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functions+paper

  • 21 suministro

    m.
    supply (productos).
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: suministrar.
    * * *
    1 provision, supply, supplying
    1 supplies
    * * *
    noun m.
    supply, provision
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=provisión) supply

    suministros — (Mil) supplies

    2) (=acción) supplying, provision
    * * *
    a) ( acto de proveer) supply

    el suministro de gas/agua — the gas/water supply

    b) ( cosa provista) supply
    c) suministros masculino plural (Mil) supplies (pl)
    * * *
    = supply, dispensing, provision, delivery.
    Ex. The increasing demand for paper of all sorts, which the giant productivity of the Fourdrinier machine could easily meet, resulted in a parallel demand for rags which was soon outstripping the supply.
    Ex. The role of the university library embraces 5 functions: archival, bibliophilic, circulating, duplicating and dispensing and electronic.
    Ex. Some school libraries are becoming involved in life-long learning but local government and public libraries must take responsibility for provisions for this.
    Ex. Entry of number '21' reverses the present delivery status.
    ----
    * armario de suministros = stock cupboard.
    * compañía de suministro de energía = energy company.
    * corte de suministro = power shutdown.
    * fuente de suministro = source of supply.
    * interrupción del suministro = power shutdown.
    * mercado de suministro de documentos = document supply market.
    * red de suministro de agua potable, la = water mains, mains, the.
    * red de suministro de documentos = document supply network.
    * red de suministro eléctrico = mains electricity.
    * red de suministro, la = mains, the, mains supply, the.
    * servicio de suministro de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * sistema de suministro de documentos = document supply system.
    * sistema de suministro de información = information supply system.
    * suministro al por mayor = bulk supply.
    * suministro de alimentos = food supply, supply of food.
    * suministro de datos = reporting.
    * suministro de documentos = document supply.
    * suministro de información = information-giving.
    * suministro de libros = book supply.
    * suministro de material multimedia = media supply.
    * suministro eléctrico = power supply, electricity supply.
    * suministro eléctrico por fases = phase supply.
    * suministro industrial = industrial supply.
    * suministros de construcción = building supplies.
    * suministros de oficina = office supplies.
    * * *
    a) ( acto de proveer) supply

    el suministro de gas/agua — the gas/water supply

    b) ( cosa provista) supply
    c) suministros masculino plural (Mil) supplies (pl)
    * * *
    = supply, dispensing, provision, delivery.

    Ex: The increasing demand for paper of all sorts, which the giant productivity of the Fourdrinier machine could easily meet, resulted in a parallel demand for rags which was soon outstripping the supply.

    Ex: The role of the university library embraces 5 functions: archival, bibliophilic, circulating, duplicating and dispensing and electronic.
    Ex: Some school libraries are becoming involved in life-long learning but local government and public libraries must take responsibility for provisions for this.
    Ex: Entry of number '21' reverses the present delivery status.
    * armario de suministros = stock cupboard.
    * compañía de suministro de energía = energy company.
    * corte de suministro = power shutdown.
    * fuente de suministro = source of supply.
    * interrupción del suministro = power shutdown.
    * mercado de suministro de documentos = document supply market.
    * red de suministro de agua potable, la = water mains, mains, the.
    * red de suministro de documentos = document supply network.
    * red de suministro eléctrico = mains electricity.
    * red de suministro, la = mains, the, mains supply, the.
    * servicio de suministro de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * sistema de suministro de documentos = document supply system.
    * sistema de suministro de información = information supply system.
    * suministro al por mayor = bulk supply.
    * suministro de alimentos = food supply, supply of food.
    * suministro de datos = reporting.
    * suministro de documentos = document supply.
    * suministro de información = information-giving.
    * suministro de libros = book supply.
    * suministro de material multimedia = media supply.
    * suministro eléctrico = power supply, electricity supply.
    * suministro eléctrico por fases = phase supply.
    * suministro industrial = industrial supply.
    * suministros de construcción = building supplies.
    * suministros de oficina = office supplies.

    * * *
    el suministro de gas/agua the gas/water supply
    3 suministros mpl ( Mil) supplies (pl)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo suministrar: ( conjugate suministrar)

    suministro es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    suministró es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    suministrar    
    suministro
    suministrar ( conjugate suministrar) verbo transitivo (frml) to supply;
    suministro algo A algn to supply sb with sth
    suministro sustantivo masculino
    supply;

    suministrar verbo transitivo to supply: esta guía me suministra mucha información, this guide provides me with a lot of information
    suministro sustantivo masculino supply, provision

    ' suministro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cortarse
    - corte
    - colgar
    - interrumpir
    English:
    brownout
    - grid
    - main
    - provision
    - shut off
    - supply
    * * *
    1. [productos] supply
    2. [acción] supplying
    suministro de agua water supply;
    suministro eléctrico electricity supply, power supply;
    suministro de gas gas supply
    * * *
    m supply
    * * *
    : supply, provision
    * * *
    suministro n supply [pl. supplies]

    Spanish-English dictionary > suministro

  • 22 una serie de

    = a choice of, a number of, a range of, a series of, a suite of, an array of, a string of, a pattern of, a stream of, a battery of, a succession of
    Ex. Several commands, such as CLEAR (ESC C), SHOW (F4), and PRINT (F6), give you a choice of settings at the bottom of the screen.
    Ex. These four types of information retrieval tools have a number of common features.
    Ex. Clearly, with such a complex range of symbols a filing order for the symbols must be defined, as there is no obvious order.
    Ex. Edge notch cards have a series of holes around the perimeter.
    Ex. Read-only access to title, supplier, and patron and fund accounting information is provided by a suite of general enquiry functions.
    Ex. Not unlike several other institutions of higher education today, private universities find themselves beset with an array of problems, most of which turn on two closely linked axes: student enrollment is declining and costs are rising.
    Ex. The author statement may, for example, name all of a string of authors, or just the first named.
    Ex. A binary coded instruction would therefore appear as a pattern of 1s and 0s, eg: 0001 0000.
    Ex. Children in modern society are faced with a ceaseless stream of new ideas, and responsibility for their upbringing has generally moved from parents to childminders and teachers.
    Ex. There is a whole battery of minor skills and special techniques for using particular sources of information: they have to be mastered one at a time and committed to memory.
    Ex. In a system devised at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the cutting tool was guided through a succession of points by feeding their co-ordinates from a punched paper tape.
    * * *
    = a choice of, a number of, a range of, a series of, a suite of, an array of, a string of, a pattern of, a stream of, a battery of, a succession of

    Ex: Several commands, such as CLEAR (ESC C), SHOW (F4), and PRINT (F6), give you a choice of settings at the bottom of the screen.

    Ex: These four types of information retrieval tools have a number of common features.
    Ex: Clearly, with such a complex range of symbols a filing order for the symbols must be defined, as there is no obvious order.
    Ex: Edge notch cards have a series of holes around the perimeter.
    Ex: Read-only access to title, supplier, and patron and fund accounting information is provided by a suite of general enquiry functions.
    Ex: Not unlike several other institutions of higher education today, private universities find themselves beset with an array of problems, most of which turn on two closely linked axes: student enrollment is declining and costs are rising.
    Ex: The author statement may, for example, name all of a string of authors, or just the first named.
    Ex: A binary coded instruction would therefore appear as a pattern of 1s and 0s, eg: 0001 0000.
    Ex: Children in modern society are faced with a ceaseless stream of new ideas, and responsibility for their upbringing has generally moved from parents to childminders and teachers.
    Ex: There is a whole battery of minor skills and special techniques for using particular sources of information: they have to be mastered one at a time and committed to memory.
    Ex: In a system devised at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the cutting tool was guided through a succession of points by feeding their co-ordinates from a punched paper tape.

