by+special+messenger

ἀπόστολος, ου, ὁ (s. ἀποστέλλω). In older Gk. (Lysias, Demosth.) and later (e.g. Posidon.: 87 Fgm. 53 p. 257, 21 Jac. [Strabo 3, 5, 5]) ὁ ἀ. is a naval expedition, prob. also its commander (Anecd. Gr. 217, 26). τὸ ἀπόστολον with (Pla., Ep. 7, 346a) or without (Vi. Hom. 19) πλοῖον means a ship ready for departure. In its single occurrence in Jos. (Ant. 17, 300; it is not found elsewh. in Jewish-Gk. lit.) it prob. means ‘sending out’; in pap mostly ‘bill of lading’ (s. Preisigke, Fachwörter 1915), less freq. ‘certificate of clearance (at a port)’ (BGU V §64 [II A.D.]=Gnomon des Idios Logos). It can also be ‘letter of authorization (relating to shipping)’: Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 443, 10 (15 A.D.); PHerm 6, 11f (cp. Dig. 49, 6, 1 litteras dimissorias sive apostolos). In contrast, in isolated cases it refers to persons who are dispatched for a specific purpose, and the context determines the status or function expressed in such Eng. terms as ‘ambassador, delegate, messenger’ (Hdt. 1, 21; 5, 38; Synesius, Providence 2, 3 p. 122a ἀπόστολοι of ordinary messengers; Sb 7241, 48; BGU 1741, 6 [64 B.C.]; 3 Km 14:6A; Is 18:2 Sym.). Cp. KLake, The Word Ἀ.: Beginn. I 5, ’33, 46–52. It is this isolated usage that is preferred in the NT w. nuances peculiar to its lit. But the extensive use of ἀποστέλλω in documents relating to pers. of merit engaged in administrative service prob. encouraged NT use of the noun, thus in effect disavowing assoc. w. the type of itinerant philosophers that evoked the kind of pejorative term applied by Paul’s audience Ac 17:18.

① of messengers without extraordinary status delegate, envoy, messenger (opp. ὁ πέμψας) J 13:16. Of Epaphroditus, messenger of the Philippians Phil 2:25.—2 Cor 8:23.

② of messengers with extraordinary status, esp. of God’s messenger, envoy (cp. Epict. 3, 22, 23 of Cynic wise men: ἄγγελος ἀπὸ τ. Διὸς ἀπέσταλται).

ⓐ of prophets Lk 11:49; Rv 18:20; cp. 2:2; Eph 3:5.

ⓑ of Christ (w. ἀρχιερεύς) Hb 3:1 (cp. ApcEsdr 2:1 p. 25, 29 T.; Just., A I, 12, 9; the extra-Christian firman Sb 7240, 4f οὐκ ἔστιν θεὸς εἰ μὴ ὁ θεὸς μόνος. Μααμετ ἀπόστολος θεοῦ). GWetter, ‘D. Sohn Gottes’ 1916, 26ff.

ⓒ but predominately in the NT (of the apologists, only Just.) of a group of highly honored believers w. a special function as God’s envoys. Also Judaism had a figure known as apostle (שָׁלִיחַ; Schürer III 124f w. sources and lit.; Billerb. III 1926, 2–4; JTruron, Theology 51, ’48, 166–70; 341–43; GDix, ibid. 249–56; 385f; JBühner, art. ἄ. in EDNT I 142–46). In Christian circles, at first ἀ. denoted one who proclaimed the gospel, and was not strictly limited: Paul freq. calls himself an ἀ.: Ro 1:1; 11:13; 1 Cor 1:1; 9:1f; 15:9; 2 Cor 1:1; Gal 1:1; Eph 1:1; Col 1:1; 1 Ti 1:1; 2:7; 2 Ti 1:1; Tit 1:1.—1 Cl 47:1. Of Barnabas Ac 14:14; 15:2. Of Andronicus and Junia (less prob. Junias, s. Ἰουνία) Ro 16:7. Of James, the Lord’s brother Gal 1:19. Of Peter 1 Pt 1:1; 2 Pt 1:1. Then esp. of the 12 apostles οἱ δώδεκα ἀ. (cp. ParJer 9:20; AscIs 3:21; 4:3) Mt 10:2; Mk 3:14; Lk 22:14 (v.l. οἱ δώδεκα); cp. 6:13; 9:10; 17:5; Ac 1:26 (P-HMenoud, RHPR 37 ’57, 71–80); Rv 21:14; PtK 3 p. 15, 18. Peter and the apostles Ac 2:37; 5:29. Paul and apostles Pol 9:1 (cp. AcPlTh Aa I, 235 app. of Thecla). Gener. the apostles Mk 6:30; Lk 24:10; 1 Cor 4:9; 9:5; 15:7; 2 Cor 11:13; 1 Th 2:7; Ac 1:2; 2:42f; 4:33, 35, 37; 5:2, 12, 18, 34 v.l., 40; 6:6; 8:1, 14, 18; 9:27; 11:1; 14:4; 2 Pt 3:2; Jd 17; IEph 11:2; IMg 7:1; 13:2; ITr 2:2; 3:1; 7:1; IPhld 5:1; ISm 8:1; D ins; 11:3, 6. As a governing board, w. the elders Ac 15:2, 4, 6, 22f; 16:4. As possessors of the most important spiritual gift 1 Cor 12:28f. Proclaimers of the gospel 1 Cl 42:1f; B 5:9; Hs 9, 17, 1. Prophesying strife 1 Cl 44:1. Working miracles 2 Cor 12:12. W. overseers, teachers and attendants Hv 3, 5, 1; Hs 9, 15, 4; w. teachers Hs 9, 25, 2; w. teachers, preaching to those who had fallen asleep Hs 9, 16, 5; w. var. Christian officials IMg 6:1; w. prophets Eph 2:20; D 11:3; Pol 6:3. Christ and the apostles as the foundation of the church IMg 13:1; ITr 12; 2; cp. Eph 2:20. οἱ ἀ. and ἡ ἐκκλησία w. the three patriarchs and the prophets IPhld 9:1. The Holy Scriptures named w. the ap. 2 Cl 14:2 (sim. ApcSed 14:10 p. 136, 17 Ja.). Paul ironically refers to his opponents (or the original apostles; s. s.v. ὑπερλίαν) as οἱ ὑπερλίαν ἀ. the super-apostles 2 Cor 11:5; 12:11. The orig. apostles he calls οἱ πρὸ ἐμοῦ ἀ. Gal 1:17; AcPlCor 2:4.—Harnack, Mission⁴ I 1923, 332ff (Eng. tr. I 319–31). WSeufert, D. Urspr. u. d. Bed. d. Apostolates 1887; EHaupt, Z. Verständnis d. Apostolates im NT 1896; EMonnier, La notion de l’Apostolat des origines à Irénée 1903; PBatiffol, RB n.s. 3, 1906, 520–32; Wlh., Einleitung², 1911, 138–47; EBurton, AJT 16, 1912, 561–88, Gal comm. 1921, 363–84; RSchütz, Apostel u. Jünger 1921; EMeyer I 265ff; III 255ff. HVogelstein, Development of the Apostolate in Judaism, etc.: HUCA 2, 1925, 99–123; JWagenmann, D. Stellg. d. Ap. Pls neben den Zwölf 1926; WMundle, D. Apostelbild der AG: ZNW 27, 1928, 36–54; KRengstorf, TW I 406–46 (s. critique by HConzelmann, The Theol. of St. Luke ’60, 216, n. 1), Apost. u. Predigtamt ’34; J-LLeuba, Rech. exégét. rel. à l’apostolat dans le NT, diss. Neuchâtel ’36; PSaintyves, Deux mythes évangéliques, Les 12 apôtres et les 72 disciples ’38; GSass, Apostelamt u. Kirche … paulin. Apostelbegr. ’39; EKäsemann, ZNW 40, ’41, 33–71; RLiechtenhan, D. urchr. Mission ’46; ESchweizer, D. Leben d. Herrn in d. Gemeinde u. ihren Diensten ’46; AFridrichsen, The Apostle and His Message ’47; HvCampenhausen, D. urchristl. Apostelbegr.: StTh 1, ’47, 96–130; HMosbech, ibid. 2, ’48, 166–200; ELohse, Ursprung u. Prägung des christl. Apostolates: TZ 9, ’53, 259–75; GKlein, Die 12 Apostel, ’60; FHahn, Mission in the NT, tr. FClarke, ’65; WSchmithals, The Office of the Apostle, tr. JSteely, ’69; KKertelge, Das Apostelamt des Paulus, BZ 14, ’70, 161–81. S. also ἐκκλησία end, esp. Holl and Kattenbusch; also HBetz, Hermeneia: Gal ’79, 74f (w. additional lit.); FAgnew, On the Origin of the Term ἀπόστολος: CBQ 38, ’76, 49–53 (survey of debate); KHaacker, NovT 30, ’88, 9–38 (Acts). Ins evidence (s. e.g. SIG index) relating to the verb ἀποστέλλω is almost gener. ignored in debate about the meaning of the noun.—DELG s.v. στέλλω A. EDNT. M-M. TW. Spicq.

