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21 technologically efficient
эк. технически [технологически\] эффективный (характеристика варианта производства, которое не позволяет произвести заданное количество продукта с меньшим количеством ресурсов; вариант производства может быть эффективным по выпуску, но не быть технологически эффективным, если он находится на участке производственной функции, где предельная производительность факторов производства отрицательна)The basic assumption that economists make about production functions is that they are technologically efficient. — Основное предположение, которое экономисты делают по поводу производственных функций, заключается в том, что они технологически эффективны [отражают технологически эффективные варианты производства\].
Ant:See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > technologically efficient
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22 accordantly
[ə'kɔːd(ə)ntlɪ]нареч. -
23 Insanity
That insanity is a form of freedom became the basic assumption of Foucault's most widely read work, Madness and Civilization (1961). The dichotomy is significant; in the precapitalist West of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Foucault claimed, insanity was understood to be part of the human condition, even an ironic comment on man's pretensions to autonomy and power. Then the classical age defined madness as the enemy of reason and hence the enemy of humanity, requiring rigid and brutal segregation of the insane and other "deviants" in asylums and hospitals. That process of "confinement," the categorizing, segregation, and exclusion of what seems foreign and hence threatening to the rationalizing self, defined for Foucault the Enlightenment mind and all of modern civilization. All of modern society is, for Foucault, a prison with modern man its inmate. (Herman, 1997, p. 353)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Insanity
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24 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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25 principle
ˈprɪnsəpl сущ.
1) принцип а) правило;
закон, норма;
основная идея a question of principle ≈ принципиальный вопрос as a matter of principle ≈ в принципе of principle ≈ принципиальный down a principle ≈ сформулировать правило/закон to adhere to, apply a principle ≈ применять правило/закон to establish, formulate, lay basic principles ≈ основные принципы deep background principle ≈ амер. принцип "без права ссылки на источник" (согласно этому принципу информация, предоставляемая журналистам, может быть опубликована без ссылки на источник ее получения) guiding principle ≈ руководящий принцип/мотив unanimity principle ≈ принцип единогласия in principle on the principle that Syn: law, rule, assumption, axiom, theorem б) моральные нормы и правила high principle ≈ высокие идеалы/принципы/мотивы strict principle ≈ строгие правила a man of no principles ≈ беспринципный человек man of high(est) principles ≈ высокопринципиальный человек to betray, compromise one's principles ≈ изменить своим принципам, пойти на сделку с совестью We adhere to the principle that everyone should be treated fairly. ≈ Мы следуем принципу, по которому с каждым следует поступать по-честному. on principle в) принцип устройства машины, механизма и т. п.
2) первопричина;
источник, причина;
основа Syn: cause
3) хим. составная часть, элемент принцип, основа, закон - Archimedes' *, buoyancy * закон Архимеда - *s of war принципы военного искусства - *s of biology основы биологии - * of action and reaction закон равенства действия и противодействия - * of universal gravitation закон всемирного тяготения норма, основное правило( поведения) ;
принцип - unanimity *, * of unanimity принцип единогласия - on * из принципа;
в соответствии с правилом, нормой, привычкой и т. п. - he drank hot milk every night on * у него было правилом /он имел обыкновение/ каждый вечер пить горячее молоко - in * в принципе - a man of * принципиальный человек - a man of no *s беспринципный человек - to stick to one's *s придерживаться своих принципов - the *s of a political party принципы политической партии - I make it a * never to lend money я взял за правило, никому не давать взаймы принцип (работы) ;
основа (действия, устройства) - step * ступенчатый принцип конструирования( ракеты) - to work on * работать /действовать/ по какому-л. принципу - in all these instruments the * is the same все эти инструменты действуют по одному и тому-же принципу специфика действия, действующее начало лекарственного вещества источник, первопричина, первооснова( химическое) составная часть, элемент accruals ~ принцип наращивания accusatorial ~ доктрина обвинения adhesion ~ принцип согласия ~ принцип;
правило;
закон;
as a matter of principle в принципе;
unanimity principle принцип единогласия assessment ~ принцип оценки auditing ~ принцип проведения ревизии averaging ~ принцип усреднения basic ~ основной принцип benefit ~ принцип полезности business ~ деловой принцип business ~ принципы ведения торгово-промышленной деятельности calculation ~ принцип вычислений calculation ~ принцип расчета cutting-off ~ принцип периодизации decision as to ~ решение в принципе depreciation ~ принцип начисления износа distribution/contribution ~ принцип распределения и отчисления domain ~s специальные принципы equimarginal ~ принцип равенства в пределе exclusion ~ принцип исключения FIFO ~ принцип обслуживания в порядке поступления FIFO ~ принцип расходования в порядке поступления first-in-first-out ~ принцип обслуживания в порядке поступления first-in-last-out ~ принцип обслуживания в обратном порядке fundamental ~ основной принцип going concern ~ принцип деятельности предприятия immutability ~ принцип неизменности in ~ в принципе;
on principle из принципа;
on the principle that исходя из того, что inventory ~ принцип управления запасами invoicing ~ порядок выписки счета-фактуры leading ~ основной принцип legal ~ правовой принцип liberty ~ принцип свободы majority ~ принцип большинства man of high(est) ~ высокопринципиальный человек;
a man of no principles беспринципный человек management ~ руководящий принцип management ~ управленческий принцип maximum ~ принцип максимума of ~ принципиальный;
a question of principle принципиальный вопрос in ~ в принципе;
on principle из принципа;
on the principle that исходя из того, что in ~ в принципе;
on principle из принципа;
on the principle that исходя из того, что parity ~ принцип паритета polluter pays ~ принцип "загрязнитель платит" precautionary ~ принцип предосторожности principle аксиома ~ закон ~ основа ~ основное правило ~ первопричина;
причина, источник ~ правило ~ принцип, доктрина, правило, норма ~ принцип;
правило;
закон;
as a matter of principle в принципе;
