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early-victorian

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1 early Victorian

early Victorian

vroeg Victoriaans

English-Dutch dictionary > early Victorian
2 early

'ə:li
1. adverb
1) (near the beginning (of a period of time etc): early in my life; early in the afternoon.) en los inicios, al principio; pronto; temprano

2) (sooner than others; sooner than usual; sooner than expected or than the appointed time: He arrived early; She came an hour early.) temprano

2. adjective
1) (belonging to, or happening, near the beginning of a period of time etc: early morning; in the early part of the century.) temprano

2) (belonging to the first stages of development: early musical instruments.) antiguo; los primeros; primitivo

3) (happening etc sooner than usual or than expected: the baby's early arrival; It's too early to get up yet.) temprano

4) (prompt: I hope for an early reply to my letter.) pronto

•

- earliness
- early bird

early adj adv temprano / pronto

the train left early el tren salió antes de hora

do you usually get up early? ¿sueles levantarte temprano?

El comparativo de early se escribe earlier; el superlativo se escribe earliest

early

tr['ɜːlɪ]

adjective (comp earlier, superl earliest)

1 (before expected) temprano,-a, pronto

■ we were early llegamos temprano

■ the baby was a fortnight early el bebé se adelantó quince días

■ early daffodils narcisos tempranos

■ an early reply una respuesta pronta

2 (initial) primero,-a

■ take the early train coge el primer tren de la mañana

■ what are your earliest memories? ¿cuáles son tus primeros recuerdos?

■ in the early stages en los comienzos

3 (near beginning)

■ she's in her early forties tiene poco más de cuarenta años

■ in early January a principios de enero

■ in the early 1960's a principios de los sesenta

■ he started working at an early age se puso a trabajar siendo muy joven

adverb

1 (before expected) temprano, pronto; (soon) pronto

■ the train left ten minutes early el tren salió con diez minutos de adelanto

■ she got up early se levantó temprano

■ they left early se fueron pronto

■ I'll be there as early as possible llegaré tan pronto como sea posible

2 (near beginning) temprano

■ early in the morning a primera hora de la mañana, por la mañana temprano

■ early in the season al principio de la temporada

■ earlier that day antes ese mismo día

■ as early as 1920 ya en 1920

3 (in good time) con tiempo, con anticipación

■ book early to avoid disappointment reserve con tiempo para evitarse una desilusión

■ we got there early to get a good seat llegamos con tiempo para coger buen sitio

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

at the earliest como muy pronto

earlier on antes

it's still early days aún es pronto

at your earliest convenience con la mayor brevedad

the early bird catches the worm a quien madruga Dios le ayuda

to have an early night acostarse pronto

to make an early start salir temprano

early bird / early riser madrugador,-ra

early man el hombre nombre masculino primitivo

early closing day SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL día en que los comercios abren sólo por la mañana

■ Wednesday is early closing day here aquí los miércoles por la tarde todo cierra

early retirement jubilación nombre femenino anticipada

early warning system sistema de alerta roja

the early hours / the early morning la madrugada

early ['ərli] adv, earlier ; - est : temprano, pronto

he arrived early: llegó temprano

as early as possible: lo más pronto posible, cuanto antes

ten minutes early: diez minutos de adelanto

early adj, earlier ; - est

1) (referring to a beginning) : primero

the early stages: las primeras etapas

in early May: a principios de mayo

2) (referring to antiquity) : primitivo, antiguo

early man: el hombre primitivo

early painting: la pintura antigua

3) (referring to a designated time) : temprano, antes de la hora, prematuro

he was early: llegó temprano

early fruit: frutas tempraneras

an early death: una muerte prematura

early

adj.

• adelantado, -a adj.

• primero, -a adj.

• primitivo, -a adj.

• pronto, -a adj.

• tempranero, -a adj.

• temprano, -a adj.

adv.

• al principio adv.

• temprano adv.

I 'ɜːrli, 'ɜːli
adjective -lier, -liest

1) ( before expected time) <arrival/elections> anticipado

to be early — \<\<person\>\> llegar* temprano; \<\<baby\>\> adelantarse

we were 20 minutes early — llegamos con 20 minutos de adelanto

the bus was early — el autobús pasó (or salió etc) antes de la hora

2)

a) ( before normal time)

to have an early night/lunch — acostarse*/comer temprano

early retirement — jubilación f anticipada

b) <crop/variety> temprano, tempranero

3) ( far back in time)

early man — el hombre primitivo

his earliest memories — sus primeros recuerdos

4) ( toward beginning of period)

it's too early to tell — es demasiado pronto para saber

at an early stage — en una etapa temprana

in the early hours of the morning — en las primeras horas de la mañana, de madrugada

in early June — a principios or a comienzos de junio

in early childhood — en la primera infancia

from an early age — desde pequeño, desde temprana edad (liter)

he was in his early twenties — tenía poco más de veinte años

we caught an earlier train — tomamos un tren que salía más temprano

5) ( in near future) pronto

at the earliest possible moment — lo antes or lo más pronto posible

II

adverb -lier, -liest

1) ( before expected time) temprano

the baby arrived two weeks early — el niño se adelantó dos semanas

2) ( before usual time) temprano, pronto (Esp)

3) ( long ago)

it was known as early as 200 BC — ya se sabía en el año 200 A.C

4) ( toward beginning of period)

early in the morning/afternoon — por la mañana/tarde temprano

early in the week/year — a principios de semana/año

early (on) in her career — en los comienzos de su carrera

book early — haga su reserva cuanto antes

5) ( soon) pronto

they won't be here till nine at the earliest — por temprano que lleguen no estarán aquí antes de las nueve

['ɜːlɪ] (compar earlier) (superl earliest)
1. ADJ

1) (=before appointed time)

• to be early — llegar temprano or pronto

you're early! — ¡llegas temprano or pronto!

you're five minutes early — llegas con cinco minutos de adelanto

I was half an hour early for the meeting — llegué a la reunión con media hora de adelanto, llegué a la reunión media hora antes de que empezase

2) (=before usual time) [death, menopause] prematuro, temprano

Easter is early this year — la Semana Santa cae pronto este año

• early frosts — heladas fpl prematuras or tempranas

• to have an early lunch — almorzar temprano, comer temprano

• she was pressurized into an early marriage — la presionaron para que se casase muy joven

• to have an early night — acostarse temprano

• early retirement — jubilación f anticipada

• it was an early summer — el verano se había adelantado, el verano había llegado pronto

3) (=soon) pronto

it's too early to say — es demasiado pronto para saber

• at your earliest convenience — (Comm) con la mayor brevedad posible

4) (=towards beginning)

a) (of morning)

• we need two seats on an early flight — necesitamos dos plazas en un vuelo que salga por la mañana temprano or un vuelo a primera hora de la mañana

• to get up at an early hour — levantarse temprano, levantarse de madrugada

• to keep early hours — acostarse y levantarse temprano

we arrived home in the early hours (of the morning) — llegamos a casa de madrugada

we worked until the early hours of the morning — trabajamos hasta altas horas de la madrugada

• it was early in the morning — era muy de mañana, era muy temprano

in the early morning — a primeras horas de la mañana

we went for an early morning drive — nos fuimos a dar un paseo en coche por la mañana temprano

• to be an early riser — ser madrugador

• to get off to or make an early start — salir temprano

b) [period, process]

the early days/months/years of sth — los primeros días/meses/años de algo

in the early 60s/70s — a principios de los 60/70

she's in her early forties/seventies — tiene poco más de cuarenta/setenta años, tiene cuarenta/setenta y pocos (años)

she became famous in her early thirties — se hizo famosa a los treinta y pocos

there were two early goals — se marcaron dos goles al inicio del partido

in early January/March — a principios de enero/marzo

it's still early — (in process) es pronto todavía

• the early afternoon — a primera hora de la tarde

• at an early age — a una edad temprana

from an early age — desde pequeño, desde una edad temprana frm

• his early career/ childhood — los primeros años de su carrera/infancia

• an early diagnosis — un diagnóstico precoz

• it was early evening — era media tarde

we'll arrive there in the early evening — llegaremos a media tarde

• her early life — los primeros años de su vida

• in the early spring — a principios de la primavera

it flowers from early spring to early autumn — florece desde principios de la primavera a principios del otoño

• the disease is hard to detect in its early stages — es difícil detectar la enfermedad en sus fases iniciales

at an earlier stage of the project — en una etapa anterior del proyecto

• he's in his early teens — tendrá unos trece o catorce años

he began painting in his early teens — empezó a pintar a los trece o catorce años

• his early youth — su primera juventud

it's early days yet —

we may have to modify the plans, but it's early days yet — (esp Brit) quizás tengamos que modificar los planes, pero aún es pronto para saberlo

5) (=first) [man, Church] primitivo; [settlers, pioneers, Christians] primer

the early Victorians — los primeros victorianos

an early Victorian table — una mesa de principios de la era victoriana

Shakespeare's early work — las primeras obras de Shakespeare

6) (Hort) [fruit, vegetable, crop] temprano

2. ADV

1) (=ahead of time) [arrive, leave, get up, go to bed] temprano, pronto

he arrived ten minutes early — llegó diez minutos antes de la hora, llegó con diez minutos de anticipación

he took his summer holiday early — se tomó las vacaciones de verano pronto

to book early — reservar con anticipación

I don't want to get there too early — no quiero llegar demasiado pronto

- early to bed, early to rise
bright 2.
2) (=soon) pronto

the earliest I can do it is Tuesday — lo más pronto que lo podré hacer será el martes

as early as possible — lo más pronto posible, cuanto antes

as early as 1978 — ya en 1978

3) (=towards beginning of sth)

a) (in morning) temprano

you get up too early — te levantas demasiado temprano, madrugas demasiado

b) (in period, process)

• early in sth, early in the afternoon — a primera hora de la tarde

early in the book — en las primeras páginas del libro

early in the war — a principios de la guerra

early in the week — a principios de semana

early in the year — a principios de año

early in 1915 — a principios de 1915

early in his life — en su juventud

Red Ribbon fell early in the race — Red Ribbon tuvo una caída al principio de la carrera

• early last century — a principios del siglo pasado

• early next year — a principios del año que viene

• early on in his career — en los primeros años de su carrera

earlier on — anteriormente, antes

• early this month — a principios de (este) mes

• early today — a primera hora de hoy

3.

CPD

early bird * N — madrugador(a) m / f

- it's the early bird that catches the worm

early closing N — (also: early-closing day) (Brit) día en que muchas tiendas solo abren por la mañana

early closing is on Mondays — el lunes muchas tiendas solo abren por la mañana

the Early Middle Ages NPL — la Alta Edad Media

early riser N — madrugador(a) m / f

early warning radar system N — sistema m de radar de alerta temprana

early warning system N — sistema m de alarma temprana or precoz, sistema m de alerta temprana or precoz

pain acts as the body's early warning system — el dolor actúa como un sistema de alarma or alerta precoz

* * *

I ['ɜːrli, 'ɜːli]
adjective -lier, -liest

1) ( before expected time) <arrival/elections> anticipado

to be early — \<\<person\>\> llegar* temprano; \<\<baby\>\> adelantarse

we were 20 minutes early — llegamos con 20 minutos de adelanto

the bus was early — el autobús pasó (or salió etc) antes de la hora

2)

a) ( before normal time)

to have an early night/lunch — acostarse*/comer temprano

early retirement — jubilación f anticipada

b) <crop/variety> temprano, tempranero

3) ( far back in time)

early man — el hombre primitivo

his earliest memories — sus primeros recuerdos

4) ( toward beginning of period)

it's too early to tell — es demasiado pronto para saber

at an early stage — en una etapa temprana

in the early hours of the morning — en las primeras horas de la mañana, de madrugada

in early June — a principios or a comienzos de junio

in early childhood — en la primera infancia

from an early age — desde pequeño, desde temprana edad (liter)

he was in his early twenties — tenía poco más de veinte años

we caught an earlier train — tomamos un tren que salía más temprano

5) ( in near future) pronto

at the earliest possible moment — lo antes or lo más pronto posible

II

adverb -lier, -liest

1) ( before expected time) temprano

the baby arrived two weeks early — el niño se adelantó dos semanas

2) ( before usual time) temprano, pronto (Esp)

3) ( long ago)

it was known as early as 200 BC — ya se sabía en el año 200 A.C

4) ( toward beginning of period)

early in the morning/afternoon — por la mañana/tarde temprano

early in the week/year — a principios de semana/año

early (on) in her career — en los comienzos de su carrera

book early — haga su reserva cuanto antes

5) ( soon) pronto

they won't be here till nine at the earliest — por temprano que lleguen no estarán aquí antes de las nueve

English-spanish dictionary > early
3 early ***** ear·ly

['ɜːlɪ] - ier comp - iest superl
1. adv

presto, (ahead of time) in anticipo

I came home early — sono tornato a casa presto

as early as possible — il più presto possibile

early in the morning/afternoon — nelle prime ore del mattino/del pomeriggio

early in the spring/19th century — all'inizio della primavera/dell'Ottocento

he was 10 minutes early — è arrivato con 10 minuti di anticipo

to book early — prenotare in anticipo

I can't come any earlier — non posso venire prima

I saw him earlier — l'ho visto prima

earlier on — poco tempo prima

2. adj

(man) primitivo (-a), (Christians, settlers) primo (-a), (fruit, plant) precoce, (death) prematuro (-a), (reply) pronto (-a)

it's still early — è ancora presto

an early general election — elezioni fpl generali anticipate

at an early date — prossimamente

an early edition of the book — una precedente edizione del libro

you're early! — sei in anticipo!

to be an early riser or an early bird — essere mattiniero (-a)

at an early hour — presto

in the early morning — al mattino presto

in the early 19th century — ai primi dell'Ottocento

she's in her early forties — ha appena passato la quarantina

from an early age — fin dall'infanzia

his early youth — la sua prima giovinezza

Shakespeare's early work — le prime opere di Shakespeare

an early Victorian table — un tavolo del primo periodo vittoriano

to have an early night — andare a letto presto

to make an early start — iniziare presto

at your earliest convenience Comm — non appena possibile

English-Italian dictionary > early ***** ear·ly
4 early

adj. vroeg
--------
adv. vroeg

early¹

[ ə:lie] 〈bijvoeglijk naamwoord; earliness〉

1 vroeg ⇒ vroegtijdig

2 spoedig

3 oud ⇒ van lang geleden

♦voorbeelden:

1   early bird • vroege vogel, vroege opstaander

     〈 politiek〉 early general elections • vervroegde algemene verkiezingen

     keep early hours • vroeg naar bed gaan en vroeg opstaan

     early retirement • VUT, vervroegd pensioen

     an early riser • iemand die vroeg opstaat

     early warning system • netwerk van waarschuwingsradar

     〈 spreekwoord〉 the early bird catches the worm • de vroege vogeltjes vangen de wormpjes; vroeg begonnen, veel gewonnen

2   an early reply • een vlot antwoord

3   the early Celts • de oude/eerste Kelten

————————

early²

〈 bijwoord〉

1 vroeg ⇒ (in het) begin, tijdig

2 te vroeg

♦voorbeelden:

1   early Victorian • vroeg Victoriaans

     early closing day • verplichte sluitingsmiddag

     early or late • vroeg of laat

     early on (in) • al vroeg, al in het begin

2   we were an hour early • we waren een uur te vroeg

English-Dutch dictionary > early
5 Victorian

[vɪk'tɔːrɪən] 1. adj
1) вікторіа́нський, що стосу́ється епо́хи короле́ви Вікто́рії

2) застарі́лий, старомо́дний (звич. early Victorian)
2. n
люди́на (дія́ч) вікторіа́нської епо́хи; вікторіа́нець

English-Ukrainian transcription dictionary > Victorian
6 early

early ['ɜ:lɪ]

matinal ⇒ 1 (a) premier ⇒ 1 (b) en avance ⇒ 1 (c), 2 (c) de bonne heure ⇒ 1 (c), 2 (a), 2 (c) précoce ⇒ 1 (d)

(compar earlier, superl earliest)

1 adjective

(a) (morning) matinal;

∎ I had an early breakfast j'ai déjeuné de bonne heure;

∎ to get off to an early start partir de bonne heure;

∎ the early shuttle to London le premier avion pour Londres;

∎ it's too early to get up il est trop tôt pour se lever;

∎ it's earlier than I thought il est plus tôt que je ne pensais;

∎ to be an early riser être matinal ou un lève-tôt;

∎ very early in the morning très tôt;

∎ early morning call appel m matinal;

∎ could you give me an early call at 6:30? pouvez-vous me réveiller à 6 heures 30?;

∎ early morning tea thé m du matin;

∎ early morning walk promenade f matinale

(b) (belonging to the beginning of a period of time → machine, film, poem) premier; (→ Edwardian, Victorian etc) du début de l'époque;

∎ in the early afternoon/spring/fifties au début de l'après-midi/du printemps/des années cinquante;

∎ in the early nineteenth century au début du XIXème siècle;

∎ the earlier applicants were better than the later ones les premiers candidats étaient meilleurs que les derniers;

∎ when was that? - early September quand était-ce? - début septembre;

∎ from the earliest days of the century depuis le tout début du siècle;

∎ British it's early days yet (difficult to be definite) il est trop tôt pour se prononcer; (might yet be worse, better) il est encore tôt;

∎ from the earliest times depuis le début des temps;

∎ I need an early night je dois me coucher de bonne heure;

∎ a couple of early nights wouldn't do you any harm cela ne te ferait pas de mal de te coucher de bonne heure pendant quelques jours;

∎ it's too early to tell il est trop tôt pour se prononcer, on ne peut encore rien dire;

∎ the earliest human artefacts les premiers objets fabriqués par l'homme;

∎ the early Roman Empire l'Empire romain naissant;

∎ an early 18th-century form of democracy une forme de démocratie propre au début du XVIIIème siècle;

∎ the early American settlers les premiers pionniers américains;

∎ an early Picasso une des premières œuvres de Picasso;

∎ he's in his early twenties il a une vingtaine d'années;

∎ in his early youth quand il était très jeune;

∎ a man in early middle age un homme d'une quarantaine d'années;

∎ from an early age dès l'enfance;

∎ at an early age de bonne heure, très jeune;

∎ he received his early education in Paris il reçut sa première éducation à Paris;

∎ my earliest recollections mes souvenirs les plus lointains;

∎ early reports from the front indicate that… les premières nouvelles du front semblent indiquer que…;

∎ in the early stages of the project dans une phase initiale du projet

(c) (ahead of time)

∎ to be early (person, train, flight, winter) être en avance;

∎ I am half an hour early je suis en avance d'une demi-heure;

∎ let's have an early lunch déjeunons de bonne heure;

∎ you're too early vous arrivez trop tôt, vous êtes en avance;

∎ Easter is early this year Pâques est de bonne heure cette année

(d) (premature) précoce, hâtif; (death) prématuré;

∎ early beans haricots mpl de primeur;

∎ early vegetables/fruit/produce primeurs fpl;

∎ we're having an early winter l'hiver est précoce

(e) (relating to the future → reply) prochain;

∎ at an early date de bonne heure;

∎ at an earlier date plus tôt;

∎ we need an early meeting il faut que nous nous réunissions bientôt;

∎ Commerce at your earliest convenience dans les meilleurs délais;

∎ what is your earliest possible delivery date? quelle est votre première possibilité de livraison?;

∎ give us the earliest possible notice avertissez-nous le plus tôt possible

2 adverb

(a) (in the morning → rise, leave) tôt, de bonne heure;

∎ let's set off as early as we can mettons-nous en route le plus tôt possible;

∎ how early should I get there? à quelle heure dois-je y être?