μέρος, εος, τό, ([etym.] μείρομαι) first in h.Cer. 399 (v. infr. IV), h.Merc.53 (v. infr. II.2):—

A share, portion, Pi.O.8.77, Hdt.1.145, Berl.Sitzb. 1927.167 ([place name] Cyrene), etc.;

μέρος ἔχοντα Μουσᾶν B.3.71

;

ἔχει δόμων μ. E.Ph. 483

;

κτεάνων μ. A.Ag. 1574

(anap.);

συμβαλέσθαι τὸ μ. D.41.11

; τὰ μ. τινῶν κομίζεσθαι ibid.;

λαβεῖν τῆς μεθόδου τὸ μ. Arist. Pol. 1295a3

; of work put out to contract, allotment, IG22.463.7, 26.

2 heritage, lot, destiny,

μεθέξειν τάφου μ. A.Ag. 507

;

ἔχετον κοινοῦ θανάτου μ. S.Ant. 147

(anap.); τοῦτο γὰρ.. σπάνιον μ. is a rare portion, E.Alc. 474 (lyr.); ἀπὸ μέρους προτιμᾶσθαι from considerations of rank or family, Th.2.37.

II one's turn,

ἐπείτε αὐτῆς μ. ἐγίνετο τῆς ἀπίξιος Hdt.3.69

;

μ. ἑκατέρῳ νέμειν Id.2.173

; ὅταν ἥκῃ μ. ἔργων the turn or time for.., A.Ch. 827 (lyr.), cf. Pl.R. 540b; ἀγγέλου μ. his turn of duty as messenger, A.Ag. 291.

2 with Preps., ἀνὰ μέρος in turn, successively, E.Ph. 478, Arist.Pol. 1287a17;

κατὰ μέρος h.Merc.53

, Th.4.26, etc.; κατὰ μ. λέγειν severally, Pl.Tht. 157b; κατὰ μέρη ἄκουε ib. 182b; τὰ κατὰ μέρος the particulars, Phld.Sign. 23, D.1.22; τὸ κατὰ μ. ἄστρον ib.3.9; ἐν μέρεϊ in turn, Hdt.1.26, al.; κλῦθί νυν ἐν μ., ἀντάκουσον ἐν μ., A.Ch. 332 (lyr.), Eu. 198; by turns, in succession, Id.Ag. 332, 1192, Th.8.93;

ἐν μ. καὶ ἐφεξῆς Pl. Lg. 819b

; ἐν τῷ μέρει in one's turn, Hdt.5.70, E.Or. 452, Ar.Ra.32, 497, Pl.Grg. 462a; ἐν τῷ μ. καὶ παρὰ τὸ μ. in and out of turn, X.An. 7.6.36; παρὰ μέρος in turn, by turns,

ἄρχειν Plu.Fab.10

, cf. Ant. Lib.30.1, Nicom.Ar.1.8.10, Iamb.in Nic.p.33 P.; [

ἡ ψυχὴ] παρὰ μ. ἐν τῇ γενέσει γίνεται καὶ ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς ἐστιν Procl.Inst. 206

(but also, partially, Alciphr.3.66).

III the part one takes in a thing,

μέτεστι χὑμῖν τῶν πεπραγμένων μ. E.IT 1299

; ὑμέτερον μ. [ἐστί] c. inf., Pl.La. 180a.

2 freq. in periphrases, τοὐμὸν μέρος, τὸ σὸν μ., my or thy part, i.e. simply I or me, thou or thee,

ὅσον τὸ σὸν μ. S.OT 1509

, cf. Ant. 1062, Pl.Cri. 45d: abs. as Adv., τοὐμὸν μ. as to me,

οὐ καμῇ τοὐμὸν μ. S.Tr. 1215

, cf. E.Heracl. 678; τὸ σὸν μέρος as to thee, S.OC 1366;

τοὐκείνου μ. E.Hec. 989

: rarely,

κατὰ τὸ σὸν μ. Pl.Ep. 328e

.

IV part, opp. the whole,

ὡρέων τρίτατον μ. h.Cer. 399

, etc.; τρίτον κασιγνητᾶν μ., i. e. one of three sisters, Pi.P.12.11;

μέρει τινὶ τῶν βαρβάρων Th.1.1

; τὰ δύο μ. two-thirds, ib. 104, Aeschin. 3.143, D.59.101;

τρία μέρη.., τὸ δὲ τέταρτον Nic.Dam.130.17

J.; οὐδὲν ἂν μέρος οὖσαι φανεῖεν τῶν .. no fraction of.., i. e. infinitesimal compared with.., Isoc.5.43, cf.12.54; ὅσα ἄλλα μ. ἐντὸς τοῦ Ἴστρου parts of the country, regions, Th.2.96, cf. 4.98; ξυγκαταδουλοῦν.. τὸ τῆς θαλάσσης μ., i. e. the sea as their part of the business, Id.8.46: hence, branch, business, matter, Men.Epit.17, Pk. 107, Plb.1.4.2, 1.20.8, al., PRyl. 127 (i A.D.);

τὰ τοῦ σώματος μέλη καὶ μ. Pl.Lg. 795e

; division of an army, X.An.6.4.23, etc.; class or party, Th.2.37, D.18.292; of the factions in the circus,

πρασίνων μ. POxy.145.2

(vi A.D.); party in a contract or lawsuit, BGU168.24 (ii A.D.), PRein.44.34 (ii A.D.); caste, Str.15.1.39:—special uses, in Geom., direction, ἐπὶ θάτερον μ. interpol. in Archim.Aequil.1.13, cf. Euc.1.27, al.: Arith., submultiple, Id.7 Def.3, 4; τὰ μ. the denominators of fractions, Hero *Stereom.2.14: Gramm., μ. τῆς λέξεως part of speech, Arist.Po. 1456b20, D.H.Comp. 2: more freq.

μ. λόγου D.T.634.4

, A.D.Pron.4.6, al.; μ. λόγου, also, = word, S.E.M.1.159, Heph.1.4 (v. λόγος IX. 3 c); section of a document, Mitteis Chr.28.30 (iii B. C.), etc.

2 abs. as Adv., μέρος τι in part, Th.4.30, etc.; μέρος μέν τι.., μέρος δέ τι .. X.Eq.1.12; τὸ πλεῖστον μ. for the most part, D.S.22.10.

b with Preps.,

κατά τι μέρος Pl.Lg. 757e

;

κατὰ τὸ πολὺ μ. Id.Ti. 86d

; ἐκ μέρους in part,

γινώσκομεν 1 Ep.Cor.13.9

(but ἐκ μ. τινός by the side of, LXX 1 Ki. 6.8; ἐκ μ. τῶν ὁρίων ib.Nu.20.16; ἐκ τοῦ ἑνὸς μέρους ib.8.2); ἐκ τοῦ πλείστου μ. for the most part, Hdn.8.2.4; ἀπὸ μέρους in part, Antip.Stoic.3.249, BGU1201.15 (i A.D.), 2 Ep.Cor.2.5;

ἐπὶ μέρους Luc.