unanimity principle принцип единогласия ~ принцип ~ принцип устройства (машины, механизма и т. п.) ~ хим. составная часть, элемент ~ for allocation of reserves принцип распределения резервов ~ of 'just who do you think you are' принцип "вы именно тот, кем вы себя считаете" ~ of balance принцип баланса ~ of causation принцип причинной обусловленности ~ of equal pay принцип равной оплаты ~ of equality принцип равенства ~ of free access to public records принцип свободного доступа к государственным архивам ~ of law правовая норма ~ of oral proceedings принцип устного производства ~ of reciprocity принцип взаимности ~ of scission система раздельных режимов супружеской собственности для движимости и недвижимости ~ of solidarity принцип солидарности ~ of surrogation принцип замещения pro rata ~ принцип пропорциональности quality ~ принцип обеспечения качества of ~ принципиальный;
a question of principle принципиальный вопрос question!: ~ of principle вопрос принципа rating ~ принцип расчета страховых премий rating ~ принцип расчета тарифных ставок realization ~ принцип реализации reserve allocation ~ принцип распределения резерва resolution ~ принцип резолюций scarcity ~ принцип недостаточности shortage ~ принцип дефицита tax ~ принцип налогообложения territorial ~ территориальный принцип total cost ~ принцип общей стоимости ~ принцип;
правило;
закон;
as a matter of principle в принципе;
unanimity principle принцип единогласия valuation ~ принцип оцениванияБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > principle
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26 formula
2) (математическая) формула; аналитическое выражение; уравнение3) состав; композиция; рецептура•formula with backward differences — интерполяционная формула Ньютона для интерполирования назад;-
addition formula
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approximation formula
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assumption formula
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asymptotic formula
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atomic structural formula
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atomic formula
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barometric height formula
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basic formula
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batch formula
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Bayes formula
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Bazin formula
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chemical formula
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Chezy formula
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constitutional formula
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cubature formula
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cyclic formula
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Darcy formula
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design formula
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differential formula
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dimensional formula
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double-angle formula
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driving formula
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electronic formula
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empirical formula
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Euler formula
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expansion formula
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half-angle formula
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integral formula
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interpolation formula
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inversion formula
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Laplace formula
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lens formula
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limit formula
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molecular formula
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mortar formula
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Newton's backward interpolation formula
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Newton's backward formula
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Newton's forward interpolation formula
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Newton's forward formula
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Nyquist formula
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pile capacity formula
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Planck formula
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primary formula
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prismoidal formula
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product formula
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psychrometric formula
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quadratic formula
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quadrature formula
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radio-transmission formula
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Rankine formula
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reciprocal formulas
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rectangular formula
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recurrence formula
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reduction formula
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regime formula
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rubber-stock formula
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sight-reduction formula
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Stirling formula
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Stokes formula
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structural formula
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transformation formula
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trapezoidal formula
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trapezoid formula
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variational formula
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variation formula
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weir formula
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working formula -
27 agreement
сущ.1) эк., юр. соглашение, договор (взаимная письменная или устная договоренность двух или более сторон по поводу условий и деталей тех или иных действий, имеющих четкие юридические последствия; обычно такая договоренность сама по себе является юридически обязывающей, но может подразумевать и последующее заключение контракта между соответствующими сторонами)COMBS:
agreement on [about\] smth. — соглашение о (чем-л.)