(b) (at the beginning of a period of time)

∎ early in the evening/in the afternoon tôt le soir/(dans) l'après-midi;

∎ early in the year/winter au début de l'année/de l'hiver;

∎ as early as the tenth century dès le dixième siècle;

∎ I can't make it earlier than 2.30 je ne peux pas avant 14 heures 30;

∎ what's the earliest you can make it? (be here) quand pouvez-vous être ici?;

∎ early on tôt;

∎ early on it was apparent that… il est vite apparu que…;

∎ early on in June au début du mois de juin;

∎ earlier on plus tôt

(c) (ahead of schedule) en avance; (earlier than usual) de bonne heure;

∎ I want to leave early tonight (from work) je veux partir de bonne heure ce soir;

∎ shop/post early for Christmas faites vos achats/postez votre courrier à l'avance pour Noël

(d) (prematurely)

∎ to die early (young) mourir jeune; (sooner than expected) mourir prématurément;

∎ this flower blooms very early cette fleur s'épanouit très précocement

(e) (relating to the future)

∎ at the earliest au plus tôt;

∎ we can't deliver earlier than Friday nous ne pouvons pas livrer avant vendredi

►► Marketing early adopter réceptif m précoce, adopteur m précoce;

early American = style de mobilier et d'architecture du début du XIXème siècle;

early bird (early riser) lève-tôt mf; (person who arrives early) = personne qui arrive tôt;

∎ proverb the early bird catches the worm (it's good to get up early) le monde appartient à ceux qui se lèvent tôt; (it's good to arrive early) les premiers arrivés sont les mieux servis;

American Commerce early bird special = dans un restaurant, prix avantageux accordés aux clients qui consomment avant une certaine heure;

the early Church l'Église f primitive;

British Commerce early closing = jour où l'on ferme tôt;

∎ it's early closing today (for all shops) les magasins ferment de bonne heure aujourd'hui; (for this shop) on ferme de bonne heure aujourd'hui;

British Politics Early Day Motion = proposition de loi dont la discussion n'est pas à l'ordre du jour, présentée par un député qui recherche l'appui de collègues de façon à attirer l'attention du parlement sur une question;

early English gothique m anglais primitif;

Marketing early follower suiveur m immédiat;

Early Learning Centre = chaîne de magasins de jouets d'éveil, en Grande-Bretagne;

Marketing early majority majorité f innovatrice;

Art the early masters les primitifs mpl;

early music (baroque) musique f ancienne;

Finance early redemption amortissement m anticipé;

early retirement retraite f anticipée;

∎ to take early retirement prendre sa retraite anticipée, partir en retraite anticipée

ⓘ Here's one I made earlier L'émission éducative britannique Blue Peter, diffusée sur le petit écran depuis de nombreuses années, comprend souvent des séquences de travaux manuels et de cuisine. Les animateurs présentent toujours le produit fini à la caméra en prononçant les mots here's one I made earlier ("en voici un que j'ai confectionné au préalable"). On utilise cette phrase de façon humoristique lorsqu'on montre à quelqu'un une chose que l'on a réalisée.

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > early
7 Bateman, John Frederick La Trobe

SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Public utilities

[br]

b. 30 May 1810 Lower Wyke, near Halifax, Yorkshire, England

d. 10 June 1889 Moor Park, Farnham, Surrey, England

[br]

English civil engineer whose principal works were concerned with reservoirs, water-supply schemes and pipelines.

[br]

Bateman's maternal grandfather was a Moravian missionary, and from the age of 7 he was educated at the Moravian schools at Fairfield and Ockbrook. At the age of 15 he was apprenticed to a "civil engineer, land surveyor and agent" in Oldham. After this apprenticeship, Bateman commenced his own practice in 1833. One of his early schemes and reports was in regard to the flooding of the river Medlock in the Manchester area. He came to the attention of William Fairbairn, the engine builder and millwright of Canal Street, Ancoats, Manchester. Fairbairn used Bateman as his site surveyor and as such he prepared much of the groundwork for the Bann reservoirs in Northern Ireland. Whilst the reports on the proposals were in the name of Fairbairn, Bateman was, in fact, appointed by the company as their engineer for the execution of the works. One scheme of Bateman's which was carried forward was the Kendal Reservoirs. The Act for these was signed in 1845 and was implemented not for the purpose of water supply but for the conservation of water to supply power to the many mills which stood on the river Kent between Kentmere and Morecambe Bay. The Kentmere Head dam is the only one of the five proposed for the scheme to survive, although not all the others were built as they would have retained only small volumes of water.

Perhaps the greatest monument to the work of J.F.La Trobe Bateman is Manchester's water supply; he was consulted about this in 1844, and construction began four years later. He first built reservoirs in the Longdendale valley, which has a very complicated geological stratification. Bateman favoured earth embankment dams and gravity feed rather than pumping; the five reservoirs in the valley that impound the river Etherow were complex, cored earth dams. However, when completed they were greatly at risk from landslips and ground movement. Later dams were inserted by Bateman to prevent water loss should the older dams fail. The scheme was not completed until 1877, by which time Manchester's population had exceeded the capacity of the original scheme; Thirlmere in Cumbria was chosen by Manchester Corporation as the site of the first of the Lake District water-supply schemes. Bateman, as Consulting Engineer, designed the great stone-faced dam at the west end of the lake, the "gothic" straining well in the middle of the east shore of the lake, and the 100-mile (160 km) pipeline to Manchester. The Act for the Thirlmere reservoir was signed in 1879 and, whilst Bateman continued as Consulting Engineer, the work was supervised by G.H. Hill and was completed in 1894.

Bateman was also consulted by the authorities in Glasgow, with the result that he constructed an impressive water-supply scheme derived from Loch Katrine during the years 1856–60. It was claimed that the scheme bore comparison with "the most extensive aqueducts in the world, not excluding those of ancient Rome". Bateman went on to superintend the waterworks of many cities, mainly in the north of England but also in Dublin and Belfast. In 1865 he published a pamphlet, On the Supply of Water to London from the Sources of the River Severn, based on a survey funded from his own pocket; a Royal Commission examined various schemes but favoured Bateman's.

Bateman was also responsible for harbour and dock works, notably on the rivers Clyde and Shannon, and also for a number of important water-supply works on the Continent of Europe and beyond. Dams and the associated reservoirs were the principal work of J.F.La Trobe Bateman; he completed forty-three such schemes during his professional career. He also prepared many studies of water-supply schemes, and appeared as professional witness before the appropriate Parliamentary Committees.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS 1860. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1878, 1879.

Bibliography

Among his publications History and Description of the Manchester Waterworks, (1884, London), and The Present State of Our Knowledge on the Supply of Water to Towns, (1855, London: British Association for the Advancement of Science) are notable.

Further Reading

Obituary, 1889, Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 97:392– 8.

Obituary, 1889, Proceedings of the Royal Society 46:xlii-xlviii. G.M.Binnie, 1981, Early Victorian Water Engineers, London.

P.N.Wilson, 1973, "Kendal reservoirs", Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society 73.

KM / LRD

Biographical history of technology > Bateman, John Frederick La Trobe
8 Staite, William Edwards

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Public utilities

[br]

b. 19 April 1809 Bristol, England

d. 26 September 1854 Caen, France

[br]

English inventor who did much to popularize electric lighting in early Victorian England and demonstrated the first self-regulating arc lamp.

[br]

Before devoting the whole of his attention to the electric light, Staite was a partner in a business of iron merchants and patented a method of obtaining extracts and essences. From 1834 he attempted to produce a continuous light by electricity. The first public exhibition of Staite's arc lamp incorporating a fixed-rate clockwork mechanism was given in 1847 to the Sunderland Literary and Philosophical Society. He also demonstrated an incandescent lamp with an iridioplatinum filament. Sir Joseph Wilson Swan recorded that it was attending lectures by Staite in Sunderland, Newcastle and Carlisle that started him on the quest which many years later was to lead to his incandescent lamp.

In association with William Petrie (1821–1904), Staite made an important advance in the development of arc lamps by introducing automatic regulation of the carbon rods by way of an electromagnet. This was the first of many self-regulating arc lamps that were invented during the nineteenth century employing this principle. A contributory factor in the success of Staite's lamp was the semi enclosure of the arc in a transparent vessel that reduced the consumption of carbons, a feature not used again until the 1890s. His patents included processes for preparing carbons and the construction of primary cells for arc lighting. An improved lamp used by Staite in a theatrical production at Her Majesty's Theatre, London, in April 1849 may be considered the first commercial success of the electric light in England. In spite of the limitations imposed by the use of primary cells as the only available source of power, serious interest in this system of electric lighting was shown by railway companies and dock authorities. However, after he had developed a satisfactory arc lamp, an end to these early experiments was brought about by Staite's death.

[br]

Bibliography

July 1847, British patent no. 1,1783 (electromagnetic regulation of an arc lamp).

His manuscript "History of electric light" is in the Institution of Electrical Engineers archives.

Further Reading

J.J.Fahie, 1902, "Staite and Petrie's electric light 1846–1853", Electrical Engineer 30:297–301, 337–40, 374–6 (a detailed reliable account).

G.Woodward, 1989, "Staite and Petrie: pioneers of electric lighting", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 136 (Part A): 290–6 GW

Biographical history of technology > Staite, William Edwards
9 the parting of the ways

сомнения, неуверенность (ср. на распутье) [этим. библ. Ezekiel XXI, 21]; см. тж. come to a parting of the ways

‘Edwin Drood’ stands at the parting of the ways between the early Victorian and the modern attitude to murder in literature... (V. S. Pritchett, ‘The Living Novel’, ‘Edwin Drood’, Kenk) — В "Эдвине Друде" Диккенс стоит на полдороге между ранневикторианской и современной трактовкой убийства в художественной литературе.

All right, sister, you're at the parting of the ways. Either identify this guy or get hooked as an accessory. (E. S. Gardner, ‘Gold Comes in Bricks’, ch. 15) — Так вот, сестрица. Перед вами выбор. Или установите личность этого парня, или мы будем считать вас его сообщницей.

Large English-Russian phrasebook > the parting of the ways
10 Cubitt, Thomas

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

[br]

b. 25 February 1788 Buxton, Norfolk, England

d. 20 December 1855 Dorking, Surrey, England

[br]

English master builder and founder of the first building firm of modern type.

[br]

He started his working life as a carpenter at a time when work in different trades such as bricklaying, masonry, carpentry and plumbing was subcontracted. The system had worked well enough until about 1800, but when large-scale development was required, as in the nineteenth century, it showed itself to be inefficient and slow. To avoid long delays in building, Cubitt bought land and established workshops, founding a firm that employed all the craftsmen necessary to the building trade on a permanent-wage basis. To keep his firm financially solvent he had to provide continuous work for his staff, which he achieved by large-scale, speculative building even while maintaining high architectural standards.

Cubitt performed a major service to London, with many of his houses, squares and terraces still surviving as sound and elegant as they were over 150 years ago in the large estates he laid out. His most ambitious enterprise was Belgravia, where he built 200 imposing houses for the aristocracy upon an area of previously swampy land that he leased from Lord Grosvenor. His houses expose as inferior much of the later phases of development which surround them. All his life Cubitt used his influence to combat the abuses of architecture, building and living standards to which speculative building is heir. He was especially interested in drainage, smoke control and London's sewage arrangement, and constantly worked to improve these. He supplied first-class amenities in the way of land drainage, sewage disposal, street lighting and roads, and his own houses were soundly built, pleasant to live in and created to last.

[br]

Further Reading

Hermione Hobhouse, 1971, Thomas Cubitt: Master Builder, Macmillan.

Henry Russell-Hitchcock, 1976, Early Victorian Architecture, 2 vols, New York: Da Capo.

DY

Biographical history of technology > Cubitt, Thomas
11 at the parting of the ways

нa pacпутьe [этим. библ.]

Edwin Drood stands at the parting of the ways between the early Victorian and the modern attitude to murder in literature (V. S. Pritchett). All right, sister, you're at the parting of the ways. Either identify this guy or get hooked as an accessory (E. S. Gardner)

Concise English-Russian phrasebook > at the parting of the ways
12 a (or the) parting of the ways

выбop (oбыкн. at the parting of the ways пepeд выбopoм; нa pacпутьe) [этим. библ.]

Edwin Drood stands at the parting of the ways between the early Victorian and the modern attitude to murder in literature (K. S. Prichard). All right, sister, you're at the parting of the ways. Either identify this guy or get hooked as an accessory (E. S. Gardner)

Concise English-Russian phrasebook > a (or the) parting of the ways
13 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE

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   ■ Barreiros, Jose Antonio. A Lusitania Dos Espioes. Lisbon: Hugin, 1995.

   ■. O Espiao Alemao Em Goa. Operacao Long Shanks, 1943. Lisbon, 2001.

   ■ Beevor, J. G. SOE. Recollections and Reflections 1940-45. London, 1981. Bloch, Michael. Operation Willi: The Plot to Kidnap the Duke of Windsor July 1940. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984. Carrilho, Maria et. al., Portugal Na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Contributos para uma reavaliacao. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1989. Cole, Robert. Britain and the War of Words in Neutral Europe, 1939-45. New York: St. Martin's, 1990. Colvin, Ian. Flight 777. London: Evans, 1957. Dias, Mariana Tavares. Lisboa nos Anos 40. Lisbon: Quimera, 1997. Eizenstadt, Stuart E. Coord. U.S. and Allied Efforts to Recover and Restore Gold and Other Assets Stolen or Hidden by Germany during World War II. New York, 2001.

   ■ Fralon, Jose-Alain. A Good Man in Evil Times. The Story of Aristides De Sousa Mendes: The Man Who Saved the Lives of Countless Refugees in World War II. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2001.

   ■ Giraudoux, Jean. Portugal. Paris: Grasset, 1958.

   ■ Johns, Philip. Within Two Cloaks. Missions With SIS and SOE. London, 1979.

   ■ Koestler, Arthur. Arrival and Departure. London, 1943.

   ■ Leitz, Christian. Sympathy for the Devil: Neutral Portugal and Nazi Germany in World War II. New York, 2001.

   ■ Louca, Antonio. Hitler e Salazar. Comercio em tempos de Guerra 1940-1944. Lisbon, 2000.

   ■ Luca, Antonio. "Portugal's Double Game: Between the Nazis and the Allies." In Avi Beker, ed., The Plunder of Jewish Property during the Holocaust. Confronting European History. New York, 2001. MacIntyre, Ben. Agent Zigzag. New York: Harmony, 2007. Martins, Maria Joao. O Paraiso Triste. O Quotidiano em Lisboa durante a II Grande Guerra. Lisbon: Vega, 1994. Masterman, J.C. The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939 to 1945. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1972. Muggeridge, Malcolm. Chronicles of Wasted Time. Chronicle 2: The Infernal Grove. New York: William Morrow, 1974.

   ■ Nery, Julia. O Consul. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1991.

   ■ Pimentel, Irene Flunser. Judeus em Portugal na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Lisbon, 2006.

   ■ Popov, Dusko. Spy/ Counterspy. London, 1974.

   ■ Prokosch, Frederick. The Conspirators. New York, 1943.

   ■ Remarque, Erich Maria. The Night in Lisbon. New York, 1966.

   ■ Ribeiro, Aquilino. Volfarmio Romance. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1943.

   ■ Rosas, Fernando. Portugal entre a Paz e a Guerra. Lisbon: Estampa, 1990.

   ■ Saint-Exupery, Antoine. Wartime Writings, 1939-1944. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1986.

   ■ Teixeira, Nuno Severiano, ed. Portugal E A Guerra. Historia das Intervencoes militares portuguesas nos grandes conflitos mundiais seculos XIX e XX. Lisbon: Colibri, 1998.

   ■ Telo, Antonio Jose. Propagandal E Guerra Secreta Em Portugal 1939-45. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■. Portugal na Segunda Guerra ( 1941-1945), 2 vols. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■. Os Acores E O Controlo Do Atlantico ( 1898/ 1948). Lisbon: Ed. Asa, 1993.

   ■. A neutralidade portuguesa e o ouro nazi. Lisbon, 2000.

   ■ Vintras, R.E. The Portuguese Connection: The Secret History of the Azores Base. London: Bachman and Turner, 1974. Wheeler, Douglas L. "The Age Old Business of Espionage." 1987 World Book Year Book. Chicago, 1987.

   ■. "'In the Service of Order.' The Portuguese Political Police and the British, Germany and Spanish Intelligence [Services]." Journal of Contemporary History 36: no. 3 (Jan. 1983), 1-25.

   ■. "And Who is My Neighbor? A World War II Hero of Conscience for Portugal." Luso-Brazilian Review 23 (no. 2) (Summer 1989), 119-39.

   ■. "The Price of Neutrality: Portugal, the Wolfram Question, and World War II." Luso-Brazilian Review (Madison, WI), 23 (nos.1, 2) (Summer, 1986; Winter, 1986). 97-111; 108-127.

   ■. "Last of the Great Air Mysteries of the War [World War II]." Bridport and Lyme Regis Gazette (Dorset, U.K.), June 5, 2003, 24-25.

   ■. "Leslie Howard Helped Win World War II," St. Louis Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, Mo.), April 3, 5, 2005.

   ■ Wilson, Robert. A Small Death in Lisbon. London, 2000.

   ■. The Company Of Strangers. San Diego, 2002.

   ■ Wylie, Neville. "An Amateur Learns His Job? Special Operations Executive in Portugal, 1940-42." Journal of Contemporary History. 36: no. 3 (2001), 441-57.

   ■ The Military

   ■ Ferreira Martins, General. Historia do Exercito Portugues. Lisbon: Inquerito, 1945.

   ■ Kaulza de Arriaga, General. Guerra e Politica. Em nome da verdade. Os anos decisivos. Lisbon: Referendo, 1987.

   ■ Medeiros Ferreira, Jose. O Comportamento Politico dos Militares, Forcas Armadas e Regimes Politicos em Portugal no seculo XX. Lisbon: Estampa, 1992.

   ■ Pereira Marques, Fernando. Exercito e Sociedade em Portugal. No Declinio do Antigo Regime e advento do Liberalismo. Lisbon: Regra do Jogo, 1981.

   ■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm, 1977.

   ■ Ribeiro Dos Santos, Antonio Pedro. O Estado E A Order Publica. As Institui-coes Militares Portuguesas. Lisbon: Instituto Superior De Ciencias Sociais E Politicas, 1999.

   ■ Saraiva de Carvalho, Otelo. Alvorada em Abril. Amadora (Portugal): Bertrand, 1977.

   ■ Selvagem, Carlos. Portugal Militar. Compendio de Historia Militar e Naval de Portugal. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1931.

   ■ Spinola, Antonio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon: Arcadia, 1974.

   ■. Pais Sem Rumo. Contributo para a historia de uma Revolucao. Lisbon: Scire, 1978.

   ■ Teixeira, Nuno Severiano. Portugal e a Guerra. Historia das intervencoes militares portuguesas nos grandes conflitos mundiais do seculo XX. Lisbon: Ed. Colibri, 1999.

   ■. Coord., Nova Historia Militar de Portugal, 5 vols. Lisbon: Circulo de Leitores, 2003-.

   ■ Valente, Vasco Pulido. O Poder e o Povo. A Revolucao de 1910. Lisbon: Moraes, 1976, 1982.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. Republican Portugal: A Political History ( 1910-1926). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978, 1998.

   ■. A Ditadura Militar Portuguesa ( 1926-1933). Mem Martins: Europa- America, 1988.

   ■. "The Military and the Portuguese Dictatorship, 1926-1974: "The Honor of the Army." In Lawrence S. Graham and Harry M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. 191-219. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ Government and Politics since 1974

   ■ Aguiar, Joaquim. "Hidden Fluidity in an Ultra-Stable Party System." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 101-27. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel, ed. Sistema Eleitoral Portugües: Debate Político e Parlamentar. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional/ Casa da Moeda, 1998.

   ■, ed. "Portugal Político 25 Anos Depois." In Análise Social XXXV, 154/155 (Summer, 2000): 1-404.

   ■ Bruneau, Thomas C., and Alex Macleod. Politics in Contemporary Portugal: Parties and the Consolidation of Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1986.

   ■ Bruneau, Thomas C., ed. Political Parties and Democracy in Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1997. Carlucci, Frank. "Confiei no Povo Portugues." Visao (Lisbon), April 10, 1997, 46-47.

   ■. "The View from the U.S. Embassy." In Hans Binnendijk, ed., Authoritarian Regimes in Transition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of State, Foreign Service Institute, Center for the Study of Foreign Affairs, 1987.

