experts

πέπνῡμαι, [dialect] Ep. [tense] pf. [voice] Pass. with [tense] pres. sense,

A to be conscious, in full possession of one's faculties,

τῷ καὶ τεθνηῶτι νόον πόρε Περσεφόνεια οἴῳ πεπνῦσθαι· τοὶ δὲ σκιαὶ ἀΐσσουσιν Od.10.495

;

π. ἐν νεκύεσσι Call.Lau. Pall.129

.

2 more freq. to be wise,

πέπνυσαι.. νόῳ ιλ.2.3 ; οὔ σ' ἔτυμόν γε φάμεν πεπνῦσθαι Ἀχαιοί 23.440

; imper.

πέπνῠσο Thgn.29

: [tense] plpf. with [tense] impf. sense,

τά περ ἄλλα μάλιστα ἀνθρώπων πέπνῡσο Od.23.210

: most freq. in part. πεπνυμένος, of persons, Il.3.203, Od.3.52 ; also of things, π. μῦθος, π. μήδεα, 1.361, Il.7.278 ;

στόμα Hsch.

; πεπνυμένα ἀγορεύειν, βάζειν, etc., Od.19.352, Il.9.58, etc.; once in Hes.,

πεπνυμένα εἰδώς Op. 731

; in later Prose,

πεπνυμένη ῥῆσις Anaxarch. 1

;

τὰ θεῖα πεπνυμένος Plu.Num.4

; αἱ (v.l. οἱ) π. the experts, Aret. SD2.11.—In [tense] aor. opt. [voice] Pass., πνυθείης ἀκόνιτον understand it, Nic.Al. 13.

3 breathe,

ζῶντες καὶ πεπν. ἄνδρες Plb.6.47.9

;

εἰκόνες Id.6.53.10

. (From root πενῠ- which becomes πινῠ- in πινυτός (cf. Σικυών from Σεκυών, Λιβύη from Λεβύα) , ἀπινύσσω ; πνῡ-also in pr. n. Πνυταγόρας, πνυτός : not cogn. with πνέω, with which however it soon began to be confused, cf.

ἄμπνυτο, ἀναπνέω 1.1

.)

ἔμπειρος, ον, ([etym.] πεῖρα)

A experienced or practised in a thing, acquainted with it, c. gen.,

τῆς θυσίης Hdt.2.49

;

τῶν χώρων Id.8.132

;

Βοιωτῶν Id.9.46

;

τῆς ἐκείνου διανοίης Id.8.97

;

κακῶν A.Pers. 598

;

γάμων S. OC 752

;

θαλάσσης Th.1.80

([comp] Sup.);

τοῦ ἀγωνίζεσθαι Antipho 5.7

; ὁ περὶ τῶν νόμων ἔ. Pl.Lg. 632d; οἱ μάλιστα περὶ ταῦτα τῶν ἱερέων ἔ. Id.Ti. 22a: abs., οἱ ἔ. the experienced, S.OT44, OC 1135; experts, Pl.Lg. 765b; ναυσὶν ἐμπείροις for ships skilfully handled, Th.2.89; τὸ ἐμπειρότερον αὐτῶν their greater experience, ib.87.

II Adv. -ρως, τινὸς ἔχειν to know a person or thing by experience, by its issue, X.An.2.6.1, Antiph.3, etc.;

παιδεῦσαι D.59.18

;

διώκειν Aen.Tact.2.6

;

πόλεμον διενεγκεῖν Jul.Or.2.95a

: [comp] Comp.

- οτέρως Aeschin.1.82

.

ἔμφρων, ον, gen. ονος, ([etym.] φρήν)

A in one's mind or senses, sensible: opp.,

1 to one mad, σε Ζεὺς τίθησιν ἔμφρονα<*> brings thee to thy senses, A.Pr. 848;

ἔ. εἰμί Id.Ch. 1026

; ἔ. καθίσταμαι I come to myself, S.Aj. 306; ποιητὴς ..

οὐκ ἔ. ἐστίν Pl.Lg. 719c

; ἀντὶ μανικῶν.. ἑξεις ἔμφρονας ἔχειν ib. 791b.

