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81 monopoly
1) монополия; исключительное право2) монополия; монополистическое объединение• -
82 organization
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83 rule
1) правило; норма2) правление; господство3) юр. постановление, предписание• -
84 form
форма имя существительное: глагол:формироваться (form, troop)создаваться (form, grow up)придавать вид (fashion, form) -
85 settle
урегулировать имя существительное: глагол:поселиться (settle, settle Down, fix oneself in a place, take up one's residence, make one's home, take up one's abode)располагаться (settle, encamp)расселяться (settle, separate)поселяться (settle, colonize, locate)отстаиваться (settle, cream)успокаиваться (calm down, quiet, settle down, quiet down, quieten, settle)усаживаться (sit down, settle, sit oneself)образумиться (settle, settle down)колонизировать (colonize, settle)угомониться (calm down, settle down, settle) -
86 requirement
[rɪ'kwaɪəmənt]n(обыкновенно pl) требование, необходимое условиеThe main requirements for the job are good eyesingt and a high level of physical fitness. — Основные требования для этой работы - хорошее зрение и большая физическая выносливость.
- admission requirementThe purity of the water in the town didn't come up to (meet) the minimum requirements. — Чистота воды в этом городе не соответствует даже минимальным требованиям
- entrance requirements
- legal requirements
- minimum requirements
- physical requirements
- high requirements
- suitable requirements
- bank requirements
- market requirements
- food requirements
- registration requirements
- fulfill smb's requirements
- satisfy smb's requirements
- not to be equal to the requirements
- meet all the requirements
- set out put forth the requirements
- establish requirements
- fill a requirement -
87 contact
1. n соприкосновение, контакт2. n связь, контактcontact fault — нарушение контакта; контактная неисправность
making contact — вступающий в контакт; вступление в контакт
emitter contact — эмиттерный электрод; эмиттерный контакт
3. n соприкосновение, столкновение4. n амер. отношения, знакомства, связи5. n лицо, с которым имеются связиI learned of it from information given to me by one of our contacts — я узнал об этом от лица, с которым мы связаны
6. n связник7. n передатчик инфекции, бациллоноситель8. n разг. спец. касание9. n разг. спец. контакт, связь10. a контактныйcontact rail — контактный рельс, третий рельс
11. a ав. визуальныйcontact flight — полёт с визуальной ориентировкой; полёт по наземным ориентирам
12. adv ав. визуально13. v быть в контакте, в соприкосновении; прикасаться14. v войти в контакт, в соприкосновениеburied contact — скрытый контакт; "утопленный" контакт
15. v приводить в контакт, в соприкосновениеcontact region — контактное поле; область контакта
16. v устанавливать связь17. v связаться18. v разг. установить деловые связи19. v разг. завести связи, знакомства в обществе20. v разг. эл. ав. включатьСинонимический ряд:1. communication (noun) acquaintance; coming together; commerce; communication; communion; connection; interaction; intercommunication; intercourse; junction; meeting; referral2. nearness (noun) nearness; propinquity; proximity3. source (noun) source4. touch (noun) adhesion; collision; contingence; contingency; hit; impact; strike; touch; union5. communicate (verb) approach; call; communicate; communicate with; get; get in touch with; look up; notify; reach; speak to; talk6. touch (verb) adhere; collide; connect; graze; hit; impact; meet; strike; touchАнтонимический ряд:disconnection; distance; interruption; isolation; separation -
88 place
1. n место, город, местечко; пунктLondon is a noisy place — Лондон — шумный город
2. n место, точка на поверхности; участок3. n обычное, привычное, отведённое место4. n сиденье, место5. n место в книге; страница; отрывокtake the place of — замещать; заменять; занять место
the place whither they went — место, куда они пошли
6. n место, пространство7. n существенное место; важная роль8. n подходящий момент, ситуация9. n в названиях10. n площадь11. n небольшая улица, тупик12. n дом, жилищеall over the place — везде, по всему дому