   ■ Coelho, Mário Baptista, ed. Portugal. O Sistema Política a Constitucional, 1974-87. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, UNL, 1989.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antonio. "Settling Accounts with the Past in a Troubled Transition to Democracy: The Portuguese Case." In Alexandra Barahona De Brito, Carmen Gonzalez-Enriquez, and Paloma Aguilar, eds., The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies, 65-91. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

   ■ Cruzeiro, Maria Manuela. Costa Gomes-o Ultimo Marechal. Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 1998.

   ■ Domingos, Emídio Da Veiga. Portugal Político. Análise das Instituiçoes. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Goldey, David. "Elections and the Consolidation of Portuguese Democracy: 1974-1983." Electoral Studies 2, 3 (1983): 229-40.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. "Institutionalizing Democracy: Governance in Post-1974 Portugal." In Ali Farazmand, ed., Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration, 81-90. New York: Dekker, 1991.

   ■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Gunther, Richard. "Spain and Portugal." In G. A. Dorfman and P. J. Duignan, eds., Politics in Western Europe, 186-236. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1988.

   ■ Magone, José Maria. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. Basingstoke, U.K.: Macmillan, 1997.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

   ■, ed. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth R., and Scott C. Monje, eds. Portugal: The Constitution and the Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-1989. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Camões Center Special Report No. 2, Columbia University, 1991.

   ■ Opello, Walter C., Jr. "The New Parliament in Portugal." Legislative Studies Quarterly, 3 (May 1978): 309-334.

   ■. "Local Government and Political Culture in a Portuguese Rural County." Comparative Politics 13 (April 1981): 271-89.

   ■. "Portugal's Administrative Elite: Social Origins and Political Attitudes." West European Politics 6 (Jan. 1983): 63-74.

   ■. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.

   ■ Pinto Balsemão, Francisco. "The Constitution and Politics: Options for the Future." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 197-232. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Sartori, Giovanni. "Portugal." In Sartori, G, ed., Parties and Party Systems. Vol. 1, 131-45. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. Secretary of State for Mass Communications. Constitution of the Portuguese Republic [1976]. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Contemporary Portugal since 1974

   ■ Aguiar, Joaquim. A Ilusão do poder: Analise do Sistema Partidário, 19761982. Lisbon, 1983. Almeida, Diniz de. Orígens e Evolução do Movimento dos Capitães. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■. Ascensao, Apogeu e Queda do MFA, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Alves, Márcio Moreira. Les Soldats Socialistes du Portugal. Paris: Gallimard, 1975.

   ■ Antunes, José Freire. Sá Carneiro: Um Meteoro Nos Anos Setenta. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■. O Segredo do 25 de Novembro. Mem Martins, 1983.

   ■ Arouca, Manuel. Os Filhos Da Costa Do Sol. Mem Martins, 1989. Audibert, Pierre, and Daniel Brignon. Portugal: Les nouveaux centurions. Paris, 1974.

   ■ Baptista, Jacinto. Caminhos para uma revolução. Lisbon, 1975. Barreto, Antônio. Memórias da Reforma Agrária. Mem Martins: Europa-Amé-rica, 1983.

   ■, and C. V. Preto, eds. A Situação Social em Portugal, 1960-1996. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, 1996.

   ■ Bermeo, Nancy Gina. "Worker Management in Industry: Reconciling Representative Government and Industrial Democracy in a Polarized Society." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 181-98. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. The Revolution within the Revolution: Workers' Control in Rural Portugal. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

   ■ Braeckman, Colette. Portugal: Revolution surveilée. Brussels: Rossei, 1975.

   ■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel. "O Presidente da República na génese e evolução do sistema de governor portugües." Análise social XXIX, 125-26 (1994): 237-65.

   ■, coord. "Portugal Político 25 Anos Depois." Análise Social XXXV, 154/155 (Summer 2000): 1-404. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Popular Support for Democracy in Post-revolutionary Portugal: Results from a Survey." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 21-42. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. Politics and Nationhood: Post-Revolutionary Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1984.

   ■. "Portugal Fifteen Years after the April Revolution." Field Staff Reports ( 1989-90/ No. 1, Europe), 3-11. Indianapolis, Ind.: Universities Field Staff International, 1990.

   ■, and Alex Macleod. Politics in Contemporary Portugal: Parties and the Consolidation of Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1986.

   ■ Carvalho, Ortelo Saraiva de. Cinco Meses Mudaram Portugal. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Alvorada em Abril. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Cid, Augusto. PREC-Processo Revolucionário Eventualmente Chocante. Viseu, 1977.

   ■ Costa Lobo, Marina, and Pedro C. Magalhaes. "From 'Third Wave' to 'Third Way': Europe and the Portuguese Socialists (1975-1999)," Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 3, no. 1 (2001), 25-35.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antônio, ed. Modern Portugal. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■, and Nuno Severiano Teixeira, eds. Southern Europe and the Making of the European Union. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2002.

   ■ Cunhal, Alvaro. A Revolução Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999.

   ■ Downs, Charles. "Comissões de Moradores and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 4 (1986): 267-94.

   ■. Revolution at the Grassroots: Community Organizations in the Portuguese Revolution. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.

   ■ Dufour, Jean-Marc. Prague sur Tage. Paris, 1975.

   ■ Durão Barroso, José. Le systémepolitiqueportugais face à l'intégration euro-péenne. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Eisfeid, Rainer. "Portugal: What Role/What Future?" In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution. New York: RIIC, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■. Sozialistischer Pluralismus in Europa: Ansãtze und Scheitern am Beispiel Portugal. Cologne: Verlag Wissenchaft ünd Politik, 1985.

   ■. "Portugal and Western Europe." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 29-62. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Farinha, Luis. "Regresso a Europa. Uma opcao feliz." Historia. XXIX; 95, III series (March 2007), 23-33.

   ■ Faye, Jean-Pierre, ed. Portugal: The Revolution in the Labyrinth. Nottingham, U.K.: Spokesman, 1976. Ferreira, Hugo Gil, and Michael W. Marshall. Portugal's Revolution: Ten Years On. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Figueira, João Costa. Cavaco Silva: Homem de Estado. Lisbon, 1987. Filoche, Gérard. Printemps Portugais. Paris: Editions Action, 1984. Frémontier, Jacques. Os Pontos nos ii. Lisbon, 1976. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. 25 de Abril-10 anos depois. Lisbon, 1984. Futscher Pereira, Bernardo. "Portugal and Spain." In K. Maxwell, ed. Portugal in the 1980s, 63-87. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Gama, Jaime. Política Externa Portuguesa 1983-85: Ministério dos Negôcios Estrangeiros. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■. "Preface." In J. Calvet de Magalhães, A. de Vasconcelos, and J. Ramos Silva, eds., Portugal: An Atlantic Paradox, 9-11. Lisbon, 1990. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino. As Eleições De 25 De Abril: Geografia E Imagem Dos Partidos. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. "10 Anos de Democracia: Reflexos na geografia política." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opelio, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal 1974-1984/ Conflitos e Mudanças em Portugal, 1974-1984, 135-55. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.

   ■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.

   ■, and Harry M. Makler, eds. Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.

   ■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.

   ■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.

   ■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.

   ■. Portugal in Revolution. Washington, D.C.: CSIS and Sage, 1976.

   ■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.

   ■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.

   ■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.

   ■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.

   ■ Keefe, Eugene K., et al. Area Handbook for Portugal, 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies of American University, 1977. Kramer, Jane. "A Reporter at Large: The Portuguese Revolution." The New Yorker (Dec. 15, 1975): 92-131.

   ■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.

   ■ Livermore, H. V. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

   ■ Lourenço, Eduardo. Os Militares e O Poder. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. O Fascismo Nunca Existiu. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. "Identidade e Memôria: o caso português." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-l 984, 17-22. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.

   ■. "A herança de duas revoluções." In M. Baptista Coelho, ed., Portugal: O Sistema Político e Constitucional, 1974-87, 505-55. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Macedo, Jorge Braga de, and S. Serfaty. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1981.

   ■ Magone, José M. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity, 1977. Manta, João Abel. Cartoons/ 1969-1975. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Manuel, Paul C. Uncertain Outcome: The Politics of Portugal's Transition to Democracy. Lanham, Md. and London: University Press of America, 1994.

   ■ Mateus, Rui. Contos Proibidos. Memorias de Um PS Desconhecido, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Portugal under Pressure." The New York Review of Books (May 2, 1974).

   ■. "The Hidden Revolution in Portugal." The New York Review of Books (April 17, 1975).

   ■. "The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution." Foreign Affairs 54, 2 (Jan. 1976): 250-70.

   ■. "The Communists and the Portuguese Revolution." Dissent 27, 2 (Spring 1980): 194-206.

   ■. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

   ■, ed. "Portugal: Toward the Twenty-First Century." Camoes Center Quarterly 5, 3-4 (Fall 1995): 6-55.

   ■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.

   ■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.

   ■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.

   ■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.

   ■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.

   ■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.

   ■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.

   ■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.

   ■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.

   ■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).

   ■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.

   ■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.

   ■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.

   ■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].

   ■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.

   ■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.

   ■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.

   ■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.

   ■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,

   ■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.

   ■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).

   ■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.

   ■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Stock, Maria José. Os Partidos do Poder: Dez Anos Depois do " 25 De Abril." Evora, 1986.

   ■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.

   ■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.

   ■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.

   ■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.

   ■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.

   ■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA

   ■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.

   ■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.

   ■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.

   ■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.

   ■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.

   ■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.

   ■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.

   ■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.

   ■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.

   ■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.

   ■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.

   ■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY

   ■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).

   ■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da

   ■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.

   ■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.

   ■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.

   ■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.

   ■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.

   ■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.

   ■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.

   ■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.

   ■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:

   ■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.

   ■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS

   ■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.

   ■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.

   ■. The Journal of William Beckford in Portugal and Spain 1787-1788.

   ■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.

   ■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.

   ■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.

   ■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.

   ■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.

   ■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.

   ■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.

   ■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.

   ■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.

   ■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.

   ■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.

   ■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.

   ■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

   ■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.

   ■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.

   ■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.

   ■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.

   ■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.

   ■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.

   ■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.

   ■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.

   ■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.

   ■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.

   ■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.

   ■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.

   ■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.

   ■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.

   ■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.

   ■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.

   ■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.

   ■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.

   ■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.

   ■. Navegadores, viajantes e adventureiros portugueses: Séculos XV e XVI. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.

   ■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.

   ■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.

   ■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.

   ■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.

   ■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.

   ■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.

   ■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.

   ■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.

   ■ Dias, José S. da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.

   ■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa [ to 1460], 3 vols. Lisbon, 1945-54.

   ■ Guedes, Max, and Gerald Lombardi, eds. Portugal. Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries. Lisbon: Bertrand; Milan: Ricci; Brazilian Culture Foundation, 1990. [Catalogue of New York Public Library Exhibit, Summer 1990]

   ■ Harley, J. B., and David Woodward. The History of Cartography. Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

   ■ Leite, Duarte. História dos Descobrimentos: Colectânea de esparsos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1958-61.

   ■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.

   ■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.

   ■ Martyn, John R. C., ed. Pedro Nunes ( 1502-1578): His Lost Algebra and Other Discoveries. John R. C. Martyn, trans. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.

   ■ Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A. D. 500-1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.

   ■. Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.

   ■ Mota, Avelino Teixeira da. Mar, Além-Mar-Estudos e Ensaios de História e Geografia. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Vida e Obra do Infante D. Henrique. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Parry, J. H. The Discovery of the Sea. New York: Dial, 1974.

   ■ Penrose, Boies. Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420-1620. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952.

   ■ Peres, Damião. História dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. Oporto, 1943.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. The Portuguese Pioneers. London, 1933; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967.

   ■ Rogers, Francis M. Precision Astrolabe: Portuguese Navigators and Transoceanic Aviation. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Seary, E. R. "The Portuguese Element in the Place Names of Newfoundland." In Luís Albuquerque, ed., Vice-Almirante A. Teixeira da Mota: In Memo-riam. Vol. II, 359-64. Lisbon: Academia da Marinha, 1989.

   ■ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

   ■ Velho, Alvaro. Roteiro ( Navigator's Route) da Primeira Viagem de Vasco da Gama ( 1497-1499). Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Winius, George, ed. Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World 1300-ca. 1600. Madison, Wisc.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.

   ■ PORTUGAL AND HER OVERSEAS EMPIRES (1415-1975)

   ■ Abshire, David M., and Michael A. Samuels, eds. Portuguese Africa: A Handbook. New York: Praeger, 1969.

   ■ Afonso, Aniceto, and Carlos de Matos Gomes. Guerra Colonial. Lisbon: Noticias, 2001.

   ■ Albuquerque, J. Moushino de. Moçambique. Lisbon, 1898.

   ■ Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire & Beyond. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995.

   ■ Alexandre, Valentim. Orígens do Colonialismo Português Moderno ( 18221891). Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1979.

   ■. Velho Brasil, Novas Africas: Portugal e o Império ( 1808-1975). Oporto: Afrontamento, 2000.

   ■, and Jill Dias, eds. "O Império Africano 1825-1890. Volume X." In J.

   ■ Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds., Nova História Da Expansão Portuguesa. Lisbon: Estampa, 1998.

   ■ Ames, Glen J. "The Carreira da India, 1668-1682: Maritime Enterprise and the Quest for Stability in Portugal's Asian Empire." Journal of European Economic History 20, 1 (1991): 7-28.

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   ■. Vasco da Gama. Renaissance Crusader. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2005.

   ■ Antunes, José Freire. O Império com Pés de Barro: Colonizaçao e Descolonização: As Ideologias em Portugal. Lisbon: D. Quixote, 1980.

   ■. O Factor Africano 1890-1990. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1990.

   ■. A Guerra De Africa 1961-1974, 2 vols. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995-96.

   ■. Jorge Jardim: Agente Secreto 1919-1982. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1996.

   ■ Axelson, Eric A. South-East Africa, 1488-1530. London: Longmans, 1940.

   ■. "Prince Henry and the Discovery of the Sea Route to India." Geographical Journal (U.K.) 127, 2 (June 1961): 145-58.

   ■. Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, 1875-1891. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1967.

   ■. Portuguese in South-East Africa, 1488-1699. Cape Town: Struik, 1973.

   ■. Congo to Cape: Early Portuguese Explorers. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.

   ■ Azevedo, Mário. Historical Dictionary of Mozambique, 2nd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2003.

   ■ Baião, António, Hernãni Cidade, and Manuel Murias, eds. História da Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo, 4 vols. Lisbon, 1937-40.

   ■ Bender, Gerald J. "The Limits of Counterinsurgency [in the Angolan War, 1961-72]." Comparative Politics (1972): 331-60.

   ■. Angola under the Portuguese: The Myth Versus Reality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.

   ■ Bhíla, H. H. K. Trade and Politics in a Shona Kingdom: The Manyika and Their Portuguese and African Neighbours, 1875-1902. Harlow, U.K.: Longman, 1990.

   ■ Birmingham, David. The Portuguese Conquest of Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965.

   ■. Trade and Conflict in Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.

   ■. Frontline Nationalism in Angola & Mozambique. London: James Currey, 1992.

   ■. Portugal and Africa. New York: St. Martins, 1999.

   ■ Bottineau, Yves. Le Portugal Et Sa Vocation Maritime. Paris: Boccard, 1977. Boxer, C. R. Fidalgos in the Far East— Fact and Fancy in the History of Macau. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1948. ———. The Christian Century in Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951.

   ■ ———. Salvador de Sá and the Struggle for Brazil and Angola, 1602-1688. London, 1952.

   ■ ———. Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415-1825: A Succinct Survey. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1961.

   ■ ———. The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695-1750. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962.

   ■ ———. Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415-1825. Oxford:

   ■ Clarendon Press, 1963. ———. Portuguese Society in the Tropics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965.

   ■ ———. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825. London: Hutchi nson, 1969.

   ■ ———, and Carlos de Azevedo, eds. Fort Jesus and the Portuguese in Mombasa. London: Hollis and Carter, 1960.

   ■ Broadhead, Susan H. Historical Dictionary of Angola, 2nd ed. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1992.

   ■ Burton, Richard. Goa and the Blue Mountains. London: Bentley, 1851.

   ■ Cabral, Luís. Crónica da Libertação. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Caetano, Marcello. Colonizing Traditions, Principles and Methods of the Portuguese. Lisbon, 1951.

   ■ ———. Portugal E A Internacionalização Dos Problemas Africanos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1965.

   ■ Cann, John P. Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War, 1961-1974. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1997. Castelo, Claudia. " O modo portugues de estar no mundo." O luso-tropicalismo e a ideologia colonial portuguesa ( 1931-1961). Oporto: Afrontamento, 1998. Castro, Armando. O Sistema Colonial Português em Africa ( meados do Século XX). Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Chaliand, Gerard. "The Independence of Guinea-Bissau and the Heritage of [Amilcar] Cabral." In Revolution in the Third World. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1978.

   ■ Chilcote, Ronald H. Portuguese Africa. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1967.

   ■ Clarence-Smith, Gervase. Slaves, Peasants and Capitalists in Southern Angola 1840-1926. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

   ■ ———. The Third Portuguese Empire 1825-1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1985.

   ■ Coates, Timothy J. Convicts and Orphans: Forced and State-Sponsored Colonizers in the Portuguese Empire, 1550-1720. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001.

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   ■ Disney, Anthony R. Twilight of the Pepper Empire: Portuguese Trade in Southwest India in the Early Seventeenth Century. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978.

   ■ ———, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.

   ■ Duffy, James. Shipwreck and Empire: Being an Account of Portuguese Maritime Disaster in a Century of Decline. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1955.

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   ■ Galvão, Henrique, and Carlos Selvagam. O Império Ultramarino Português, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1953.

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   ■ ———. Portugal and Africa, 1815-1910: A Study in Uneconomic Imperialism. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1966.

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   ■ Hilton, Anne. The Kingdom of Kongo. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.

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   ■ ———. The Tradition of Resistance in Mozambique: Anti-Colonial Activity in the Zambesi Valley 1850-1921. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.

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   ■ Feio, Mariano. Les Bas Alentejo et l'Algarve. Lisbon, 1949.

   ■ Ferreira de Almeida, João. Classes sociais nos campos. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Fonseca, Ramiro da. O Livro da Saúde e da Doença. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Gallop, Rodney. Portugal: A Book of Folk-Ways. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1936. Reprinted, 1961.

   ■ Hoefgen, Lynn. "The Integration of Returnees from the Colonies into Portugal's Social and Economic Life." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, 1985.

   ■ Ingerson, Alice Elizabeth. "Corporatism and Class Consciousness in Northwestern Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology. Johns Hopkins University, 1984.

   ■ Jenkins, Robin. The Road to Alto. London: Pluto Press, 1979.

   ■ Lawrence, Denise. "Menstrual Politics: Women and Pigs in Rural Portugal." In T. Buckley and A. Gottlieb, eds., Blood Magic: The Anthropology of Menstruation, 117-36. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

   ■. "Suburbanization of House Form and Gender Relations in a Rural Portuguese Agro-Town." Architecture and Behavior 4, 3 (1988): 197-212.

   ■ Martins, Hermínio. "Portugal." In Margaret S. Archer and Salvador Giner, eds., Contemporary Europe: Class, Status and Power. New York: St. Martins, 1971.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Identificação de um país. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Merten, Peter. Anarchismüs und Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libera-tare Association, 1981.

   ■ Monteiro, Paulo. Terra que ja foi terra: Análise Sociológica de nove lugares agro-pastorais da Serra da Lousã. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Nataf, Daniel. "Social Cleavages and Regime Formation in Contemporary Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, UCLA, 1987.

   ■ Nazareth, J. Manuel. "Familia e Emigração em Portugal: Ensaio Exploratório." Economia e Socialismo 23 (1977): 31-50.

   ■ O'Neill, Brian Juan. "Dying and Inheriting in Rural Tras-os-Montes." Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford 14 (1983): 44-74.

   ■. Social Inequality in a Portuguese Hamlet: Land, Late Marriage, and Inheritance, 1870-1978. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

   ■ Pacheco, Helder. Tradições Populares de Portugal. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Pardoe, Julia. Traits and Traditions of Portugal, 2 vols. London, 1832.