Bis Acc.2; τὰς ἐπὶ μέρους γράφειν πράξεις special histories, Plb. 7.7.6;

αἱ ἐπὶ μ. συντάξεις Id.3.32.10

; πρὸς μέρος in proportion, Th. 6.22, D.36.32.

3 ἐν μέρει τινὸς τιθέναι, etc., to put in the class of.., consider as so and so,

εἰ ἐν ἀρετῆς τιθεῖς μέρει τὴν ἀδικίαν Pl.R. 348e

;

οὐ τίθημ' ἐν ἀδικήματος μ. D.23.148

; also

ἐν τεκμηρίου μ. ποιεῖσθαι τἀδίκημα Id.44.50

; ἐν οὐδενὸς εἶναι μ. to be as no one, Id.2.18;

μήτ' ἐν ἀνθρώπου μ. μήτ' ἐν θεοῦ ζῆν Alex.240.2

; ἐν προσθήκης μ. as an appendage, D.11.8;

ἐν ὑπηρέτου καὶ προσθήκης μ. γίγνεσθαι Id.3.31

;

ἐν χάριτος μ. Id.21.165

; τοῦτ' ἐν εὐεργεσίας ἀριθμήσει μ. ib.166;

ἐν ἰδιώτου μ. διαγαγεῖν Isoc.9.24

;

ὡς ἐν παιδιᾶς μ. Pl.R. 424d

; also

εἰς εὐεργεσίας μέρος καταθέσθαι D.23.17

.

4 in local sense, district, POxy.2113.25 (iv A.D.).

5 in Neo-Platonism, by way of species or element,

ἐν μέρει καὶ ὡς στοιχεῖον Dam.Pr. 193

; οὕτω ὁ μέγας Ἰάμβλιχος ἐνόησεν τὸ ἓν ὂν ἐν μέρει ἑκάτερον ib. 176;

πάντα μὲν ἅμα, ἐν μέρει δὲ ἕκαστον Plot.3.6.18

.

ὅς [(A)], ἥ, ὅ, gen. οὗ, ἧς, οὗ, etc. ; dat. pl. οἷς, αἷς, οἷς, etc.: [dialect] Ep. forms, gen. ὅου (prob. replacing Οο) in the phrases

A

ὅου κλέος οὔ ποτ' ὀλεῖται Il.2.325

, h.Ap. 156 ;

ὅου κράτος ἐστὶ μέγιστον Od.1.70

(elsewh.

οὗ Il. 7.325

, al., never οἷο); fem.

ἕης Il.16.208

(perh. imitation of ὅου; elsewh. only

ἧς 5.265

, al.); dat. pl. οἷς, οἷσι, ᾗς, ᾗσι (never αἷς or αἷσι in Hom.):—Pron. used,

A as demonstr. by the side of οὗτος, ὅδε, and the Art. ὁ, ἡ, τό : in post-Homeric Gr. this use survived only in a few special phrases.

B as a Relat. by the side of the Art. ὅ, ἥ, τό (v. ὁ, ἡ, τό, c):—this demonstr. and Relat. Pron. must not be confounded with the Possess. ὅς, ἥ, ὅν. (With Gr. Relat. ὅς, ἥ, ὅ cf. Skt. Relat. yas, yā, yad, Lith. jis, ji (he, she), Oslav. i, ja, je (he, she, it).)

A DEMONSTR. PRON., = οὗτος, ὅδε, this, that; also, he, she, it:

I Homeric usage: this form only occurs in the nom. masc. and neut. ὅς, ὅ, and perh. nom. fem. ἥ and nom. pl. οἵ, the other cases being supplied by ὁ, ἡ, τό ([etym.] ὅ, ἡ, τό); most codd. have ἥ in Il.17.551, Od. 24.255, al., and this (as also οἵ ) can be referred equally to either (on the accent v. ὁ, ἡ, τό): with γάρ or

καί, ὃς γὰρ δεύτατος ἦλθεν 1.286

;

ἀλλὰ καὶ ὃς δείδοικε Il.21.198

;

ὃ γὰρ γέρας ἐστὶ θανόντων Od.24.190

, Il.23.9, cf. 12.344 : freq. used emphatically in apodosi, mostly with οὐδέ or μηδέ before it,

μηδ' ὅν τινα γαστέρι μήτηρ κοῦρον ἐόντα φέροι, μηδ' ὃς φύγοι Il.6.59

, cf. 7.160, Od.4.653 : after a part., εἰς ἕτερον γάρ τίς τε ἰδών.., ὃς σπεύδει (for ὅστις ἂν ἴδῃ, ὃς σπεύδει) Hes.Op.22.

II in later Gr. this usage remained in a few forms:

1 at the beginning of a clause, καὶ ὅς and he, Hdt.7.18, X.Smp.1.15, Pl. Phd. 118, Prt. 310d ; καὶ ἥ and she, καὶ οἵ and they, Hdt.8.56,87, Pl. Smp. 201e, X.An.7.6.4.

2

ὃς καὶ ὅς

such and such a person,

Hdt.4.68

:—here also the Art. supplied the obl. cases.

3 ἦ δ' ὅς, ἦ δ' ἥ, said he, said she, v. ἠμί.

4 in oppositions, where it sts. answers to the Art.,

Λέριοι κακοί· οὐχ ὁ μέν, ὃς δ' οὔ.. Phoc.1

;

ὃς μὲν.., ὃ δὲ.. Mosch.3.76

;

ὃ μὲν.., ὃς δὲ.., ὃ δὲ.., ὃς δὲ.. Bion 1.81

; so

τῷ μὲν.., ᾧ δὲ.., ᾧ δὲ.. AP6.187

(Alph.); ὃ μὲν.., ὃ δὲ.., ὃ δὲ.. (neut.) Ev.Matt.13.8 ;

ἂ μὲν.., ἃ δὲ.. Heraclit.102

, Archyt. ap. Stob.3.1.110 ;

ὧν μὲν.., ὧν δὲ.. Philem.99

;

πόλεις ἃς μὲν.., ἃς δὲ.. D.18.71

(as v. l.): so in [dialect] Dor. dat. fem. as Adv.,

ᾇ μὲν.., ᾇ δὲ.. Tab.Heracl.1.81

;

ἐφ' ὧν μὲν.., ἐφ' ὧν δὲ.. Arist.EN 1109a1

: very freq. in late Prose, Arr.Epict.3.25.1, etc.: also answering to other Prons.,

ἑτέρων.., ὧν δὲ.. Philem.31.6

;

ἐφ' ᾧ μὲν.., ἐπὶ θατέρῳ δὲ.. Arist. HA 564a21

, etc.

B RELAT. PRON., who, which.—By the side of the simple Relat., ὅς, ἥ, ὅ (in Hom. also ὁ, ἡ, τό), we find in common use the compd. forms ὅστε, ὅστις and ὅτις, ὅσπερ and ὅπερ, ὅς γε (q. v.).

0-0USAGE of the Relat. Pron. (the foll. remarks apply to ὅς γε, ὅσπερ, ὅστε, ὅστις, as well as to ὅς, and to ὁ, ἡ, τό as relat.):

I in respect of CONCORD.—Prop. it agrees in gender and number with the Noun or Pron. in the antec. clause.—But this rule admits of many exceptions:

1 the Relat. mayagree with the gender implied, not expressed, in the antec.,

φίλον θάλος, ὃν τέκον αὐτή Il.22.87

;

τέκνων, οὓς ἤγαγε E.Supp.12

: so after collective Nouns, the Relat. is freq. put in pl. in the gender implied in the Noun,

λαόν.., οὕς.. Il.16.369

; στρατιάν.. τοιαύτην.., οἵ τινες.., τὸ ναυτικόν, οἵ.., Th.6.91,3.4 ;

πλήθει, οἵπερ.. Pl.Phdr. 260a

; esp. after the names of countries or cities, Τηλέπυλον Λαιστρυγονίην ἀφίκανεν, οἳ.. (i. e. to Telepylos of the Laestrygonians, who..) Od.23.319 ;

τὰς Ἀθήνας, οἵ γε.. Hdt.7.8

.