    Spanish-English dictionary > una serie de

  • 23 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

    Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:
    IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis
    JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)
    PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly
    WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)
    PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    \
    О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts
    \
    1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.
    2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.
    3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.
    5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.
    6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.
    7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.
    8. Abraham, K. (1924) Manic-depressive states and the pre-genital levels of the libido. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.
    9. Abraham, K. (1924) Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1948.
    10. Abraham, K. (1924) The influence of oral erotism on character formation. Ibid.
    11. Abraham, K. (1925) The history of an impostor in the light of psychoanalytic knowledge. In: Clinical Papers and Essays on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, vol. 2.
    12. Abrams, S. (1971) The psychoanalytic unconsciousness. In: The Unconscious Today, ed. M. Kanzer. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    13. Abrams, S. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.
    14. Abse, D W. (1985) The depressive character In Depressive States and their Treatment, ed. V. Volkan New York: Jason Aronson.
    15. Abse, D. W. (1985) Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol: John Wright.
    16. Ackner, B. (1954) Depersonalization. J. Ment. Sci., 100.
    17. Adler, A. (1924) Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
    18. Akhtar, S. (1984) The syndrome of identity diffusion. Amer. J. Psychiat., 141.
    19. Alexander, F. (1950) Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton.
    20. Allen, D. W. (1974) The Feat- of Looking. Charlottesvill, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia.
    21. Allen, D. W. (1980) Psychoanalytic treatment of the exhibitionist. In: Exhibitionist, Description, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. D. Cox. New York: Garland STPM Press.
    22. Allport, G. (1937) Personality. New York: Henry Holt.
    23. Almansi, R. J. (1960) The face-breast equation. JAPA, 6.
    24. Almansi, R. J. (1979) Scopophilia and object loss. PQ, 47.
    25. Altman, L. Z. (1969) The Dream in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    26. Altman, L. Z. (1977) Some vicissitudes of love. JAPA, 25.
    27. American Psychiatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3d ed. revised. Washington, D. C.
    28. Ansbacher, Z. & Ansbacher, R. (1956) The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.
    29. Anthony, E. J. (1981) Shame, guilt, and the feminine self in psychoanalysis. In: Object and Self, ed. S. Tuttman, C. Kaye & M. Zimmerman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    30. Arlow. J. A. (1953) Masturbation and symptom formation. JAPA, 1.
    31. Arlow. J. A. (1959) The structure of the deja vu experience. JAPA, 7.
    32. Arlow. J. A. (1961) Ego psychology and the study of mythology. JAPA, 9.
    33. Arlow. J. A. (1963) Conflict, regression and symptom formation. IJP, 44.
    34. Arlow. J. A. (1966) Depersonalization and derealization. In: Psychoanalysis: A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    35. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Fantasy, memory and reality testing. PQ, 38.
    36. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Unconscious fantasy and disturbances of mental experience. PQ, 38.
    37. Arlow. J. A. (1970) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 51.
    38. Arlow. J. A. (1975) The structural hypothesis. PQ, 44.
    39. Arlow. J. A. (1977) Affects and the psychoanalytic situation. IJP, 58.
    40. Arlow. J. A. (1979) Metaphor and the psychoanalytic situation. PQ, 48.
    41. Arlow. J. A. (1979) The genesis of interpretation. JAPA, 27 (suppl.).
    42. Arlow. J. A. (1982) Problems of the superego concept. PSOC, 37.
    43. Arlow. J. A. (1984) Disturbances of the sense of time. PQ, 53.
    44. Arlow. J. A. (1985) Some technical problems of countertransference. PQ, 54.
    45. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1963) Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory, New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    46. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1969) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 50.
    47. Asch, S. S. (1966) Depression. PSOC, 21.
    48. Asch, S. S. (1976) Varieties of negative therapeutic reactions and problems of technique. JAPA, 24.
    49. Atkins, N. (1970) The Oedipus myth. Adolescence, and the succession of generations. JAPA, 18.
    50. Atkinson, J. W. & Birch, D. (1970) The Dynamics of Action. New York: Wiley.
    51. Bachrach, H. M. & Leaff, L. A. (1978) Analyzability. JAPA, 26.
    52. Bacon, C. (1956) A developmental theory of female homosexuality. In: Perversions,ed, S. Lorand & M. Balint. New York: Gramercy.
    53. Bak, R. C. (1953) Fetishism. JAPA. 1.
    54. Bak, R. C. (1968) The phallic woman. PSOC, 23.
    55. Bak, R. C. & Stewart, W. A. (1974) Fetishism, transvestism, and voyeurism. An American Handbook of Psychiatry, ed. S. Arieti. New York: Basic Books, vol. 3.
    56. Balint, A. (1949) Love for mother and mother-love. IJP, 30.
    57. Balter, L., Lothane, Z. & Spencer, J. H. (1980) On the analyzing instrument, PQ, 49.
    58. Basch, M. F. (1973) Psychoanalysis and theory formation. Ann. Psychoanal., 1.
    59. Basch, M. F. (1976) The concept of affect. JAPA, 24.
    60. Basch, M. F. (1981) Selfobject disorders and psychoanalytic theory. JAPA, 29.
    61. Basch, M. F. (1983) Emphatic understanding. JAPA. 31.
    62. Balldry, F. Character. PMC. Forthcoming.
    63. Balldry, F. (1983) The evolution of the concept of character in Freud's writings. JAPA. 31.
    64. Begelman, D. A. (1971) Misnaming, metaphors, the medical model and some muddles. Psychiatry, 34.
    65. Behrends, R. S. & Blatt, E. J. (1985) Internalization and psychological development throughout the life cycle. PSOC, 40.
    66. Bell, A. (1961) Some observations on the role of the scrotal sac and testicles JAPA, 9.
    67. Benedeck, T. (1949) The psychosomatic implications of the primary unit. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 19.
    68. Beres, C. (1958) Vicissitudes of superego functions and superego precursors in childhood. FSOC, 13.
    69. Beres, D. Conflict. PMC. Forthcoming.
    70. Beres, D. (1956) Ego deviation and the concept of schizophrenia. PSOC, 11.
    71. Beres, D. (1960) Perception, imagination and reality. IJP, 41.
    72. Beres, D. (1960) The psychoanalytic psychology of imagination. JAPA, 8.
    73. Beres, D. & Joseph, E. D. (1965) Structure and function in psychoanalysis. IJP, 46.
    74. Beres, D. (1970) The concept of mental representation in psychoanalysis. IJP, 51.
    75. Berg, M D. (1977) The externalizing transference. IJP, 58.
    76. Bergeret, J. (1985) Reflection on the scientific responsi bilities of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Memorandum distributed at 34th IPA Congress, Humburg.
    77. Bergman, A. (1978) From mother to the world outside. In: Grolnick et. al. (1978).
    78. Bergmann, M. S. (1980) On the intrapsychic function of falling in love. PQ, 49.
    79. Berliner, B. (1966) Psychodynamics of the depressive character. Psychoanal. Forum, 1.
    80. Bernfeld, S. (1931) Zur Sublimierungslehre. Imago, 17.
    81. Bibring, E. (1937) On the theory of the therapeutic results of psychoanalysis. IJP, 18.
    82. Bibring, E. (1941) The conception of the repetition compulsion. PQ, 12.
    83. Bibring, E. (1953) The mechanism of depression. In: Affective Disorders, ed. P. Greenacre. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    84. Bibring, E. (1954) Psychoanalysis and the dynamic psychotherapies. JAPA, 2.
    85. Binswanger, H. (1963) Positive aspects of the animus. Zьrich: Spring.
    86. Bion Francesca Abingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    87. Bion, W. R. (1952) Croup dynamics. IJP, 33.
    88. Bion, W. R. (1961) Experiences in Groups. London: Tavistock.
    89. Bion, W. R. (1962) A theory of thinking. IJP, 40.
    90. Bion, W. R. (1962) Learning from Experience. London: William Heinemann.
    91. Bion, W. R. (1963) Elements of Psychoanalysis. London: William Heinemann.
    92. Bion, W. R. (1965) Transformations. London: William Heinemann.
    93. Bion, W. R. (1970) Attention and Interpretation. London: Tavistock.
    94. Bion, W. R. (1985) All My Sins Remembered, ed. Francesca Bion. Adingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    95. Bird, B. (1972) Notes on transference. JAPA, 20.
    96. Blanck, G. & Blanck, R. (1974) Ego Psychology. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
    97. Blatt, S. J. (1974) Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. PSOC, 29.
    98. Blau, A. (1955) A unitary hypothesis of emotion. PQ, 24.
    99. Bleuler, E. (1911) Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1951.
    100. Blos, P. (1954) Prolonged adolescence. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 24.
    101. Blos, P. (1962) On Adolescence. New York: Free Press.
    102. Blos, P. (1972) The epigenesia of the adult neurosis. 27.
    103. Blos, P. (1979) Modification in the traditional psychoanalytic theory of adolescent development. Adolescent Psychiat., 8.
    104. Blos, P. (1984) Son and father. JAPA_. 32.
    105. Blum, G. S. (1963) Prepuberty and adolescence, In Studies ed. R. E. Grinder. New York: McMillan.
    106. Blum, H. P. Symbolism. FMC. Forthcoming.
    107. Blum, H. P. (1976) Female Psychology. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    108. Blum, H. P. (1976) Masochism, the ego ideal and the psychology of women. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    109. Blum, H. P. (1980) The value of reconstruction in adult psychoanalysis. IJP, 61.
    110. Blum, H. P. (1981) Forbidden quest and the analytic ideal. PQ, 50.
    111. Blum, H. P. (1983) Defense and resistance. Foreword. JAFA, 31.
    112. Blum, H. P., Kramer, Y., Richards, A. K. & Richards, A. D., eds. (1988) Fantasy, Myth and Reality: Essays in Honor of Jacob A. Arlow. Madison, Conn.: Int. Univ. Press.
    113. Boehm, F. (1930) The femininity-complex In men. IJP,11.
    114. Boesky, D. Structural theory. PMC. Forthcoming.
    115. Boesky, D. (1973) Deja raconte as a screen defense. PQ, 42.
    116. Boesky, D. (1982) Acting out. IJP, 63.
    117. Boesky, D. (1986) Questions about Sublimation In Psychoanalysis the Science of Mental Conflict, ed. A. D. Richards & M. S. Willick. Hillsdale, N. J.: Analytic Press.
    118. Bornstein, B. (1935) Phobia in a 2 1/2-year-old child. PQ, 4.
    119. Bornstein, B. (1951) On latency. PSOC, 6.
    120. Bornstein, M., ed. (1983) Values and neutrality in psychoanalysis. Psychoanal. Inquiry, 3.
    121. Bowlby, J. (1960) Grief and morning in infancy and early childhood. PSOC. 15.
    122. Bowlby, J. (1961) Process of mourning. IJP. 42.
    123. Bowlby, J. (1980) Attachment and Loss, vol. 3. New York: Basic Books.
    124. Bradlow, P. A. (1973) Depersonalization, ego splitting, non-human fantasy and shame. IJP, 54.
    125. Brazelton, T. B., Kozlowsky, B. & Main, M. (1974) The early motherinfant interaction. In: The Effect of the Infant on Its Caregiver, ed. M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum New York Wiley.
    126. Brenner, C. (1957) The nature and development of the concept of repression in Freud's writings. PSOC, 12.
    127. Brenner, C. (1959) The masochistic character. JAPA, 7.
    128. Brenner, C. (1973) An Elementary Textbook of Psycho-analysis. New York Int. Univ. Press.
    129. Brenner, C. (1974) On the nature and development of affects PQ, 43.
    130. Brenner, C. (1976) Psychoanalytic Technique and Psychic Conflict. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    131. Brenner, C. (1979) The Mind in Conflict. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    132. Brenner, C. (1979) Working alliance, therapeutic alliance and transference. JAPA, 27.
    133. Brenner, C. (1981) Defense and defense mechanisms. PQ, 50.
    134. Brenner, C. (1983) Defense. In: the Mind in Conflict. New York Int. Univ. Press.
    135. Bressler, B. (1965) The concept of the self. Psychoanalytic Review, 52.
    136. Breuer, J. & Freud, S. (1983—95) Studies on Hysteria. SE, 3.
    137. Breznitz, S., ed. (1983) The Denial of Stress. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    138. Brody, S. (1964) Passivity. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    139. Brown, H. (1970) Psycholinquistics. New York: Free Press.
    140. Bruner, J. S. (1964) The course of cognitive growth. Amer. Psychologist. 19.
    141. Bruner, J., Jolly, A. & Sylva, K. (1976) Play. New York Basic Books.
    142. Bruner, J. E., Olver, R. R. &Greenfield, P. M. (1966) Studies in Cognitive Growth. New York: Wiley.
    143. Buie, D H. (1981) Empathy. JAPA, 29.
    144. Burgner, M. & Edgeumble, R. (1972) Some problems in the conceptualization of early object relationships. PSOC, 27.
    145. Call, J. ed. (1979) Basic Handbook of Child Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
    146. Carroll, G. (1956) Language, Thought and Reality. Cambridge & London: M. I. T. Press & John Wiley.
    147. Cavenar, J. O. & Nash, J. L. (1976) The effects of Combat on the normal personality. Comprehensive Psychiat., 17.
    148. Chassequet-Smirgel, J. (1978) Reflections on the connection between perversion and sadism. IJP, 59.
    149. Chomsky, N. (1978) Language and unconscious knowledge. In: Psychoanalysis and Language, ed. J. H. Smith. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, vol. 3.
    150. Clower, V. (1975) Significance of masturbation in female sexual development and function. In: Masturbation from Infancy to Senescence, ed. I. Marcus & J. Francis. New York: Int. Uni" Press.
    151. Coen, S. J. & Bradlow, P. A. (1982) Twin transference as a compromise formation. JAPA, 30.
    152. Compton, A. Object and relationships. PMC. Forthcoming.
    153. Cullen, W. (1777) First Lines of the Practice of Psysic. Edinburgh: Bell, Brandfute.
    154. Curtis, B. C. (1969) Psychoanalytic understanding and treatment of impotence. In: Sexual Function and Dysfunction, ed. P. J. Fink & V. B. O. Hummett. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
    155. Darwin, C. (1874) The Descent of Man. New York: Hurst.
    156. Davidoff-Hirsch, H. (1985) Oedipal and preoedipal phenomena. JAPA, 33.
    157. Davis, M. & Wallbridge, D. (1981) Boundary and Space. New York: Brunner-Mazel.
    158. Deutsch, H. (1932) Homosexuality in women. PQ, 1.
    159. Deutsch, H. (1934) Some forms of emotional disturbance and their relationship to schizophrenia. PQ, 11.
    160. Deutsch, H. (1937) Absence of grief. PQ, 6.
    161. Deutsch, H. (1942) Some forms of emotional disturbance and their relationship to schizophrenia. PQ, 11.
    162. Deutsch, H. (1955) The impostor. In: Neuroses and Character Types. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1965.
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    Словарь психоаналитических терминов и понятий > БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