a regular barrack of a place — не дом, а казарма
13. n имение, загородный дом14. n уст. укрепление15. n должность, место, служба16. n высокая государственная должность; ответственная должность, высокий пост17. n членство, участие18. n тк. дело, право, обязанность19. n положение, статус20. n спорт. второе или третье призовое место21. n спорт. амер. второе местозабой, выработка
22. n спорт. мат. разряд23. n спорт. астр. местонахождениеto take place — случаться, иметь место
24. v ставить, помещать; размещатьto place on orbit — выводить на орбиту; размещать на орбите
25. v помещать, отдаватьplace business — помещать заказы; размещать заказы
26. v определять на должность; ставить на приходfeet together, place — ноги вместе ставь
27. v помещать, вкладывать деньги28. v делать, помещать заказthe French Government placed orders in England — французское правительство поместило заказы в Англии
place money on deposit — вносить деньги на депозит; помещать деньги на депозит
29. v продавать товары, акцииdifficult to place — плохо продаётся, плохо идёт
30. v возлагатьno confidence could be placed in any of the twelve judges — из двенадцати судей нельзя было верить ни одному
31. v определять местоположение или дату; соотноситьto try to place the spot where Caesar landed — пытаться определить то место, где высадился Цезарь
the manuscript is placed not later than the tenth century — установлено, что рукопись относится к десятому веку, не позже
I know his face but I cannot place him — мне знакомо его лицо, но я не могу вспомнить, где я его видел
fire place — камин; топка камина или печи
32. v считать, причислять; оценивать33. v спорт. определять занятые места в соревнованииtake place — случаться; происходить; иметь место
34. v спорт. присудить второе или третье призовое местоlanding place — место высадки, пристань
out of place — не на месте; неуместный
35. v амер. спорт. присудить второе место36. v занять местоhe campaigned for 10 weeks and placed fifth — он проводил предвыборную кампанию десять недель и вышел на пятое место
37. v s38. v занимать определённое положение39. v находиться в определённом положении40. v амер. разг. повысить голосСинонимический ряд:1. area (noun) area; locality; vicinity2. duty (noun) charge; duty; employment; function; responsibility3. home (noun) abode; domicile; dwelling; habitation; home; house; lodgings; residence4. job (noun) appointment; berth; billet; connection; job; office; post; slot5. location (noun) capacity; character; footing; locale; location; locus; plot; point; quality; rank; site; space; spot; standing; state; station; status; stead; where6. occasion (noun) cause; circumstances; ground; occasion; opportunity; position; reason; situation7. region (noun) field; province; region; section; sector; territory8. appoint (verb) appoint; hire; induct9. estimate (verb) approximate; call; estimate; judge; reckon10. fix (verb) affix; assign; blame; fasten; fix; pin on; saddle11. identify (verb) determinate; diagnose; diagnosticate; distinguish; finger; identify; pinpoint; recognise; recognize; spot12. put (verb) arrange; deposit; dispose; establish; lay; locate; order; position; put; set; settle; situate; stick13. rate (verb) categorise; class; classify; grade; group; pigeon-hole; rank; rate14. run (verb) come in; finish; runАнтонимический ряд:discompose; dislodge; dismiss; displace; disturb; eject; empty; eradicate; forget; jumble; misplace; remove -
89 set up
1. phr v помещать, ставить, класть2. phr v поднимать, ставитьset out — помещать, ставить, выставлять
3. phr v вывешивать4. phr v воздвигать, устанавливать, ставитьset on edge — устанавливать на ребро; установленный на ребро
set the limit — устанавливать предел; положить конец
set in — наступать, устанавливаться, начинаться
5. phr v возводить6. phr v основывать, учреждать7. phr v вводить, устанавливать8. phr v открывать9. phr v помочь устроитьсяthe legacy set him up in his profession — благодаря доставшемуся наследству он смог работать по выдвигать, предлагать
10. phr v излагать, формулировать11. phr v подготавливать; планировать12. phr v снабжать, обеспечивать13. phr v тренировать, физически развивать; закалять14. phr v вызывать, причинятьthe cold air set up an irritation in his throat — от холодного воздуха у него началось раздражение в горле