β' ; Μέγαρα.., οὓς.. Th.6.94

: it also may agree with the Noun or Pron. implied in an Adj., Θηβαίας ἐπισκοποῦντ' ἀγυιάς, τάν.. the streets of Thebes, which.., S.Ant. 1137 (lyr.); τοὺς Ἡρακλείους παῖδας, ὃς.. the children of Heracles, who.., E.HF 157;

τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπεισόδου, ὅν..

of me whom..,

S.OC 731

; τὸν ἥμισύν ἐστ' ἀτελὴς τοῦ χρόνου· εἶθ' ἧς πᾶσι μέτεστι.., where ἧς agrees with ἀτελείας implied in ἀτελής, D.20.8.

2 when the antec. Noun in sg. implies a class, the Relat. is sts. in pl., ἦ μάλα τις θεὸς ἔνδον, οἳ.. ἔχουσιν (for τις θεῶν, οἵ.. ) Od.19.40 ;

κῆτος, ἃ μυρία βόσκει.. Ἀμφιτρίτη

one of the thousands, which..,

12.97

;

αὐτουργός, οἵπερ..

one of those who..,

E.Or. 920

: rare in Prose,

ἀνὴρ καλός τε κἀγαθός, ἐν οἷς οὐδαμοῦ σὺ φανήσει γεγονώς D.18.310

, cf. Lys.1.32.

3 reversely, the sg. Relat. may follow a pl. antec., where the relat. clause refers to each individual ; but in this case ὅστις or ὃς ἄν is mostly used, ἀνθρώπους τίνυσθον, ὅ τις κ' ἐπίορκον ὀμόσσῃ, for ἀνθρώπων τινά, ὅς κε.., Il.3.279 ; πάντα.., ὅ τι νοοίης, i.e. anything which.., Ar.Nu. 1381 : rarely ὅς alone, τὰ λίνεα [ ὅπλα], τοῦ τάλαντον ὁ πῆχυς εἷλκε a cubit's length where of.., Hdt.7.36.

4 the Relat. is sts. in the neut., agreeing rather with the notion implied in the antec. than with the Noun itself, διὰ τὴν πλεονεξίαν, ὃ πᾶσα φύσις διώκειν πέφυκεν for profit's sake—a thing which.., Pl.R. 359c, cf. Lg. 849d;

τοὺς Φωκέας, ὃ σιωπᾶν εἰκὸς ἦν

a name which..,

D.19.44

; γυναῖκας, ἐφ' ὅπερ.. women, for dealings with whom, E.Ba. 454.

5 with Verbs of naming, the Relat. freq. agrees with the name added as a predicate, rather than with the antec.,

ξίφος, τὸν ἀκινάκην καλέουσι Hdt.7.54

;

τὴν ἄκρην, αἳ καλεῦνται Κληΐδες Id.5.108

, cf. 2.17, 124, etc.

II in respect of CONSTRUCTION.—Prop., the Relat. is governed by the Noun or Verb in its own clause.—But it is freq. thrown by attraction into the case of the antec. (prob. not in Hom., ἧς in Il.5.265, cf. 23.649, can be expld. otherwise), ἀπὸ παιδεύσιος, τῆς ἐπεπαίδευτο (for τῇ or τήν) Hdt.4.78; freq. in [dialect] Att., Th.7.21, etc.: esp. where a Demonstr. Pron. is unexpressed, while the Relat. takes its case, οὐδὲν ὧν λέγω (for οὐδὲν τούτων ἃ λ.) S.El. 1048, 1220, etc.; ξὺν ᾧπερ εἶχον οἰκετῶν (for ξὺν τούτῳ ὅνπερ) Id.OC 334 ; ἀνθ' ὧν ἂν ἐμοὶ δανείσῃς (for ἀντὶ τούτων ἅ.. ) X.Cyr.3.1.34 ; πρὸς οἷς ἐκτήσαντο (for πρὸς τούτοις ἅ.. ) Pl.Grg. 519a, etc.: the Demonstr. Pron. sts follows,

ἀφ' ὧν ἐγένεσθε ἀγαθοί, ἀπὸ τούτων ὠφελεῖσθαι Th.3.64

, cf. D.8.23,26.—This attraction is rare, exc. when the acc. passes into the gen. or dat. (v. supr.): sts. nom. is so attracted, οὐδὲν εἰδότες τῶν ἦν (for τούτων ἃ ἦν) Hdt.1.78; ἀφ' ὧν παρεσκεύασται (for ἀπὸ τούτων ἃ π.) Th.7.67: also dat., ὧν ἐγὼ ἐντετύχηκα οὐδείς (for τούτων οἷς.. ) Pl.Grg. 509a.

b reversely the antec. passes into the case of the Relat., φυλακὰς δ' ἃς εἴρεαι.., οὔτις (for φυλακῶν.. οὔτις) Il.10.416; τὰς στήλας, τὰς ἵστα, αἱ πλεῦνες.. (for τῶν στηλῶν.. αἱ πλεῦνες) Hdt.2.106: so also when the Noun follows the Relat. clause, it may be put in apposition with the Relat.,

Κύκλωπος κεχόλωται, ὃν ὀφθαλμοῦ ἀλάωσεν, ἀντίθεον Πολύφημον Od.1.69

, cf. 4.11, Il.3.123, A.Th. 553, E.Hec. 771, 986, Hipp. 101, etc.

2 the Demonstr. Pron. or the Noun with an Art. is sts. transferred to the Relat. clause, Ἰνδὸν ποταμόν, ὃς κροκοδείλους δεύτερος οὗτος.. παρέχεται the river Indus, being the second river which.., Hdt.4.44;

σφραγῖδα.., ἣν ἐπὶ δέλτῳ τήνδε κομίζεις E.IA 156

(anap.);

φοβούμεθα δέ γε.. δόξαν.., ὃν δὴ καὶ καλοῦμεν τὸν φόβον ἡμεῖς γε αἰσχύνην Pl.Lg. 647a

.

3 the Relat. in all cases may govern a partit. gen., ἀθανάτων ὅς τίς σε.. any one of the immortals who.., Od.15.35, cf. 25,5.448, etc.;

οἳ.. τῶν ἀστῶν Hdt.7.170

;

οὓς.. βαρβάρων A.Pers. 475

;

ᾧ.. τῶν ἡνιόχων Pl. Phdr. 247b

: freq. in neut., ἐς ὃ δυνάμιος to what a height of power, Hdt.7.50 ; οἶσθ' οὖν ὃ κάμνει τοῦ λόγου; what part of thy speech, E. Ion 363; ᾧπερ τῆς τέχνης ἐπίστευον in which particular of their art.., Th. 7.36 ; τὰ μακρὰ τείχη, ἃ σφῶν.. εἶχον which portion of their territory, Id.4.109, etc.: rarely in such forms as ἕξουσι δ' ἣν λάβωσιν ἐν ταφῇ χθονός (for ὃ χθονός) A.Th. 819 ( χθόνα cj. Brunck).

III in respect of the Moods which follow the Relat.:

1 when the Relat. is equivalent to καί + demonstr. (ὅς = and he..) any mood may follow which may be found in independent clauses: ἦλθε τὸ ναυτικὸν τὸ τῶν βαρβάρων, ὃ τίς οὐκ ἂν ἰδὼν ἐφοβήθη; Lys.2.34 ;

ὁ δ' εἰς τὸ σῶφρον ἐπ' ἀρετήν τ' ἄγων ἔρως ζηλωτὸς ἀνθρώποισιν· ὧν εἴην ἐγώ E.Fr. 672

;

ἐλπίς, ᾗ μόνῃ σωθεῖμεν ἄν Id.Hel. 815

; εἰς καλὸν ἡμῖν Ἄνυτος ὅδε παρεκαθέζετο, ᾧ μεταδῶμεν τῆς σκέψεως to whom let us.., Pl.Men. 89e ; ὃν ὑμεῖς.. νομίσατε which I would have you think.., Lys.19.61: so the inf. in orat. obliq., ἔτι δὲ.. προσετίθει χρήματα οὐκ ὀλίγα, οἷς χρήσεσθαι αὐτούς (sc. ἔφη) Th.2.13: for the inf. after ἐφ' ᾧ τε, v. ἐπί B. 111.3.