  • 24 double

    1. adjective
    1) (of twice the (usual) weight, size etc: A double whisky, please.) doble
    2) (two of a sort together or occurring in pairs: double doors.) doble
    3) (consisting of two parts or layers: a double thickness of paper; a double meaning.) doble
    4) (for two people: a double bed.) doble

    2. adverb
    1) (twice: I gave her double the usual quantity.) dos veces
    2) (in two: The coat had been folded double.) en dos

    3. noun
    1) (a double quantity: Whatever the women earn, the men earn double.) el doble
    2) (someone who is exactly like another: He is my father's double.) doble

    4. verb
    1) (to (cause to) become twice as large or numerous: He doubled his income in three years; Road accidents have doubled since 1960.) duplicar, doblar
    2) (to have two jobs or uses: This sofa doubles as a bed.) hacer las veces de, usarse de
    •
    - double agent
    - double bass
    - double-bedded
    - double-check
    - double-cross
    - double-dealing
    5. adjective
    (cheating: You double-dealing liar!) hipócrita, falso

    6. adjective
    a double-decker bus.) de dos pisos
    - double figures
    - double-quick
    - at the double
    - double back
    - double up
    - see double
    double1 n adj adv doble
    her telephone number is double four, double two, double one su número de teléfono es cuarenta y cuatro, veintidós, once
    double2 vb duplicar / doblar
    tr['dʌbəl]
    1 (gen) doble
    1 doble
    3 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (in games) doble nombre masculino
    1 (increase twofold) doblar, duplicar
    2 (fold in half) doblar por la mitad
    1 (increase twofold) doblarse, duplicarse
    2 (have dual function - thing) hacer las veces de, usarse de; (- person) doblar ( for, -)
    3 (in bridge) doblar
    1 (tennis) partido de dobles
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    double or quits (el) doble o nada
    at/on the double enseguida
    to be bent double estar encorvado,-a
    to be doubled up with laughter morirse de risa, desternillarse de risa
    to be doubled up with pain retorcerse de dolor
    to do the double SMALLSPORT/SMALL hacer el doblete
    to have double standards tener una doble moral
    to run a double check on something verificar algo dos veces
    to do a double take reaccionar (tardíamente)
    double act pareja de humoristas, pareja de cómicos
    double bass contrabajo
    double booking doble reserva
    double chin papada
    double cream nata para montar
    double entendre doble sentido
    double entry entrada doble
    double fault SMALLSPORT/SMALL doble falta
    double glazing doble vidrio
    double room habitación nombre femenino doble
    double time (wage rate) paga doble 2 (slow run) paso ligero
    double ['dʌbəl] v, - bled ; - bling vt
    1) : doblar, duplicar (una cantidad), redoblar (esfuerzos)
    2) fold: doblar, plegar
    3)
    to double one's fist : apretar el puño
    double vi
    1) : doblarse, duplicarse
    2)
    to double over : retorcerse
    double adj
    : doble
    ♦ doubly adv
    : doble mf
    adj.
    • doblado, -a adj.
    • doble adj.
    • duplo, -a adj.
    adv.
    • doble adv.
    • dos veces adv.
    n.
    • doble s.m.
    • duplo s.m.
    v.
    • doblar v.
    • duplicar v.
    • plegar v.
    • redoblar v.
    'dʌbəl
    I
    1)
    a) ( twice as much) <amount/portion> doble
    b) ( in pair) < consonant> doble

    my number is double three seven double four eight — (esp BrE) mi número es tres tres siete, cuatro cuatro ocho

    it's spelled with a double `t' — se escribe con dos tes

    double bend — curva f en S (read as: curva en ese)

    inflation reached double figures o digits — la inflación alcanzó/rebasó el 10%

    c) ( for two) < room> doble; < bed> de matrimonio, de dos plazas (AmL)
    d) ( folded) doble
    2)
    a) ( dual) doble
    b) ( false)

    II
    a) ( twice as much) <pay/earn/cost> el doble

    to see double — ver* doble


    III
    1)
    a) ( hotel room) doble f
    2) ( lookalike) doble mf
    3)
    a) (in bridge, dice, dominoes, darts) doble m
    b) ( in baseball) doble m, doblete m
    c) ( Sport) ( double win) doblete m
    4) ( pace)

    at o on the double — ( Mil) a paso ligero


    IV
    1.
    a) ( increase twofold) \<\<earnings/profits\>\> doblar, duplicar*; \<\<efforts\>\> redoblar
    b) ( Games) \<\<stake/call/bid\>\> doblar

    2.
    vi
    1) ( increase twofold) \<\<price/amount\>\> duplicarse*, doblarse
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ['dʌbl]
    1. ADJ
    1) (=twice) doble

    my income is double that of my neighbour — gano dos veces más que mi vecino, gano el doble que mi vecino

    twins: double the trouble, and double the fun! — mellizos: el doble de problemas ¡y el doble de diversión!

