное из строяdouble-decker aircraftдвухпалубное воздушное судноease the aircraft onвыравнивать воздушное судноeastbound aircraftвоздушное судно, летящее курсом на востокeffect on an aircraftвлиять на состояние воздушного суднаenable the aircraft toдавать воздушному судну правоendanger the aircraftсоздавать опасность для воздушного суднаengage in aircraft operationэксплуатировать воздушное судноenter the aircraftзаносить воздушное судно в реестрenter the aircraft standзаруливать на место стоянки воздушного суднаentire aircraftукомплектованное воздушное судноenvironmentally attuned aircraftвоздушное судно, удовлетворяющее требованиям сохранения окружающей средыequip an aircraft withоборудовать воздушное судноestimated position of aircraftрасчетное положение воздушного суднаexecutive aircraftадминистративное воздушное судноexperimental aircraftопытный вариант воздушного суднаfeeder aircraftвоздушное судно вспомогательной авиалинииfill an aircraft withразмещать в воздушном суднеfirst-generation aircraftвоздушное судно первого поколенияfit an aircraft withоборудовать воздушное судноfixed-wing aircraftвоздушное судно с неподвижным крыломfly by an aircraftлетать на воздушном суднеfly the aircraft1. пилотировать воздушное судно2. управлять самолетом folding wing aircraftвоздушное судно со складывающимся крыломfollowing aircraftвоздушное судно, идущее следомfollow up the aircraftсопровождать воздушное судноforest patrol aircraftвоздушное судно для патрулирования лесных массивовfreight aircraftгрузовое воздушное судноfull-scalle aircraftполномасштабная модель воздушного суднаgeneral-purpose aircraftвоздушное судно общего назначенияhandy aircraftлегкоуправляемое воздушное судноhead the aircraft into windнаправлять воздушное судно против ветраheavier-than-air aircraftлетательный аппарат тяжелее воздухаheavy aircraftтранспортное воздушное судноhigh-altitude aircraftвоздушное судно для полетов на большой высотеhigh-capacity aircraftвоздушное судно большой вместимостиhigh-speed aircraftскоростное воздушное судноhigh-wing aircraftвоздушное судно с верхним расположением крылаholding aircraftвоздушное судно в зоне ожиданияhold the aircraft on the headingвыдерживать воздушное судно на заданном курсеhospital aircraftсанитарное воздушное судноhouse an aircraftразмещать воздушное судноhypersonic aircraftгиперзвуковое воздушное судноidentify the aircraftопознавать воздушное судноimproperly loaded aircraftвоздушное судно, загруженное не по установленной схемеinbound aircraftприбывающее воздушное судноin-coming aircraftвоздушное судно на подходеinconventional type of aircraftнестандартный тип воздушного суднаin-flight aircraftвоздушное судно в полетеinherent in the aircraftсвойственный воздушному суднуin-service aircraftэксплуатируемое воздушное судноinstall in the aircraftустанавливать на борту воздушного суднаinstall on the aircraftмонтировать на воздушном суднеinterception of civil aircraftперехват гражданского воздушного суднаinterchanged aircraftвоздушное судно по обменуintercharged aircraft agreementсоглашение об обмене воздушными суднамиinternational aircraft standardмеждународный авиационный стандартInternational Council of Aircraft Owner and Pilot AssociationsМеждународный совет ассоциаций владельцев воздушных судов и пилотовintruding aircraftвоздушное судно, создающее опасность столкновенияinward aircraftприбывающее воздушное судноirrepairable aircraftнеремонтопригодное воздушное судноjack an aircraftвывешивать воздушное судно на подъемникахjet aircraftреактивное воздушное судноjoin an aircraftсовершать посадку на борт воздушного суднаkeep clear of the aircraftдержаться на безопасном расстоянии от воздушного суднаkeep the aircraft onвыдерживать воздушное судноknown aircraft damageустановленное повреждение воздушного суднаladen