2 after ὅς, ὅστις, = whoever, in collective hypothetical sense (= if A + if B + if C..), the same moods are used as after εἰ:

a [tense] pres. ind.,

τῷδ' ἔφες ἀνδρὶ βέλος.. ὅς τις ὅδε κρατέει Il.5.175

;

κλῦθι, ἄναξ, ὅτις ἐσσί Od.5.445

; δουληΐην.., ἥτις ἐστί (as we say) whatever it is, Hdt.6.12 ; ὅ τι ἀνὴρ καὶ γυνή ἐστι πλὴν παιδίων all that are man and woman, Id.2.60 ;

Ζεύς, ὅστις ποτ' ἐστίν A.Ag. 160

(lyr.): also after

ὅς, ἐχθρὸς γάρ μοι κεῖνος.. ὃς πενίῃ εἴκων ἀπατήλια βάζει Od.14.157

, etc.

b subj. with ἄν ([etym.] κεν) or, in poetry, without ἄν:

ξυνίει ἔπος ὅττι κεν εἴπω 19.378

;

οὐ δηναιὸς ὃς ἀθανάτοισι μάχηται Il.5.407

:—in such cases the opt. is used after secondary tenses,

Τρῶας ἄμυνε νεῶν, ὅς τις φέροι ἀκάματον πῦρ 15.731

, cf. Hes.Sc. 480 ;

πάντας ἑξῆς, ὅτῳ ἐντύχοιεν,.. κτείνοντες Th.7.29

, cf. Pl.Ap. 21a, etc.

c sts. opt. without ἄν after a primary tense,

ὃν πόλις στήσειε, τοῦδε χρὴ κλύειν S.Ant. 666

; after an opt.,

ἔρδοι τις ἣν ἕκαστος εἰδείη τέχνην Ar.V. 1431

.

IV peculiar Idioms:

1 in Homer and correct writers, when two coordinate Relat. clauses were joined by καί or δέ, the Relat. Pron. was freq. replaced in the second clause by the demonstr. even though the case was changed, ἄνδρα.., ὃς μέγα πάντων Ἀργείων κρατέει καί οἱ πείθονται Ἀχαιοί (for καὶ ᾧ) Il.1.78 ; ὅου κράτος ἐστὶ μέγιστον.. · Θόωσα δέ μιν τέκε νύμφη (for ὃν τέκε) Od.1.70, cf. 14.85, etc. ; and this sts. even without the demonstr. being expressed, δοίη δ' ᾧ κ' ἐθέλοι καί οἱ κεχαρισμένος ἔλθοι (for καὶ ὅς οἱ) 2.54, cf. 114 ; οὕς κεν ἐΰ γνοίην καί τ' οὔνομα μυθησαίμην (for καὶ ὧν) Il.3.235 ; ᾗ χαλκὸς μὲν ὑπέστρωται, χαλκὸν δ' ἐπίεσται (nom. supplied) Orac. ap. Hdt.1.47 ;

ἃς ἐπιστήμας μὲν προσείπομεν.., δέονται δὲ ὀνόματος ἄλλου Pl.R. 533d

.

2 the neut. of the Relat. is used in [dialect] Att. to introduce a clause qualifying the whole of the principal clause which follows: the latter clause is commonly introduced by γάρ, ὅτι, εἰ, ἐπειδή, etc.,

ὃ δὲ δεινότατόν γ' ἐστὶν ἁπάντων, ὁ Ζεὺς γὰρ.. ἕστηκεν κτλ. Ar.Av. 514

, cf. D.19.211, etc.;

ὃ δὲ πάντων σχετλιώτατον, εἰ.. βουλευσόμεθα Isoc.6.56

;

ὃ μὲν πάντων θαυμαστότατον ἀκοῦσαι, ὅτι.. Pl. R. 491b

, cf.Ap. 18c: also without any Conj.,

ὃ δὲ πάντων δεινότατόν ἐστι, τοιοῦτος ὢν κτλ. And.4.16

;

ὃ δ' ἠπάτα σε πλεῖστον.., ηὔχεις κτλ. E.El. 938

: c. inf.,

ὃ δὲ πάντων δεινότατον, τὴν ἀδελφὴν ὑποδέξασθαι Lys.19.33

(but ὑποδέξασθαι < δεῖ> is prob. cj.), etc.:—so also the neut. pl. ἅ may mean with reference to that which, ἃ δ'.. ἐστί σοι λελεγμένα, πᾶν κέρδος ἡγοῦ.. as to what has been said.., E.Med. 453, cf. Hdt.3.81, S.OT 216, Ar.Eq. 512, etc.

3 in many instances the Gr. Relat. must be resolved into a Conj. and Pron., θαυμαστὸν ποιεῖς, ὃς ἡμῖν οὐδὲν δίδως (= ὅτι σὺ) X.Mem.2.7.13, cf. Lys.7.23 codd., Pl.Smp. 204b, etc.: very freq. in conditional clauses, for εἴ or

ἐάν τις, βέλτερον ὃς... προφύγῃ κακόν, ἠὲ ἁλώῃ Il.14.81

, cf. Hes.Op. 327 ;

συμφορὰ δ', ὃς ἂν τύχῃ κακῆς γυναικός E.Fr. 1056

;

τὸ δ' εὐτυχές, οἳ ἂν.. λάχωσι κτλ. Th.2.44

;

τὸ καλῶς ἄρξαι τοῦτ' εἶναι, ὃς ἂν τὴν πατρίδα ὠφελήσῃ Id.6.14

.

4 the Relat. freq. stands where we should use a final Conj. or the inf., ἄγγελον ἧκαν, ὃς ἀγγείλειε sent a messenger to tell.., Od. 15.458 ;

κλητοὺς ὀτρύνομεν, οἵ κε τάχιστα ἔλθωσ'

that they may..,

Il. 9.165

: and freq. with [tense] fut. ind., πρέσβεις ἄγουσα, οἵπερ φράσουσι (v.l. φράσωσι) to tell.., Th.7.25 ;

πέμψον τιν', ὅστις σημανεῖ E.IT 1209

(troch.), cf. X.HG2.3.2, Mem.2.1.14: so with [tense] fut. opt.,

ὀργάνου, ᾧ τὴν τροφὴν δέξοιτο Pl.Ti. 33c

: also for ὥστε, after οὕτω, ὧδε, etc., οὐκ ἔστιν οὕτω μῶρος, ὃς θανεῖν ἐρᾷ (for ὥστε ἐρᾶν) S.Ant. 220, cf. Hdt.4.52, E.Alc. 198, Ar.Ach. 737, etc.

5 ὅς is freq. used where we should expect οἷος, as μαθὼν ὃς εἶ φύσιν what thou art, S.Aj. 1259, cf. E.Alc. 640, Pl. Euthd. 283d, etc.