to break [cancel, dissolve, rescind\] an agreement — расторгнуть [аннулировать, отменить\] договор
to conclude [to make\] an agreement — заключить соглашение, договориться
to enter into an agreement — вступить в соглашение, заключить договор
See:account control agreement, advance agreement, agency agreement, agreement of purchase, agreement of purchase and sale, agreement of sale, agreement of sale and purchase, amendment agreement, Antidumping Agreement, arbitration agreement, as-is agreement, assignment agreement, assumption agreement, barter agreement, bilateral agreement, binding agreement, buyback agreement, cardholder agreement, cartel agreement, clearing agreement, collateral agreement, contractor agreement, credit agreement, deferred payment agreement, deposit agreement, double tax agreement, double taxation agreement, Economic Partnership Agreement, exchange rate agreement, exclusive agreement, exclusive dealing agreement, exclusive territorial agreement, explicit agreement, express agreement, expressed agreement, extension agreement, foreign trade agreement, frame agreement, framework agreement, free trade agreement, free trade area agreement, horizontal agreement, implicit agreement, implied agreement, instalment agreement, instalment sale agreement, instalment sales agreement, intergovernmental agreement, interim agreement, international agreement, Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement, lease agreement, market-sharing agreement, Mediterranean agreements, merchant agreement, monetary agreement, multilateral agreement, multiyear rescheduling agreement, mutual recognition agreement, non-binding agreement, offset agreement, one-sided agreement, open skies agreement, plurilateral agreement, preferential agreement, purchase agreement, quota agreement, regional agreement, repurchase agreement, sale agreement, sales agreement, selling group agreement, stand-by agreement, standstill agreement, subcontractor agreement, submission agreement, supply agreement, tariff agreement, Tax Information Exchange Agreement, three-sided agreement, trade agreement, trade and payments agreement, triangular agreement, trilateral agreement, tripartite agreement, two-sided agreement, underwriting agreement, unilateral agreement, vertical agreement, voluntary restraint agreement, workout agreement, agreement corporation, agreement officer, Uruguay Round Agreements Act, Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Agreement on Agriculture, Agreement on Basic Telecommunications Services, Agreement on Customs Valuation, Agreement on Government Procurement, Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the GATT 1994, Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the GATT 1994, Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT, Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the GATT 1. 1) а)2) общ. согласие, договоренностьCOMBS:
agreement of opinion — единство мнений, единомыслие
by mutual agreement — по взаимному соглашению, по обоюдному согласию
to come to an agreement about [on\] smth. with smb., to reach an agreement — договориться о чем-л. с кем-л., прийти к соглашению о чем-л. с кем-л., прийти к соглашению по какому-л. вопросу с кем-л.
to be in agreement with — соглашаться (с чем-л. или кем-л.)
Ant:See:3) общ. согласие, совпадение, соответствиеto bring into agreement — приводить в соответствие, согласовывать
Ant:See:
* * *
соглашение, договор: взаимное соглашение двух дееспособных сторон, которое обычно ведет к контракту между ними, описывающему условия и детали тех или иных действий, имеющих четкие юридические последствия.* * *соглашение; договоренностьдоговор, устанавливающий взаимоотношения, права и обязанности сторон по определенному вопросу-----традиционный термин, характеризующий соглашение по перестрахованию, по которому перестраховщик автоматически принимает определенное обязательство по всем рискам, отраженным в договоре -
28 fee
1. сущ.1)а) эк. плата (за услуги, какое-л. право и т. д.); комиссия, комиссионный сбор; чаевые; вознаграждение; гонорар; взносATTRIBUTES:
additional fee, extra fee — дополнительная плата, дополнительное вознаграждение
base [basic\] fee — базовая плата, базовое вознаграждение
contract with a base fee of 1% and an award fee of 2% — контракт с базовым вознаграждением в размере 1% и премиальными в размере 2%
lawyer's fee — гонорар [вознаграждение\] адвоката
We couldn't afford to pay the lawyer's fees. — У нас не было денег, чтобы нанять адвоката.
use fee — плата за пользование [использование\]
The total replacement fee for a lost book is $60. — Суммарная плата за замену утерянной книги составляет $60.
monthly fee — месячная плата, месячное вознаграждение, плата [вознаграждение\] за месяц
COMBS:
fee for [smth.\] — плата [вознаграждение, комиссионные\] за [что-л.\]
The fee for adults is $3 per day. — Плата для взрослых составляет $3 в день
The registration fee per person is £66 + VAT. — Регистрационный взнос на одно лицо составляет £66 плюс НДС.
a $5.00 per day fee — плата в размере $5.00 в день
$75.00 Rental Fee for two hours; $37.50 for each additional hour — Плата за прокат на два часа составляет $75,00; $37,50 за каждый дополнительный час.