    2) (=extra-big) doble
    3) (=two, dual)

    it is spelt with a double "m" — se escribe con dos emes

    double five two six (5526) — (Telec) cinco, cinco, dos, seis, cincuenta y cinco, veintiséis

    • a box with a double bottom — una caja con doble fondo

    • to lead a double life — llevar una doble vida

    • it serves a double purpose — sirve un doble propósito

    • throw a double six to commence play — para empezar el juego tiene que sacar un seis doble al tirar los dados

    • the egg had a double yolk — el huevo tenía dos yemas

    figure 1., 4)
    2. ADV
    1) (=twice as much) [cost, pay] el doble
    2) (=in half) por la mitad

    to be bent double — (with age) estar encorvado

    3. N
    1) (=drink) doble m
    2) (=double room) habitación f doble
    3) (Cine) (=stand-in) doble mf
    4) (=lookalike) doble mf
    5) (in games) doble m

    double or quits, double or nothing — doble o nada

    6) doubles (Tennis, Badminton) dobles mpl

    a game of mixed/ladies' doubles — un partido de dobles mixtos/femininos

    7) (Sport) (=double victory)
    8)

    at the double * — (=very quickly) a la carrera, corriendo

    they ate their food at the double — comieron a la carrera, comieron corriendo

    get into bed, at the double! — ¡a la cama corriendo!

    9)

    on the double * — (=immediately) ya mismo

    4. VT
    1) (=increase twofold) [+ money, quantity, profits] doblar, duplicar; [+ price, salary] doblar; [+ efforts] redoblar
    2) (also: double over) (=fold) [+ paper, blanket] doblar
    3) (Theat)

    he doubles the parts of courtier and hangman — hace dos papeles, el de cortesano y el de verdugo

    4) (in card games) doblar

    I'll double you! — ¡te doblo la apuesta!

    5) (=circumnavigate) [+ headland] doblar
    5. VI
    1) (=become twice as great) [quantity] doblarse, duplicarse
    2) (=have two functions)
    3) (Theat)
    4) (=change direction suddenly) girar sobre sí mismo
    5) (Bridge) doblar
    6.
    CPD

    double act N — (=pair of performers) pareja f ; (=performance) dúo m

    • to do a double act — formar un dúo

    double bar N — (Mus) barra f doble

    double bed N — cama f de matrimonio

    double bend N — (Aut) curva f en S

    double bill N — (Cine) programa m doble

    double bind N — dilema m sin solución, callejón m sin salida *

    perhaps, he thought, it's a kind of double bluff — quizás, pensó, intenta hacerme creer que está mintiendo pero en realidad dice la verdad

    double boiler N — (US) cazos mpl para hervir al baño María

    double booking N — (=booking for two) reserva f para dos; (=over-booking) doble reserva f

    double cream N — (Brit) crema f doble, nata f (para montar) (Sp), doble crema f (Mex)

    double density disk N — (Comput) disco m de doble densidad

    double doors NPL — puerta fsing de dos hojas

    double Dutch * N — (Brit) chino * m

    double entry N — partida f doble

    double entry book-keeping N — contabilidad f por partida doble

    double exposure N — (Phot) doble exposición f

    double fault N — (Tennis) falta f doble

    double-fault

    double feature N — (Cine) sesión f doble, programa m doble

    to be into double figures — rebasar la decena, pasar de diez

    double first N — (Univ) título universitario británico con nota de sobresaliente en dos especialidades

    double flat N — (Mus) doble bemol m

    double garage N — garaje m doble

    double glazing N — doble acristalamiento m, doble ventana f

    double helix N — (Chem) hélice f doble

    double indemnity N — (US) (Insurance) doble indemnización f

    double indemnity coverage N — (US) seguro m de doble indemnización

    double jeopardy N — (US) (Jur) procesamiento m por segunda vez

    double knitting N — lana f de doble hebra

    double knot N — nudo m doble

    double lock N — cerradura f doble

    double-lock

    double negative N — (Gram) doble negación f (construcción gramatical, incorrecta en inglés, en la que se utilizan dos formas negativas)

    double pay N — paga f doble

    double room N — habitación f doble

    double saucepan N — (Brit) cazos mpl para hervir al baño María

    double sharp N — (Mus) doble sostenido m

    to have double standards, have a double standard — aplicar una regla para unos y otra para otros

    double star N — estrella f binaria

    to do a double take — (=look twice) tener que mirar dos veces

    when I told him the news, he did a double take — cuando le di la noticia no daba crédito a sus oídos or no se lo creía

    double talk N — lenguaje m con doble sentido

    double time N — (Ind, Comm) tarifa f doble

    (Mil)

    double track N — vía f doble

    double vision N — doble visión f, diplopía f

    double wedding N — boda f doble

    double whammy * N — palo m doble *

    double white lines NPL — líneas fpl blancas continuas

    double windows NPL — ventanas fpl dobles

    double yellow lines NPL — (Aut) línea doble amarilla de prohibido aparcar, ≈ línea fsing amarilla continua

    * * *
    ['dʌbəl]
    I
    1)
    a) ( twice as much) <amount/portion> doble
    b) ( in pair) < consonant> doble

    my number is double three seven double four eight — (esp BrE) mi número es tres tres siete, cuatro cuatro ocho

    it's spelled with a double `t' — se escribe con dos tes

    double bend — curva f en S (read as: curva en ese)

    inflation reached double figures o digits — la inflación alcanzó/rebasó el 10%

    c) ( for two) < room> doble; < bed> de matrimonio, de dos plazas (AmL)
    d) ( folded) doble
    2)
    a) ( dual) doble
    b) ( false)

    II
    a) ( twice as much) <pay/earn/cost> el doble

    to see double — ver* doble


    III
    1)
    a) ( hotel room) doble f
    2) ( lookalike) doble mf
    3)
    a) (in bridge, dice, dominoes, darts) doble m
    b) ( in baseball) doble m, doblete m
    c) ( Sport) ( double win) doblete m
    4) ( pace)

    at o on the double — ( Mil) a paso ligero


    IV
    1.
    a) ( increase twofold) \<\<earnings/profits\>\> doblar, duplicar*; \<\<efforts\>\> redoblar
    b) ( Games) \<\<stake/call/bid\>\> doblar

    2.
    vi
    1) ( increase twofold) \<\<price/amount\>\> duplicarse*, doblarse
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > double

  • 25 currency

    сущ.
    1) фин. валюта (национальная денежная единица какой-л. страны)

    ATTRIBUTES:

    appreciated currency — переоцененная валюта, валюта с завышенным курсом

    The dollar was a strong currency. — Доллар был сильной валютой.

    COMBS:

    Mergers can dilute the equity of existing shareholders of the acquiring company if the deal currency is stock rather than cash.

    They normally require payment in the currency of their own country.

    See:
    account currency, accounting currency, agreement currency, Article 8 currency, artificial currency, base currency, blocked currency, common currency, community currency, composite currency, convertible currency, credit currency, domestic currency, dual currency, eurocurrency, exotic currency, fixed currency, floating currency, foreign currency, free currency, freely convertible currency, freely usable currency, functional currency, green currency, hard currency 1), home currency, inconvertible currency, intervention currency, investment currency, key currency, local currency, managed currency, national currency, non-convertible currency, overvalued currency, pegged currency, petrocurrency, price currency, quoted currency, reporting currency, reserve currency, single currency, soft currency, sound currency, undervalued currency, vehicle currency, weak currency, xenocurrency, currency appreciation, currency arbitrage, currency area, currency band, currency basket, currency bloc, currency block, currency board, currency clause, currency cocktail, currency composite, currency contract, currency conversion, currency convertibility, currency crisis, currency dealer, currency depreciation, currency fund, currency futures, currency futures contract, currency holdings, currency integration, currency intervention, currency market, currency option, currency policy, currency position, currency quotation, currency reserve, currency restrictions, currency risk, currency snake, currency speculation, currency substitution, currency swap, currency union, currency zone, backing of currency, convertibility of currency, currency interest rate swap, currency of contract, currency of credit, currency of price, gold and foreign currency reserves, indexed currency option note, inflation of currency, issue of currency, N-th currency problem, par value of currency, purchasing power of the currency, Currency Transaction Report, First National Bank of Eden, South Dakota v. Department of the Treasury, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, First National Bank of Eden, South Dakota v. Department of the Treasury, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, First National Bank of Eden, South Dakota v. Department of the Treasury, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, First National Bank of Eden, South Dakota v. Department of the Treasury, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, First National Bank of Eden, South Dakota v. Department of the Treasury, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
    2) эк. средство обращения (деньги, но также любой актив, выступающий как средство обращения, напр., монеты, банкноты, чеки, векселя, долговые расписки и т. п.)

    currency shipment — перевозка денег; партия (перевозимых) денег

    See:
    3)
    а) эк. обращение (денег) (движение денег в процессе производства и обращения товаров, оказания услуг и совершения платежей)
    See:
    б) общ. распространение, распространенность; широкая применимость, употребительность

    Since the Gulf war, the term has gained new currency. — После войны в Персидском заливе данный термин вновь обрел частотность.