6 ὅς is sts. = ὅστις or τις in indirect clauses,

γνώσῃ.. ὅς.. ἡγεμόνων κακὸς ἠδ' ὅς κ' ἐσθλὸς ἔῃσι Il.2.365

(perh. felt as Relat.); ὃς ἦν ὁ ἀναδέξας, οὐκ ἔχω εἰπεῖν I cannot tell who it was that.., Hdt.6.124 ;

γενομένης λέσχης ὃς γένοιτο.. ἄριστος Id.9.71

(in 4.131,6.37,7.37, τί θέλει ([etym.] θέλοι ) has been conjectured for τὸ of the Mss.); so in [dialect] Att.,

ἐγῷδ' ὅς ἐστι, Κλεισθένης ὁ Σιβυρτίου Ar.Ach. 118

, cf. 442, Av. 804, Pl.59, 369, S.OT 1068, OC 1171 ;

πέμπει πρὸς τὸν Κῦρον, εἰπὼν ὃς ἦν X.Cyr.6.1.46

, cf. D.52.7;

δηλώσας ὃς ἦν Arist.Po. 1452a26

;

γράψας παρ' οὗ κομιούμεθα PCair.Zen.150.11

(iii B. C.).

b later ὅς = τίς even in direct questions, ἐφ' ὃ πάρει ; Ev.Matt.26.50 ; ἣν δοκεῖς; Arr.Epict.4.1.120 (both dub.).

7 in exclamations,

ὦ Ἡράκλεις, ἃ πέπονθα Men.Epit. 146

.     0-1A a. the Relat. Pron. joined with Particles or Conjs.:

I ὅς γε, v. ὅσγε.

II ὃς δή, v. δή 11.2 ; ὃν δήποτε τρόπον in some way or other, Arist.Metaph. 1090a6 ; ὁδήποτε, ἁδήποτε, anything or things whatever, Id.EN 1167a35, 1164a25 ; [full] ὁσδηποτοῦν, Euc.Phaen.p.10 M., Dsc.5.10, Jul.Or.1.18c, IG22.1121.30 (iv A. D.); [full] ὁσδηποτεοῦν, IGRom. 4.915 (Cibyra, i A. D.), IG22.1368.133 (ii A. D.); [full] ὁσδητισοῦν (in [dialect] Boeot. form ὁσδειτισῶν), ib.7.3081.5 (Lebad.) ; [full] ὁσποτοῦν, Dicaearch.2.4.

III ὃς καί, v. καί B. 6; but καὶ ὅς and who (which), D.23.68.

2

Ἀπολλώνιον ὃν καὶ Φᾶβι A.

, called also Ph., Wilcken Chr.11 A52 (ii B. C.), etc.: for nom. sg. masc. v. καί B. 2.

IV ὅς κε or κεν, [dialect] Att. ὃς ἄν, whosoever, who if any.., v. ἄν B. 1.2.

2 ὅς κε is also used so as to contain the antec. in itself, much like εἴ τις as νεμεσσῶμαί γε μὲν οὐδὲν κλαίειν, ὅς κε θάνῃσι I am not wroth that men should weep for whoever be dead, Od.4.196: ὅστις is also used in this way, cf.

ὅστις 1

.

V ὅσπερ, ὅστε, ὅστις, v. sub vocc.     0-2A b. abs. usages of certain Cases of the Relat. Pron.:

I gen. sg. οὗ, of Place,

1 like ὅπου, where, A.Pers. 486, S.OC 158 (lyr.), etc.;

οὗ δή A.Pr. 814

, v.l. in Pl.Phdr. 248b, etc.;

οὗπερ A.Th. 1016

, S. Aj. 1237, OC77, etc.; also of circumstances,

οὗ γὰρ τοιούτων δεῖ, τοιοῦτός εἰμ' ἐγώ Id.Ph. 1049

;

εἰ γένοιο οὗ νῦν εἰμί Pl.Smp. 194a

, etc.;

ἔστιν οὗ

in some places,

E.Or. 638

;

οὗ μέν.., οὗ δέ..

in some places.., in others..,

Arist.Oec. 1345b34

: c. gen., οὐκ εἶδεν οὗ γῆς εἰσέδυ in what part of the earth, E.IA[ 1583];

ἐννοεῖς οὗ ἐστὶ.. τοῦ ἀναμιμνήσκεσθαι Pl.Men. 84a

;

συνιδὼν οὗ κακῶν ἦν Luc.Tox.17

.

2 in pregnant phrases, μικρὸν προϊόντες..,οὗ ἡ μάχη ἐγένετο (for ἐκεῖσε οὗ) X.An.2.1.6 ; so

οὗπερ προσβεβοηθήκει Th.2.86

, cf. 1.134 ; ἀπιὼν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως, οὗ κατέφυγε (for οἷ κατέφυγε καὶ οὗ ἦν) X.Cyr.5.4.14 (dub. l.);

ἐπειδὰν ἱζήσωμεν οὗ ἄγεις Philostr.Her.Prooem.13

: in later Gr. οὗ was used simply for οἷ, οὗπερ ἂν ἔλθῃ Tim069, cf. Ev.Luc.10.1, etc.: but in early writers this is f. l., as in D.21.74, etc.

II dat. fem. ᾗ, [dialect] Dor. ᾇ, of Place, where, or Manner, as, v. ᾗ.

III old loc. οἷ, as Adv., v. οἷ.

2 old abl. (?) ὧ, in [dialect] Dor. (cf. ϝοίκω), τηνῶθε καθεῖλον, ὧ ( whence)

μ' ἐκέλευ καθελεῖν τυ Theoc.3.11

;

ἐν τᾷ πόλι, ὧ κ' ᾖ, καρῡξαι ἐν τἀγορᾷ IG9(1).334.21

([dialect] Locr., v B. C.).

IV acc. sg. neut. ὅ, very freq. = ὅτι, that, how that,

λεύσσετε γὰρ τό γε πάντες ὅ μοι γέρας ἔρχεται ἄλλῃ Il.1.120

, al.; and so also, because,

ταρβήσας ὅ οἱ ἄγχι πάγη βέλος 20.283

,al.

2 in [dialect] Att. ὅ, for which reason, E.Hec.13, Ph. 155, 263, Ar.Ec. 338: also acc. neut. pl. ἅ in this sense, S.Tr. 137 (lyr.), Isoc.8.122.

3 whereas, Th.2.40,3.12, Ep.Rom.6.10, Ep.Gal.2.20.

V

ἀφ' οὗπερ

from the time that..,

A.Pers. 177

.

VI ἐφ' ᾧ, v. ἐπί B. 111.3.

------------------------------------

ὅς [(B)], ἥ, ὅν (not ὅ, v. Il.1.609,21.305, Od.11.515), gen.

A

οἷο Il.3.333

, Od.1.330, al.,

οὗ 23.150

, al. ; Cret. [full] ϝός Leg.Gort.1.18,al., SIG 1183 ; so in [dialect] Aeol., Sapph.Supp.1.6, Lyr.Adesp.32, cf. A.D.Pron. 107.11 :—POSSESS. PRON.:

I of the 3 pers., his, her, put either before or after its Noun, ᾧ πενθερῷ, ὃν θυμόν, etc., Il.6.170, 202, etc. ;

ἧς ἀρχῆς IG12.761

; πόσιος οὗ, πατέρι ᾧ, Od.23.150,3.39, etc.: sts. also with Art.,

τὰ ἃ κῆλα Il.12.280

;

τὰ ἃ δώματα Od.14.153

, etc.; also in Lyr., Pi.O.5.8, P.6.36 (elsewh. Pi. prefers ἑός), B.5.47: sts. in Trag.,

λέσχας ἇς A.Eu. 367

(lyr.);

ὧν παίδων S.OC 1639

(iamb.);

ἐκγόνοισιν οἷς E.Med. 955

(iamb.): with Art.,

λιτῶν τῶν ὧν A.Th. 641

;

ὅπλων τῶν ὧν S.Aj. 442

;

τῶν ὧν τέκνων Id.Tr. 266

, cf. 525 (lyr.);

τοῖς οἷσιν αὐτοῦ Id.OT 1248

: so in Cret. Prose,

τὰ ϝὰ αὐτᾶς Leg.Gort. 2.46

; in Thgn.1009, ὧν αὐτοῦ κτεάνων is to be restd. for τῶν.. from IG12.499 ; once in Hdt.,

γυναῖκα ἥν 1.205

; never in [dialect] Att. Prose.