fee of $100, $100 fee — плата в размере $100
one-time fee of $17.88 to $34.95 — единовременная плата в размере от $17,88 до $34,95
a fee in the amount of $1000 — плата в сумме [в размере\] $1000
amount of fee — сумма оплаты [вознаграждения, комиссионных\]
per-transaction fee — плата [комиссионные\] за операцию
$10.00 fee per transaction — плата [комиссионные\] в размере $10 за операцию
to receive a fee — получать вознаграждение [плату\]
See:12-b-1 fee, 12b-1 fee, account fee, administration fee, administrative fee, admission fee, advance fee, advisory fee, agency fee, allowable fee, annual fee, application fee, appraisal fee, arrangement fee, assumption fee, ATM fee, audit fee, automated teller machine fee, award fee, back fee, bounced check fee, break-up fee, brokerage fee, broker's fee, broking fee, capitated fee, capitation fee, chargeback fee, clearing fee, commission fee, commitment fee, conditional fee, connection fee, consulting fee, contingency fee, contingent fee, contractor's fee, copyright fee, credit report fee, custodial fee, delivery fee, directors' fee, discount fee, distribution fee, documentation fee, drop-dead fee, early redemption fee, early repayment fee, effluent fee, emission fee, entrance fee, exit fee, facility fee, factoring fee, fair share fee, filing fee, finder's fee, fixed fee, flat fee, front-end fee, graduation fee, grazing fee, guarantee fee, handling fees, harbour fees, high loan to value fee, high percentage lending fee, high percentage loan fee, holding fee, incentive fee, initiation fee, insufficient funds fee, interchange fee, issuer's reimbursement fee, joining fee, kill fee, landing fee, late enrollment fee, late fee, late payment fee, licence fee 2), listing fee, loan discount fee, loan fee, loan guarantee fee, loan origination fee, lock-in fee, maintenance fee, management fee, manager's fee, membership fee, merchant discount fee, mortgage indemnity fee, mortgage indemnity guarantee fee, non-sufficient funds fee, no-sale fee, NSF fee, origination fee, overdraft fee, penalty fee, performance fee, policy fee, prepayment fee, professional fee, purchase fee, reasonable and customary fee, redemption fee, registration fee 2), renewal fee, rental fee, reproduction fee, retainer fee, retaining fee, returned check fee, re-use fee, SAG fee, sale fee, sales fee, school fee, Screen Actors Guild fee, SEC fee, service fee, sign-up fee, slotting fee, stand-by fee, stop payment fee, storage fee, subscription fee, success fee, surrender fee, take-up fee, termination fee, transaction fee, tuition fee, union fees, upfront fee, user fee, usual and customary fee, usual, customary and reasonable fee, usual, customary and reasonable fee, usual, customary and reasonable fee, usual, customary and reasonable feeб) гос. фин. сбор (целевой обязательный платеж, предназначенный для оплаты услуг, оказываемых компаниям и предприятиям государственными органами)legal [litigation\] fee — судебный сбор, судебная пошлина
Syn:See:assessment fee, consular fee, customs user fee, harbor maintenance fee, Land Registry fee, licence fee 1), notarial fee, patent fee, registration fee 1) tax 1. 1) а), duty 1. 3) а), impost, government dues2) эк., ист. = fief 1),3)а) юр. право собственностиSee:б) юр., ист. лен, феод, феодальное поместье, частное владение2. гл.1) общ. выплачивать (гонорар, чаевые, плату за дополнительные услуги)2) эк. тр., редк. нанимать (на работу), предоставлять работуWe feed a lawyer to act for us. — Мы взяли адвоката для ведения нашего дела.
Syn:
* * *
плата, комиссия, гонорар, вознаграждение: 1) плата (комиссия) за услугу; проведение операции в виде процента от цены или фиксированной суммы (может устанавливаться в ходе переговоров) (напр., оплата услуг юристов или аудиторов); 2) плата за учебу в частной школе или университете; 3) чаевые; 4) сбор, пошлина; 5) вступительный взнос в клуб; 6) абсолютное право собственности; право наследования без ограничений; = fee simple; fee simple absolute; freehold.* * *гонорар; комиссия; сбор; вознаграждение. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * *Финансы/Кредит/Валюта -
29 formula
1) формула
2) формульный
3) рецепт
4) формулировка
– addition formula
– assumption formula
– atomic formula
– basic formula
– binomial formula
– by formula
– chain formula
– closed formula
– compatible formula
– corollary formula
– corrector formula
– derivation of formula
– derive formula
– design formula
– dimensional formula
– duplication formula
– empirical formula
– exact formula
– five-term formula
– formula feed
– Fresnel's formula
– Gauss formula
– Griem's formula
– half-angle formula
– horse-power formula
– interpolation formula
– inversion formula
– Khintchine-Pollaczek formula
– molecular formula
– prenex formula
– prime formula
– prismoidal formula
– provable formula
– quadratic formula
– recurrence formula
– recursion formula
– reverse formula
– starter formula
– summation formula
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium formula — <phys.> закон Харди-Вейнберга
Newton's interpolation formula — интерполяционная формула Ньютона
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30 premium
1. сущ.сокр. prem1) общ. награда, вознаграждение, премия (что-л. предоставляемое в качестве стимула в каком-л. проекте, какой-л. системе и пр.)consumer premium — подарок [премия\] потребителю*
The program will award points to consumers for each brewery visit during the week, allowing them to earn premiums such as beer mugs and logo shirts.