    4) общ. срок действия (чего-л., напр., контракта, страхового полиса и т. д.)

    during the currency of the agreement [policy\] — в течение срока действия данного договора [полиса\]

    * * *
    . любая форма денег, которые находятся в обращении; . Глоссарий финансовых и биржевых терминов .
    * * *
    Финансы/Кредит/Валюта
    1. денежная единица страны, используемая в данном государстве
    2. денежные знаки иностранных государств, кредитные и платежные документы в виде векселей, чеков, банкнот, используемые в международных расчетах
    -----
    1. денежная единица для измерения величины стоимости товара
    2. денежная единица данной страны
    3. международная денежная единица и платежное средство

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > currency

  • 26 money

    сущ.
    а) эк. (все, что выполняет функции денег как средства обращения, меры стоимости и средства сбережения)

    to earn [to make\] money — делать [зарабатывать, наживать\] деньги

    money is scarce, money is tight — плохо с деньгами

    See:
    б) маркс. (товар, выступающий в качестве всеобщего эквивалента)
    See:
    в) юр., торг., амер. (согласно определению Единообразного торгового кодекса США: средство обмена, разрешенное или принятое местным или иностранным правительством; включает денежную единицу счета, учрежденную межправительственной организацией или соглашением между двумя и более государствами)
    See:
    2) мн., эк. денежные суммы

    * * *
    деньги: 1) все то, что является общепринятой мерой стоимости, средством платежа, обращения, накопления; в современных условиях деньги выступают главным образом в форме бумажных денег, монет, остатков на счетах в банках и др. кредитных и финансовых институтов (т. е. денежной массы в обращении); 2) = money supply; 3) денежные суммы, фонды (мн. ч. - monies; moneys).
    * * *
    . . Словарь экономических терминов .
    * * *
    Финансы/Кредит/Валюта
    средство обращения, которое существует как единица учета и средство сбережения

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > money

  • 27 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
    ————————————————————————————————————————

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 28 hot off the press

    Общая лексика: только что отпечатанный, свеженький (о книге, номере газеты, сообщении и т. п.), свежий номер газеты (as in "the paper was hot off the press," meaning it functions as an adjective phrase), злободневный

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > hot off the press

  • 29 свежий номер газеты

    General subject: hot from the press, hot off the press (as in "the paper was hot off the press," meaning it functions as an adjective phrase)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > свежий номер газеты

  • 30 известный

    (см. также известно) known, well known, of note, certain, distinguished, familiar, famous
    • (Нам всем) известен тот факт, что (= Мы все знакомы с тем фактом, что)... - We are all familiar with the fact that...
    • В данной статье делается попытка подвести итоги всего известного в настоящее время относительно... - This paper attempts to summarize everything known at present about...
    • Имеется хорошо известная теорема о... - There is a well-known theorem on...
    • Наиболее известным и наиболее мощным из них является... - The best known and most powerful of these is...
    • Наиболее известными примерами являются... - The most familiar examples are...
    • Нам уже известен тот факт, что... - We are already familiar with the fact that...
    • Только что описанный метод известен как... - The procedure we have described is known as...
    • Точные решения уравнения (1) могут быть получены в терминах известных функций, когда... - Exact solutions to (1) can be obtained in terms of known functions when...
    • Хорошо известная теорема из математического анализа утверждает, что... - A well-known theorem of analysis states that...
    • Хотя этот метод и несколько необычен, он справедлив (= работает) как и любой из известных методов. - Although this method is somewhat unorthodox, it is as valid as any of the more familiar methods.
    • Это приводит к тому (эффекту), который известен как... - This leads to what is known as...
    • Этот метод известен как... - The procedure is known as...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > известный

  • 31 Buchungsabschluss

    Buchungsabschluss
    closing of the books (accounts);
    • Buchungsagent reservation agent (US);
    • Buchungsangaben particulars of an entry;
    • Buchungsanzeige (Bank) advice note;
    • Buchungsarbeiten erledigen to handle bookkeeping functions;
    • Buchungsaufgabe booking note;
    • Buchungsaufgliederung classification of entries;
    • Buchungsausweis accounting statement;
    • Buchungsautomat accounting (bookkeeping) machine;
    • Buchungsbeleg bookkeeping (accounting) voucher, accounting (supporting) record, recording medium, journal voucher, business paper, (Hauptbuchübertragung) posting medium;
    • Buchungsbelege accounting documents;
    • Buchungsbescheinigung über Aktienverkauf stock receipt (Br.);
    • Buchungsbestätigung confirmation of a booking, reconfirmation of reservation (US), reconfirmation notice;
    • Buchungsbetrag amount booked;
    • Buchungsdatum posting date;
    • Buchungsfehler bookkeeping error;
    • Buchungsformular bookkeeping form;
    • Buchungsgang recording routine;
    • Buchungsgebühr entry charge;
    • Buchungskreislauf accounting cycle;
    • Buchungsmaschine bookkeeping (accounting) machine;
    • vorbereitende Buchungsmaßnahmen vouching;
    • Buchungsmethode accounting method;
    • Buchungsmittel posting medium;
    • Buchungsnachweis accounting evidence;
    • Buchungsnummer number of entry;
    • Buchungsplatz booking terminal;
    • Buchungsposten [booking] item, [bookkeeping] entry (item);
    • ausgesetzter Buchungsposten deferred entry;
    • Buchungsposten valutieren to fix the value of an entry (item);
    • Buchungsschluss closing of the accounts;
    • Buchungsservice reservation service (US);
    • Buchungsstelle accounting office;
    • Buchungsstempel entry stamp;
    • Buchungssystem set of accounts, (Hotelwesen) reservation system;
    • computergesteuertes Buchungssystem computer reservation network;
    • Buchungssystem für Lieferantenrechnungen voucher system;
    • Buchungstext narration of an entry.

    Business german-english dictionary > Buchungsabschluss

  • 32 dirección1

    1 = administration, directorship, management, senior staff, governance, senior management, top management, headship, steerage, directing, leadership, senior managers.
    Ex. Since the Reagan administration began its war on waste in 1981, farmers and other citizens have had not alternative to buying their information from the private sector at far steeper prices.
    Ex. An applicant for the directorship of a medium-sized public library is asked to explain how he would conduct a community survey and demonstrate how he would plan library programs.
    Ex. The practice of librarianship requires performance of the same management functions irrespective of position.
    Ex. Senior SLIS staff were seen to be relatively content with their present levels of funding which has been modestly increased in recent years = El personal de dirección de las EUBYD parecía estar relativamente contento con sus niveles actuales de financiación que se han incrementado moderadamente en los últimos años.
    Ex. Public libraries specifically face enormous problems of funding and governance.
    Ex. In some library authorities these associations are highly developed and form a positive bridge between junior staff and the senior management.
    Ex. Nevertheless, performance evaluation can be made more effective if, as stated earlier, the program is strongly supported by top management.
    Ex. In the context of collegial management in university libraries, this article presents the advantages and disadvantages of rotating headships.
    Ex. Incorrect reference entry is an unpardonable sin, since the purpose of the entry is to give exact steerage to the original paper from the abstract.
    Ex. All managers should be knowledgeable in strategies of good directing so that a productive and nurturing environment can be created.
    Ex. The leadership challenge is to flatten out differences, identify the new goals, and make tough decisions.
    Ex. Our senior managers are responsible for the day-to-day running of the organisation.
    ----
    * asumir la dirección = take over + the leadership (from).
    * bajo la dirección de = under the supervision of.
    * comité de dirección = steering committee.
    * de dirección = directorial, administrative.
    * dirección cinematográfica = film direction.
    * dirección compartida = shared governance.
    * dirección de la biblioteca = library administrators.
    * dirección de la biblioteca, la = library administration, the.
    * dirección general = directorate-general.
    * dirección participativa = participative management.
    * en el puesto de dirección = in the hot seat.
    * en la dirección = in the saddle.
    * en la dirección (de) = at the helm (of).
    * equipo de dirección = management, management team, administrative team.
    * grupo de dirección = management.
    * junta de dirección = board of directors.
    * junta de dirección de la escuela = school board.
    * nivel alto de dirección = higher management.
    * ocupar un cargo de dirección = hold + a chair.
    * personal de dirección = senior staff, senior management.
    * puesto de dirección = position of leadership.
    * relativo a la dirección = directorial.
    * resumen de la dirección = executive summary.
    * reunión de la dirección = board meeting.

    Spanish-English dictionary > dirección1

  • 33 dirección

    f.
    1 direction, guidance, orientation, tack.
    2 address, postal address.
    3 steering wheel, steering.
    4 management, administration.
    5 editorial board.
    6 editorship.
    7 authorities.
    8 leadership, leaders of the party.
    * * *
    1 (acción de dirigir) management, running
    2 (cargo) directorship, position of manager; (de un partido) leadership; (de un colegio) headship; (de editorial) position of editor
    3 (junta) board of directors, management
    4 (oficina) head office, headquarters plural
    5 (sentido) direction, way
    6 (destino) destination
    7 (domicilio) address
    8 TÉCNICA steering
    \
    llevar la dirección de algo to run something, direct something
    dirección asistida AUTOMÓVIL power assisted steering, power steering
    dirección general head office
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) direction, way
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=sentido) direction

    ¿podría indicarme la dirección de la playa? — could you show me the way to the beach?