   ■ Pereira Neto, João Baptista. "Social Evolution in Portugal since 1945." In Raymond S. Sayers, ed., Portugal and Brazil in Transition, 212-27. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.

   ■ Pina-Cabral, João de. Sons of Adam, Daughters of Eve: The Peasant World-View of the Alto Minho. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.

   ■. "Sociocultural Differentiation and Regional Identity in Portugal." In

   ■ R. Herr and J. H. Polt, eds., Iberian Identity, 3-18. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1989.

   ■ Poinard, Michel. La Retour des Traveilleurs Portugais. Paris: La Documentation Francaise, 1979.

   ■ Reed, Robert Roy. "Managing the Revolution: Revolutionary Promise and Political Reality in Rural Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, 1988.

   ■ Riegelhaupt, Joyce F. "In the Shadow of the City: Integration of a Portuguese Village" [São João das Lampas, nr, Cascais]. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, 1964.

   ■. "Saloio Women: An Analysis of Informal and Formal Political and Economic Roles of Portuguese Peasant Women." Anthropological Quarterly 40, 3 (July 1967): 109-26.

   ■. "Festas and Padres: The Organization of Religious Action in a Portuguese Parish." American Anthropologist 75 (1973): 835-52.

   ■. "Peasants and Politics in Salazar's Portugal: The Corporate State and Village 'Nonpolitics'" In L. S. Graham and H. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents, 167-90. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Julieta E. S. de Almeida. "Continuity and Change in Urban Portuguese Women's Roles: Emerging New Household Structures." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, Columbia University, 1979.

   ■ Rowland, Robert. "Demographic Patterns and Rural Society in Portugal." So-ciologica Ruralis 26, 1 (1986): 36-47.

   ■ Sanchis, Pierre. Arraial. La Fête d'un Peuple: Les Pélerinages Populaires au Portugal. Paris, 1976.

   ■ Siegel, Bernard J. "Social Structure and Medical Practitioners in Rural Brazil and Portugal." Sociologia (São Paulo) 20, 4 (Oct. 1958): 463-76.

   ■. "Conflict, Parochialism and Social Differentiation in Portuguese Society." Journal of Conflict Resolution V, 1 (March 1961): 35-12.

   ■ Smith, T. Lynn. "The Social Relationships of Man to the Land in Portugal." Sociologia 25, 1 (Dec. 1963): 319-43.

   ■ Sousa Santos, Boaventura. "Estado e sociedade na semiperíferia do sistema mundiale: O caso português." Análise Social 87-89 (1985): 869-902.

   ■. "Social Crisis and the State." In Kenneth Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation, 167-95. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Vasconcellos, Joaquim Leite de. Ethnograia Portuguesa, 8 vols. Lisbon, 1941-82.

   ■. Tradições Populares Portugueses. New ed. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Willems, Emilio. "On Portuguese Family Structure." International Journal of Comparative Society (Dharwar, India) 3, 1 (Sept. 1962): 65-79.

   ■ ARTS, ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING, MUSIC

   ■ Almeida, Rodrigo Vicente de. História da Arte em Portugal: ( Segundo Estudo) Documentos lnéditos. Oporto, 1883. Almeida D'Eca, Admiral Vicente M. Castles of Portugal. Lisbon, 1925. Amaral, Francisco K. Lisboa: Uma Cidade em Transformação. Lisbon, 1969. Azevedo, Carlos de, and Chester Brummel. Churches of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1985.

   ■ Barreira, João, ed. Arte Portuguesa: As Decorativas, 2 vols. Lisbon, n.d.

   ■ Barretto, Mascarenhas, and George Dykes. Fado: Lyrical Origins and Poetical Motivation. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. London: Scala, 1987.

   ■ Branco, Luís de Freitas. A Música em Portugal. Lisbon, 1930.

   ■ Brito, Manuel Carlos de. Opera in Portugal in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

   ■ Carvalho, Pinto de. História de Fado. Lisbon, 1903 and 1982 eds.

   ■ Castro d'Aire, Teresa. O Fado. Lisbon: Temas da Actualidade, 1996.

   ■ Chicó, Mário Tavares. A Architectura Gótica em Portugal. Lisbon, 1968.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. A Arte em Portugal No Século XIX. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■. Lisboa Pombalina e o Illuminismo, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■. A Reconstrucão e a Arquitectura Pombalina. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Gallop, Rodney. "The Fado (The Portuguese Song of Fate)." Musical Quarterly XIX (1933): 199-213.

   ■. Eight Portuguese Folksongs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936.

   ■ Gil, Júlio. The Finest Churches in Portugal. Lisbon, 1988.

   ■. The Finest Castles in Portugal, 3rd ed. George F. W. Dykes, trans. Lisbon, 1996.

   ■ Gonçalves, Rui Mário. Pintura e escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura, 1984.

   ■. 100 Pintores Portugueses do século XX. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■ Kubler, George. Portuguese Plain Architecture: Between Spices and Diamonds, 1521-1706. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1972.

   ■. Studies in Ancient American and European Art: The Collected Essays of George Kubler. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985.

   ■, and Martin Soria. Art and Architecture in Spain and Portugal. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1959.

   ■ Lacerda, Aarão de. História da Arte em Portugal, 2 vols. Oporto, 1942-48.

   ■ Leão, Joaquim de Sousa. "Decorative Art: The Azulejo." In H. V. Livermore, ed. Portugal and Brazil: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953.

   ■ Lopes Graça, Fernando. A canção popular portuguesa. Lisbon, 1953.

   ■. A música portuguesa e os sus problemas: Ensaios. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Moita, Luís. O fado: canção de vencidos. Lisbon, 1936.

   ■ Neves, José Cassiano. The Palace and Gardens of Fronteira: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Portuguese Style. Lisbon: Quetzal and Scala, 1995. North, C.T. Guia dos castelos antigos de Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon: Bertrand Ed., 2002.

   ■ Pacheco, Jose. Stuart Carvalhais. O desenho grafico e a imprensa. Lisbon: Biblioteca do Empresario, 2000. Pereira, Paulo, ed. Arte portuguesa. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995. Picchio, Luciana Stegagno. Storia del Teatro Portoghese. Rome: Edizinio deli' Ateneo, 1964.

   ■ Queirós, José. Cerâmica Portuguesa, 2 vols. 2nd rev. ed. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Santos, Luís Reis. Monuments of Portugal. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■ Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1948-50.

   ■. História da Arte em Portugal. Oporto, 1953.

   ■ Sasportes, José. História da Dança em Portugal. Lisbon, 1970. Simões, J. M. dos Santos. "Azulejos in a Land of Many Colours." Connoisseur (London) CXXXVII, 551 (1956): 15-21.

   ■. Azulejaria em Portugal no Século X VIII. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. A Talha em Portugal. Lisbon, 1963.

   ■. The Art of Portugal, 1500-1800. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968.

   ■. "The Building of Mafra." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 360-67.

   ■ Stoop, Anne de. Demeures portugaises dans les environs de Lisbonne. Paris: Weber, 1986.

   ■. Palais et manoirs: Le Minho. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1995.

   ■ Tannock, Michael. Portuguese 20th Century Artists: A Biographical Dictionary. Chichester, U.K.: Phillimore, 1978.

   ■ Taylor, René. "The Architecture of Port Wine." The Architectural Review CXXIX, 772 (1961): 368-99.

   ■ Terol, Marylene. Azulejos a Lisbonne. Paris: Hervas, 1992.

   ■ Veiga de Oliveira, Ernesto. Instrumentos musicais populares portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Watson, Walter Crum. Portuguese Architecture. London: Constable, 1908. Wohl, Hellmut. "Carlos Mardel and His Lisbon Architecture." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 350-59.

   ■ Sculpture and Ceramics

   ■ Andrade, Sergio de. "Presepios." In Dicionario de Arte Barroca em Portugal. Lisbon: Presenca, 1989. Barreira, Joao. Arte Portuguesa, Arquitectura e Escultura. Lisbon: Excelsior, n.d.

   ■ Cardoso, Arnaldo Pinto. O Presepio Barroco Portugues. Lisbon: Bertrand, 2003.

   ■ Chaves, Luis. Os Barristas Portugueses. Coimbra, 1925.

   ■. Natal Portugues. Oporto: Liv. Classica Editora, 1942.

   ■ Gargano, Pietro. Il Presepio. Otto Secoli di Storia, Arte, Tradizione. Milan: Fenice, 1995.

   ■ Lima, Henrique de Campos F. Joaquim Machado de Castro, Escultor Conimbricense. Coimbra: Instituto de Historia de Arte, 1989. Macedo, Diogo de. Presepios Portugueses. Lisbon: Artis, 1951.

   ■. Machado de Castro. Lisbon: Artis, 1958.

   ■ Morais, Heitor. Natal do Meu Coracao. Braga: Ed. A.O., 1991.

   ■ Pais, Alexandre Nobre. Presepios Portugueses Monumentos do Seculo XVIII em Terracotta, 2 vols. Master's thesis in history of art, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Queiros, Jose. Ceramica Portuguesa. Lisbon: Presenca, 1998. Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1951. Serrao, Vitor. Historia da Arte em Portugal IV-O Barroco. Lisbon: Presenca, 2003.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. The Art Of Portugal 1500-1800. New York: Meredith Press, 1968.

   ■ Sousa, Ernesto de. Presepios. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1998.

   ■ Cinema

   ■ Antunes, Joao and Jose de Matos-Cruz, Cinema Portugues 1896-1998. Lisbon: Lusomundo, 1997.

   ■ Bandeira, Jose Gomes. Porto: 100 anos de cinema portugues. Oporto: Camara Municipal do Porto, 1996. Duarte, Fernando. Primitivos do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Cinecultura, 1960.

   ■ Faria de Almeida, M., Resumo da Historia do Cinema. Lisbon: RTP, 1982. Nobre, Roberto. Singularidades do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Portugalia, n.d.

   ■ Pina, Luis de. Aventura do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Vega, 1977.

   ■. Documentarismo Portugues. Lisbon: IPC, 1977.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Historia do Cinema Portugues. Mem Martins: Europa-America, 1986.

   ■ Ribeiro, Felix. O Cinema Portugues antes do Sonoro. Esboco Historiconema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: n.d.

   ■ Children's Literature

   ■ Andresen, Sofia de Melo Breyner. A Fada Oriana. 9th ed. Lisbon: Figueiri-nhas, 1985.

   ■ Araújo, Matilde Rosa. A estrada fascinante. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1988. Barreto, Garcia. Literatura Para Crianças E Jovens Em Portugal. Oporto:

   ■ Campo Das Letras, 1998. Bastos, Glória. A escrita para crianças em Portugal no seculo XIX. Lisbon:

   ■ Caminho da Educaçao, 1997. Cadet, Maria Rita Chiappe. Os Contos da Mamã. Lisbon: Lallement Freres, 1883.

   ■ Castro, Fernanda. Mariazinha em Africa, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1947. Cross, Esther, and Wilbur Cross. Portugal. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1986. DeSkalon, Anna, and Christa Stadtler. We Live in Portugal. New York: Watts, 1987.

   ■ Gomes, Alice. A Nau Catrineta, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1973.

   ■. A literatura para a infância. Lisbon: Torres & Abreu, 1979.

   ■ Letria, José Jorge. Do sentimento mágico da vida. Lisbon: Escritor, 1994. Müller, Adolfo Simões. Historiazinha de Portugal, 6th ed. Oporto: Tavares Martins, 1983.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. Para as crianças. Illustr. by Leal da Câmara. Setúbal: Liv. Crianças, 1908.

   ■ Pires, Maria Laura Bettencourt. História da literatura infantil portuguesa. Lisbon: Vega, 1981. Ribeiro, Aquilino. Arca de Noé-III Classe. Lisbon, 1989. Rocha, Natércia. Breve História da Literatura para Crianças em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa, 1984.

   ■. Bibliografia geral da literatura portuguesa para crianças. Lisbon: Edit. Comunicação, 1987.

   ■ Sá, Domingos Guimarães de. A literatura infantil em Portugal. Braga: Edit. Franciscana, 1981.

   ■ Selfridge. John. Portugal. New York: Chelsea House, 1990. Vaz de Carvalho, Maria Amália. Contos para os Nossos Filhos, 11th ed. Oporto: Barreira, 1947.

   ■ Viana, António Manuel Couto. Jõao de Deus e um século de literatura infantil em Portugal. Lisbon: Ed. do Templo, 1978.

   ■ Lisbon, Capital City, in History and Literature

   ■ Castelo-Branco, Fernando. Lisboa Seiscentista, 3rd ed. Lisbon: 1969.

   ■ Castilho, Júlio de. Lisboa Antiga, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1935-45.

   ■ Couto, Dejanirah. Histoire de Lisbonne. Paris: Fayard, 2000.

   ■ Crespo, Ángel. Lisboa Mítica e Literária. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1987.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Lisboa Desaparecida. Lisbon: Quimera, 1990.

   ■ Dionísio, Sant'anna, ed. Guia de Portugal. Vol. I: Lisboa e Arredores. Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, 1924, orig. ed; reprint, Gulbenkian Foundation, 1979.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. Lisboa Pombalina e o Iluminismo. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1977.

   ■ Moita, Irisalva, ed. O Livro de Lisboa. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1994.

   ■ Neves, Orlando. Lisboa em Crónica. Lisbon: Author's Ed., 1968.

   ■ Pavão, Luís, and Mário Pereira. Tabernas de Lisboa. Lisbon: Assírio & Alvim, 1981.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Lisboa. O que o turista deve ver: What the Tourist Should See. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1997.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. À Capital. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1960.

   ■ Santos, Piedade Braga, et al. Lisboa Setecentista vista por Estrangeiros. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1996.

   ■ Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa. Lisbon: Caminho, 1993.

   ■ Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.

   ■ The Inquisition in History

   ■ Azevedo, João Lúcio. Historia das Cristãos-Novos. Lisbon: Liv. Clássica, 1975.

   ■ Baião, António. A Inquisição em Portugal e no Brasil: Subsídios para a sua história. Lisbon: Arquivo Histórico Portugues, 1906. Bethencourt, Francisco. "Portugal: A Scrupulous Inquisition," In Bengt Ankarloo and Gustav Henningsen, eds., Early Modern Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries, 403-22. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.

   ■. "Os equilíbrios sociais do Poder." In José Mattoso, ed., Historia De Portugal, Vol. 3, No Alvorecer Da Modernidade ( 1480-1620). Lisbon: Estampa, 1993.

   ■. História das Inquisições: Portugal, Espanha e Itália. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1994.

   ■ Braga, Maria Luísa. A Inquisição em Portugal na primeira metade do Séc. XVIII. Lisbon: Inst. Nacional de Investigação Científica, 1992.

   ■ Haliczer, Stephen, ed. Inquisition and Society in Early Modern Europe. London: Croom Helm, 1987.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. Reprint. New York: AMS Press, 1968.

   ■ Magalhães, Joaquim Romero. "Em Busca dos Tempos da Inquisição (15731615)." Revista de História das Ideias 9 (1987): 191-228.

   ■ Mea, Elvira Cunha Azevedo. A Inquisição de Coimbra no Século XVI. Oporto, 1989.

   ■ Mendonça, José Lourenço D. de, and António Joaquim Moreira. História da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1980.

   ■ Novinsky, Anita, and Luísa M. Carneiro, eds. Inquisição: Ensaios sobre Mentalidade, Heresias e Arte. Rio de Janeiro: Expressão e Cultura, 1992.

   ■ Pereira, Isais da Rosa. Documentos para a história da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Rego, Yvonne Cunha, ed. Feiticeiros, Profetas e Visionários: Textos Antigos Portugueses. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional e Casa da Moeda, 1981.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. Inquisição e cristãos-novos. Lisbon: Estampa, 1985.

   ■ Walker, Timothy Dale. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of History, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Literature in English Translation: Selection

   ■ Alcaforado, Mariana. The Letters of a Portuguese Nun ( Mariana Alcaforado). Edgar Prestage, trans. London: D. Nutt, 1893.

   ■ Andrade, Eugénio de. "White on White." Alexis Levitin, trans. Quarterly Review of Literature. Poetry Series VIII. Vol. 27. Princeton, N.J., 1987.

   ■. Another Name for Earth; O outro nome da terra. Alexis Levitin, trans. Ft. Bragg, Calif.: QED Press, 1997.

   ■ Andresen, Sophia de Mello Breyner. Marine Rose: Selected Poems. Ruth Fain-light, trans. Redding Ridge, Conn.: Swan Books, 1989.

   ■ Antunes, António Lobo. South of Nowhere. Elizabeth Lowe, trans. New York: Random House, 1983.

   ■. Fado Alexandrino. Gregory Rabassa, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990.

   ■. An Explanation of the Birds. Richard Zenith, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991.

   ■. Act of the Damned. New York: Grove Press, 1995.

   ■. The Natural Order of Things. New York: Grove Press, 2000.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. The Three Marias: New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. Poems from the Portuguese ( with the Portuguese text). A.

   ■ Bell, trans. Oxford: Blackwell, 1913.

   ■ Camões, Luís de. The Lusiads of Luís de Camões. Leonard Bacon, trans. New York: Hispanic Society of America, 1950.

   ■. The Lusiads. William C. Atkinson, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1952.

   ■. The Lusiads. Landeg White, trans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

   ■ Castelo Branco, Camilo. Doomed Love ( A Family Memoir). Alice R. Clemente, trans Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1995. Castro, José Maria Ferreira de. Emigrants. Dorothy Ball, trans. New York: Macmillan, 1962.

   ■. Jungle. Charles Duff, trans. New York: Viking, 1935.

   ■. The Mission. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1963.

   ■ Dantas, Júlio. The Cardinals' Collation, 48th ed. A. Saintsbury, trans. London, 1962.

   ■ Dias de Melo. Dark Stones. Gregory McNab, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1996.

   ■ Dinis, Júlio. The Fidalgos of Casa Mourisca. Rosanna Dabney, trans. Boston: D. Lothrop, 1891.

   ■ Garrett, Almeida. Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.

   ■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.

   ■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.

   ■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.

   ■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.

   ■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. The Travels of Mendes Pinto [Orig. title: Peregrinação].

   ■ Rebecca D. Catz, trans., with introduction and notes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. Miguéis, José Rodrigues. A Man Smiles at Death with Half a Face. George

   ■ Monteiro, trans. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1991.

   ■. Happy Easter. John Byrne, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■. Steerage and Ten Other Stories. George Monteiro, ed. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1998. Monteiro, Luís De Sttau. The Rules of the Game. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1965.

   ■ Mourão-Ferreira, David. Lucky in Love. Christine Robinson, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1999. Namora, Fernando. Field of Fate. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1970.

   ■. Mountain Doctor. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1956.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Inclement Weather over the Channel. Francisco Cota Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1993.

   ■. Stormy Isles: An Azorean Tale. Francisco C. Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 2000.

   ■ Paço D'Arcos, Joaquim. Memoirs of a Banknote. Robert Lyle, trans. London, 1968.

   ■ Pedroso, Consiglieri, comp. Portuguese Folk-Tales. Henriqueta Monteiro, trans. Reprint of orig. 1882 ed. New York: Benjamin Blom, 1969.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Fernando Pessoa: Sixty Portuguese Poems. F. E. G. Quintanilha, ed. and trans. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1971.

   ■. Selected Poems: Fernando Pessoa. 2nd rev. ed. Jonathan Griffin, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1982.

   ■. The Book of Disquiet. Alfred MacAdams, trans. New York: Pantheon, 1991.

   ■. Fernando Pessoa: Selected Poems. Peter Rickard, ed. and trans. Edinburgh, U.K.: Edinburgh University Press, 1991.

   ■. "The Mariner: A 'Static Drama' in One Act." In Translation: Portugal.

   ■ George Ritchie, et al., trans. The Journal of Literary Translation. Vol. XXV, 38-56. New York: Translation Center, Columbia University, 1991.

   ■. Message: Bilingual Edition. Jonathan Griffin, trans. London: Menard Press and King's College, 1992.

   ■ Pires, José Cardoso. Ballad of a Dog's Beach. Mary Fitton, trans. London: J. M. Dent, 1986.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. Cousin Bazilio. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1953.