Mortgage brokers, who match borrowers with lenders, can earn premiums by steering borrowers to higher-rate loans.
They claim that lenders on the higher-than-market rate loans will pay a premium to the mortgage broker and that those payments will be used to pay the fees associated with the low-interest loans.
See:bonus 1), 2) advertising premium, consumer premium, container premium, employment premium, fast food premium, free-in-the-mail premium, in-pack premium, mail-in premium, on-pack premium, referral premium, reverse premium, self-liquidating premium, service release premium, with-pack premium, yield spread premium, premium bond 2), premium buyer 1), premium campaign, premium container, premium coupon, premium merchandise 1), premium offer, premium pack, premium product 2), premium service 1) а)2) страх. = insurance premiumATTRIBUTES: adjustable, assumed 3) а), base 3. 3) а), direct 1. 3) а), earned 1. 1) а), fixed 1. 4) а), flexible 1. 2) б), gross 1. 3) а), а initial 1. 2) б), level 2. 3) б), lump sum, net 3. 3) а), n1а outstanding 1. 3) а), periodic 1. 1) а), regular 1. 2) б), n2 subject 1. 2) б), n2 underlying 1. 2) б), n2 variable 1. 2) б), n2 written 1. 4) а), б
annual [yearly\] premium — ежегодная премия
monthly [biweekly, weekly\] premium — ежемесячная [двухнедельная, еженедельная\] премия
annual [monthly, weekly\] premium insurance — страхование с ежегодной [ежемесячной, еженедельной\] уплатой премий [премии\]
annual premium policy — полис с ежегодной уплатой премий [премии\]
ATTRIBUTES:
paid premium — уплаченная [выплаченная\] премия
The refund of paid premium is based on the insured's age at death and is decreased by any benefits paid under the plan.
Company-paid premiums are deductible by the employer as an ordinary and necessary business expense. — Уплаченные компанией премии подлежат вычету работодателем как обычные и необходимые деловые расходы.
For federal tax purposes the employer-paid premiums are taxed as additional earned income for the employee. — Для целей федерального налогообложения, уплаченные работодателем премии облагаются налогом как дополнительный заработанный доход работника.
Employee-paid premiums for health insurance vary by salary. — Размер уплачиваемых работником премий по страхованию здоровья меняется в зависимости от размера оклада.
We can recover overpaid premiums for the last three policy years.
unpaid premium — неуплаченная [невыплаченная\] премия
The late charge formula is the unpaid premium amount multiplied by four percent.
COMBS:
life insurance premiums, life premiums — премии по страхованию жизни
non-life insurance premiums, non-life premiums — премии по страхованию иному, чем страхование жизни; премии по страхованию "не жизни"
health insurance premiums, health premiums — премии по страхованию здоровья
liability insurance premiums, liability premiums — премии по страхованию ответственности
disability insurance premiums, disability premiums — премии по страхованию от [на случай\] нетрудоспособности
property insurance premiums, property premiums — премии по страхованию имущества
premium payment — уплата [выплата\] премии; премиальный платеж
Mortgage insurance premium payments are made once per year. — Выплаты премий по ипотечному страхованию осуществляются раз в год.
premium of $1000, $1000 premium — премия [надбавка\] в размере 1000 долл.
Our commercial premium finance program allows you to finance premiums from $0 to $200000 or more.
The policies in question have a waiver of premium benefit, whereby the insurer would waive premiums during any period in which the policyholder is disabled.
We cede premiums and losses to reinsurers under quota share reinsurance agreements. — Мы передаем премии и убытки перестраховщиками на основании договоров квотного перестрахования.
Also, under our quota share assumed reinsurance contracts, we will continue to assume premiums through the third quarter of 2006. — Также, на основании принятых договоров квотного перестрахования, мы будем продолжать принимать премии на протяжении третьего квартала 2006 г.
to write premiums — подписывать премии*; страховать*, принимать на страхование*, осуществлять страхование*
In general, for insurers to write premiums in California, they must be admitted by the Insurance Commissioner. — В общем, для того, чтобы страховщики смогли осуществлять страховую деятельность в Калифорнии, они должны получить разрешение уполномоченного по страхованию.
The company is licensed to write insurance business in all 50 states, has specialty lines in risk insurance for architects and lawyers and is expected to write premiums of $75 million this year. — Компания имеет лицензию на осуществление страховой деятельности во все 50 штатах, предлагает специальные разновидности страхования рисков для архитекторов и юристов и, как ожидается, подпишет в этом году премий на сумму 75 млн долл.
Moreover, an insurance company that earns premiums between $300,000 and $1,000,000 is taxed at a reduced rate.