to set at a gaze — удивлять, вызывать удивление
set in vibration — вызывать колебания; вызванный колебания
15. phr v полигр. набирать16. phr v набивать, делать17. phr v редк. восстанавливать, подстрекать18. phr v тех. собирать, монтировать; налаживатьto set aright — исправлять; налаживать
19. phr v платить за выпивкуset idle power — выводить на режим малого газа; выведенный на режим малого газа
20. phr v угощать21. phr v карт. объявлятьСинонимический ряд:1. devise (verb) arrange; concoct; contrive; devise; digest; order; plan; prepare; ready2. elate (verb) commove; elate; excite; exhilarate; inspire; spirit up; stimulate3. elated (verb) commoved; elated; excited; exhilarated; inspired; spirited up; stimulated4. erect (verb) build up; construct; erect; hammer out; raise; rear5. erected (verb) built up; constructed; erected; hammered out; pitched; put up; raised; reared6. found (verb) constitute; create; establish; found; organize; start7. founded (verb) constituted; created; established; founded; organised; organized; started8. introduce (verb) inaugurate; initiate; institute; introduce; launch; originate; usher in9. introduced (verb) inaugurated; initiated; instituted; introduced; launched; originated; ushered in10. treat (verb) blow; stand; treat11. treated (verb) blew/blown; stood; treated -
90 state
1. n тк. состояние, положение2. n строение, структура3. n общественное положение,4. n великолепие, пышность; помпа, парадность5. n напряжённое или возбуждённое состояние6. n полигр. корректурный оттиск гравюры7. v излагать; заявлять; формулировать8. v констатировать, утверждатьhe positively stated that he had never seen the accused man — он решительно утверждал, что никогда не видел обвиняемого
9. v устанавливать; точно определять10. v редк. помещать, располагать, размещать11. n государствоstates parties — государства — участники
12. n государственный аппарат13. n государственная власть; светская власть14. n разг. госдепартамент15. n штатCornhusker State — «Кукурузный штат»
16. n разг. Соединённые Штаты Америки17. a государственныйstate prisoner — лицо, осуждённое за политическое преступление, политический заключённый
18. a амер. относящийся к штатуState law — право штата, закон штата
Lone-Star State — штат «Одинокой звезды»
Синонимический ряд:1. federal (adj.) federal; governmental; national; official2. government (adj.) government; public3. attitude (noun) attitude; mood; morale; spirits4. form (noun) constitution; form; phase; structure5. glory (noun) glory; grandeur; pomp; splendor6. nation (noun) commonwealth; community; country; federation; government; kingdom; land; nation; polity; republic7. principality (noun) principality; province; territory8. status (noun) cachet; capacity; case; character; circumstance; circumstances; condition; consequence; dignity; estate; footing; mode; place; plight; position; posture; predicament; prestige; quality; rank; situation; standing; station; stature; status9. allege (verb) allege; claim; profess10. certify (verb) certify; confirm; validate11. describe (verb) describe; elucidate; explain; expound; present12. disclose (verb) disclose; divulge; manifest; reveal13. hold (verb) affirm; assert; asseverate; aver; avouch; avow; contend; declare; hold; insist; maintain14. relate (verb) narrate; recite; recount; rehearse; relate; report15. say (verb) affirm; air; articulate; assert; authorise; authorize; bring out; chime in; come out with; communicate; convey; declare; deliver; determine; enounce; enunciate; express; fix; give; pronounce; put; say; speak; tell; throw out; utter; vent; ventilate; vocalise; voiceАнтонимический ряд:deny; hide; simplicity; suppress; unofficial; withhold -
91 waste
1. n растрачивание, ненужная или излишняя трата; расточительство2. n потери, убыль; ущерб, убытокwaste of fuel — потеря топлива; перерасход топлива
3. n юр. повреждение, порча; небрежное отношение4. n отходы; обрезки, обрывки выжимки5. n концы, обтирочный материалwaste end — конец, отрезаемый в отходы
cotton waste — концы, обтирочный материал
6. n текст. угар; очёски; рваньthread waste — путанка, рвань пряжи