2 to one dead, ἔτ' ἔ. S.Ant. 1237, cf. Antipho 2.3.2; ἔ. γίγνεσθαι to recover from a swoon or lethargy, Hp.Coac. 136.

3 to one asleep, S.E.M.7.129.

II rational, intelligent, ζῷα ἔ., opp. εἴδωλα ἄφρ., X.Mem.1.4.4; also ζωή, βίος ἔ., Pl.R. 521a, Ti. 36e;

ἡ πρεσβυτῶν ἔ. παιδιά Id.Lg. 769a

;

τέχνη -εστέρα Arist.Rh. 1359b6

; ὅταν ἐς ἥβην ἐξικώμεθ' ἔμφρονες when we come to years of discretion, prob. in S.Fr.583.6.

2 sensible, prudent, Thgn.1126, Pi.O.9.74, S.OT 436;

ἔ. σωφροσύνη Th.1.84

; ἔ. περί τι wise about or in a thing, Pl.Lg. 809d; τῶν δημιουργῶν ἢ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν ἐ. ἀνδρῶν experts, Id.Hipparch. 226c. Adv. - όνως sensibly, wisely, Id.R. 396d, al., Antiph.104: [comp] Comp.

- έστερον Phalar.Ep.67.3

: [comp] Sup.

- έστατα Plu.Ant.14

.

λαός, οῦ, ὁ (Hom.+; ins; pap [here the pl. λαοί, Mayser 27; 29]; LXX, pseudepigr, Philo, Joseph., apolog.)

① people, in a general sense

ⓐ distributively, populace Mt 27:64. ἐν τῷ λαῷ among the people Mt 4:23; Ac 6:8.

ⓑ a close gathering of people crowd Lk 1:21; 3:15, 18; 7:1; 20:1; Ac 3:12; 4:1f; 13:15; 21:30. πᾶς ὁ λ. the whole crowd, all the people (TestSim 6:4; Jos., Ant. 13, 201) Mt 27:25; Lk 8:47; 9:13; 18:43; 21:38; J 8:2; Ac 3:9, 11. Also ἅπας ὁ λ. (Jos., Ant. 7, 63; 211) Lk 3:21. ὁ λ. ἅπας (Jos., Ant. 6, 199; 8, 101) 19:48; GPt 8:28. λ. ἱκανός Ac 5:37 v.l. πᾶν τὸ πλῆθος τ. λαοῦ Lk 1:10; cp. Ac 21:36. πλῆθος πολὺ τοῦ λαοῦ a large crowd of people Lk 6:17; 23:27 (PsSol. 8:2 λαοῦ πολλοῦ; TestJud 3:1 λ. πολύς).

② the mass of a community as distinguished from special interest groups (OGI 90, 12 [II B.C. priests, civil officials, and soldiers]) people

ⓐ in contrast to their leaders Mt 26:5; Mk 11:18 v.l., 32 v.l.; 14:2; Lk 19:48; 20:6, 19, 26; 23:13; Ac 2:47; 4:17, 21; 5:26; 6:12; 12:4.

ⓑ in contrast to Pharisees and legal experts Lk 7:29.

ⓒ in contrast to priests Hb 2:17; 5:3; 7:5, 27 (a Christian congregation in liturgical response Just., A I, 65, 3 al.).—RMeyer, Der ˓Am hā-˒Āreṣ, Judaica 3, ’47, 169–99.

③ a body of people with common cultural bonds and ties to a specific territory, people-group, people as nation (w. φυλή, ἔθνος, γλῶσσα; cp. Da 3:4) Rv 5:9; 13:7; 14:6. Pl. (a Sibylline oracle in Appian, Maced. 2; En 10:21; PsSol 5:11; 17:30 λαοὶ τῶν ἐθνῶν; Just., A I, 49, 1) 7:9; 10:11; 11:9; 17:15.—Lk 2:31. Of a monstrous animal θηρίον δυνάμενον λαοὺς διαφθεῖραι a beast capable of destroying (whole) peoples Hv 4, 2, 3.