If you want to pay premiums for a limited time, the limited payment whole life policy gives you lifetime protection but requires only a limited number of premium payments.
to raise [to increase\] premiums — увеличивать премии
to reduce [to decrease, to cut\] premiums — уменьшать премии
premiums go down — премии снижаются [уменьшаются\]
See:adjustable premium, advance premium, annual premium, annuity premium, base premium, beneficiary premium, deposit premium, direct premiums, earned premium, financed insurance premium, financed premium, fixed premium, flexible premium, graded premium, gross premium, in-force premiums, initial premium, level premium, lump sum premium, modified premium, mortgage insurance premium, net premium, net retained premiums, new business premiums, outstanding premiums, periodic premium, premium earned, premiums in force, premium written, regular premium, reinsurance premium, renewal premium, retained premiums, retrospective premium, return premium, single premium, subject premium, surplus line premium, surplus lines premium, underlying premium, unearned premium, valuation premium, vanishing premium, variable premium, written premium, yearly premium, overall premium limit, premium audit, premium auditor, premium base, premium bordereau, premium conversion, premium discount, premium financing, premium holiday, premium income б), premium loan, premium notice, premium rate 1) б), premium receipt, premium refund, premium subsidy, premium tax, premium trust fund, return of premium, waiver of premium, continuous-premium whole life, premium only plan, premium-to-surplus ratio3)а) торг. премия; наценка, надбавка ( сумма или процент сверх стандартной цены товара или услуги)to fetch a premium [a premium price\] — продаваться с надбавкой [с премией\]
Premium products generally fetch a premium price. — Премиальные товары обычно продаются с надбавкой [с премией\].
to command a premium [a premium price\] — продаваться с надбавкой [с премией\], продаваться по премиальной цене
Some products command a premium price in the marketplace simply because they are considered to be higher in quality. — Некоторые товары продаются на рынке по премиальной цене просто из-за того, что они считаются товарами более высокого качества.
to command a premium — содержать надбавку [премию\]* (о ценах, ставках)
As long as there is a threat of war in the Middle Eastern oil fields, oil prices will command a premium. — До тех пор, пока существует угроза войны на территории средневосточных нефтяных месторождений, цены на нефть будут содержать надбавку.
to attract a premium/a premium price/a premium rate — продаваться с премией [надбавкой\], стоить дороже; оплачиваться с надбавкой [с премией\]*
Because of their locations these houses attract a premium. — Благодаря своему расположению эти дома стоят дороже.
Therefore, when we buy your diamond, we can pay a premium over the current market price.
For which services are customers willing to pay a premium when flying with a low-fare airline?
Ant:call option premium, call premium 2), put option premium, put premium, premium deal, premium income а) contingent premium option, deferred premium optionSee:б) фин. премия (сумма, на которую цена размещения или текущая рыночная цена ценной бумаги больше ее номинала)ATTRIBUTES: amortizable б)
COMBS:
$20-a-share premium — премия в размере $20 на (одну) акцию
H-P will buy 1,2 million Convex shares at $14.875 a share, representing a 1,25-a-share premium over the price of Convex stock. — "H-P" купит 1,2 млн акций компании "Конвекс" по цене 14,875 долл. за штуку, что означает уплату премии в размере 1,25 долл. на акцию сверх цены акций "Конвекса".
COMBS:
premium over [to\] market price — премия к рыночной цене, премия сверх рыночной цены
premium over [to\] issue price — премия к эмиссионной цене, премия сверх эмиссионной цены
premium payment — уплата [выплата\] премии; премиальный платеж
Mortgage insurance premium payments are made once per year. — Выплаты премий по ипотечному страхованию осуществляются раз в год.
premium of $1000, $1000 premium — премия [надбавка\] в размере 1000 долл.
10% premium, premium of 10% — премия [надбавка\] в размере 10%
The shares jumped to a 70 per cent premium on the first day.
Of all the common bond-tax errors, the most surprising to me is neglecting to amortize premiums paid on taxable bonds.
For premium securities, we project the excess coupon. payments using our prepayment assumption.
Ant:call option premium, call premium 2), put option premium, put premium, premium deal, premium income а) contingent premium option, deferred premium optionSee:amortized premium, bond premium, call premium 1), debt premium 1) а), market premium 1) а), original issue premium, premium on capital stock, premium on share, premium on stock, price premium 1) б), redemption premium, share premium, tender offer premium, unamortized premium, amortization of premium, premium bond 1), premium price 1) б), premium raid, issue price, market price, face value а) at a premium 1) а)в) фин. премия (при оценке стоимости предприятия или крупных пакетов акций: разница, на которую фактически согласованная цена предприятия/пакета акций больше базовой рыночной цены)See:г) эк. премия; надбавка (сумма, на которую цена товара, услуги или ценной бумаги превышает цену сходного товара, услуги или ценной бумаги)Currently, US small caps are trading at a 15.7 per cent premium to large caps. — В настоящее время, акции американских компаний с маленькой капитализацией по сравнению с акциями компаний с большой капитализацией торгуются с премией в размере 15,7%.
Platinum usually trades at a premium to gold. — Платина обычно продается по более высокой цене, чем золото.