7. n металлический лом, скрап8. n полигр. макулатура; лишние листыpaper waste — бумажный брак; макулатура; отходы бумаги
9. n утильutility waste — утильсырье; утиль; отбросы
10. n мусор; отбросы11. n сточные воды12. n физиол. выделения13. n износ, изнашивание14. n потеря веса, исхудание15. n уменьшение; упадок16. n пустыня17. n пустынное пространствоa waste of waters — пустыня моря; морской простор
18. n пустошь, пустырь; бросовая земляwaste land — пустующий участок земли; пустошь
19. n юр. бесхозная земля20. n горн. пустая породаwaste pile — отвал породы, террикон
21. n геол. материал, уносимый потоком в мореlevel of waste removal — степень извлечения загрязняющих веществ; степень очистки сточных вод
22. a пустынный; незаселённый; невозделанный; непроизводительный, неплодородный; засушливый23. a опустошённыйto lay waste — опустошать, разорять
24. a излишний, ненужный; напрасный25. a негодный; бракованный26. a тех. отработанный27. v расточать, растрачивать, непроизводительно расходовать, напрасно тратить; терятьactor wasted on provincial audiences — актёр, загубивший свой талант в провинциальных театрах
run to waste — тратиться непроизводительно; тратиться попусту
28. v пропадать попусту; растрачиваться без пользы29. v упускать30. v опустошать; разорять; портить; разрушатьlay waste — опустошать; опустошить
31. v юр. портить арендованное имущество32. v истощаться, иссякать, приходить к концу33. v изнурять, истощатьframe wasted by disease — тело, истощённое болезнью
34. v чахнуть, умиратьto waste away, to pine away — чахнуть
35. v редк. идти, течь36. v амер. сл. избить до полусмерти37. v амер. сл. убить, уничтожить38. v амер. сл. спорт. терять в весе; сгонять весСинонимический ряд:1. barren (adj.) barren; desert; deserted; desolate; uninhabited; wild2. devastated (adj.) decayed; destroyed; devastated; ghost; laid waste; ravaged; ruined; sacked3. useless (adj.) extra; superfluous; unused; useless4. badland (noun) badland; barren; desert; wasteland; wild; wild land; wilderness; wildness5. devastation (noun) decay; decline; destruction; devastation; diminution; dissipation; loss; ruin; spoliation6. extravagance (noun) extravagance; extravagancy; lavishness; overdoing; prodigality; profligacy; squander; unthrift; wastefulness7. refuse (noun) debris; dreck; garbage; junk; kelter; litter; offal; outsweepings; refuse; riffraff; rubbish; spilth; sweepings; swill; trash8. blow (verb) blow; blunder; blunder away; cast away; consume; dissipate; dribble away; drivel; expend; fool away; fritter; fritter away; frivol away; misspend; muddle away; potter away; prodigalize; riot away; spend; squander; throw away; trifle away9. demolish (verb) demolish; destroy; devastate10. erode (verb) decay; diminish; dwindle; erode; reduce; wear away; wear down11. fail (verb) decline; deteriorate; fade; fail; flag; languish; wane; weaken; wither12. indulge (verb) indulge; lavish; splurge13. miss (verb) lose; miss14. ravage (verb) deflower; depredate; desecrate; desolate; despoil; devast; devour; harry; havoc; lay waste; pillage; plunder; ravage; ruin; sack; scourge; spoil; spoliate; stripАнтонимический ряд:abstain; acquire; augment; collect; conserve; develop; enrich; erect; establish; flourish; furnish; gain; get; preserve; thrift -
92 eye
1 noun∎ to have green eyes avoir les yeux verts;∎ a girl with green eyes une fille aux yeux verts;∎ before your very eyes! sous vos yeux!;∎ look me in the eye and say that regarde-moi bien dans les yeux et dis-le moi;∎ I saw it with my own eyes je l'ai vu de mes yeux vu ou de mes propres yeux;∎ to open/close one's eyes ouvrir/fermer les yeux;∎ with one's eyes closed/open les yeux fermés/ouverts;∎ figurative she can't keep her eyes open elle dort debout;∎ I could do it with my eyes closed je pourrais le faire les yeux fermés;∎ he went into it with his eyes open il s'y est lancé en toute connaissance de cause;∎ to have the sun/the light in one's eyes avoir le soleil/la lumière dans les yeux;∎ to look sb straight in the eye regarder qn droit dans les yeux;∎ at eye level au niveau des yeux∎ her eyes fell on the letter son regard est tombé sur la lettre;∎ the film looks at the world through the eyes of a child dans ce film, on voit le monde à travers les yeux d'un enfant;∎ with a critical eye d'un œil critique;∎ I couldn't believe my eyes je n'en croyais pas mes yeux;∎ all eyes were upon her elle était au centre de tous les regards, tous les regards étaient posés sur elle∎ eyes left/right! tête à gauche/à droite!;∎ eyes front! fixe!