    • salir con dirección a — to leave for

    • ir en dirección contraria — to go the other way

    • de dos direcciones Esp —

    • ir en dirección a — to go in the direction of, go towards, head for

    el taxi iba en dirección al aeropuerto — the taxi was going in the direction of o towards the airport, the taxi was heading for the airport

    • calle de dirección obligatoria o única — one-way street

    2) (=orientación) way
    3) (=señas) address

    • poner la dirección a un sobre — to address an envelope

    4) (=control) [de empresa, hospital, centro de enseñanza] running; [de partido] leadership; [de película] direction

    dirección colectiva, dirección colegiada — (Pol) collective leadership

    5) (=personal directivo)

    • la dirección — [de empresa, centro escolar] the management; [de partido] the leadership; [de periódico] the editorial board

    prohibido fumar en este local: la dirección — smoking is prohibited in this building: the management

    6) (=cargo) [en colegio] headship, principalship (EEUU); [en periódico, revista] editorship; [en partido] leadership; [de gerente] post of manager; [de alto cargo] directorship
    7) (=despacho) [en colegio] headteacher's office, principal's office (EEUU); [en periódico, revista] editor's office; [de gerente] manager's office; [de alto cargo] director's office
    8) (=oficina principal) head office

    Dirección General de Seguridad — State Security Office, State Security Service

    dirección provincial — regional office of a government department

    9) (Aut, Náut) steering

    dirección asistida, dirección hidráulica — LAm power steering

    * * *
    1) ( señas) address
    2) (sentido, rumbo) direction

    ¿en qué dirección iba? or ¿qué dirección llevaba? — which way was he heading o going?

    3) (Auto) ( mecanismo) steering
    4) (Adm)
    a) ( cargo - en escuela) principalship (AmE), headship (BrE); (- en empresa) post o position of manager
    b) ( cuerpo directivo - de empresa) management; (- de periódico) editorial board; (- de prisión) authorities (pl); (- de partido) leadership
    c) ( oficina - en escuela) principal's office (AmE), headmaster's/headmistress's office (BrE); (- en empresa) manager's/director's office; (- en periódico) editorial office
    5)
    a) (de obra, película) direction
    c) (de empresa, proyecto) management
    * * *
    1) ( señas) address
    2) (sentido, rumbo) direction

    ¿en qué dirección iba? or ¿qué dirección llevaba? — which way was he heading o going?

    3) (Auto) ( mecanismo) steering
    4) (Adm)
    a) ( cargo - en escuela) principalship (AmE), headship (BrE); (- en empresa) post o position of manager
    b) ( cuerpo directivo - de empresa) management; (- de periódico) editorial board; (- de prisión) authorities (pl); (- de partido) leadership
    c) ( oficina - en escuela) principal's office (AmE), headmaster's/headmistress's office (BrE); (- en empresa) manager's/director's office; (- en periódico) editorial office
    5)
    a) (de obra, película) direction
    c) (de empresa, proyecto) management
    * * *
    dirección1
    1 = administration, directorship, management, senior staff, governance, senior management, top management, headship, steerage, directing, leadership, senior managers.

    Ex: Since the Reagan administration began its war on waste in 1981, farmers and other citizens have had not alternative to buying their information from the private sector at far steeper prices.

    Ex: An applicant for the directorship of a medium-sized public library is asked to explain how he would conduct a community survey and demonstrate how he would plan library programs.
    Ex: The practice of librarianship requires performance of the same management functions irrespective of position.
    Ex: Senior SLIS staff were seen to be relatively content with their present levels of funding which has been modestly increased in recent years = El personal de dirección de las EUBYD parecía estar relativamente contento con sus niveles actuales de financiación que se han incrementado moderadamente en los últimos años.
    Ex: Public libraries specifically face enormous problems of funding and governance.
    Ex: In some library authorities these associations are highly developed and form a positive bridge between junior staff and the senior management.
    Ex: Nevertheless, performance evaluation can be made more effective if, as stated earlier, the program is strongly supported by top management.
    Ex: In the context of collegial management in university libraries, this article presents the advantages and disadvantages of rotating headships.
    Ex: Incorrect reference entry is an unpardonable sin, since the purpose of the entry is to give exact steerage to the original paper from the abstract.
    Ex: All managers should be knowledgeable in strategies of good directing so that a productive and nurturing environment can be created.
    Ex: The leadership challenge is to flatten out differences, identify the new goals, and make tough decisions.
    Ex: Our senior managers are responsible for the day-to-day running of the organisation.
    * asumir la dirección = take over + the leadership (from).
    * bajo la dirección de = under the supervision of.
    * comité de dirección = steering committee.
    * de dirección = directorial, administrative.
    * dirección cinematográfica = film direction.
    * dirección compartida = shared governance.
    * dirección de la biblioteca = library administrators.
    * dirección de la biblioteca, la = library administration, the.
    * dirección general = directorate-general.
    * dirección participativa = participative management.
    * en el puesto de dirección = in the hot seat.
    * en la dirección = in the saddle.
    * en la dirección (de) = at the helm (of).
    * equipo de dirección = management, management team, administrative team.
    * grupo de dirección = management.
    * junta de dirección = board of directors.
    * junta de dirección de la escuela = school board.
    * nivel alto de dirección = higher management.
    * ocupar un cargo de dirección = hold + a chair.
    * personal de dirección = senior staff, senior management.
    * puesto de dirección = position of leadership.
    * relativo a la dirección = directorial.
    * resumen de la dirección = executive summary.
    * reunión de la dirección = board meeting.

    dirección2
    2 = direction, quarter.

    Ex: Thus the thesaurus user may approach a term from 'either direction'.

    Ex: A reappraisal is therefore outlined here with the understanding that it is open to rebuttal and challenge from whatever quarter.
    * cambiar dirección = change + direction.
    * cambio de dirección = change of hands.
    * continuar en esta dirección = proceed + along this way.
    * dar dirección = lend + direction.
    * dirección del viento = wind direction.
    * en ambas direcciones = two-way.
    * en dirección de la proa = abaft.
    * en dirección este = eastward(s), eastbound.
    * en dirección norte = northbound.
    * en dirección oeste = westbound, westward(s).
    * en dirección sur = southward(s), southbound.
    * en la dirección de = toward(s).
    * en la dirección de la máquina = machine-direction.
    * en la dirección del viento = downwind.
    * falta de dirección = indirection.
    * indicador de dirección = signpost.
    * línea de dirección = line of direction.
    * mantener Algo en la dirección correcta = keep + Nombre + on track.
    * mirar en otra dirección = look + the other way.
    * por buena dirección = a step in the right direction.
    * seguir una dirección = follow + path, take + path.
    * timón de dirección = rudder.
    * tomar otra dirección = branch off + on a side trail.
    * tomar una dirección = take + direction.

    dirección3
    3 = address.

    Ex: The Acquisitions system uses a Name address Directory as its source of address information for orders.

    * correo con dirección errónea = misdirected mail.
    * dirección de contacto = contact address.
    * dirección de correo = mailing address.
    * dirección de correo electrónico = email address.
    * dirección de envío = shipping address.
    * dirección de facturación = billing address, invoice address.
    * dirección del remitente = return address.
    * dirección de pago = payment address.
    * dirección favorita = bookmark.
    * dirección para correspondencia = mailing address.
    * dirección postal = postal address, mailing address.
    * dirección web = web address.
    * fichero de direcciones = addresses file.
    * intercambio de direcciones = exchange of address.
    * libreta de direcciones = address book.
    * lista de direcciones = mailing list.
    * máquina de imprimir direcciones = addressograph, addressing machine.
    * poner la dirección en un sobre = address + envelope.

    dirección4

    Ex: This article describes in detail the various methods of ink-jet printing employing electrostatic steering, electromagnetic steering, and multiple ink jets.

    * dirección asistida = power steering.

    dirección5
    5 = tack.

    Ex: The simplest tack would be to include the metadata in the notes field but sorting by metadata attributes is problematic and clunky.

    * dirección asistida = power-assisted steering.
    * explorar una dirección = chart + direction.