See:at a premium 1)д) фин. ажио (превышение стоимости золотых или серебряных денег по сравнению с бумажными деньгами)Syn:agio в)See:е) эк. премия; надбавка (в самом общем смысле: дополнительная сумма, на которую увеличена базовая стоимость или другая базовая величина)перен. to put [place\] a premium on (smth.) — считать (что-л.) исключительно важным [ценным\], придавать (чему-л.) большое значение
He put a premium on peace and stability. — Он считает исключительно важным поддержание мира и стабильности.
Employers today put a premium on reasoning skills and willingness to learn. — В наше время работодатели придают большое значение умению рассуждать и готовности учиться.
Ant:call option premium, call premium 2), put option premium, put premium, premium deal, premium income а) contingent premium option, deferred premium optionSee:conversion premium, forward premium, inflation premium, investment currency premium, liquidity premium 2), 3), mortgage indemnity guarantee premium, mortgage indemnity premium, premium over conversion value, revenue premium, risk premium, time premium, union premium, union wage premium, warrant premium, yield premium, premium rate 1) а) at a premium 2), Canada Premium Bond, high-premium convertible debenture4) эк. тр. премия, (премиальная) надбавка (дополнительное вознаграждение, выплачиваемое в дополнение к заработной плате в качестве поощрения за хорошую работу, работу в сверхурочные и т. п.)COMBS:
premiums for work outside basic workday or workweek — премии за работу сверх базового рабочего дня или рабочей недели
premium payment — уплата [выплата\] премии; премиальный платеж
premium of $1000, $1000 premium — премия [надбавка\] в размере 1000 долл.
to attract a premium/a premium rate — оплачиваться с надбавкой [с премией\]*
In many industries work on Saturday or Sunday will attract a premium on the ordinary hourly rate. — Во многих отраслях работа в субботу или воскресенье предусматривает выплату надбавки сверх обычной часовой ставки.
Neither federal law nor state law requires local government employers to give employees paid holidays or to pay a premium when employees must work on what would otherwise be a holiday.
Syn:bonus 3)See:expatriate premium, foreign service premium, holiday premium, incentive premium, mobility premium, on-call premium, overtime premium, shift premium, Halsey premium plan, premium pay, premium rate 1) а)5) фин. = option premiumInvestors willing to buy stock at certain prices might consider selling puts to earn premiums, while those willing to sell shares at certain prices might think about selling calls.
When you purchase an option, you pay a premium. — Покупая опцион, вы уплачиваете премию.
See:call option premium, call premium 2), put option premium, put premium, premium deal, premium income а) contingent premium option, deferred premium option2. прил.1) общ. первосортный, высшего качества [сорта\], исключительный, премиальныйpremium product — премиальный товар, товар высшего сорта
premium card — первоклассная [приоритетная, премиальная\] карта [карточка\]*
premium space — привилегированное [премиальное\] место*
premium advertising — премиальная [первосортная, элитная\] реклама*
premium customer — премиальный клиент [покупатель\]*
premium quality — премиальное [высшее\] качество; премиальный [высший\] сорт
premium grade — премиальный [высший\] сорт
See:premium advertising, premium buyer 2), premium card, premium customer, premium grade, premium merchandise 2), premium position, premium product 1), premium quality, premium service 1) б), premium space, quality 2., inferior 2., n32) эк. премиальный, с премией, с надбавкой (о ценах, ставках выше обычного уровня)premium price — цена с надбавкой, цена с премией, премиальная цена
See:
* * *
premium; PM; Prem премия, маржа: 1) премия (надбавка) к цене, курсу: разница между более высокой текущей (рыночной) и номинальной ценами финансового актива (напр., облигации); см. discount; 2) разница между более высоким срочным (форвардным) и наличным валютными курсами, т. е. валюта на срок продается с премией; 3) ажио: более высокая стоимость золотых или бумажных денег по отношению к бумажным деньгам; 4) цена опциона: сумма, уплачиваемая за получение права продать или купить финансовый инструмент; 5) = insurance premium; 6) платеж по рентному контракту; 7) = call premium; 8) льгота, призванная привлечь вкладчиков или заемщиков, а также покупателей товаров и услуг (напр., повышенная процентная ставка, скидки с цен и др.); 9) надбавка к рыночной цене, которую иногда приходится уплачивать при заимствованиях ценных бумаг для их поставки по "короткой" продаже; 10) разница в цене между данной ценной бумагой и сходными бумагами или индексом (напр., говорят: "бумага продается с премией к аналогичным бумагам"); 11) новая ценная бумага, продающаяся с премией; 12) надбавка к рыночной цене ценных бумаг в случае тендерного предложения; см. premium raid;* * *Финансы/Кредит/Валютаотклонение в сторону превышения рыночного курса денежных знаков и ценных бумаг от их нарицательной стоимости-----разница между рыночной ценой и ценой эмиссии акции или ценной бумаги; при начале операции с акциями нового выпуска говорится, что рыночная цена включает премию по отношению к цене эмиссии-----сумма, выплачиваемая держателем полиса для получения страховой суммы в нужный момент-----Банки/Банковские операциипремия, вознаграждение, надбавка -