(e) (of potato, twig) œil m(f) (of hurricane) œil m, centre m;∎ the eye of the storm l'œil du cyclone;∎ figurative at the eye of the storm dans l'œil du cyclone(g) (photocell) œil m électrique∎ as far as the eye can see à perte de vue;∎ to keep one's eyes and ears open avoir l'œil et l'oreille aux aguets;∎ to open sb's eyes (to sth) ouvrir les yeux à qn (sur qch), dessiller les yeux à qn (sur qch);∎ the incident opened his eyes to the truth about her l'incident lui ouvrit les yeux sur ce qu'elle était vraiment;∎ we can't close or shut our eyes to the problem on ne peut pas fermer les yeux sur ce problème;∎ to close one's eyes to the evidence se refuser à l'évidence;∎ they can't close their eyes to the fact that the company's at fault ils sont bien obligés d'admettre que la société est en faute;∎ I could do it with my eyes shut je pourrais le faire les yeux fermés;∎ for your eyes only ultra-confidentiel;∎ in this job you need to have a good eye for detail dans ce métier il faut être très méticuleux;∎ to have an eye for a bargain savoir reconnaître une bonne affaire;∎ British to get one's eye in prendre ses repères;∎ he only has eyes for her il n'a d'yeux que pour elle;∎ the boss has his eye on Smith for the job le patron a Smith en vue pour le poste;∎ he has his eye on the gold medal il vise la médaille d'or;∎ she has her eye on the mayor's position elle vise la mairie;∎ the police have had their eye on him for some time cela fait un certain temps que la police l'a à l'œil;∎ he wants to buy an apartment, in fact he's already got his eye on one il veut acheter un appartement, et d'ailleurs il en a déjà un en vue;∎ he always has an eye for or to the main chance il ne perd jamais de vue ses propres intérêts;∎ in my/her eyes à mes/ses yeux;∎ in the eyes of the law/of the Church aux yeux ou au regard de la loi/de l'Église;∎ to run or to cast one's eye over sth jeter un coup d'œil à qch;∎ she ran an eye over the contract elle a parcouru le contrat;∎ to try to catch sb's eye essayer d'attirer le regard de qn;∎ keep your eye on the ball fixez ou regardez bien la balle;∎ could you keep your eye on the children/the house? pourriez-vous surveiller les enfants/la maison?;∎ I have to keep an eye on him il faut que je l'aie à l'œil;∎ I couldn't keep my eyes off him/it je ne pouvais pas en détacher mes yeux;∎ she keeps an eye on things elle a l'œil à tout;∎ to keep a close eye on sth surveiller qch de près;∎ keep an eye on the situation suivez de près la situation;∎ to keep one's eye on the ball (gen) ne pas quitter la balle des yeux; Golf fixer la balle; figurative être vigilant;∎ keep your eyes on the road regarde la route;∎ to keep one's eye open for sth être attentif à qch;∎ keep your eyes open or an eye out for a filling station essayez de repérer une station service;∎ keep an eye out for anyone trying to sell it soyez à l'affût au cas où quelqu'un essaierait de le vendre;∎ familiar keep your eyes skinned or peeled restez vigilant□ ;∎ you can see that with half an eye cela saute aux yeux;∎ anyone with half an eye can see it's a fake du premier coup d'œil n'importe qui verrait que c'est un faux;∎ with half an eye on the weather sans quitter le ciel des yeux;∎ the children were all eyes les enfants n'en perdaient pas une miette;∎ an eye for an eye (and a tooth for a tooth) œil pour œil, (dent pour dent);∎ his eyes are too big for his stomach il a les yeux plus grands que le ventre;∎ familiar to give sb the eye (flirt) faire de l'œil à qn; (give signal) faire signe à qn (d'un clin d'œil)□ ;∎ he has eyes in the back of his head il a des yeux derrière la tête;∎ to set or lay eyes on sth poser les yeux sur qch, apercevoir qch;∎ it was the biggest fish I'd ever laid eyes on c'était le plus gros poisson que j'aie jamais vu;∎ I've never set or laid or familiar clapped eyes on her je