    * * *
    A (señas) address
    nombre y dirección name and address
    Compuestos:
    absolute address
    business address
    e-mail address
    home address
    postal address
    relative address
    telegraphic address
    B (sentido, rumbo) direction
    circulaba con or en dirección a Madrid it was heading toward(s) Madrid
    ellos venían en dirección contraria they were coming the other way o from the opposite direction
    ¿en qué dirección iba? or ¿qué dirección llevaba? which way was he heading o going?
    su política ha tomado una nueva dirección their policy has taken a new direction
    cambiar de dirección to change direction
    la flecha indica dirección obligatoria the arrow indicates that it's one way only
    C ( Auto) (mecanismo) steering; (volante) steering wheel
    alinear la dirección to align the wheels
    Compuesto:
    power-assisted steering, power steering
    D ( Adm)
    1 (cargo — en una escuela) principalship ( AmE), headship ( BrE); (— en una empresa) post o position of manager
    2 (cuerpo directivo — de una empresa) management; (— de un periódico) editorial board; (— de una prisión) authorities (pl); (— de un partido) leadership
    3 (oficina — en una escuela) principal's office ( AmE), headmaster's/headmistress's office ( BrE); (— en una empresa) manager's/director's office; (— en un periódico) editorial office
    E
    1 (de una obra, película) direction
    es su primer trabajo de dirección it's the first time she's directed, it's her first job as a director o her first directing job
    la dirección es de Saura it is directed by Saura
    2
    (de una orquesta): bajo la dirección de Campomar conducted by Campomar
    3 (de una empresa, proyecto) management
    bajo la dirección de su profesor under the guidance of her teacher
    * * *

     

    dirección sustantivo femenino
    1 ( señas) address
    2 (sentido, rumbo) direction;
    ◊ ellos venían en dirección contraria they were coming the other way o from the opposite direction;

    ¿en qué dirección iba? which way was he heading o going?;
    señal de dirección prohibida no-entry sign;
    dirección obligatoria one way only
    3 (Auto) ( mecanismo) steering;

    4 (Adm)
    a) ( cargo — en escuela) principalship (AmE), headship (BrE);

    (— en empresa) post o position of manager

    (— de periódico) editorial board;
    (— de prisión) authorities (pl);
    (— de partido) leadership
    c) ( oficina — en escuela) principal's office (AmE), headmaster's/headmistress's office (BrE);

    (— en empresa) manager's/director's office;
    (— en periódico) editorial office
    dirección sustantivo femenino
    1 (sentido, rumbo) direction
    dirección obligatoria, one way only
    dirección prohibida, no entry
    en dirección a, towards
    2 (domicilio) address
    3 Cine Teat direction
    4 (conjunto de dirigentes de una empresa) management
    (de un partido) leadership
    (de un colegio) headship, US principal's office
    5 (cargo de dirección) directorship
    6 (oficina del director) director's office
    7 Auto Téc steering
    dirección asistida, power steering
    ' dirección' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - abajo
    - allí
    - cambiarse
    - canalizar
    - cara
    - de
    - derivar
    - DGT
    - dirigir
    - domicilio
    - dorso
    - este
    - girar
    - giro
    - hacia
    - jefatura
    - junta
    - lado
    - llevar
    - para
    - patronal
    - recta
    - recto
    - rumbo
    - saber
    - seña
    - singladura
    - viraje
    - a
    - actual
    - adelante
    - adentro
    - afuera
    - anotar
    - arriba
    - arroba
    - atrás
    - calle
    - camino
    - casualidad
    - contramano
    - contrario
    - deber
    - encabezamiento
    - indicador
    - nordeste
    - noroeste
    - norte
    - oeste
    English:
    address
    - administration
    - ahead
    - ashore
    - back
    - business
    - change
    - course
    - direction
    - double-jointed
    - eastbound
    - entry
    - film making
    - him
    - inquire
    - leadership
    - management
    - negotiation
    - oncoming
    - opposite
    - out of
    - over
    - overseas
    - power steering
    - promptly
    - redirect
    - round
    - self-addressed
    - somewhere
    - south
    - south-east
    - south-west
    - spin
    - steering
    - swing
    - switch
    - to
    - turn
    - up
    - way
    - westward
    - with
    - down
    - east
    - easterly
    - eastward
    - head
    - inland
    - internal
    - may
    * * *
    1. [sentido] direction;
    se halla interrumpido el tráfico en ambas direcciones the road is closed in both directions;
    cambiar de dirección to change direction;
    en dirección contraria in the opposite direction;
    señal de dirección obligatoria = sign indicating that traffic must go in a particular direction;
    dirección prohibida [en letrero] no entry;
    no gires por la siguiente, que es dirección prohibida don't take the next turning, it's no entry;
    circular en dirección prohibida to drive the wrong way up a one-way street
    2. [rumbo] direction;
    con dirección a, en dirección a towards, in the direction of;
    los trenes con o [m5] en dirección a Málaga trains to Malaga;
    ¿en qué dirección ibas? which way were you going?;
    íbamos en dirección a mi casa we were heading for my place;
    el buque avanzaba en la dirección del viento the ship had the wind behind it;
    los acontecimientos han tomado una dirección inesperada events have taken an unexpected turn
    3. [domicilio] address;
    déme su nombre y dirección, por favor could you tell me your name and address, please?
    dirección de entrega shipping address
    4. Informát address
    dirección de correo electrónico e-mail address;
    dirección electrónica [de correo] e-mail address;
    [de página] web page address;
    dirección IP IP address;
    dirección de memoria memory address;
    dirección web web address
    5. [mando, gestión] [de empresa, hospital] management;
    [de partido] leadership; [de colegio] headship; [de periódico] editorship; [de película] direction; [de obra de teatro] production; [de orquesta] conducting;
    estudia dirección de cine he's studying film directing
    6. [oficina] [de empresa, hospital] manager's office;
    [de colegio] Br headmaster's/headmistress's o US principal's office; [de periódico] editor's office
    7. [junta directiva] [de empresa, hospital] management;
    [de partido] leadership; [de colegio] management team; [de periódico] editorial board;
    la dirección de este periódico no se hace responsable de la opinión de sus colaboradores the editors of this newspaper are not responsible for opinions expressed by contributors
    dirección comercial commercial department;
    dirección general head office;
    RP Dirección General Impositiva Br ≈ Inland Revenue, US ≈ IRS;
    Dirección General de Tráfico = government department in charge of road transport
    8. [de vehículo] steering
    Esp dirección asistida power steering; Am dirección hidráulica power steering
    9. Geol strike
    * * *
    f
    1 ( sentido) direction;
    en aquella dirección that way, in that direction;
    2 COM management; POL leadership
    3 de coche steering
    4 TEA, de película direction;
    bajo la dirección de under the direction of, directed by
    5 en carta address
    6 ( rumbo)
    :
    en dirección a heading for;
    en dirección sur heading south
    7
    :
    direcciones pl ( instrucciones) guidelines
    * * *
    dirección nf, pl - ciones
    1) : address
    2) : direction
    3) : management, leadership
    4) : steering (of an automobile)
    * * *
    1. (sentido) direction
    se fue en esa dirección she went in that direction / she went that way
    2. (señas) address [pl. addresses]

    Spanish-English dictionary > dirección

  • 34 prensa

    f.
    1 press.
    compro la prensa todos los días I buy the newspapers every day
    tener buena/mala prensa (figurative) to have a good/bad press
    la prensa amarilla the gutter press, the tabloids
    prensa del corazón gossip magazines
    2 printing press (imprenta).
    entrar en prensa to go to press
    3 press.
    4 vise, vice.
    5 journalism, press.
    6 fourth estate.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: prensar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: prensar.
    * * *
    1 (máquina) press; (de imprimir) printing press
    ■ ¿lees la prensa todos los días? do you read the paper every day?
    \
    estar en prensa (libro) to be in the press
    tener buena/mala prensa to have a good/bad press
    libertad de prensa freedom of the press
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=publicaciones)

    la prensa — the press, the (news)papers

    tener mala prensa — to have o get a bad press

    prensa roja — Cono Sur sensationalist press specializing in crime stories

    2) (=máquina) (Mec, Dep) press; (Tip) printing press; [de raqueta] press
    PRENSA DEL CORAZÓN The prensa del corazón is the generic term given in Spain to weekly or fortnightly magazines specializing in society gossip and the social lives of the rich and famous. The pioneer was ¡Hola!, which first appeared in 1944 - Hello! magazine is the English-language version - while other popular titles include Pronto, Lecturas, Semana and Diez Minutos. In recent years TV stations have followed their lead with seemingly more and more celebrity and gossip programmes (programas del corazón) appearing all the time.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Period) press

    leer/comprar la prensa — to read/buy the papers

    buena/mala prensa — good/bad press

    b) ( imprenta) (printing) press

    estar en prensa — to be in o at the press

    asociaciones de la prensa — journalists' o press associations

    2) (Tec) press
    •
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Period) press

    leer/comprar la prensa — to read/buy the papers

    buena/mala prensa — good/bad press

    b) ( imprenta) (printing) press

    estar en prensa — to be in o at the press

    asociaciones de la prensa — journalists' o press associations

    2) (Tec) press
    •
    * * *
    prensa1
    1 = printing press, printing machine, press [presses, -pl.].

    Ex: The place of printing is the location where the printing press is situated, of failing this, the organization acting for it.