aircraftзагруженное воздушное судноland aircraftсухопутное воздушное судноland the aircraftприземлять воздушное судноlead in the aircraftзаруливать воздушное судноlead out the aircraftвыруливать воздушное судноlease an aircraftарендовать воздушное судноleased aircraftарендованное воздушное судноlessee of an aircraftарендатор воздушного суднаlevel the aircraft outвыравнивать воздушное судноlicensed aircraftлицензированное воздушное судноlift an aircraft onвывешивать воздушное судноlift-fuselage aircraftвоздушное судно с несущим фюзеляжемlight aircraftвоздушное судно небольшой массыlighter-than-air aircraftлетательный аппарат легче воздухаline up the aircraftвыруливать воздушное судно на исполнительный стартlong-bodied aircraftдлиннофюзеляжный самолетlong-distance aircraftвоздушное судно большой дальности полетовlow annoyance aircraftмалошумное воздушное судноlow-wing aircraftвоздушное судно с низким расположением крылаmail-carrying aircraftпочтовое воздушное судноmaintain the aircraft at readiness toдержать воздушное судно готовымmake the aircraft airborneотрывать воздушное судно от землиmaking way aircraftвоздушное судно в полетеmanned aircraftпилотируемое воздушное судноmid-wing aircraftвоздушное судно со средним расположением крылаmissing aircraftпропавшее воздушное судноmodified aircraftмодифицированное воздушное судноmoor the aircraftшвартовать воздушное судноmulticrew aircraftвоздушное судно с экипажем из нескольких человекmultiengined aircraftвоздушное судно с двумя и более двигателямиmultipurpose aircraftмногоцелевое воздушное судноnarrow-body aircraftвоздушное судно с узким фюзеляжемnonnoise certificate aircraftвоздушное судно, не сертифицированное по шумуnose-in aircraft standместо стоянки воздушного судна носом к аэровокзалуnose-out aircraft standместо стоянки воздушного судна хвостом к аэровокзалуon aircraft center lineпо оси воздушного суднаoncoming aircraftвоздушное судно, находящееся на встречном курсеone-engined aircraftвоздушное судно с одним двигателемoperate an aircraftэксплуатировать воздушное судноoperation of aircraftэксплуатация воздушного суднаoriginating aircraftвылетающее воздушное судноoutbound aircraftвылетающее воздушное судноoutdated aircraftустаревшая модель воздушного суднаout-of-balance aircraftнесбалансированное воздушное судноoutward aircraftвылетающее воздушное судноoverweight aircraftперегруженное воздушное судноowner-operated aircraftвоздушное судно, находящееся в эксплуатации владельцаpark an aircraftпарковать воздушное судноpassenger aircraftпассажирское воздушное судноpatrol aircraftпатрульное воздушное судноpiston-engined aircraftвоздушное судно с поршневым двигателемplace the aircraftустанавливать воздушное судноplot the aircraftзасекать воздушное судноpractice aircraftтренировочное воздушное судноpreceeding aircraftвоздушное судно, идущее впередиpreproduction aircraftопытный вариант воздушного суднаpressurized aircraftгерметизированное воздушное судноproduction aircraftсерийный вариант воздушного суднаprofitable aircraftкоммерческое воздушное судноprop-driven aircraftвинтовое воздушное судноproperly identify the aircraftточно опознавать воздушное судноprototype aircraftопытный вариант воздушного суднаpull the aircraft out ofбрать штурвал на себяpush the aircraft backбуксировать воздушное судно хвостом впередpush the aircraft downснижать высоту полета воздушного суднаput the aircraft into productionзапускать воздушное судно в производствоput the aircraft on the courseвыводить воздушное судно на заданный курсput the aircraft overпереводить воздушное судно в горизонтальный полетquiet aircraftбесшумное воздушное судноreceiver aircraftвоздушное судно, дозаправляемое в полетеreduced takeoff and landing aircraftвоздушное судно укороченного взлета и посадкиreequip an