ne l'ai jamais vue de ma vie;∎ to make eyes at sb faire de l'œil à qn;∎ familiar my eye! mon œil!;∎ she and I don't see eye to eye (disagree) elle ne voit pas les choses du même œil que moi, elle n'est pas de mon avis; (dislike one another) elle et moi, nous ne nous entendons pas;∎ familiar that's one in the eye for him! ça lui fera les pieds!;∎ there's more to this than meets the eye (suspicious) on ne connaît pas les dessous de l'affaire; (difficult) c'est moins simple que cela n'en a l'air;∎ there's more to her than meets the eye elle gagne à être connue;∎ we're up to our eyes in it! (overworked) on a du travail jusque là!; (in deep trouble) on est dans les ennuis jusqu'au cou!regarder, mesurer du regard;∎ the child eyed the man warily l'enfant dévisagea l'homme avec circonspection;∎ she stood eyeing the sweets counter elle restait là à lorgner les bonbons;∎ to eye sth hungrily dévorer qch du regard;∎ to eye sb up and down regarder qn de la tête aux pieds∎ with an eye to sth/to doing sth en vue de qch/de faire qch;∎ with an eye to the future en vue ou en prévision de l'avenir►► eye bank banque f des yeux;eye camera caméra f oculaire;eye contact croisement m des regards;∎ to establish eye contact (with sb) croiser le regard (de qn);∎ to maintain eye contact (with sb) regarder (qn) dans les yeux;∎ she always avoids eye contact (with me) elle évite tout le temps mon regard;American eye doctor ophtalmologue mf;eye drops gouttes fpl pour les yeux;eye hospital centre m hospitalier d'ophtalmologie;eye makeup maquillage m pour les yeux;eye makeup remover démaquillant m pour les yeux;eye movement camera caméra f oculaire;eye rhyme rime f pour l'œil;eye socket orbite f;eye specialist ophtalmologue mf;eye test examen m de la vue∎ to eye up the girls/boys reluquer les filles/les garçons;∎ he eyed her up il la regardée de la tête aux pieds(b) (estimate strength of → opponent) jauger (d'un coup d'œil)ⓘ Eyes on the prize Il s'agit d'une phrase extraite d'une chanson du mouvement pour les droits civils, aux États-Unis: "I know one thing we did right/Was the day we started to fight/Keep your eyes on the prize/Hold on, hold on" ("je sais que l'on a eu raison d'entamer la lutte, ne perdez jamais votre objectif de vue, tenez bon, tenez bon"). Cette phrase symbolise la lutte menée par le mouvement pour les droits civils en Amérique et figure dans de nombreux titres de livres et de films. On l'utilise également dans toute situation où des gens luttent pour l'obtention de droits civils, quel que soit le pays. En anglais américain, on utilise aussi cette expression de façon allusive lorsque quelqu'un doit se concentrer sur l'objectif à atteindre; on dira par exemple this year the Pistons need to keep their eyes firmly on the prize of the championship ("cette année les Pistons doivent faire tout leur possible pour gagner le championnat"). -
93 Chubb, Charles
SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors[br]b. 1779 Fordingbridge, Hampshire, Englandd. 16 May 1845 Islington, London, England.[br]English locksmith.[br]Both Charles Chubb and his younger brother Jeremiah served as apprentices to a blacksmith. The brothers were in business together in Daniel Street, Portsea, Hampshire, from 1804 until 1820, when Charles moved to London to establish the firm of Chubb \& Son. In 1818, Jeremiah Chubb had patented a detector lock; this invention proved to be the foundation of the later success of the firm of Chubb \& Son. Charles Chubb made improvements on this lock, for which he took out patents in 1824, 1828 and 1833. He also took out several patents for fireproof and burglarproof safes.In the Portsea factory, at first there were only two or three employees engaged in lockmaking, but when Charles Chubb moved to London another twelve were taken on and thus things remained until 1830, when a factory was opened in Wolverhampton with up to two hundred employees. The manufacture of fireproof and burglarproof safes was carried out at a separate factory in London, which had up to one hundred and fifty employees. The two factories supplied nearly 1,500,000 patent locks and about 30,000 safes and strongrooms, costing between £8 and £5,000, the latter being the largest-ever safe supplied to a bank at that time.See also: Chubb, JohnIMcN -