④ people of God, people

ⓐ of the people of Israel ὁ λαός (s. also Jewish inscriptions in SIG 1247; GKittel, TLZ 69, ’44, 13; En 20:5; PsSol 17:20; ParJer 2:2 [throughout w. art.]; Just.; Mel., P.; Iren., Orig., Did.—λαός of the native Egyptian population since III B.C. at least: UWilcken on UPZ 110, 100f) Ac 3:23; 7:17; 28:17; 2 Pt 2:1; AcPl Ha 8, 19. Without the art. (Sir 46:7; Wsd 18:13; PsSol [throughout, exc. 17:20]) Jd 5; οὗτος ὁ λ. Mt 15:8; Mk 7:6 (both Is 29:13); Lk 21:23; B 9:3; 10:2; πᾶς ὁ λ. (ParJer 5:17) Lk 2:10 all the people (prob., as the involvement of the shepherds suggests, without cultic restrictions, namely to ‘everyone’); B 12:8. πᾶς ὁ λ. Ἰσραήλ Ac 4:10. οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς τοῦ λ. Mt 2:4; 26:47; 27:1; οἱ πρεσβύτεροι τοῦ λ. 21:23; τὸ πρεσβυτέριον τοῦ λ. Lk 22:66; οἱ ἄρχοντες τοῦ λ. Ac 4:8; B 9:3; PEg², 6; οἱ πρῶτοι τοῦ λ. Lk 19:47. Opp. τὰ ἔθνη the nations, non-Israelites (gentiles) (s. ἔθνος 2 and cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 67 §283 the contrast τὰ ἔθνη … τὴν Ἰταλίαν) Ac 26:17, 23; Ro 15:10 (Dt 32:43).—W. a gen. that denotes the possessor ([τοῦ] θεοῦ, αὐτοῦ, μοῦ etc.; cp. TestJud 25:3; ParJer 3:15; ApcrEzk P 1 verso 3; Jos., Ant. 10, 12; Just., D. 110, 4): λ. τοῦ θεοῦ Lk 1:68; Hb 11:25. ὁ λαός μου Ac 7:34 (Ex 3:7). Rv 18:4 (pl. verb with λαός in sing. as Περὶ ὕψους 23, 2 after a poet λαὸς … κελάδησαν).—Lk 7:16. λ. σου Ἰσραήλ Lk 2:32. ὁ λ. μου ὁ Ἰσραήλ Mt 2:6. ὁ λ. Ἰσραήλ B 16:5 (cp. ὁ λ. τῶν Ἰουδαίων Orig., C. Cels. 2, 1, 6). Pl. of the tribes of Israel (Jos., C. Ap. 2, 159, unless the pl. here means ‘the people’, as Hes., Op. 763f πολλοὶ λαοί; Aristoph., Equ. 163, Ran. 216; 677 πολὺν λαῶν ὄχλον; Callim., Epigr. 47; Isyllus E 1 [IG IV, 950=Coll. Alex. p. 133, 37=D 1 in Diehl² II, 6 p. 115, s. Anth LG] θεὸν ἀείσατε, λαοί = ἐνναέται Ἐπιδαύρου [inhabitants of Epidaurus]; Diod S 1, 45, 1; 3, 45, 6 διὰ τὴν τῶν λαῶν ἀπειρίαν=because of the inexperience of the people; 4, 67, 6; 5, 7, 6; 5, 48, 1 συναγαγεῖν τ. λαοὺς σποράδην οἰκοῦντας=gather the people who live in scattered places; 5, 59, 5 al.; Orphica 34, 10 Q.; Herm. Wr. 1, 27; PRev 42, 17 [258 B.C.] γραφέτωσαν οἱ λαοί=the people are to submit a written statement; Jos., Ant. 18, 352; Just., A I, 47, 1 al; Ath.; Basilius, epistle 92, 2 ln. 44 [=MPG XXXII 481a] οἱ λαοί; Theophanes, Chron. 172, 7 de Boor ἀπέθανον λαοὶ πολλοί) Ac 4:25 (Ps 2:1), 27; Ro 15:11 (Ps 116:1).