   ■. The Relic. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1954.

   ■. The City and the Mountains. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1955.

   ■. The Sin of Father Amaro. Nan Flanagan, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1962.

   ■. The Maias. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1965.

   ■. The Illustrious House of Ramires. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■. Letters from England. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1970.

   ■. To the Capital. John Vetch, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■ Quental, Antero de. Sixty-four Sonnets. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: David Nutt, 1894.

   ■ Redol, Alves. The Man with Seven Names. L. L. Barrett, trans. New York: Knopf, 1964.

   ■ Resende, André de. André deResende's 'Poema Latina'/ 'Latinpoems.' J. C. R. Martyn, ed. and trans. Lewiston N.Y.: Lampeter and Edwin Mellen, 1998. Ribeiro, Aquilino. When the Wolves Howl. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. New York: Macmillan; London: Cape, 1963. Sá Carneiro, Mário de. The Great Shadow ( and Other Stories). Margaret Jull Costa, trans. Sawtry, U.K.: Dedalus, 1996. Santareno, Bernardo. The Promise. Nelson H. Vieira, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1981.

   ■ Saramago, José. Baltasar and Blimunda. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1987.

   ■. The Stone Raft. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The History of the Siege of Lisbon. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1996.

   ■. Blindness. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1999.

   ■. Tale of the Unknown Island. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2000.

   ■. All the Names. Margaret Jull Costa, trans. New York: Harcourt, 2000.

   ■. Journey to Portugal. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2001.

   ■ Sena, Jorge de. The Poetry of Jorge de Sena: A Bilingual Selection. Frederick G. Williams et al., trans. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Mudborn Press, 1980.

   ■. By the Rivers of Babylon and Other Stories. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1989.

   ■ Vicente, Gil. Four Plays of Gil Vicente: Edited from the Editio Princeps ( 1562). Aubrey F. G. Bell, ed. and trans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920.

   ■. Lyrics of Gil Vicente. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Hispanic Notes and Monographs, Portuguese Series 1, 1921.

   ■. The Play of Rubena. Jack E. Tomlins, trans.; Rene P. Garay and José I. Suarez, eds. New York: National Hispanic Foundation for Humanities, 1993.

   ■. The Boat Plays. David Johnston, trans. and adaptation. London: Oberon, 1996.

   ■. Three Discovery Plays. Anthony Lappin, trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1997.

   ■ Vieira, António. Dust Thou Art. Rev. W. Anderson, trans. London, 1882.

   ■ Portuguese and Portuguese-American Cooking: Cuisine

   ■ Anderson, Jean. Food of Portugal. New York: Hearst, 1994. Asselin, E. Donald. A Portuguese-American Cookbook. Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle, 1966.

   ■ Bourne, Ursula. Portuguese Cookery. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1973. Crato, Maria Helena Tavares. Cozinha Portuguesa I, II. Lisbon: Editorial Presença, 1978.

   ■ Dienhart, Miriam, and Anne Emerson, ed. Cooking in Portugal. Cascais: American Women of Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Feibleman, Peter S. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. New York: Time-Life Books; Foods of the World, 1969.

   ■ Koehler, Margaret H. Recipes from the Portuguese of Provincetown. Riverside, Conn.: Chatham Press, 1973. Manjny, Maite. The Home Book of Portuguese Cookery. London: Faber & Faber, 1974.

   ■ Marques, Susan Lowndes. Good Food from Spain and Portugal. London: Muller, 1956.

   ■ Modesto, Maria de Lourdes. Cozinha Tradicional Portuguesa. Lisbon: Verbo, 1982.

   ■ Ortiz, Elisabeth Lambert. The Food of Spain and Portugal. The Complete Iberian Cuisine. New York: Atheneum, 1989. Pinto, Elvira. La Bonne Cuisine Portugaise. Paris: Edicions Garanciere, 1985.

   ■ Robertson, Carol. Portuguese Cooking: The Authentic and Robust Cuisine of Portugal. Berkeley Calif.: North Atlantic, 1993. Schmaeling, Tony. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. Ware, U.K.: Omega, 1983.

   ■ Vieira, Édite. The Taste of Portugal. London: Robinson, 1989.

   ■ Von Treskow, Maria. Zü Gast in Portugal: Eine Kulnarische Reise in Garten Europas. Weingarten: Kunstverlag, 1989. Wright, Carol. Portuguese Food. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■. Self-catering in Portugal: Making the Most of Local Food and Drink. London: Croom Helm, 1986.

   ■ Gardens and Gardening of Portugal and Madeira

   ■ Afonso, Simonetta Luz, and Angela Delaforce. Palace of Queluz— The Gardens. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Araújo, Iluídio Alves de. Arte Paisagista e Arte das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1962.

   ■ Azeredo, Francisco de. Casas Senhoriais Portuguesas. Barcelos, 1986.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1987.

   ■ Bowe, Patrick, and Nicolas Sapieha. Gardens of Portugal. New York: Scala Books and Harper and Row, 1989.

   ■ Cane, Florence du. The Flowers and Gardens of Madeira. London, 1924.

   ■ Cardoso, Pedro Homem, and Helder Carita. Da Grandeza das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Carita, Helder, and Homem Cardoso. Portuguese Gardens. London: Antique Collector's Club, 1987.

   ■ Costa, António da, and Luís de O. Franquinho. Madeira: Plantas e Floras. Funchal, 1986.

   ■ Nichols, Rose Standish. Spanish and Portuguese Gardens. Boston, 1926.

   ■ Pereira, Arthur D. Sintra and Its Farm Manors. Sintra, 1983.

   ■ Sampaio, Gonçalo. Flora Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1945.

   ■ Underwood, John, and Pat Underwood. Landscapes of Madeira. London, 1980.

   ■ Vieira, Rui. Flowers of Madeira. Funchal, 1973.

   ■ Viterbo, Francisco Marques de Sousa. A Jardinagem em Portugal, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1906-9.

   ■ Education, Science, Health, and Medical History

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Estudos de História, 3 vols. Coimbra, 1973-81.

   ■. Ciência e experiência nos Descobrimentos portugueses. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■. Para a História de Ciência em Portugal. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■. As Navegaçoes E A Sua Projecção Na Ciência E Na Cultura. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Baião, Antônio. Episódios Dramáticos da Inquisição Portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1936-55.

   ■ Cabreira, Antônio. Portugal nos mares e nas ciências. Lisbon, 1929. Carvalho, Rômulo de. A Astronomia em Portugal (séc. xviii). Lisbon, 1985. Fernandes, Barahona. Egas Moniz: Pioneiro de descobrimentos médicos. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Gaitonde, P. D. Portuguese Pioneers in India: Spotlight on Medicine. London: Sangam Books, 1983.

   ■ Hanson, Carl A. "Portuguese Cosmology in the Late Seventeenth Century." In Benjamin F. Taggie and Richard W. Clement, eds., Iberia & the Mediterranean, 75-85. Warrensburg: Central Missouri State University, 1989.

   ■ Higgins, Michael H., and Charles F. S. de Winton. Survey of Education in Portugal. London, 1942.

   ■ Hirsch, Elizabeth Feist. Damião de Góis: The Life and Thought of a Portuguese Humanist. The Hague, 1967.

   ■ Lemos, Maximiano. Arquivos de História da Medicina Portuguesa. Several vols. Lisbon, 1886-1923. Vol. I. História da Medicina em Portugal. Doutrina e Instituições. Lisbon, 1899.

   ■ Mira, Matias Ferreira de. História da Medicina Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Orta, Garcia de. Colóquios dos Simples e Drogas e Cousas Medicinais da India. Conde de Ficalho, ed., 2 vols. Lisbon, 1891-95.

   ■ Osório, J. Pereira. História e Desenvolvimento da Ciência em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1986-89.

   ■ Pina, Luís de. "Uma prioridade portuguesa do século XVI. João de Barros e a Dactiloscópia Oriental." Arquivo da Repartição de Antropologia Criminal IV (1936).

   ■. "As Ciências na História do Império Colonial Português — Séculos XV a XIX." Anais de Faculdade de Ciências do Porto ( 1939-10).

   ■. "Os Portugueses Mestres de Ciência e Metras no Estrangeiro." Actas do Congresso do Mundo Português. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■. "A Ciência em Portugal (bosquejo Histórico)." In Secretariado Nacional da Informação, ed., Portugal: Breviário Da Pátria Para Os Portugueses Ausentes, 277-301. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Richards, Robert A. C., ed. Guide to World Science: Vol. 9: Spain and Portugal, 2nd ed. Guernsey, U.K.: F. H. Books, 1974.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. História da Cultura em Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1950-62.

   ■ ———. "João de Barros." In Serrao, ed., Dicionário de História de Portugal 1 (1963): 307-8.

   ■ Silvestre Ribeiro, José. História dos Establecimentos Scientíficos, Literários e Artísticos de Portugal nos Successivos Reinados da Monarchia, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1871-83.

   ■ Veiga-Pires, J. A., and Ronald G. Grainger, eds. Pioneers in Angiography: The Portuguese School ofAngiography. Lancaster, U.K.: MTP Press, 1982.

   ■ Walker, Timothy. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Feminism and Women's Studies

   ■ Barbosa, Madelena. "Women in Portugal." Women's Studies International Quarterly 4 (1981): 477-80.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. Novas Cartas Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ ———. The Three Marias. New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Brettell, Caroline B. We Have Already Cried Many Tears: The Stories of Three Portuguese Migrant Women. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1982.

   ■ Ferreira, Virginia. "Engendering Portugal: Social Change, State Politics, and Women's Social Mobilization." In António Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 162-88. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■ Goodwin, Mary. "Portuguese Feminism." Portuguese Studies Newsletter 17 (Spring-Summer 1987): 12-13.

   ■ Lamas, Maria. As Mulheres do Meu País. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ "Mulheres Portuguesas e Feminismo." Análise Social [special number on Portuguese Women and Feminism] 22 (1986): 92-93.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. As Mulheres Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1905.

   ■ Sadlier, Darlene J. The Question of How: Women Writers and New Portuguese Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood; Contributions in Women's Studies, no. 109, 1989.

   ■ Silva, Manuela. The Employment of Women in Portugal. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications, European Communities, 1984. Velho da Costa, Maria. Maina Mendes. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vicente, Ana, and Maria Reynolds de Souza. Family Planning in Portugal. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Religion and Catholic Church

   ■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História da Igreja em Portugal. 6 vols. Coimbra, 1910-24, and Oporto, 1967-72. Alonso, Joaquim Maria. The Secret of Fátima: Fact and Legend. Cambridge, Mass.: Ravengate Press, 1979. Alves, José da Felicidade, ed. Católicos e política de Humberto Delgado à Marcelo Caetano. Lisbon, 1969. Araújo, Miguel de, ed. Dicionario político; 1; Os Bispos e a revoluçao de Abril. Lisbon, 1976. Bishko, Charles Julian. Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600-1300. London, Variorum Reprints, 1984.

   ■ Blanshard, Paul. Freedom and Catholic Power in Spain and Portugal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.

   ■ Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and State in Portugal: Crises of Cross and Sword." Journal of Church and State XVIII (1976): 463-90. Freire, José Geraldes. Resistência Católico ao Salazarismo-Marcelismo. Oporto, 1976.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. John C. Banner, trans. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.

   ■ IPOPE. Estudo sobre liberdade e religião em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973. Johnston, Francis. Fátima: The Great Sign. Chulmleigh, U.K.: Augustine Publications, 1980.

   ■ Kondor, Fr. Louis. Fátima in Lucia's Own Words: Sister Lucia's Memoirs. Fatima: Postulation Center, 1976. Lourenço, Joaquim Maria. Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.

   ■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.

   ■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.

   ■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.

   ■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.

   ■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.

   ■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing

   ■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.

   ■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.

   ■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.

   ■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.

   ■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.

   ■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.

   ■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.

   ■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.

   ■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.

   ■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.

   ■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.

   ■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.

   ■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.

   ■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.

   ■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.

   ■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.

   ■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.

   ■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Moreira da Fonseca, A. Port Wine: Notes on Its History, Production and Technology. Oporto, 1981.

   ■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.

   ■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.

   ■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.

   ■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.

   ■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.

   ■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.

   ■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.

   ■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.

   ■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.

   ■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.

   ■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.

   ■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT

   ■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.

   ■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.

   ■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.

   ■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.

   ■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.

   ■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.

   ■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).

   ■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.

   ■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.

   ■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.

   ■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.

   ■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.

   ■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.

   ■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].

   ■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.

   ■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.

   ■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.

   ■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.

   ■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.

   ■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.

   ■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.

   ■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.

   ■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.

   ■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL

   ■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.

   ■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.

   ■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.

   ■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.

   ■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.

   ■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.

   ■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.

   ■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.

   ■ EQUESTRIANISM

   ■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.

   ■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.

   ■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.

   ■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.

   ■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,

   ■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.

   ■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.com

Historical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
14 time

1. noun
1) (the hour of the day: What time is it?; Can your child tell the time yet?) hora

2) (the passage of days, years, events etc: time and space; Time will tell.) tiempo

3) (a point at which, or period during which, something happens: at the time of his wedding; breakfast-time.) momento; hora

4) (the quantity of minutes, hours, days etc, eg spent in, or available for, a particular activity etc: This won't take much time to do; I enjoyed the time I spent in Paris; At the end of the exam, the supervisor called `Your time is up!') tiempo

5) (a suitable moment or period: Now is the time to ask him.) momento

6) (one of a number occasions: He's been to France four times.) vez

7) (a period characterized by a particular quality in a person's life, experience etc: He went through an unhappy time when she died; We had some good times together.) época, período; momentos

8) (the speed at which a piece of music should be played; tempo: in slow time.) tempo

2. verb
1) (to measure the time taken by (a happening, event etc) or by (a person, in doing something): He timed the journey.) cronometrar

2) (to choose a particular time for: You timed your arrival beautifully!) escoger el momento de/para

•

- timeless
- timelessly
- timelessness
- timely
- timeliness
- timer
- times
- timing
- time bomb
- time-consuming
- time limit
- time off
- time out
- timetable
- all in good time
- all the time
- at times
- be behind time
- for the time being
- from time to time
- in good time
- in time
- no time at all
- no time
- one
- two at a time
- on time
- save
- waste time
- take one's time
- time and time again
- time and again

time¹ n

1. tiempo

what do you do in your free time? ¿qué haces en tu tiempo libre?

I haven't got time no tengo tiempo

2. vez

how many times have you been to Italy? ¿cuántas veces has estado en Italia?

take the tablets three times a day toma las pastillas tres veces al día

3. hora

what time is it? ¿qué hora es?

all the time todo el tiempo / constantemente

at times a veces

for the time being por el momento / de momento

from time to time de vez en cuando

it's time... es hora de que...

it's time you went to bed es hora de que te vayas a la cama

just in time justo a tiempo

on time a la hora

to have a good time pasarlo bien

to take your time tomarte el tiempo necesario

to tell the time decir la hora

time² vb calcular el tiempo / cronometrar

we timed the journey calculamos cuánto tiempo duró el viaje

El gerundio de time se escribe timing

time

tr[taɪm]

noun

1 (period) tiempo

■ I haven't got time to finish this no tengo tiempo para acabar esto

■ time flies when you're enjoying yourself el tiempo vuela cuando uno se lo pasa bien

■ what a waste of time qué pérdida de tiempo

■ in an hour's time dentro de una hora

2 (short period) rato

■ we spoke for a time hablamos durante un rato

■ you've been a long time has tardado mucho

3 (of day) hora

■ it's time to go es (la) hora de marchar

■ what time is it? qué hora es?

■ this time next week, we'll be on the beach la semana que viene a esta hora, estaremos en la playa

■ by the time he gets here, it'll be time to go home cuando llegue él, será la hora de volver a casa

4 (age, period, season) época

■ it's warm for the time of year hace bastante calor para la época del año

■ in Victorian times en la época victoriana

■ these are hard times son tiempos difíciles

5 (occasion) vez nombre femenino

■ how many times have you been to London? ¿cuántas veces has estado en Londres?

■ the last time I saw her,... la última vez que la vi,...

■ we left at the same time salimos a la vez

6 (suitable moment) momento

■ this is not really the time to talk about that no es el momento de hablar de eso

7 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL compás nombre masculino

■ you're out of time has perdido el compás

8 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL la hora de cerrar

■ time now please! ¡hora de cerrar!

9 familiar (imprisonment) condena

■ he did time for robbery when he was young cumplió una condena por robo cuando era joven

transitive verb

1 (measure time) medir la duración de, calcular; (races, etc) cronometrar

■ he timed his journey to work calculó cuánto tarda en llegar al trabajo

2 (schedule) estar previsto,-a

■ the plane is timed to arrive at 12 o'clock el avión tiene su llegada prevista para las doce horas

■ the bomb was timed to explode during the parade la bomba estaba preparada para explotar durante el desfile

■ you timed that well - I've just made some tea has llegado en el momento justo - acabo de hacer té

plural noun times

1 veces nombre femenino plural

■ 4 times 5 is 20 4 por 5 son 20, 4 veces 5 son 20

■ it's three times more expensive than last year es tres veces más caro que el año pasado

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

(and) about time ya era hora

all the time todo el rato, todo el tiempo

at all times siempre

at any time en cualquier momento

at no time nunca

at one time en un tiempo

at the same time al mismo tiempo

at the time / at that time entonces

at times a veces

behind the times anticuado,-a

behind time tarde

for the time being de momento

from time to time de vez en cuando

in no time (at all) en seguida

in time (in the long run) con el tiempo 2 (not late) a tiempo

in time to the music al compás de la música

many a time a menudo

not to give somebody the time of day no darle a alguien ni la hora

on time puntual

one/two/three at a time de uno en uno/de dos en dos/de tres en tres

time after time una y otra vez

time's up se acabó el tiempo, ya es la hora

to beat time marcar el compás

to be ahead of one's time adelantarse a su época

to be badly/well timed (remark) ser inoportuno,-a/oportuno,-a

to give somebody a hard time ponérselo difícil a alguien, hacérselo pasar mal a alguien

to have a bad time pasarlas negras

to have a good time pasarlo bien

to have a lot of time for somebody caerle bien alguien a uno

to have no time for somebody/something no soportar a alguien/algo, no tener tiempo para alguien/algo

to keep time (to music) seguir el compás 2 (watch) ir bien, funcionar bien

to keep up with the times estar al día

to move with the times estar al día

to take one's time (not hurry) hacer algo con calma 2 (be slow) tardar mucho

time and motion study estudio de productividad

time bomb bomba de relojería

time limit límite nombre masculino de tiempo, plazo límite

time off tiempo libre

time out descanso

time warp salto en el tiempo

time zone huso horario

time ['taɪm] vt, timed ; timing

1) schedule: fijar la hora de, calcular el momento oportuno para

2) clock: cronometrar, medir el tiempo de (una competencia, etc.)

time n

1) : tiempo m

the passing of time: el paso del tiempo

she doesn't have time: no tiene tiempo

2) moment: tiempo m, momento m

this is not the time to bring it up: no es el momento de sacar el tema

3) : vez f

she called you three times: te llamó tres veces

three times greater: tres veces mayor

4) age: tiempo m, era f

in your grandparents' time: en el tiempo de tus abuelos

5) tempo: tiempo m, ritmo m (en música)

6) : hora f

what time is it?: ¿qué hora es?

at the usual time: a la hora acostumbrada

to keep time: ir a la hora

to lose time: atrasar

7) experience: rato m, experiencia f

we had a nice time together: pasamos juntos un rato agradable

to have a rough time: pasarlo mal

have a good time!: ¡que se diviertan!

8)

at times sometimes: a veces

9)

for the time being : por el momento, de momento

10)

from time to time occasionally: de vez en cuando

11)

in time punctually: a tiempo

12)

in time eventually: con el tiempo

13)

time after time : una y otra vez

time

adj.

• a plazos adj.

• de tiempo adj.

• del tiempo adj.

• horario, -a adj.

n.

• duración s.f.

• edad s.f.

• espera s.f.

• hora s.f.

• plazo s.m.

• tempo s.m.

• tiempo s.m.

• vez s.f.

• época s.f.

v.

• cronometrar v.