aircraftзаменять оборудование воздушного суднаregister the aircraftрегистрировать воздушное судноregular-body aircraftвоздушное судно с фюзеляжем типовой схемыrelease the aircraftпрекращать контроль воздушного суднаremoval of aircraftудаление воздушного суднаremove the aircraftудалять воздушное судноrescue aircraftпоисково-спасательное воздушное судноresearch aircraftисследовательское воздушное судноrestore an aircraftвосстанавливать воздушное судноretirement of aircraftсписание воздушного суднаreturn an aircraft to flyable statusприводить воздушное судно в состояние летной годностиreturn the aircraft to serviceдопускать воздушное судно к дальнейшей эксплуатацииroll in the aircraftвводить воздушное судно в кренroll on the aircraftвыполнять этап пробега воздушного суднаroll out the aircraftвыводить воздушное судно из кренаrotary-wing aircraftвоздушное судно с несущим винтомrotate the aircraftотрывать переднюю опору шасси воздушного суднаsafe handling of an aircraftбезопасное управление воздушным судномschool aircraftучебное воздушное судноsea aircraftгидровариант воздушного суднаsearch and rescue aircraftпоисково-спасательное воздушное судноseparate the aircraftэшелонировать воздушное судноshort-range aircraftвоздушное судно для местный авиалинийshort takeoff and landing aircraftвоздушное судно короткого взлета и посадкиsingle-engined aircraftвоздушное судно с одним двигателемsingle-pilot aircraftвоздушное судно с одним пилотомsingle-seater aircraftодноместное воздушное судноspace the aircraftопределять зону полета воздушного суднаsports aircraftспортивное воздушное судноstandby aircraftрезервное воздушное судноstate aircraftвоздушное судно государственной принадлежностиstate of aircraft manufactureгосударство - изготовитель воздушного суднаstayed afloat aircraftвоздушное судно, оставшееся на плавуsteer the aircraftуправлять воздушным судномstretched aircraftвоздушное судно с удлиненным фюзеляжемsubsonic aircraftдозвуковое воздушное судноsubstantially dameged aircraftсущественно поврежденное воздушное судноsubstitute the aircraftзаменять воздушное судноsupersonic aircraftсверхзвуковое воздушное судноsuspected aircraft damageпредполагаемое повреждение воздушного суднаtailless aircraftвоздушное судно схемы летающее крылоtaxiing aircraftрулящее воздушное судноterminating aircraftвоздушное судно, прибывающее в конечный аэропортtest aircraftиспытываемое воздушное судноthe aircraft under commandуправляемое воздушное судноtoday's aircraftвоздушное судно, отвечающее современным требованиямtopped-up aircraftснаряженное воздушное судноtraining aircraftучебно-тренировочное воздушное судноtransonic aircraftоколозвуковое воздушное судноtransport aircraftтранспортное воздушное судноtrim the aircraftбалансировать воздушное судноturbine-engined aircraftвоздушное судно с газотурбинными двигателямиturbojet aircraftвоздушное судно с турбореактивными двигателямиturboprop aircraftвоздушное судно с турбовинтовыми двигателямиtwin-engined aircraftвоздушное судно с двумя двигателямиtwin-fuselage aircraftдвухфюзеляжное воздушное судноunder command aircraftуправляемое воздушное судноunder way aircraftвоздушное судно, готовое к полетуunladen aircraftразгруженное воздушное судноunlawfully seized aircraftнезаконно захваченное воздушное судноunpressurized aircraftнегерметизированное воздушное судноunstall the aircraftвыводить воздушное судно из сваливания на крылоunstick the aircraftотрывать воздушное судно от землиvend an aircraftпоставлять воздушное судноvertical takeoff and landing aircraftвоздушное судно вертикального взлета и посадкиwarn the aircraftпредупреждать воздушное судноwide-body aircraftширокофюзеляжное воздушное судноwork on the aircraftвыполнять работу на воздушном судне
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