ⓑ of Christians Ac 15:14; 18:10; Ro 9:25 (Hos 2:25); Hb 4:9; 1 Pt 2:10; Rv 18:4 (Jer 28:45 SAQ); 1 Cl 59:4; 2 Cl 2:3; B 13:1ff. Prepared by Christ B 3:6; cp. Hs 5, 5, 2. Protected by angels 5, 5, 3; specif. entrusted to Michael 8, 3, 3; cp. 8, 1, 2.—Also in pl. (s. 3 end) λαοὶ αὐτοῦ Rv 21:3; cp. Hs 8, 3, 2.—λ. εἰς περιποίησιν a people (made God’s) own possession 1 Pt 2:9. Also λ. περιούσιος (Ex 19:5) Tit 2:14; 1 Cl 64. λ. κατεσκευασμένος a people made ready Lk 1:17. λ. καινός B 5:7; 7:5.—OKern, ARW 30, ’33, 205–17; EKäsemann, D. wandernde Gottesvolk ’39; N Dahl, D. Volk Gottes: E. Untersuchg. z. Kirchenbewusstsein des Urchristent. ’41; HSahlin, D. Messias u. d. Gottesvolk ’45; AOepke, D. neue Gottesvolk ’50; CVandersleyen, Le mot λαός dans la langue des papyrus: Chronique d’ Égypte 48, ’73, 339–49; OMontevecchi, PapBrux XIX (in Actes du XV^e Congrès International de Papyrologie ’78–79), pp. 51–67.—B. 1313; 1315. Schmidt, Syn. IV 570–75. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv. S. also LfgrE s.v. col. 1634 (lit.).

νόμιμος, η, ον (cp. νομίζω; Pind., Trag., Hdt. et al.; ins, also IBM III/2, 480, 339f [s. p. 141, cp. ἔννομος]; pap, LXX, Just.; Tat. 4, 1) pert. to being conformable to traditional standards or law, lawful. Subst. τὸ νόμιμον, esp. in pl. τὰ νόμιμα (Pind. et al.; Diog. L. 7, 119 [the θεοσεβεῖς are experts in τῶν περὶ θεοὺς νομίμων=the customary rites or ceremonies relating to deities]; ins, pap; Lev 18:26; Pr 3:1 al.; LXX; EpArist 10; 127; Philo, Mos. 2, 12ff al.; Jos., Ant. 8, 129; 18, 344, Vi. 191; Just., D. 29, 3; 42, 3; 67, 5; Tat. 4:1) statutes, laws, commandments πορεύεσθαι ἐν τοῖς ν. τῶν προσταγμάτων αὐτοῦ walk according to the laws of God’s commandments 1 Cl 3:4 (cp. Jer 33:4; Ezk 5:6f). τοῖς ν. τοῦ δεσπότου ἀκολουθεῖν follow the ordinances of the Lord 40:4. ἐν τοῖς ν. τοῦ θεοῦ πορεύεσθαι walk according to the statutes of God 1:3 (the mss. have ἐν τοῖς νόμοις; the rdg. νομίμοις, which is found Clem. of Al., Strom. 4, 17, 105, has been taken into the more recent editions). τηρεῖν τὰ ν. τοῦ θεοῦ keep the commandments of God Hv 1, 3, 4 (Eur., Suppl. 19 ν. θεῶν).—DELG s.v. νέμω Ic. M-M. TW.