• regular v.

• tomar los tiempos (Deporte) v.

I taɪm
1) noun

Sense I

2) u (past, present, future) tiempo m

time and space — el tiempo y el espacio

as time goes by o passes — a medida que pasa el tiempo, con el paso or el correr del tiempo

at this point o moment in time — en este momento, en el momento presente

(only) time will tell — el tiempo (lo) dirá

how time flies! — qué rápido pasa el tiempo!

(from) time out of mind — desde tiempos inmemoriales

time and tide wait for no man — el tiempo pasa inexorablemente; (before n) < travel> en el tiempo

time machine — máquina f del tiempo

3) u (time available, necessary for something) tiempo m

we have all the time in the world — tenemos tiempo de sobra

could I have five minutes of your time? — ¿podría concederme cinco minutos?

there's no time to lose — no hay tiempo que perder

to make time for something — hacer(se)* or encontrar* tiempo para algo

to make time — ( hurry) (AmE colloq) darse* prisa, apurarse (AmL)

he does it to pass the time — lo hace para pasar el tiempo

I spend all my time reading/thinking — me paso todo el tiempo leyendo/pensando

it takes time to get used to the climate — lleva or toma tiempo acostumbrarse al clima

it's worth taking a little extra time over the job — vale la pena dedicarle un poco más de tiempo al trabajo

to take one's time: just take your time tómate todo el tiempo que necesites or quieras; you took your time! cómo has tardado!; to buy time ganar tiempo; to have a lot of/no time for somebody/something: I have no time for people like her no soporto a la gente como ella; I've got a lot of time for him me cae muy bien; to have time on one's hands: I had time on my hands me sobraba el tiempo; to play for time — tratar de ganar tiempo

4) (no pl) (period - of days, months, years) tiempo m; (- of hours) rato m

that was a long time ago — eso fue hace mucho (tiempo)

they lived in Paris for a time/for a long time — vivieron un tiempo/mucho tiempo or muchos años en París

long time no see! — (colloq) tanto tiempo (sin verte)!

some time later I saw them leave — al rato los vi salir

some time later they moved to Brussels — (un) tiempo después se mudaron a Bruselas, tras cierto tiempo se mudaron a Bruselas

for some considerable time o for quite some time now there have been rumors that... — hace ya bastante tiempo que se rumorea que...

in an hour's/three months'/ten years' time — dentro de una horaes meses/diez años

cooking time — tiempo m de cocción

your time's up — se te (or les etc) ha acabado el tiempo

for the time being — por el momento, de momento

to serve o (colloq) do time — cumplir una condena, estar* a la sombra (fam)

5) (in phrases)

against time — contra reloj

all the time — ( constantly) constantemente; ( the whole period) todo el tiempo

I knew it all the time — lo supe desde el principio

in time — ( early enough) a tiempo; ( eventually) con el tiempo

you arrived just in time — llegaste justo a tiempo

we got back in time to watch the film — volvimos a tiempo para ver la película

you'll get used to it in time — con el tiempo te acostumbrarás

in good time — con tiempo

all in good time — cada cosa a su tiempo, todo a su debido tiempo

in no time (at all) — rapidísimo, en un abrir y cerrar de ojos, en un santiamén

6) u ( airtime) (Rad, TV) espacio m

7) u c (for journey, race, task) tiempo m

what's your fastest time over 400m? — ¿cuál es tu mejor tiempo or marca en los 400 metros?

8) u ( with respect to work)

to take o (BrE also) have time off — tomarse tiempo libre

we get time and a half — nos pagan hora y media de sueldo por cada hora trabajada

9)

a) c (epoch, age) (often pl) época f, tiempo m

at one time — en una época or un tiempo, en otros tiempos

in times of crisis — en épocas or tiempos de crisis

in former times — antiguamente

in Tudor times — en la época de los Tudor, en tiempos de los Tudor

there was a time when o time was when... — hubo un tiempo cuando...

it's a sign of the times — es un indicio de los tiempos en que vivimos

in times to come — en el futuro, en tiempos venideros

to be ahead of one's time: he's ahead/he was ahead of his time se ha adelantado/se adelantó a su época; to be behind the times \<\<ideas\>\> ser* anticuado, estar* desfasado; \<\<person\>\> estar* atrasado de noticias (fam); to keep up with o abreast of the times — mantenerse* al día

b) u ( with respect to a person's life)

that was before your time — eso fue antes de que tú nacieras (or empezaras a trabajar aquí etc)

it won't happen in our time — no viviremos para verlo

I've seen some funny things in my time but... — he visto cosas raras en mi vida pero...

she was a great athlete in her time — fue una gran atleta en su época

Sense II

10)

a) u ( by clock) hora f

what's the time?, what time is it? — ¿qué hora es?

do you have the time? — ¿tienes hora?

the time is ten minutes to ten — son las diez menos diez minutos, son diez para las diez (AmL exc RPl)

to be able to tell the time o (AmE also) tell time — saber* (decir) la hora

British Summer Time — horario m de verano

Eastern Standard Time — ( in US) hora f de la costa atlántica

this clock keeps good time — este reloj está siempre en hora

not to give somebody the time of day — no darle* a algn ni la hora

to pass the time of day (with somebody): now she never even passes the time of day with me ahora ni siquiera me saluda; we passed the time of day charlamos un ratito; (before n) time switch temporizador m; time zone — huso m horario

b) c u ( of event) hora f

do you know the times of the trains? — ¿sabes el horario de los trenes?

time FOR something/to + INF: we have to arrange a time for the next meeting tenemos que fijar una fecha y hora para la próxima reunión; is it time to go yet? ¿ya es hora de irse?; it's time you left o you were leaving es hora de que te vayas; at breakfast time — a la hora del desayuno

11) c ( point in time)

at this time of (the) year — en esta época del año

at this time of night — a estas horas de la noche

at the present/this particular time — en este momento/este preciso momento

at no time was that my intention — en ningún momento fue ésa mi intención

it should be kept closed at all times — debe mantenerse siempre cerrado

at the best of times — en el mejor de los casos

this time next year — el año que viene para estas fechas

it'll be dark by the time we get there — (para) cuando lleguemos ya estará oscuro

by that o this time we were really worried — para entonces ya estábamos preocupadísimos

from that time on — a partir de entonces, desde entonces

it's high time somebody did something — ya es hora or ya va siendo hora de que alguien haga algo

she's resigned, and not before time — ha renunciado, y ya era hora

the time has come for us to make a decision — ha llegado el momento de que tomemos una decisión

there's a time and a place for everything — hay un momento y un lugar para todo

my/her time has come — me/le ha llegado el momento

to bide one's time — esperar el momento oportuno

to die before one's time — morir* tempranamente or prematuramente

12) c (instance, occasion) vez f

three times a day — tres veces por día

I've been there many a time o many times — he estado allí en numerosas ocasiones or muchas veces

nine times out of ten — en el noventa por ciento de los casos, la gran mayoría de las veces

third time lucky! — la tercera es la vencida!

let's leave it for another o some other time — dejémoslo para otro momento

you paid (the) last time — la última vez or la otra vez pagaste tú

for the last time: no! — por última vez no!

let's try one more time — probemos otra vez or una vez más

13) (in phrases)

about time: it's about time someone told him ya es hora or ya va siendo hora de que alguien se lo diga; I've finished - and about time too! he terminado - ya era hora!; ahead of time: the first stage was completed ahead of time la primera fase se terminó antes de tiempo; any time: come any time ven cuando quieras or en cualquier momento; call me any time between nine and eleven llámame a cualquier hora entre las nueve y las once; I'd rather work for Mary any time yo prefiero trabajar para Mary, toda la vida (y cien años más); they should be here any time (now) en cualquier momento llegan, deben de estar por llegar de un momento al otro; at a time: four at a time de cuatro en cuatro or (AmL tb) de a cuatro; one at a time! de a uno!, uno por uno! or uno por vez!; I can only do one thing at a time sólo puedo hacer una cosa a la or por vez; for months at a time durante meses enteros; at the same time ( simultaneously) al mismo tiempo; ( however) (as linker) al mismo tiempo, de todas formas; at times a veces; at this time (AmE) ahora, en este momento; every time: I make the same mistake every time! siempre cometo el mismo error!; gin or whisky? - give me whisky every time! ¿ginebra or whisky? - para mí whisky, toda la vida; every o each time (as conj) ( whenever) cada vez; from time to time de vez en cuando; on time ( on schedule): the buses hardly ever run on time los autobuses casi nunca pasan a su hora or puntualmente; she's never on time nunca llega temprano, siempre llega tarde; time after time o time and (time) again — una y otra vez

14) c ( experience)

to have a good/bad/hard time — pasarlo bien/mal/muy mal

have a good time! — que te diviertas (or que se diviertan etc)!, que lo pases (or pasen etc) bien!

don't give me a hard time — (esp AmE) no me mortifiques

thank you for a lovely time — gracias por todo, lo hemos pasado estupendamente

15) u ( Mus) compás m

in time to the music — al compás de la música

out of time — descompasado, fuera de compás

to beat/keep time — marcar*/seguir* el compás

to mark time — ( march on the spot) marcar* el paso; ( make no progress) hacer* tiempo; (before n)

time signature — llave f de tiempo

16) times pl ( Math)

it's four times bigger — es cuatro veces más grande; (before n)

times table — tabla f de multiplicar

II

transitive verb

a) ( Sport) cronometrar

I've timed how long it takes me — he calculado cuánto tiempo me lleva

b) ( choose time of)

the bomb was timed to go off at ten o'clock — la bomba estaba programada para explotar a las diez

the demonstration was timeed to coincide with his arrival — la hora de la manifestación estaba calculada para coincidir con su llegada

you timed your entrance perfectly — no podrías haber elegido un mejor momento para entrar

his comment was well timed — su comentario fue muy oportuno

his shot was badly timed — no calculó bien el momento en que debía chutar/disparar

[taɪm]
1. N

1) (gen) tiempo m

as time goes on or by — con el (paso del) tiempo, a medida que pasa/pasaba el tiempo

• race against time — carrera f contra (el) reloj

• for all time — para siempre

one of the best of all time — uno de los mejores de todos los tiempos

• Father Time — el Tiempo

• to find (the) time for sth — encontrar tiempo para algo

I can't find the time for reading — no encuentro tiempo para leer

• time flies — el tiempo vuela

how time flies! — ¡cómo pasa el tiempo!

• to gain time — ganar tiempo

• half the time he's drunk — la mayor parte del tiempo está borracho

• to have (the) time (to do sth) — tener tiempo (para hacer algo)

we have plenty of time — tenemos tiempo de sobra

• to make time — (US) * ganar tiempo, apresurarse

• to make up for lost time — recuperar el tiempo perdido

• it's only a matter or question of time before it falls — solo es cuestión de tiempo antes de que caiga

• I've no time for him — (too busy) no tengo tiempo para él; (contemptuous) no le aguanto

I've no time for sport — odio los deportes

there is no time to lose — no hay tiempo que perder

he lost no time in doing it — no tardó en hacerlo

• my time is my own — yo dispongo de mi tiempo

• time presses — el tiempo apremia

• time is on our side — el tiempo obra a nuestro favor

• time and space — el tiempo y el espacio

• to take time, it takes time — requiere tiempo, lleva su tiempo

it'll take time to get over the loss of her family — le llevará tiempo superar la pérdida de su familia

it took him all his time to find it — solo encontrarlo le ocupó bastante tiempo

to take one's time — hacer las cosas con calma

take your time! — tómate el tiempo que necesites, ¡no hay prisa!

you certainly took your time! — iro ¡no es precisamente que te mataras corriendo!

• (only) time will tell — el tiempo lo dirá

to have time on one's hands —

she has too much time on her hands — dispone de demasiado tiempo libre

once you retire you'll have time on your hands — cuando te hayas jubilado, tendrás todo el tiempo del mundo

- kill time

- pass the time of day with sb

- play for time

- be pressed for time

- time is money
spare, waste
2) (=period of time) tiempo m, período m; (relatively short) rato m

• have you been here all this time? — ¿has estado aquí todo este tiempo?

• for the time being — por ahora, de momento

• for a time — durante un rato; (longer) durante una temporada

• a long time — mucho tiempo

to take a long time to do sth — tardar mucho en hacer algo

a long time ago — hace mucho (tiempo), hace tiempo

he hasn't been seen for a long time — hace mucho tiempo que no se le ve

she'll be in a wheelchair for a long time to come — le queda mucho tiempo de estar en silla de ruedas por delante

• in no time at all — en un abrir y cerrar de ojos

• it will last our time — durará lo que nosotros

• a short time — poco tiempo, un rato

a short time ago — hace poco

a short time after — poco (tiempo) después, al poco tiempo

in a short time they were all gone — muy pronto habían desaparecido todos

• for some time past — de algún tiempo a esta parte

after some time she looked up at me/wrote to me — después de cierto tiempo levantó la vista hacia mí/me escribió, pasado algún tiempo levantó la vista hacia mí/me escribió

• in a week's time — dentro de una semana

in two weeks' time — en dos semanas, al cabo de dos semanas

- do time
serve
3) (at work)

• on Saturdays they pay time and a half — los sábados pagan lo normal más la mitad

• he did it in his own time — lo hizo en su tiempo libre or fuera de (las) horas de trabajo

• to be on short time, work short time — trabajar en jornadas reducidas
full-time, part-time, short-time
4) (=moment, point of time) momento m

I was watching TV at the time — en ese momento estaba viendo la televisión

from time to time — de vez en cuando

• about time too! — ¡ya era hora!

it's about time you had a haircut — ya es hora de que te cortes el pelo

• come (at) any time (you like) — ven cuando quieras

it might happen (at) any time — podría ocurrir de un momento a otro or en cualquier momento

any time now — de un momento a otro

• at times — a veces, a ratos

at all times — siempre, en todo momento

• to die before one's time — morir temprano

not before time! — ¡ya era hora!

• between times — en los intervalos

• by the time he arrived — para cuando él llegó

by the time we got there he'd left — cuando llegamos allí ya se había ido

by this time — ya, antes de esto

(by) this time next year — el año que viene por estas fechas

• to choose one's time carefully — elegir con cuidado el momento más propicio

• the time has come to leave — ha llegado el momento de irse

when the time comes — cuando llegue el momento

• at a convenient time — en un momento oportuno

• at any given time — en cualquier momento dado

• her time was drawing near — (to give birth) se acercaba el momento de dar a luz; (to die) estaba llegando al final de su vida

• it's high time you got a job — ya va siendo hora de que consigas un trabajo

• at my time of life — a mi edad, con los años que yo tengo

• at no time did I mention it — no lo mencioné en ningún momento

this is no time for jokes — este no es momento para bromas

• now is the time to go — ahora es el momento de irse

now is the time to plant roses — esta es la época para plantar las rosas

• at odd times — (=occasionally) de vez en cuando

he calls at some odd times — llama a las horas más intempestivas

• from that time on — a partir de entonces, desde entonces

• at one time — en cierto momento, en cierta época

• this is neither the time nor the place to discuss it — este no es ni el momento ni el lugar oportuno para hablar de eso

there's a time and a place for everything — todo tiene su momento y su lugar

• at the present time — actualmente, en la actualidad

• at the proper time — en el momento oportuno

• at the same time — (=simultaneously) al mismo tiempo, a la vez; (=even so) al mismo tiempo, por otro lado

• until such time as he agrees — hasta que consienta

• at that time — por entonces, en aquel entonces, en aquella época

• at this particular time — en este preciso momento

• at this time of the year — en esta época del año

it's a lovely time of year — es una estación encantadora
bide
5) (by clock) hora f

what's the time? — ¿qué hora es?

the time is 2.30 — son las dos y media

it's time to go — es hora de irse

"time gentlemen please!" — "¡se cierra!"

• to arrive ahead of time — llegar temprano

to be 30 minutes ahead of time — llevar 30 minutos de adelanto

• at any time of the day or night — en cualquier momento or a cualquier hora del día o de la noche

• to be 30 minutes behind time — llevar 30 minutos de retraso

• it's coffee time — es la hora del café

• at this time of day — a esta hora

• it's time for the news — es (la) hora de las noticias

it's time for lunch — es (la) hora de comer

• let me know in good time — avíseme con anticipación

make sure you get there in good time — asegúrate de que llegas allí con tiempo

he'll come in his own good time — vendrá cuando le parezca conveniente

all in good time — todo a su (debido) tiempo

to start in good time — partir a tiempo, partir pronto

• have you got the (right) time? — ¿tiene la hora (exacta)?

• Greenwich mean time — hora f de Greenwich

• we were just in time to see it — llegamos justo a tiempo para verlo

• a watch that keeps good time — un reloj muy exacto

• just look at the time! — ¡fíjate qué hora es ya!, ¡mira qué tarde es!

• what time do you make it?, what do you make the time? — ¿qué hora es or tiene?

we made good time on the journey — el viaje ha sido rápido

• to be on time — [person] ser puntual, llegar puntualmente; [train, plane] llegar puntual

• to tell the time — [clock] dar la hora; [child] saber decir la hora

- I wouldn't give him the time of day
see closing, opening
6) (=era, period) tiempo m, época f

in Elizabethan times — en tiempos isabelinos, en la época isabelina

in our own time(s) — en nuestra época

in my time(s) — en mis tiempos

what times they were!, what times we had! — ¡qué tiempos aquellos!

one of the greatest footballers of our time — uno de los mejores futbolistas de nuestros tiempos

• to be ahead of one's time — adelantarse a su época

• that was all before my time — todo eso fue antes de mis tiempos

• to be behind the times — [person] estar atrasado de noticias; [thing, idea] estar fuera de moda, haber quedado anticuado

• how times change! — ¡cómo cambian las cosas!

• in times to come — en tiempos venideros

• times were hard — fueron tiempos duros

times are hard — atravesamos un período bastante difícil

they fell on hard times — entraron en un periodo de vacas flacas

• to keep abreast of or up with the times — ir con los tiempos, mantenerse al día

• the times we live in — los tiempos en que vivimos

• in modern times — en tiempos modernos

• to move with the times — ir con los tiempos, mantenerse al día

• in olden times, in times past — en otro tiempo, antiguamente

• time was when... — hubo un tiempo en que...
sign
7) (=experience)

to have a bad or rough or thin time (of it) — pasarlo mal, pasarlas negras

• to have a good time — pasarlo bien, divertirse

all they want to do is have a good time — no quieren más que divertirse

to give sb a good time — hacer que algn lo pase bien

she's out for a good time — se propone divertirse

• we had a high old time * — lo hemos pasado en grande *

• we have a lovely time — lo pasamos la mar de bien *

• have a nice time! — ¡que lo pases/paséis etc bien!

- the big time

to make the big time — alcanzar el éxito, triunfar
big-time
8) (=occasion) vez f

three times — tres veces

I remember the time he came here — recuerdo la ocasión en que vino por aquí, me acuerdo de cuando vino por aquí

• time after time, time and again — repetidas veces, una y otra vez

• to carry three boxes at a time — llevar tres cajas a la vez

he ran upstairs three at a time — subió la escalera de tres en tres escalones

for weeks at a time — durante semanas enteras or seguidas

• each time, every time — cada vez

he won every time — ganó todas las veces

it's the best, every time! — ¡es el mejor, no hay duda!

give me beer every time! — ¡para mí, siempre cerveza!

• the first time I did it — la primera vez que lo hice

for the first time — por primera vez

• last time — la última vez

the last time I did it — la última vez que lo hice

for the last time — por última vez

• many times — muchas veces

many's the time... — no una vez, sino muchas...

• next time — la próxima vez, a la próxima (esp LAm)

• the second time round — (=second marriage) la segunda intentona de matrimonio

• several times — varias veces

• this time — esta vez

• at various times in the past — en determinados momentos del pasado

- nine times out of ten

- third time lucky!