94 Dyer, Joseph Chessborough
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 15 November 1780 Stonnington Point, Connecticut, USAd. 2 May 1871 Manchester, England[br]American inventor of a popular type of roving frame for cotton manufacture.[br]As a youth, Dyer constructed an unsinkable life-boat but did not immediately pursue his mechanical bent, for at 16 he entered the counting-house of a French refugee named Nancrède and succeeded to part of the business. He first went to England in 1801 and finally settled in 1811 when he married Ellen Jones (d. 1842) of Gower Street, London. Dyer was already linked with American inventors and brought to England Perkins's plan for steel engraving in 1809, shearing and nail-making machines in 1811, and also received plans and specifications for Fulton's steamboats. He seems to have acted as a sort of British patent agent for American inventors, and in 1811 took out a patent for carding engines and a card clothing machine. In 1813 there was a patent for spinning long-fibred substances such as hemp, flax or grasses, and in 1825 there was a further patent for card making machinery. Joshua Field, on his tour through Britain in 1821, saw a wire drawing machine and a leather splitting machine at Dyer's works as well as the card-making machines. At first Dyer lived in Camden Town, London, but he had a card clothing business in Birmingham. He moved to Manchester c.1816, where he developed an extensive engineering works under the name "Joseph C.Dyer, patent card manufacturers, 8 Stanley Street, Dale Street". In 1832 he founded another works at Gamaches, Somme, France, but this enterprise was closed in 1848 with heavy losses through the mismanagement of an agent. In 1825 Dyer improved on Danforth's roving frame and started to manufacture it. While it was still a comparatively crude machine when com-pared with later versions, it had the merit of turning out a large quantity of work and was very popular, realizing a large sum of money. He patented the machine that year and must have continued his interest in these machines as further patents followed in 1830 and 1835. In 1821 Dyer had been involved in the foundation of the Manchester Guardian (now The Guardian) and he was linked with the construction of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He was not so successful with the ill-fated Bank of Manchester, of which he was a director and in which he lost £98,000. Dyer played an active role in the community and presented many papers to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. He helped to establish the Royal Institution in London and the Mechanics Institution in Manchester. In 1830 he was a member of the delegation to Paris to take contributions from the town of Manchester for the relief of those wounded in the July revolution and to congratulate Louis-Philippe on his accession. He called for the reform of Parliament and helped to form the Anti-Corn Law League. He hated slavery and wrote several articles on the subject, both prior to and during the American Civil War.[br]Bibliography1811, British patent no. 3,498 (carding engines and card clothing machine). 1813, British patent no. 3,743 (spinning long-fibred substances).1825, British patent no. 5,309 (card making machinery).1825, British patent no. 5,217 (roving frame). 1830, British patent no. 5,909 (roving frame).1835, British patent no. 6,863 (roving frame).Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography.J.W.Hall, 1932–3, "Joshua Field's diary of a tour in 1821 through the Midlands", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 6.Evan Leigh, 1875, The Science of Modern Cotton Spinning, Vol. II, Manchester (provides an account of Dyer's roving frame).D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution: The Diffusion of TextileTechnologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830s, Oxford (describes Dyer's links with America).See also: Arnold, AzaRLHBiographical history of technology > Dyer, Joseph Chessborough
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