    Ex: The author list reprographic equipment suitable for use in libraries (copiers, cutting equipment, printing machines, collators, driers).
    Ex: Also annual output could be increased by 13-28% without adding more lathes, driers or presses.
    * ejemplar de prensa = advance copy, early sheet, advance sheets.
    * en prensa = forthcoming, about to be published, in preparation.
    * entrar en prensa = go to + press.
    * período de la prensa manual, el = hand-press period, the.
    * período de la prensa mecánica, el = machine-press period, the.
    * prensa-ajos = garlic press, garlic crusher.
    * prensa de ajos = garlic press, garlic crusher.
    * prensa de encuadernar = binding press.
    * prensa de madera = wooden press.
    * prensa de metal = iron press.
    * prensa de moldear = punch press.
    * prensa de tornillo = screw press.
    * prensa de torno = standing press.
    * prensa doradora = blocking press.
    * prensa hidráulica = hydraulic press.
    * prensa litográfica = lithographic hand-press.
    * prensa manual = hand-press.
    * prensa mecánica = machine press.
    * prensa normal, la = broadsheet press, the.
    * prensa offset = offset printer, offset printing press, offset.
    * prensa para ajos = garlic press, garlic crusher.
    * prensa para grabados en cobre = copperplate press.
    * prensa rotativa = rotary machine, rotary press, stop-cylinder machine.
    * prensa rotativa wharfedale = Wharfedale.
    * prensa tipográfica de rodillos = rolling press.
    * prensa volante = blocking press, arming press.
    * prueba de prensa = press proof.
    * publicación en prensa = forthcoming title.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Period) press
    leer/comprar la prensa to read/buy the newspapers
    la prensa oral radio and television
    prensa deportiva sports press
    buena/mala prensa good/bad press
    la película ha tenido muy mala prensa the film has had very bad press
    los ecologistas tienen muy mala prensa por aquí ecologists get a very bad press around here
    2 (imprenta) press, printing press
    estar en prensa to be in o at the press
    lo dimos a la prensa we sent it to the printers
    3
    (periodistas): la prensa the press
    asociaciones de la prensa journalists' o press associations
    Compuestos:
    gutter press, yellow press
    gossip magazines (pl) prensa del corazón (↑ prensa a1)
    (CS) sensationalist press ( specializing in crime stories)
    rotary press
    B ( Tec) press
    Compuestos:
    hydraulic press
    trouser press
    * * *

     

    Del verbo prensar: ( conjugate prensar)

    prensa es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    prensa    
    prensar
    prensa sustantivo femenino
    a) (Impr, Period, Tec) press;


    estar en prensa to be in o at the press


    prensa amarilla gutter press, yellow press;
    prensa del corazón gossip magazines (pl);
    prensa roja (CS) sensationalist press ( specializing in crime stories)
    prensa sustantivo femenino
    1 Mec press
    (imprenta) printing press
    prensa hidráulica, hidraulic press
    2 (periódicos) newspapers pl; leer la prensa, to read the papers
    agencia de prensa, press agency
    3 (periodistas) la prensa, the press
    rueda/conferencia de prensa, press conference
    4 (periodismo) press
    prensa amarilla, gutter o yellow press
    reportaje de prensa, press report
    ♦ Locuciones: tener buena/mala prensa, to have a good/bad press
    prensar verbo transitivo to press
    ' prensa' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    agencia
    - amarilla
    - amarillo
    - articulista
    - billón
    - brear
    - cabecera
    - cartelera
    - colaboración
    - colaborador
    - colaboradora
    - columna
    - columnista
    - comunicada
    - comunicado
    - conferencia
    - consultorio
    - corresponsal
    - crítica
    - crónica
    - cronista
    - denunciar
    - diaria
    - diario
    - dominical
    - editorial
    - enviado
    - estanca
    - estanco
    - exclusiva
    - fondo
    - gabinete
    - libertad
    - pantalla
    - propagar
    - recorte
    - redacción
    - reportaje
    - reseña
    - reseñar
    - resonancia
    - rueda
    - semanario
    - sensacionalista
    - suceso
    - titular1
    - alternativo
    - amarillista
    - declaración
    - informar
    English:
    advertise
    - announcement
    - article
    - back
    - clipping
    - comic
    - contribute
    - contribution
    - copy
    - cutting
    - edit
    - editor
    - feature
    - find out
    - gutter press
    - headline
    - intend
    - lead story
    - leader
    - learn
    - marriage
    - news conference
    - piece
    - press
    - press agent
    - press conference
    - press cutting
    - press release
    - rag
    - readership
    - release
    - report
    - review
    - run
    - scoop
    - special
    - spread
    - story
    - syndicate
    - tabloid press
    - briefing
    - gutter
    - news
    - printing
    - spin
    - tabloid
    * * *
    prensa nf
    1. [periódicos, periodistas] press;
    compro la prensa todos los días I buy the newspapers every day;
    tener buena/mala prensa to have a good/bad press
    la prensa amarilla the gutter press, the tabloids;
    la prensa del corazón gossip magazines;
    la prensa deportiva the sports press;
    la prensa diaria the daily press;
    la prensa escrita the press;
    la prensa especializada specialist publications
    2.
    la prensa [los periodistas] the press
    3. [imprenta] printing press;
    entrar en prensa to go to press
    4. [máquina] press
    prensa hidráulica hydraulic press
    PRENSA ROSA
    In recent decades, magazines devoted to the lives of celebrities have become increasingly popular in the Spanish-speaking world. Some magazines have even sought to export their recipe for success abroad. The avid interest of the media in prying into the lives of the famous has transferred to television, and there are a myriad of cheaply produced programs which do little more than hound celebrities attending social functions or just getting on with their daily lives. However, many celebrities have decided to cash in on this public interest and demand huge sums of money to appear in exclusive reports or interviews.
    * * *
    f press;
    prensa diaria daily newspapers pl, dailies pl ;
    prensa especializada specialist press;
    tener buena/mala prensa tb fig have a good/bad press
    * * *
    prensa nf
    1) : printing press
    2) : press
    conferencia de prensa: press conference
    * * *
    1. (en general) press
    2. (periódicos) papers

    Spanish-English dictionary > prensa

  • 35 состояние чистой

    Состояние чистой (теплопроводности)-- The zeroth-order functions correspond to a state of pure conduction. Состоять из - to comprise, to include, to involve, to be, to have (иметь); to be made up of, to be comprised of, to be composed of (быть изготовленным из); to fall into (делиться на)
     A labyrinth seal therefore comprises a rotating part and a static part.
     As seen there, the apparatus is made up of a test chamber surrounded by a multilayer wall consisting of heating panels and insulation layers.
     The total bearing power loss is comprised of several elements.
     The peripheral flow was composed of thin, high-velocity boundary layers on the vertical surfaces.
     This paper falls into two parts.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > состояние чистой

  • 36 function

    1) функционирование, работоспособность
    •
    - caraoke function
    - countours leveling function
    - Erlang function
    - extension copy function
    - help function
    - internetworking functions
    - journal auto-print function
    - list function
    - locus function
    - logo position function
    - mediation function
    - modulation transfer function
    - music-sensor function
    - paper-saving function
    - periodic function
    - plausibility function
    - power save function
    - psophometric weighting function
    - Rademacher function
    - random function
    - rate distortion function
    - response function
    - sheet strengthening function
    - text messages on demand function
    - transfer function
    - transmission function
    - trellis function
    - voice messages on demand function
    - voltage function
    - Walsh function

    English-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > function

  • 37 composition

    1. n составление, построение; соединение
    2. n сочинение
    3. n грам. производство, составление сложных слов
    4. n полигр. набор
    5. n музыкальное сочинение, произведение; литературное произведение; произведение изобразительного искусства
    6. n школьное, учебное сочинение

    your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes — сочинение у вас хорошее, если не считать нескольких орфографических ошибок

    7. n курс литературной композиции
    8. n композиция
    9. n склад
    10. n состав, структура

    composition of capital — состав капитала; структура капитала

    11. n спорт. состав команды
    12. n агрегат; составные части
    13. n соглашение о перемирии или о прекращении военных действий
    14. n юр. компромиссное соглашение должника с кредитором
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. arrangement (noun) agreement; arrangement; beauty; consonance; form; harmony; proportion; proportion of line and mass; symmetry
    2. article (noun) article; essay; paper; theme
    3. compromise (noun) compromise
    4. creation (noun) conception; creation; designing; fashioning; formulation; innovation; invention; origination; shaping
    5. makeup (noun) architecture; configuration; constitution; construction; design; formation; makeup
    6. organization (noun) combination; consistency; distribution; incorporation; integration; organisation; organization; relation; synthesis; union
    7. work (noun) etude; opus; piece; production; work
    8. work of art (noun) exposition; fiction; literature; novel; poetry; symphony; work of art
    9. writing (noun) creative writing; grammar; instrumentation; literary style; prose; rhetoric; songwriting; style; writing

    English-Russian base dictionary > composition

  • 38 artificial intelligence

    Gen Mgt
    a branch of computer science concerned with the development of computer systems capable of performing functions that normally require human intelligence, for example, reasoning, problem solving, learning from experience, and speech recognition. Artificial intelligence research combines elements of computer science and cognitive psychology. It is a controversial field because of the difficulty of defining its goals and disagreement over whether these goals are attainable. Much research has been done since World War II, beginning with the theoretical work of Alan Turing during the 1940s. The term became known with the publication in 1961 of the paper Steps Toward Artificial Intelligence by Marvin Minsky, cofounder with John McCarthy of the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Branches of artificial intelligence with applications in business and management include expert systems and robotics.

    The ultimate business dictionary > artificial intelligence

  • 39 Knowledge

       It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)
       It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.
       But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)
       Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).
       Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])
       Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....
       This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)
       Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)
       Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)
       "Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.
       Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge

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