Φαρισαῖος, ου, ὁ (Hebr. הַפְּרוּשִׁים=Aram. פְּרִישַׁיָּא, the latter in Gk. transcription Φαρισαῖοι. The Semitic words mean ‘the separated ones, separatists’. Acc. to ABaumarten [JBL 102, ’83, 411–28], Φ.= ‘specifiers’, the party of accurate and specific observance of the law. On the sect of the Pharisees acc. to Josephus [Ant. 13, 288–98; on his views s. SMason, Flavius Josephus on the Pharisees ’91] and the Mishnah s. Schürer II 381–403, where the pertinent passages are reproduced) Pharisee, though in our lit. it is rarely found in the sing. (Mt 23:26; Lk 7:36b, 37, 39; 11:37f; 18:10f; Ac 5:34; 23:6b; 26:5; Phil 3:5); as a rule in the pl. Pharisees, the organized followers of the experts in interpreting the scriptures (scribes). It was the purpose of the Pharisees to take the pattern of a pious Israelite as established by the scribes, and to put it into practice as nearly as possible. Some became followers of Jesus Christ and others opposed him and his followers. Mentioned w. Sadducees Mt 3:7; 16:1, 6, 11f; Ac 23:6–8. W. Herodians Mk 3:6; 12:13; cp. 8:15. W. scribes Mt 5:20; 12:38; 15:1; 23:2, 13, 15; Mk 2:16 (here οἱ γραμματεῖς τῶν Φ.; cp. Just., D. 51, 2; 102, 5); 7:5; Lk 5:21, 30; 6:7; 11:53; 15:2; J 8:3; Ac 23:9 (here γραμματεῖς τοῦ μέρους τῶν Φ.). W. scribes and elders GPt 8:28. As opponents of Jesus Mt 9:11, 34; 12:2, 14, 24; 15:12; 22:15, 34, 41; Mk 7:1; 8:11, 15; 10:2; 12:13 al. W. chief priests J 7:45; 11:47; 18:3 (UvonWahlde, NTS 42, ’96, 506–22); a Pharisaic high priest Ox 840, 10. Their fasting Mt 9:14; Mk 2:18 (Lk 18:12). Paul a Ph. Ac 23:6b; 26:5 (κατὰ τὴν ἀκριβεστάτην αἵρεσιν τῆς ἡμετέρας θρησκείας ἔζησα Φαρισαῖος); Phil 3:5.—In addition to the lit. s.v. Σαδδουκαῖος that is pertinent here, s. also IElbogen, Die Religionsanschauung der Phar. 1904; Schürer II 404–14; IAbrahams, Studies in Pharisaism and the Gospels I 1917, II 1924; ARobertson, The Pharisees and Jesus 1920; EMeyer II 1921, 282ff; RHerford, The Pharisees 1924 (s. BEaston, Mr. Herford and the Phar.: ATR 7, 1925, 423–37); CMontefiore, The Synoptic Gospels² 1927 II 676a (index s.v. Pharisees); GMoore, Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era I, II 1927; FBurkitt, Jesus and the ‘Pharisees’: JTS 28, 1927, 392–97; DRiddle, Jesus and the Ph. 1928; JoachJeremias, Jerus. zur Zeit Jesu,³ ’62, 279–303; LFinkelstein, The Ph.² ’40, The Ph., The Sociol. Background of Their Faith, ³’62; ILauterbach, The Ph. and Their Teach.: HUCA 6, 1929, 69–140; OHoltzmann, D. Prophet Mal u. d. Ursprung des Pharisäerbundes: ARW 29, ’31, 1–21; LBaeck, Die Pharisäer ’34; WFoerster, D. Ursprung des Pharisäismus: ZNW 34, ’35, 35–51; TManson, BJRL ’38, 144ff; SZeitlin, The Pharisees and the Gospels ’38; idem, JQR ’61; GAllon, Scripta Hild. VII ’61; AFinkel, The Pharisees and the Teacher of Nazareth ’64; ASalderini, Pharisees, Scribes and Sadducees in Palestinian Society ’88; GStemberger, Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes ’95; on the rhetorical use of ‘vituperatio’ (vilification) in Mt and other ancient wr., s. the bibl. in LThuren, NTS 43, ’97, 458 n. 45; Schürer II 381f (lit.).—EDNT. TW.

ἐπιστήμων, ον gen. ονος (s. ἐπίσταμαι; Hom. et al.; Epict. 2, 22, 3; POxy 1469, 12; LXX; En 5:8; Philo; Just., D. 8, 5; Ath. 9:1 ἐπιστημονεστάτους) pert. to being knowledgeable in a way that makes one effectual in the exercise of such knowledge, expert, learned, understanding (w. σοφός, as Dt 1:13; 4:6; Da 5:11; Philo, Migr. Abr. 58) Js 3:13 the expert in σοφία will be verified by quality of performance; B 6:10; (w. συνετός, as Da 6:4) οἱ ἐνώπιον ἑαυτῶν ἐ. those who are experts in their own estimation 4:11 (Is 5:21).—DELG s.v. ἐπίσταμαι (lit.). M-M.