9) (Mus) compás m

in 3/4 time — al compás de 3 por 4

• to beat time — marcar el compás

• in time to the music — al compás de la música

• to keep time — llevar el compás

• to get out of time — perder el compás
beat 2., 4), mark II, 2., 7)
10) (Math)

4 times 3 is 12 — 4 por 3 son 12

it's five times faster than or as fast as yours — es cinco veces más rápido que el tuyo

11) (Mech)

the ignition is out of time — el encendido está fuera de fase

2. VT

1) (=schedule) planear, calcular; (=choose time of) [+ remark, request] elegir el momento para

the race is timed for 8.30 — el comienzo de la carrera está previsto para las 8.30

you timed that perfectly — elegiste a la perfección el momento para hacerlo

the bomb was timed to explode five minutes later — la bomba estaba sincronizada para explotar cinco minutos más tarde

the strike was carefully timed to cause maximum disruption — se había escogido el momento de la huelga para ocasionar el mayor trastorno posible

the decision to sell was badly timed — se decidió vender en un mal momento
ill-timed, well-timed
2) (=reckon time of) [+ call, journey] calcular la duración de; (with stopwatch) cronometrar

to time o.s. — cronometrarse

I timed him doing the washing-up — le cronometré mientras lavaba los platos

3.

CPD

time and motion study N — estudio m de tiempos y movimientos

time bomb N — bomba f de relojería

time capsule N — cápsula f del tiempo

time card N — tarjeta f de registro horario

time check N — (Sport) control m de tiempos

can I have a time check, please? — ¿qué hora es ahora, por favor?

time clock N — reloj m registrador, reloj m de control de asistencia

time deposit N — (US) depósito m a plazo

time difference N — diferencia f horaria

time exposure N — (Phot) exposición f

time frame N — margen m de tiempo

to set a time frame for sth — poner fecha a algo

time fuse N — temporizador m, espoleta f graduada, espoleta f de tiempo

time lag N — (=delay) retraso m; (=lack of synchronization) desfase m

time limit N — plazo m, límite m de tiempo; (=closing date) fecha f tope

to set a time limit (for sth) — fijar un plazo (para algo)

time loan N — (US) préstamo m a plazo fijo

time lock N — cerradura f de tiempo

time machine N — máquina f de transporte a través del tiempo

time management N — gestión f del tiempo

time management consultant N — consultor(a) m / f de gestión del tiempo

time management course N — curso m de gestión del tiempo

time management skills NPL — técnicas fpl de gestión del tiempo

time management training N — formación f en gestión del tiempo

time off N — (=free time) tiempo m libre

to take time off from work — tomarse tiempo libre

you'll have to take some time off when your wife has her operation — tendrás que tomarte unos días de vacaciones cuando operen a tu mujer

time out N — (esp US) (Sport) (also fig) tiempo m muerto

to take time out (from sth/from doing sth) — descansar (de algo/de hacer algo)

time payment N — (US) pago m a plazos

time saver N —

it is a great time saver — ahorra mucho tiempo

time sheet N — = time card

time signal N — señal f horaria

time signature N — (Mus) compás m, signatura f de compás

time slice N — fracción f de tiempo

time slot N — franja f horaria

time span N — periodo m de tiempo

time switch N — interruptor m horario

time trial N — (Cycling) prueba f contra reloj, contrarreloj f

time warp N — salto m en el tiempo, túnel m del tiempo

time zone N — huso m horario

* * *

I [taɪm]
1) noun

Sense I

2) u (past, present, future) tiempo m

time and space — el tiempo y el espacio

as time goes by o passes — a medida que pasa el tiempo, con el paso or el correr del tiempo

at this point o moment in time — en este momento, en el momento presente

(only) time will tell — el tiempo (lo) dirá

how time flies! — qué rápido pasa el tiempo!

(from) time out of mind — desde tiempos inmemoriales

time and tide wait for no man — el tiempo pasa inexorablemente; (before n) < travel> en el tiempo

time machine — máquina f del tiempo

3) u (time available, necessary for something) tiempo m

we have all the time in the world — tenemos tiempo de sobra

could I have five minutes of your time? — ¿podría concederme cinco minutos?

there's no time to lose — no hay tiempo que perder

to make time for something — hacer(se)* or encontrar* tiempo para algo

to make time — ( hurry) (AmE colloq) darse* prisa, apurarse (AmL)

he does it to pass the time — lo hace para pasar el tiempo

I spend all my time reading/thinking — me paso todo el tiempo leyendo/pensando

it takes time to get used to the climate — lleva or toma tiempo acostumbrarse al clima

it's worth taking a little extra time over the job — vale la pena dedicarle un poco más de tiempo al trabajo

to take one's time: just take your time tómate todo el tiempo que necesites or quieras; you took your time! cómo has tardado!; to buy time ganar tiempo; to have a lot of/no time for somebody/something: I have no time for people like her no soporto a la gente como ella; I've got a lot of time for him me cae muy bien; to have time on one's hands: I had time on my hands me sobraba el tiempo; to play for time — tratar de ganar tiempo

4) (no pl) (period - of days, months, years) tiempo m; (- of hours) rato m

that was a long time ago — eso fue hace mucho (tiempo)

they lived in Paris for a time/for a long time — vivieron un tiempo/mucho tiempo or muchos años en París

long time no see! — (colloq) tanto tiempo (sin verte)!

some time later I saw them leave — al rato los vi salir

some time later they moved to Brussels — (un) tiempo después se mudaron a Bruselas, tras cierto tiempo se mudaron a Bruselas

for some considerable time o for quite some time now there have been rumors that... — hace ya bastante tiempo que se rumorea que...

in an hour's/three months'/ten years' time — dentro de una hora/tres meses/diez años

cooking time — tiempo m de cocción

your time's up — se te (or les etc) ha acabado el tiempo

for the time being — por el momento, de momento

to serve o (colloq) do time — cumplir una condena, estar* a la sombra (fam)

5) (in phrases)

against time — contra reloj

all the time — ( constantly) constantemente; ( the whole period) todo el tiempo

I knew it all the time — lo supe desde el principio

in time — ( early enough) a tiempo; ( eventually) con el tiempo

you arrived just in time — llegaste justo a tiempo

we got back in time to watch the film — volvimos a tiempo para ver la película

you'll get used to it in time — con el tiempo te acostumbrarás

in good time — con tiempo

all in good time — cada cosa a su tiempo, todo a su debido tiempo

in no time (at all) — rapidísimo, en un abrir y cerrar de ojos, en un santiamén

6) u ( airtime) (Rad, TV) espacio m

7) u c (for journey, race, task) tiempo m

what's your fastest time over 400m? — ¿cuál es tu mejor tiempo or marca en los 400 metros?

8) u ( with respect to work)

to take o (BrE also) have time off — tomarse tiempo libre

we get time and a half — nos pagan hora y media de sueldo por cada hora trabajada

9)

a) c (epoch, age) (often pl) época f, tiempo m

at one time — en una época or un tiempo, en otros tiempos

in times of crisis — en épocas or tiempos de crisis

in former times — antiguamente

in Tudor times — en la época de los Tudor, en tiempos de los Tudor

there was a time when o time was when... — hubo un tiempo cuando...

it's a sign of the times — es un indicio de los tiempos en que vivimos

in times to come — en el futuro, en tiempos venideros

to be ahead of one's time: he's ahead/he was ahead of his time se ha adelantado/se adelantó a su época; to be behind the times \<\<ideas\>\> ser* anticuado, estar* desfasado; \<\<person\>\> estar* atrasado de noticias (fam); to keep up with o abreast of the times — mantenerse* al día

b) u ( with respect to a person's life)

that was before your time — eso fue antes de que tú nacieras (or empezaras a trabajar aquí etc)

it won't happen in our time — no viviremos para verlo

I've seen some funny things in my time but... — he visto cosas raras en mi vida pero...

she was a great athlete in her time — fue una gran atleta en su época

Sense II

10)

a) u ( by clock) hora f

what's the time?, what time is it? — ¿qué hora es?

do you have the time? — ¿tienes hora?

the time is ten minutes to ten — son las diez menos diez minutos, son diez para las diez (AmL exc RPl)

to be able to tell the time o (AmE also) tell time — saber* (decir) la hora

British Summer Time — horario m de verano

Eastern Standard Time — ( in US) hora f de la costa atlántica

this clock keeps good time — este reloj está siempre en hora

not to give somebody the time of day — no darle* a algn ni la hora

to pass the time of day (with somebody): now she never even passes the time of day with me ahora ni siquiera me saluda; we passed the time of day charlamos un ratito; (before n) time switch temporizador m; time zone — huso m horario

b) c u ( of event) hora f

do you know the times of the trains? — ¿sabes el horario de los trenes?

time FOR something/to + INF: we have to arrange a time for the next meeting tenemos que fijar una fecha y hora para la próxima reunión; is it time to go yet? ¿ya es hora de irse?; it's time you left o you were leaving es hora de que te vayas; at breakfast time — a la hora del desayuno

11) c ( point in time)

at this time of (the) year — en esta época del año

at this time of night — a estas horas de la noche

at the present/this particular time — en este momento/este preciso momento

at no time was that my intention — en ningún momento fue ésa mi intención

it should be kept closed at all times — debe mantenerse siempre cerrado

at the best of times — en el mejor de los casos

this time next year — el año que viene para estas fechas

it'll be dark by the time we get there — (para) cuando lleguemos ya estará oscuro

by that o this time we were really worried — para entonces ya estábamos preocupadísimos

from that time on — a partir de entonces, desde entonces

it's high time somebody did something — ya es hora or ya va siendo hora de que alguien haga algo

she's resigned, and not before time — ha renunciado, y ya era hora

the time has come for us to make a decision — ha llegado el momento de que tomemos una decisión

there's a time and a place for everything — hay un momento y un lugar para todo

my/her time has come — me/le ha llegado el momento

to bide one's time — esperar el momento oportuno

to die before one's time — morir* tempranamente or prematuramente

12) c (instance, occasion) vez f

three times a day — tres veces por día

I've been there many a time o many times — he estado allí en numerosas ocasiones or muchas veces

nine times out of ten — en el noventa por ciento de los casos, la gran mayoría de las veces

third time lucky! — la tercera es la vencida!

let's leave it for another o some other time — dejémoslo para otro momento

you paid (the) last time — la última vez or la otra vez pagaste tú

for the last time: no! — por última vez no!

let's try one more time — probemos otra vez or una vez más

13) (in phrases)

about time: it's about time someone told him ya es hora or ya va siendo hora de que alguien se lo diga; I've finished - and about time too! he terminado - ya era hora!; ahead of time: the first stage was completed ahead of time la primera fase se terminó antes de tiempo; any time: come any time ven cuando quieras or en cualquier momento; call me any time between nine and eleven llámame a cualquier hora entre las nueve y las once; I'd rather work for Mary any time yo prefiero trabajar para Mary, toda la vida (y cien años más); they should be here any time (now) en cualquier momento llegan, deben de estar por llegar de un momento al otro; at a time: four at a time de cuatro en cuatro or (AmL tb) de a cuatro; one at a time! de a uno!, uno por uno! or uno por vez!; I can only do one thing at a time sólo puedo hacer una cosa a la or por vez; for months at a time durante meses enteros; at the same time ( simultaneously) al mismo tiempo; ( however) (as linker) al mismo tiempo, de todas formas; at times a veces; at this time (AmE) ahora, en este momento; every time: I make the same mistake every time! siempre cometo el mismo error!; gin or whisky? - give me whisky every time! ¿ginebra or whisky? - para mí whisky, toda la vida; every o each time (as conj) ( whenever) cada vez; from time to time de vez en cuando; on time ( on schedule): the buses hardly ever run on time los autobuses casi nunca pasan a su hora or puntualmente; she's never on time nunca llega temprano, siempre llega tarde; time after time o time and (time) again — una y otra vez

14) c ( experience)

to have a good/bad/hard time — pasarlo bien/mal/muy mal

have a good time! — que te diviertas (or que se diviertan etc)!, que lo pases (or pasen etc) bien!

don't give me a hard time — (esp AmE) no me mortifiques

thank you for a lovely time — gracias por todo, lo hemos pasado estupendamente

15) u ( Mus) compás m

in time to the music — al compás de la música

out of time — descompasado, fuera de compás

to beat/keep time — marcar*/seguir* el compás

to mark time — ( march on the spot) marcar* el paso; ( make no progress) hacer* tiempo; (before n)

time signature — llave f de tiempo

16) times pl ( Math)

it's four times bigger — es cuatro veces más grande; (before n)

times table — tabla f de multiplicar

II

transitive verb

a) ( Sport) cronometrar

I've timed how long it takes me — he calculado cuánto tiempo me lleva

b) ( choose time of)

the bomb was timed to go off at ten o'clock — la bomba estaba programada para explotar a las diez

the demonstration was timeed to coincide with his arrival — la hora de la manifestación estaba calculada para coincidir con su llegada

you timed your entrance perfectly — no podrías haber elegido un mejor momento para entrar

his comment was well timed — su comentario fue muy oportuno

his shot was badly timed — no calculó bien el momento en que debía chutar/disparar

English-spanish dictionary > time
15 antediluvian

1. n допотопная личность

2. n древний старец, развалина

3. a библ. допотопный; происходивший или живший до потопа

antediluvian patriarchs — патриархи времён до всемирного потопа

4. a допотопный, устаревший; старомодный

antediluvian ideas — допотопные идеи

Синонимический ряд:

1. aboriginal (adj.) aboriginal; prehistoric; primal; primitive

2. ancient (adj.) aged; age-old; ancient; antique; bygone; fossil; hoary; Noachian; old; timeworn; venerable

3. antiquated (adj.) antiquated; archaic; obsolete

4. before the flood (adj.) before the flood; old-fashioned; out-of-date; passй

5. early (adj.) early; primordial

6. ancient (noun) ancient; elder; patriarch

7. fogy (noun) fogey; fogram; fogy; fossil; fuddy-duddy; mid-Victorian; mossback; square; stick-in-the-mud

Антонимический ряд:

contemporary; modern

English-Russian base dictionary > antediluvian
16 Bury, Edward

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives

[br]

b. 22 October 1794 Salford, Lancashire, England

d. 25 November 1858 Scarborough, Yorkshire, England

[br]

English steam locomotive designer and builder.

[br]

Bury was the earliest engineer to build locomotives distinctively different from those developed by Robert Stephenson yet successful in mainline passenger service. A Liverpool sawmill owner, he set up as a locomotive manufacturer while the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway was under construction and, after experiments, completed the four-wheeled locomotive Liverpool in 1831. It included features that were to be typical of his designs: a firebox in the form of a vertical cylinder with a dome-shaped top and the front flattened to receive the tubes, and inside frames built up from wrought-iron bars. In 1838 Bury was appointed to supply and maintain the locomotives for the London \& Birmingham Railway (L \& BR), then under construction by Robert Stephenson, on the grounds that the latter should not also provide its locomotives. For several years the L \& BR used Bury locomotives exclusively, and they were also used on several other early main lines. Following export to the USA, their bar frames became an enduring feature of locomotive design in that country. Bury claimed, with justification, that his locomotives were economical in maintenance and fuel: the shape of the firebox promoted rapid circulation of water. His locomotives were well built, but some of their features precluded enlargement of the design to produce more powerful locomotives and within a few years they were outclassed.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS 1844.

Bibliography

1840, "On the locomotive engines of the London and Birmingham Railway", Transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers 3 (4) (provides details of his locomotives and the thinking behind them).

Further Reading

C.F.Dendy Marshall, 1953, A History of'Railway Locomotives Down to the End of the Year 1831, London: The Locomotive Publishing Co. (describes Bury's early work).

P.J.G.Ransom, 1990, The Victorian Railway and How It Evolved, London: Heinemann, pp. 167–8 and 174–6.

PJGR

Biographical history of technology > Bury, Edward
17 Mitchell, Charles

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

[br]

b. 20 May 1820 Aberdeen, Scotland

d. 22 August 1895 Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne, England

[br]

Scottish industrialist whose Tyneside shipyard was an early constituent of what became the Vickers Shipbuilding Group.

[br]

Mitchell's early education commenced at Ledingham's Academy, Correction Wynd, Aberdeen, and from there he became a premium apprentice at the Footdee Engineering Works of Wm Simpson \& Co. Despite being employed for around twelve hours each day, Mitchell matriculated at Marischal College (now merged with King's College to form the University of Aberdeen). He did not graduate, although in 1840 he won the chemistry prize. On the completion of his apprenticeship, like Andrew Leslie (founder of Hawthorn Leslie) and other young Aberdonians he moved to Tyneside, where most of his working life was spent. From 1842 until 1844 he worked as a draughtsman for his friend Coutts, who had a shipyard at Low Walker, before moving on to the drawing offices of Maudslay Sons and Field of London, then one of the leading shipbuilding and engineering establishments in the UK. While in London he studied languages, acquiring a skill that was to stand him in good stead in later years. In 1852 he returned to the North East and set up his own iron-ship building yard at Low Walker near Newcastle. Two years later he married Anne Swan, the sister of the two young men who were to found the company now known as Swan Hunter Ltd. The Mitchell yard grew in size and reputation and by the 1850s he was building for the Russian Navy and Merchant Marine as well as advising the Russians on their shipyards in St Petersburg. In 1867 the first informal business arrangement was concluded with Armstrongs for the supply of armaments for ships; this led to increased co-operation and ultimately in 1882 to the merger of the two shipyards as Sir W.G.Armstrong Mitchell \& Co. At the time of the merger, Mitchell had launched 450 ships in twenty-nine years. In 1886 the new company built the SS Gluckauf, the world's first bulk oil tanker. After ill health in 1865 Mitchell reduced his workload and lived for a while in Surbiton, London, but returned to Tyneside to a new house at Jesmond. In his later years he was a generous benefactor to many good causes in Tyneside and Aberdeen, to the Church and to the University of Aberdeen.

[br]

Further Reading

D.F.McGuire, 1988, Charles Mitchell 1820–1895, Victorian Shipbuilder, Newcastle upon Tyne: City Libraries and Arts.

J.D.Scott, 1962, Vickers. A History, London: Weidenfeld \& Nicolson (a recommended overview of the Vickers Group).

FMW

Biographical history of technology > Mitchell, Charles
18 Preece, Sir William Henry

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology, Public utilities, Telecommunications

[br]

b. 15 February 1834 Bryn Helen, Gwynedd, Wales

d. 6 November 1913 Penrhos, Gwynedd, Wales

[br]

Welsh electrical engineer who greatly furthered the development and use of wireless telegraphy and the telephone in Britain, dominating British Post Office engineering during the last two decades of the nineteenth century.

[br]

After education at King's College, London, in 1852 Preece entered the office of Edwin Clark with the intention of becoming a civil engineer, but graduate studies at the Royal Institution under Faraday fired his enthusiasm for things electrical. His earliest work, as connected with telegraphy and in particular its application for securing the safe working of railways; in 1853 he obtained an appointment with the Electric and National Telegraph Company. In 1856 he became Superintendent of that company's southern district, but four years later he moved to telegraph work with the London and South West Railway. From 1858 to 1862 he was also Engineer to the Channel Islands Telegraph Company. When the various telegraph companies in Britain were transferred to the State in 1870, Preece became a Divisional Engineer in the General Post Office (GPO). Promotion followed in 1877, when he was appointed Chief Electrician to the Post Office. One of the first specimens of Bell's telephone was brought to England by Preece and exhibited at the British Association meeting in 1877. From 1892 to 1899 he served as Engineer-in-Chief to the Post Office. During this time he made a number of important contributions to telegraphy, including the use of water as part of telegraph circuits across the Solent (1882) and the Bristol Channel (1888). He also discovered the existence of inductive effects between parallel wires, and with Fleming showed that a current (thermionic) flowed between the hot filament and a cold conductor in an incandescent lamp.

Preece was distinguished by his administrative ability, some scientific insight, considerable engineering intuition and immense energy. He held erroneous views about telephone transmission and, not accepting the work of Oliver Heaviside, made many errors when planning trunk circuits. Prior to the successful use of Hertzian waves for wireless communication Preece carried out experiments, often on a large scale, in attempts at wireless communication by inductive methods. These became of historic interest only when the work of Maxwell and Hertz was developed by Guglielmo Marconi. It is to Preece that credit should be given for encouraging Marconi in 1896 and collaborating with him in his early experimental work on radio telegraphy.