II of the 2 pers., for σός, thy, thine, Hes.Op. 381, AP7.539 (Pers.), Mosch.4.77(dub. in Hom., v. infr.); and

III of the I pers., for ἐμός, my, mine, Od.9.28,13.320, A.R.4.1015, 1036.—Signfs. II and III were denied for Homer by Aristarch., see esp. A.D.Pron.109.20 ; in Od.9.28 and 34 he (or at least A. D. l.c.) rendered ἧς γαίης and πατρίδος 'a man's own fatherland', and athetized Od.13.320: in Il.14.221, 264,16.36,19.174, al., φρεσὶ σῇσιν has better Ms. authority than φρεσὶν ᾗσιν; and in Od.15.542, cf. 1.402, δώμασι σοῖσιν than δώμασιν οἷσιν; v. ἑός. (Cogn. with Skt. σϝάς 'his (my, thy) own', Slav. stem. svo- (used of all 3 persons, as in Skt.): I.-E. swo- was related to I.-E. sewo-, v. ἑός.)

διακονέω (s. two next entries) impf. διηκόνουν; fut. διακονήσω; 1 aor. διηκόνησα; pf. inf. δεδιηκονηκέναι (AssMos Fgm. k, Denis p. 67); aor. pass. διηκονήθην, for augm. s. B-D-F §69, 4; W-S. §12, 6; Mlt-H. 192 (Soph., Hdt. et al.; rare in ins, pap; never in LXX, but in Philo, Joseph.) gener. to render service in a variety of ways either at someone’s behest or voluntarily and freq. with suggestion of movement.

① to function as an intermediary, act as go-between/agent, be at one’s service w. intermediary function either expressed or implied (lead tablet Sb 4947, 2 διακόνησόν μοι; in lover’s petition ‘serve as intermediary [medium] for me’ PWarr 21, 4; 8; Lucian, Cont. 1 of Hermes as messenger for Zeus; Theophr. Char. 2, 9 fetch things; Just., D. 79, 2; cp. the role of Repentance JosAs 15:7) w. dat. of pers. and acc. of thing οὐχ ἑαυτοῖς ὑμῖν δὲ διηκόνουν αὐτά they were not acting as agents in their own behalf but for yours in the things 1 Pt 1:12 (for a service consisting in the delivery of a message cp. Jos., Ant. 6, 298). For a similar contrast, and with suggestion of an intermediary’s mission: οὐκ ἦλθεν διακονηθῆναι ἀλλὰ διακονῆσαι came not to be served, but to serve Mt 20:28; Mk 10:45 (i.e. the Human One [Son of Man] came to carry out an assignment not to benefit himself but others [by giving his life in ransom]; cp. Mt 4:11; par. Mk 1:13 [service rendered by divine messengers]). Of Jesus carrying out his mission [ἀ]νῆλθε[ν δια]κονῶν AcPl BMM verso 13f.— Phlm 13 suggests that Onesimus can be used by Paul on assignment in behalf of the gospel. πορεύομαι … διακονῶν τοῖς ἁγίοις on an errand to God’s people (REB) Ro 15:25 (s. 3).—Of delivery of an object: χάρις διακονουμένη ὑφʼ ἡμῶν gift that we are transmitting (a ref. to the collection for whose delivery they have accepted responsibility) 2 Cor 8:19; cp. vs. 20. In imagery, ἐπιστολὴ Χριστοῦ διακονηθεῖσα ὑφʼ ἡμῶν a letter of Christ, delivered by us 2 Cor 3:3 (WBaird, Letters of Recommendation: JBL 80, ’61, 190).

② to perform obligations, without focus on intermediary function

ⓐ of unspecified services perform duties, render assistance, serve τινί someone (Demosth. 9, 43; UPZ 18, 23 [163 B.C.]; δαίμοσι δ. Orig., C. Cels. 2, 51, 38) Mt 8:15; Mk 1:31; Lk 4:39; GJs 6:3; διακονοῦσαι αὐτῷ being at his service Mt 27:55; cp. Mk 15:41. διακόνει μοι serve me Hs 8, 4, 1, cp. 2; J 12:26; Ac 19:22. Also εἰς ἑαυτοὺς αὐτὸ δ. serve one another w. it 1 Pt 4:10. W. acc. of thing ὅσα διηκόνησεν what services he rendered 2 Ti 1:18; cp. Hs 2:10. Abs. (POxy 275, 10 [I A.D.]) 1 Pt 4:11. Pass. (Jos., Ant. 10, 242); ἁπλῶς δ. complete a service in simplicity of heart Hm 2:6.

ⓑ of attention at meals wait on someone (τινί) at table (Menand., Fgm. 272; Pyrgion [Hellenistic times]: 467 Fgm. 1 Jac. [a communal meal in Crete]; Diod S 4, 36, 2; 5, 28, 4; Philo, Vi. Cont. 70; TestJob 12:1 al.; Jos., Ant. 11, 163; 166) Lk 12:37; 17:8. Abs. 10:40; J 12:2; GJs 6:3. In imagery ὡς ὁ διακονῶν waiter Lk 22:26f.

③ to meet an immediate need, help w. dat. (Iren. 1, pr. 3 [Harv. I 7, 1]) πότε οὐ διηκονήσαμέν σοι; when did we not help you? Mt 25:44 (but s. 4, Collins). ἐκ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων helped to support them w. their means Lk 8:3 (KTorjesen, When Women Were Priests ’93, 53ff); the saints Ro 15:25 (JO’Rourke, CBQ 29, ’67, 116–18; but s. 1); Hb 6:10.

④ to carry out official duties, minister, in cultic context (of holy service at the altar Jos., Ant. 3, 155; cp. PGM 36, 304 and 335 παρὰ θεοῖς δ.) of διάκονοι 1 Ti 3:10; καλῶς δ. vs. 13. ἀγνῶς καὶ σεμνῶς Hv 3, 5, 1. Opp. κακῶς Hs 9, 26, 2. Collins (s. below) p. 65 argues for placement of Mt 25:44 in this classification: those consigned to perdition plead their total dedication to the Lord’s interests.

⑤ Ac 6:2 poses a special problem: care for, take care of w. dat. of thing τραπέζαις look after tables can be understood of serving food at tables (cp. βούλομαι … διακονῆσαι τοῖς πτωχοῖς σήμερον ἐν τῇ σῇ τραπέζῃ TestJob 12:1), but it is improbable that some widows would be deprived of food at a communal meal. The term διακονία vs. 1 more probably refers to administrative responsibility (s. διακονία 5), one of whose aspects is concern for widows without specifying the kind of assistance that is allotted. Vs. 2 may contain wordplay involving the phrase τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ, w. λόγος designating a ledger entry, in which case τράπεζα, which is also a banker’s term (s. L-S-J-M s.v. II), may here denote accounts (s. τράπεζα 1c).—WBrandt, Dienst u. Dienen im NT ’31; ESchweizer, D. Leben des Herrn in d. Gemeinde u. ihren Diensten ’46; PBoulton, Διακονέω and Its Cognates in the 4 Gospels: TU 73, ’59, 415–22. JCollins, Diakonia ’90.—DELG s.v. διάκονος. M-M. TW.

λευκός, ή, όν (s. λευκαίνω; Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, En; TestSol 5:13; Test12Patr; JosAs; ParJer 9:18; Philo, Joseph.; SibOr 3, 617; 622; loanw. in rabb. Fig. [w. οἱ συνιέντες]: οἱ λευκοί Iren.1, 19, 2 [Harv. I 177, 1])

① bright, shining, gleaming (Hom. et al.) λ. ὡς τὸ φῶς (Il. 14, 185 λ. ἠέλιος ὡς) brilliant as light Mt 17:2. λ. ἐξαστράπτων Lk 9:29. This mng. is also poss. for some of the foll. pass.