While still employed by the Post Office, Preece contributed to the development of numerous early public electricity schemes, acting as Consultant and often supervising their construction. At Worcester he was responsible for Britain's largest nineteenth-century public hydro-electric station. He received a knighthood on his retirement in 1899, after which he continued his consulting practice in association with his two sons and Major Philip Cardew. Preece contributed some 136 papers and printed lectures to scientific journals, ninety-nine during the period 1877 to 1894.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

CB 1894. Knighted (KCB) 1899. FRS 1881. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers, 1880. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1880, 1893. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1898–9. Chairman, Royal Society of Arts 1901–2.

Bibliography

Preece produced numerous papers on telegraphy and telephony that were presented as Royal Institution Lectures (see Royal Institution Library of Science, 1974) or as British Association reports.

1862–3, "Railway telegraphs and the application of electricity to the signaling and working of trains", Proceedings of the ICE 22:167–93.

Eleven editions of Telegraphy (with J.Sivewright), London, 1870, were published by 1895.

1883, "Molecular radiation in incandescent lamps", Proceedings of the Physical Society 5: 283.

1885. "Molecular shadows in incandescent lamps". Proceedings of the Physical Society 7: 178.

1886. "Electric induction between wires and wires", British Association Report. 1889, with J.Maier, The Telephone.

1894, "Electric signalling without wires", RSA Journal.

1898, "Aetheric telegraphy", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers.

Further Reading

J.J.Fahie, 1899, History of Wireless Telegraphy 1838–1899, Edinburgh: Blackwood. E.Hawkes, 1927, Pioneers of Wireless, London: Methuen.

E.C.Baker, 1976, Sir William Preece, F.R.S. Victorian Engineer Extraordinary, London (a detailed biography with an appended list of his patents, principal lectures and publications).

D.G.Tucker, 1981–2, "Sir William Preece (1834–1913)", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 53:119–36 (a critical review with a summary of his consultancies).

GW / KF

Biographical history of technology > Preece, Sir William Henry
19 period

'piəriəd
1. noun
1) (any length of time: a period of three days; a period of waiting.) período

2) (a stage in the Earth's development, an artist's development, in history etc: the Pleistocene period; the modern period.) era, fase, etapa

3) (the punctuation mark (.), put at the end of a sentence; a full stop.) punto

2. adjective
(of furniture, costumes etc) of or from the same or appropriate time in history; antique or very old: period costumes; His house is full of period furniture (=antique furniture). de época

- periodic
- periodically
- periodical
3. adjective
(see periodic.)

period n período

period

tr['pɪərɪəd]

noun

1 (length of time) período, periodo

■ he spends long periods abroad pasa largos períodos en el extranjero

■ tests carried out during a six-month period pruebas realizadas durante un período de seis meses

2 (epoch) época

3 SMALLGEOLOGY/SMALL período

4 SMALLEDUCATION/SMALL (lesson) clase nombre femenino

5 (menstruation) regla, período

6 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (full stop) punto

adjective

1 (dress, furniture) de época

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

free period SMALLEDUCATION/SMALL hora libre

period costume traje nombre masculino de época

period pains dolores nombre masculino plural menstruales

sunny periods intervalos nombre masculino plural de sol

the post-war period la posguerra

period ['pɪriəd] n

1) : punto m (en puntuación)

2) : período m

a two-hour period: un período de dos horas

3) stage: época f (histórica), fase f, etapa f

period

n.

• edad s.f.

• era s.f.

• espacio s.m.

• etapa s.f.

• hora s.f.

• período (Física) s.m.

• punto s.m.

• siglo s.m.

• temporada s.f.

• tirada s.f.

• término s.m.

• época s.f.

I 'pɪriəd, 'pɪəriəd
noun [the forms período and periodo are equally acceptable in Spanish where this translation applies]

1)

a) (interval, length of time) período m; ( when specifying a time limit) plazo m

she is away for long periods — pasa mucho tiempo fuera, pasa largas temporadas fuera

a short period of time — un breve período de tiempo

for a period of five hours/12 months — por un espacio de cinco horas/período de 12 meses

during her period in office — durante el tiempo or período en que desempeñó el cargo

b) ( epoch) época f

the Tudor period — la época de los Tudor

the postwar period — la posguerra

2) ( menstruation) periodo m, regla f; (before n)

period pain — (BrE) dolor m menstrual

3)

a) ( in school) hora f ( de clase)

b) ( Sport) tiempo m

4) ( in punctuation) (AmE) punto m; (as interj) y punto, y sanseacabó (fam)

II

adjective <costume/furniture> de época

the house retains many period features — la casa conserva muchos detalles arquitectónicos de la época; see also period piece

['pɪǝrɪǝd]
1. N

1) (=length of time) período m ; (=time limit) plazo m ; (=era) época f ; (=stage) (in career, development etc) etapa f ; (Sport) tiempo m

for a period of three weeks — durante (un período de) tres semanas

within a three month period — en tres meses, dentro de un plazo de tres meses

for a limited period — por un periodo limitado

at that period (of my life) — en aquella época (de mi vida)

the holiday period — el período de vacaciones

the postwar period — la posguerra

the Victorian period — la época victoriana

a painting from his early period — un cuadro de su primera época

2) (Scol) clase f, hora f

we have two French periods — tenemos dos clases or horas de francés

3) (Gram) período m ; (=full stop) (esp US) punto m

I said no, period — he dicho que no, y punto

4) (=menstruation) período m, regla f

I've got my period — estoy con la regla

2.

CPD

period cost N — costo m fijo

period costume N — traje m de época

period drama N — (=play) drama m histórico

period dress N — traje(s) mpl de época

period furniture N — muebles mpl de época

period instrument N — instrumento m de época

period pain N — dolores fpl menstruales

period piece N — (=film) película f de época; (=novel) novela f de época

* * *

I ['pɪriəd, 'pɪəriəd]
noun [the forms período and periodo are equally acceptable in Spanish where this translation applies]

1)

a) (interval, length of time) período m; ( when specifying a time limit) plazo m

she is away for long periods — pasa mucho tiempo fuera, pasa largas temporadas fuera

a short period of time — un breve período de tiempo

for a period of five hours/12 months — por un espacio de cinco horas/período de 12 meses

during her period in office — durante el tiempo or período en que desempeñó el cargo

b) ( epoch) época f

the Tudor period — la época de los Tudor

the postwar period — la posguerra

2) ( menstruation) periodo m, regla f; (before n)

period pain — (BrE) dolor m menstrual

3)

a) ( in school) hora f ( de clase)

b) ( Sport) tiempo m

4) ( in punctuation) (AmE) punto m; (as interj) y punto, y sanseacabó (fam)

II

adjective <costume/furniture> de época

the house retains many period features — la casa conserva muchos detalles arquitectónicos de la época; see also period piece

English-spanish dictionary > period
20 return

rə'tə:n
1. verb
1) (to come or go back: He returns home tomorrow; He returned to London from Paris yesterday; The pain has returned.) volver, regresar

2) (to give, send, put etc (something) back where it came from: He returned the book to its shelf; Don't forget to return the books you borrowed.) devolver

3) (I'll return to this topic in a minute.) volver

4) (to do (something) which has been done to oneself: She hit him and he returned the blow; He said how nice it was to see her again, and she returned the compliment.) devolver

5) ((of voters) to elect (someone) to Parliament.) elegir

6) ((of a jury) to give (a verdict): The jury returned a verdict of not guilty.) pronunciar, declarar

7) ((in tennis etc) to hit (a ball) back to one's opponent: She returned his serve.) devolver

2. noun
1) (the act of returning: On our return, we found the house had been burgled; (also adjective) a return journey.) vuelta, regreso

2) (especially in United Kingdom, a round-trip ticket, a return ticket: Do you want a single or a return?) billete de ida y vuelta

•

- returnable
- return match
- return ticket
- by return of post
- by return
- in return for
- in return
- many happy returns of the day
- many happy returns

return¹ n

1. vuelta / regreso

on our return from our holidays a la vuelta de las vacaciones

2. billete de ida y vuelta

a return to Brighton, please un billete de ida y vuelta a Brighton, por favor

many happy returns of the day! ¡feliz cumpleaños!

return² vb

1. volver / regresar

he returned to his native village volvió a su pueblo natal

2. devolver

have you returned the money she lent you? ¿le has devuelto el dinero que te prestó?

return

tr[rɪ'tɜːn]

noun

1 (coming or going back) vuelta, regreso

■ on his return, he found the safe empty a su regreso, encontró la caja vacía

2 (giving back) devolución nombre femenino

■ I would appreciate the return of my money agradecería que me devolvieran el dinero

3 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (of ball) devolución nombre femenino; (of service) resto

4 (reappearance) reaparición nombre femenino

5 (on keyboard) retorno

6 (profit) beneficio

7 (ticket) billete nombre masculino de ida y vuelta

intransitive verb

1 (come back, go back) volver, regresar

■ he's returning tomorrow vuelve mañana

2 (reappear) reaparecer

transitive verb

1 (give back) devolver

■ have you returned your room key? ¿ha devuelto la llave de su habitación?

2 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (ball) devolver; (serve) restar

3 SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL (elect) elegir

4 (verdict) pronunciar

5 (interest) producir

plural noun returns

1 resultados nombre masculino plural electorales

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

by return of post a vuelta de correo

in return for a cambio de

many happy returns (of the day)! ¡feliz cumpleaños!

return to sender devuélvase al remitente

return match partido de vuelta

return ticket billete nombre masculino de ida y vuelta

return [ri'tərn] vi

1) : volver, regresar

to return home: regresar a casa

2) reappear: reaparecer, resurgir

3) answer: responder

return vt

1) replace, restore: devolver, volver (a poner), restituir

to return something to its place: volver a poner algo en su lugar

2) yield: producir, redituar, rendir

3) repay: pagar, devolver

to return a compliment: devolver un cumplido

return adj

: de vuelta

return n

1) returning: regreso m, vuelta f, retorno m

2) or tax return : declaración f de impuestos

3) yield: rédito m, rendimiento m, ganancia f

4) returns npl

data, results: resultados mpl, datos mpl

return

adj.

• de vuelta adj.

n.

• devolución s.f.

• reaparición s.f.

• regreso s.m.

• renta s.f.

• restitución s.f.

• retorno s.m.

• rédito s.m.

• torna s.f.

• tornada s.f.

• volver s.m.

• vuelta s.f.

v.

• devolver v.

• regresar v.

• restituir v.

• retornar v.

• tornar v.

• volver v.

I
1. rɪ'tɜːrn, rɪ'tɜːn
intransitive verb

a) ( go back)

to return (TO something) — ( to a place) volver* or regresar (a algo); (to former activity, state) volver* (a algo)

to return to what we were saying earlier,... — volviendo a lo que decíamos anteriormente,...

b) ( reappear) \<\<symptom\>\> volver* a aparecer, presentarse de nuevo; \<\<doubts/suspicions\>\> resurgir*

2.

vt

1)

a) ( give back) devolver*, regresar (AmL exc CS), restituir* (frml)

she returned the letter to the file — volvió a poner la carta en el archivo

b) ( reciprocate) \<\<affection\>\> corresponder a; \<\<blow/favor\>\> devolver*; \<\<greeting\>\> devolver*, corresponder a

to return somebody's call — devolverle* la llamada a alguien

c) ( Sport) \<\<ball\>\> devolver*

2) ( Law) \<\<verdict\>\> emitir

3) ( Govt) \<\<candidate\>\> ( re-elect) reelegir*; ( elect) (BrE) elegir*

II

noun

1) u

a) ( to place) regreso m, vuelta f, retorno m (frml o liter)

on his return — a su regreso, a su vuelta

b) (to former activity, state) vuelta f, retorno m

c) ( reappearance) reaparición f

many happy returns of the day! — feliz cumpleaños!, que cumplas muchos más!

2) u c ( to owner) devolución f, regreso m (AmL); ( of thing bought) devolución f

3) (in phrases)

by return (of post) — (BrE) a vuelta de correo

in return — a cambio

in return FOR something — a cambio de algo

4) u c ( profit)

return (ON something) — rendimiento m (de algo)

we haven't seen much return on our efforts — nuestros esfuerzos no se han visto muy recompensados

5) c

a) ( tax return) declaración f (de la renta or de impuestos)

b) returns pl ( data) datos mpl; ( figures) cifras fpl

6) c ( Sport) devolución f

7) c ( ticket) (BrE) boleto m or (Esp) billete m or (Col) tiquete m de ida y vuelta, boleto m de viaje redondo (Méx)

III

adjective (before n)

a) <journey/flight> de vuelta, de regreso; <ticket/fare> (BrE) de ida y vuelta, de viaje redondo (Méx)

by return mail — (AmE) a vuelta de correo

b) ( Sport) de vuelta

[rɪ'tɜːn]
1. N

1) (=going/coming back) vuelta f, regreso m

the return home — la vuelta or el regreso a casa

the return to school — la vuelta or el regreso al colegio

he advocates a return to Victorian values — aboga por una vuelta or un regreso a los valores victorianos

their return to power — su vuelta or retorno al poder

many happy returns (of the day)! — ¡feliz cumpleaños!, ¡felicidades!

he has not ruled out the possibility of making a return to football — no ha descartado la posibilidad de volver al fútbol

on my return — a mi vuelta, a mi regreso

by return (of) post or (US) by return mail — a vuelta de correo
point 1., 5)
2) (=reappearance) [of symptoms, pain] reaparición f ; [of doubts, fears] resurgimiento m

there was no return of the symptoms — los síntomas no volvieron a aparecer, los síntomas no reaparecieron

3) (=giving back) [of thing taken away] devolución f, restitución f frm; [of thing borrowed] devolución f ; (Comm) [of merchandise] devolución f ; [of money] reembolso m, devolución f

they are demanding the return of their lands — exigen la devolución or frm la restitución de sus tierras

he appealed for the return of the hostages — hizo un llamamiento pidiendo la liberación de los rehenes
sale
4) (=thing returned) (Comm) (=merchandise) devolución f ; (=theatre, concert ticket) devolución f, entrada f devuelta; (=library book) libro m devuelto

it's sold out but you might get a return on the night — se han agotado las localidades, pero puede que consiga una entrada devuelta or una devolución la misma noche de la función

5) (Econ) (=profit) ganancia f ; (from investments, shares) rendimiento m

he is looking for quick returns — está buscando rendimiento rápido or ganancias rápidas

they want to get some return on their investment — quieren obtener cierto rendimiento de su inversión

return on capital — rendimiento del capital
diminishing, rate I, 1., 4)
6) (=reward, exchange)

in return — a cambio

they had nothing to give in return — no tenían nada que dar a cambio

in return for this service — a cambio de este servicio

7) returns (=figures) estadísticas fpl ( for de); (=election results) resultados mpl (del escrutinio)

early returns show Dos Santos with 52% of the vote — los primeros resultados del escrutinio muestran que Dos Santos tiene un 52% de los votos
tax 3.
8) (=answer) (in surveys) respuesta f, declaración f

9) (Parl) [of member] (=election) elección f ; (=reelection) reelección f

10) (also: return ticket) billete m de ida y vuelta, billete m redondo (Mex); day

11) (Sport) devolución f

return of serve or service — devolución f del servicio or saque, resto m

12) = return key

13) = carriage return

2. VT

1) (=give back) [+ item] devolver, regresar (LAm), restituir frm; [+ favour, sb's visit, telephone call, blow] devolver; [+ kindness, love] corresponder a; [+ greeting, look, gaze] devolver, responder a

they never return my calls — nunca me devuelven las llamadas

to return good for evil — devolver bien por mal

to return the compliment — devolver el cumplido

to return fire — (Mil) devolver el fuego, responder a los disparos

return to sender — devuélvase al remitente

2) (=put back) volver a colocar

we returned the books to the shelf — volvimos a colocar los libros en el estante

3) (Sport) [+ ball] devolver; (Tennis) devolver, restar; (Bridge) [+ suit of cards] devolver

4) (=declare) [+ income, details] declarar

to return a verdict — emitir or pronunciar un veredicto, emitir un fallo

they returned a verdict of guilty/not guilty — lo declararon culpable/inocente

5) (Pol) (=elect) elegir, votar a; (=reelect) reelegir

to return sb to power — reelegir a algn

6) (Econ) [+ profit, income] reportar, rendir

7) (=reply) responder, contestar

3. VI

1) (=go/come back) volver, regresar

he left home, never to return — se marchó de casa, para no volver or regresar jamás

to return home — volver or regresar a casa

to return to — [+ place] volver or regresar a; [+ activity, state] volver a

I returned to my hotel — volví or regresé a mi hotel

things have returned to normal — las cosas han vuelto a la normalidad

to return to a task — volver a una tarea

to return to a theme — volver sobre un tema

to return to what we were talking about,... — volviendo al asunto del que estábamos hablando,...

2) (=reappear) [symptoms] volver a aparecer, reaparecer; [doubts, fears, suspicions] volver a surgir, resurgir

his good spirits returned — renació su alegría

3) (Jur) revertir (to a)

on my father's death the farm returned to my brother — al morir mi padre, la granja revirtió a mi hermano

4.

CPD [journey, flight] de regreso, de vuelta

return address N — señas fpl del remitente

return fare N — billete m de ida y vuelta, billete m redondo (Mex)

return flight N — (Brit) (=journey back) (vuelo m de) vuelta f ; (=two-way journey) (vuelo m de) ida y vuelta f

return game N — = return match

return journey N — (Brit) (=journey back) (viaje m de) vuelta f ; (=two-way journey) (viaje m de) ida y vuelta f

return key N — (Comput) tecla f de retorno

return match N — (Brit) (Sport) partido m de vuelta

return ticket N — (Brit) billete m de ida y vuelta or (Mex) redondo

return trip N — (=journey back) (viaje m de) vuelta f ; (=two-way journey) (viaje m de) ida y vuelta f

return visit N — (=repeat visit) nueva visita f

* * *

I
1. [rɪ'tɜːrn, rɪ'tɜːn]
intransitive verb

a) ( go back)

to return (TO something) — ( to a place) volver* or regresar (a algo); (to former activity, state) volver* (a algo)

to return to what we were saying earlier,... — volviendo a lo que decíamos anteriormente,...

b) ( reappear) \<\<symptom\>\> volver* a aparecer, presentarse de nuevo; \<\<doubts/suspicions\>\> resurgir*

2.

vt

1)

a) ( give back) devolver*, regresar (AmL exc CS), restituir* (frml)

she returned the letter to the file — volvió a poner la carta en el archivo

b) ( reciprocate) \<\<affection\>\> corresponder a; \<\<blow/favor\>\> devolver*; \<\<greeting\>\> devolver*, corresponder a

to return somebody's call — devolverle* la llamada a alguien

c) ( Sport) \<\<ball\>\> devolver*

2) ( Law) \<\<verdict\>\> emitir

3) ( Govt) \<\<candidate\>\> ( re-elect) reelegir*; ( elect) (BrE) elegir*

II

noun

1) u

a) ( to place) regreso m, vuelta f, retorno m (frml o liter)

on his return — a su regreso, a su vuelta

b) (to former activity, state) vuelta f, retorno m

c) ( reappearance) reaparición f

many happy returns of the day! — feliz cumpleaños!, que cumplas muchos más!

2) u c ( to owner) devolución f, regreso m (AmL); ( of thing bought) devolución f

3) (in phrases)

by return (of post) — (BrE) a vuelta de correo

in return — a cambio

in return FOR something — a cambio de algo

4) u c ( profit)

return (ON something) — rendimiento m (de algo)

we haven't seen much return on our efforts — nuestros esfuerzos no se han visto muy recompensados

5) c

a) ( tax return) declaración f (de la renta or de impuestos)

b) returns pl ( data) datos mpl; ( figures) cifras fpl

6) c ( Sport) devolución f

7) c ( ticket) (BrE) boleto m or (Esp) billete m or (Col) tiquete m de ida y vuelta, boleto m de viaje redondo (Méx)

III

adjective (before n)

a) <journey/flight> de vuelta, de regreso; <ticket/fare> (BrE) de ida y vuelta, de viaje redondo (Méx)

by return mail — (AmE) a vuelta de correo

b) ( Sport) de vuelta

English-spanish dictionary > return

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