② white (including, for the Greeks, many shades of that color, and always opp. of μέλας; cp. our ‘white’ wine) of hair (Tyrtaeus [VII B.C.] 7, 23 of an elderly man’s hair; Soph., Ant. 1092; Lev 13:3ff) Mt 5:36 (opp. μέλας as Menand., Samian 262 [Bodmer p. 61 app.=OxfT p. 259] of Androcles, who dyes his white hair); Rv 1:14a. Of a goatskin Hv 5:1; Hs 6, 2, 5. Of a pebble, used for voting etc. (Lucian, Harmonides 3 p. 855f ψῆφον … τὴν λευκὴν καὶ σώζουσαν) Rv 2:17. Of wool (PRyl 146, 15 [39 A.D.]; Da 7:9 ὡσεὶ ἔριον λ.; En 106:2; ParJer 9:18) 1:14b. Of apocal. horses (cp. JosAs 5:5; Zech 1:8. S. πυρρός) 6:2; 19:11, 14a. Of an apocal. monster w. the colors black, red, gold and white Hv 4, 1, 10; cp. 4, 3, 5. Of a cloud Rv 14:14. Of stones (Michel 509, 17 [241 B.C.]; OGI 219, 36; 268, 17; 339, 34; 105; et al. in ins) Hv 3, 2, 8; 3, 5, 1; 3, 6, 5; Hs 9, 4, 5; 9, 6, 4; 9, 8, 5; 9, 9, 1. Of a chair v 1, 2, 2. Of fields of ripe grain λ. πρὸς θερισμόν white for the harvest J 4:35. Of a mountain Hs 9, 1, 10; 9, 29, 1; 9, 30, 1f; 4. Of a rock 9, 2, 1. Of a throne Rv 20:11. Of garments (Plut., Aristid. 21, 4 festive garment; IPriene 205 εἰσίναι εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν ἁγνὸν ἐν ἐσθῆτι λευκῇ; POxy 471, 95ff; 531, 13; PGM 4, 636; Eccl 9:8; 2 Macc 11:8; Jos., Bell. 2, 1, Ant. 11, 327; TestLevi 8:2; JosAs 5:6 χιτῶνα λευκόν) Mk 9:3; 16:5 (Lucian, Philops. 25 of a heavenly messenger: νεανίας πάγκαλος λευκὸν ἱμάτιον περιβεβλημένος); Ac 1:10; Rv 3:5, 18; 4:4; 6:11; 7:9, 13. A garment is λ. ὡς χιών (Da 7:9 Theod.) Mt 28:3 (opp. of garments appropriate for mourning: Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon 77); Mk 9:3 v.l.; Hs 8, 2, 3f. ἐν λευκοῖς (sc. ἱματίοις) in white (Artem. 2, 3 p. 86, 17; 4, 2 p. 205, 9) J 20:12; Rv 3:4; Hv 4, 2, 1; Hs 8, 2, 4; βύσσινον λ. a white linen garment Rv 19:14b (v.l. λευκοβύσσινον). Of a priest’s clothing made of white linen (s. Schürer II 293) Ox 840, 27. Of shoes Hv 4, 2, 1.—GRadke, D. Bedeutg. d. weissen u. schwarzen Farbe in Kult u. Brauch d. Griech. u. Römer, diss. Berlin ’36; RGradwohl, D. Farben im AT, ’63, 34–50.—On special clothing in some mystery celebrations s. SCole, Theoi Megaloi ’84, 114 n. 125.—B. 1052; 1054. DELG. EDNT. M-M. TW. Sv.

πτωχός, ή, όν (s. two prec. entries; Hom.+; PPetr III, 36a, 17f; 140a, 1; LXX; TestSol 10:12 C; TestJob; Test12Patr; JosAs 10:13; Philo, Hypoth. f. 1 [Eus., PE 8, 7, 6]; Joseph.; Tat. 6, 2)

① pert. to being economically disadvantaged, orig. ‘begging’ (s. πένης for a differentiation betw. the two words; note the juxtaposition in Ps 39:18; 69:6 al.), dependent on others for support, but also simply poor (as Mod. Gk. φτωχός) χήρα πτωχή Mk 12:42; cp. vs. 43; Lk 21:3. Mostly as subst. (Jos., Bell. 5, 570) opp. ὁ πλούσιος one who has more than enough (Pla., Tht. 24, 175a; Maximus Tyr. 1, 9a) Lk 6:20 (cp. vs. 24); Rv 13:16; 1 Cl 38:2; Hs 2:4.—Mt 26:11; Mk 14:7; Lk 14:13, 21; 16:20, 22; J 12:6, 8; Ro 15:26 (οἱ πτ. τῶν ἁγίων τῶν ἐν Ἰερουσαλήμ, part. gen. On the other hand πτωχοί [in the sense of 2]=ἅγιοι: KHoll, SBBerlAk 1921, 937–39 and Ltzm., exc. on Ro 15:25); 2 Cor 6:10 (in wordplay w. πλουτίζειν); Gal 2:10; Js 2:2f, 6; B 20:2; D 5:2. οἱ πτ. τῷ κόσμῳ those who are poor in the world’s estimation Js 2:5 (opp. πλούσιοι ἐν πίστει). διδόναι (τοῖς) πτ. Mt 19:21; Mk 10:21; Lk 19:8; cp. 18:22; J 13:29; D 13:4. Pass. Mt 26:9; Mk 14:5; J 12:5.

② pert. to being thrust on divine resources, poor. At times the ref. is not only to the unfavorable circumstances of these people from an economic point of view; the thought is also that since they are oppressed and disillusioned they are in special need of God’s help, and may be expected to receive it shortly (cp. Od. 6, 207f πρὸς γὰρ Διός εἰσιν ἅπαντες ξεῖνοί τε πτωχοί τε=all strangers and needy persons are wards of Zeus; LXX; HBruppacher, D. Beurteilung d. Armut im AT 1924; WSattler, D. Anawim im Zeitalter Jes. Chr.: Jülicher Festschr. 1927, 1–15; A Meyer, D. Rätsel des Jk 1930, 146ff; HBirkeland, ˓Ani u. ˓anāw in den Psalmen ’33; LMarshall, Challenge of NT Ethics ’47, 76f; KSchubert, The Dead Sea Community ’59, 85–88; 137–39; AGelin, The Poor of Yahweh, ’64; FDanker, The Literary Unity of Mk 14:1–25: JBL 85, ’66, 467–72; s. πλοῦτος 1). The gospel is preached to them (Is 61:1) Mt 11:5; Lk 4:18; 7:22; 1 Cl 52:2 (Ps 68:33); Pol 2:3 (εἶπεν ὁ κύριος διδάσκων).

③ lacking in spiritual worth, fig. ext. of 1 (Tat. 6, 2 of humans ὁ μὲν πτωχός [in contrast to God]) οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι Mt 5:3 (cp. 1QM 14:7 עַנְוֵי רוּחַ; s. πνεῦμα 3b and Goodsp., Probs. 16f;; EBest, NTS 7, ’60/61, 255–58; SLégasse, NTS 8, ’61/62, 336–45 (Qumran); HBraun, Qumran u. d. NT I, ’66, 13; LKeck, The Poor among the Saints in Jewish Christianity and Qumran, ZNW 57, ’66, 54–78; add. lit. Betz, SM 111). The ‘messenger’ of the church at Laodicea, who says of himself πλούσιός εἰμι καὶ πεπλούτηκα, is termed πτωχός Rv 3:17. In 1 Cl 15:6, Ps 11:6 is quoted w. ref. to the situation in the Corinthian church.

④ pert. to being extremely inferior in quality, miserable, shabby (Dionys. Hal., Comp. Verb. 4 νοήματα; Iren. 2, 33, 5 [Hv I, 380, 2] of God οὐ … π. οὐδὲ ἄπορος) of the στοιχεῖα (w. ἀσθενής) Gal 4:9. Of the grace of God πτωχὴ οὐκ ἐγενήθη did not turn out to be shabby 1 Cor 15:10 v.l. (this is in keeping with the Aristotelian view that exceptional generosity produces exceptional results Aristot., EN 4, 2, 19).—JRoth, The Blind, the Lame, and the Poor etc. diss. Vanderbilt 1994. B. 782; 784. TRE IV s.v. ‘Armut’, 69–121. DELG s.v. πτήσσω III. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.