31 assume
transitive verb1) voraussetzen; ausgehen vonhe's not so stupid as we assumed him to be — er ist nicht so dumm, wie wir angenommen haben
2) (undertake) übernehmen [Amt, Pflichten]3) (take on) annehmen [Namen, Rolle]; gewinnen [Aspekt, Bedeutung]* * *[ə'sju:m]1) (to take or accept as true: I assume (that) you'd like time to decide.) annehmen2) (to take upon oneself or accept (authority, responsibility etc): He assumed the rôle of leader in the emergency.) übernehmen3) (to put on (a particular appearance etc): He assumed a look of horror.) annehmen•- academic.ru/4054/assumed">assumed- assumption* * *as·sume[əˈsju:m, AM -su:m]vt1. (regard as true)▪ to \assume sth etw annehmento \assume sb's guilt jdn für schuldig halten▪ to \assume [that]... annehmen, dass..., davon ausgehen, dass...let's \assume that... angenommen,...2. (adopt)▪ to \assume sth etw annehmento \assume an air of indifference gleichgültig tunto \assume a pose eine Haltung annehmento \assume a role eine Rolle übernehmen3. (take on)to \assume the obligation to... die Verpflichtung eingehen [o übernehmen],...to \assume office/the mantle of presidency sein Amt/die Präsidentschaft antretento \assume power die Macht ergreifento \assume huge/frightening proportions gewaltige/beängstigende Ausmaße annehmento \assume a risk ein Risiko übernehmen* * *[ə'sjuːm]vt1) (= take for granted, suppose) annehmen; (= presuppose) voraussetzenlet us assume that you are right — nehmen wir an or gehen wir davon aus, Sie hätten recht
assuming (that)... —
assuming (that) this is true... — angenommen or vorausgesetzt, (dass) das stimmt...
Professor X assumes as his basic premise that... — Professor X geht von der Grundvoraussetzung aus, dass...
2) power, control übernehmen; (forcefully) ergreifen3) (= take on) name, title annehmen, sich (dat) zulegen; guise, shape, attitude annehmento assume a look of innocence/surprise — eine unschuldige/überraschte Miene aufsetzen
the problem has assumed a new importance —
* * *1. (als wahr oder erwiesen) annehmen, voraussetzen, ausgehen von:let’s assume that … nehmen wir den Fall oder einmal an, dass …;I assumed that he was there, I assumed him (to be) there ich nahm an, dass er dort sei;am I right in assuming that …? gehe ich recht in der Annahme, dass …?;he was mistakenly assumed to be a Frenchman er wurde fälschlicherweise für einen Franzosen gehalten;this assumes that … das setzt voraus, dass …;assuming that … vorausgesetzt oder angenommen, dass …2. ein Amt, Schulden, eine Verantwortung etc übernehmen, auch eine Gefahr auf sich nehmen, eine Verbindlichkeit eingehen3. eine Eigenschaft, eine Gestalt etc annehmen, bekommen:assume increasing importance immer wichtiger werden;assume massive proportions gewaltige Ausmaße annehmen5. eine Pose etc einnehmen6. etwas vorgeben, -täuschen:assume indifference sich gleichgültig gebenb) die Macht ergreifen:* * *transitive verb1) voraussetzen; ausgehen vonassuming that... — vorausgesetzt, dass...
he's not so stupid as we assumed him to be — er ist nicht so dumm, wie wir angenommen haben
2) (undertake) übernehmen [Amt, Pflichten]3) (take on) annehmen [Namen, Rolle]; gewinnen [Aspekt, Bedeutung]* * *v.annehmen v.lassen v.(§ p.,pp.: ließ, gelassen)unterstellen v.vermuten v.voraussetzen v. -
32 formula
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33 principle
['prɪn(t)səpl]сущ.1)а) правило; закон; принцип- in principle
- on the principle thatSyn:б) принцип ( моральные нормы)high principle — высокие идеалы, принципы
deep background principle — амер. принцип "без права ссылки на источник" (по которому информация, предоставляемая журналистам, может быть опубликована без ссылки на источник её получения)
to adhere to, apply a principle — исходить из принципа
to betray / compromise one's principles — изменить своим принципам
We adhere to the principle that everyone should be treated fairly. — Мы следуем принципу, по которому с каждым следует поступать по-честному.
2) принцип ( работы); основа ( функционирования механизма)3) первопричина; источникSyn:4) хим. составная часть, элемент -
34 formula
nформула; формулировка
- approximation formula
- assumption formula
- basic formula
- chemical formula
- complicated formula
- compound interest formulas
- compromise formula
- design formula
- empirical formula
- estimation formula
- exact formula
- interest accrual formula
- lot-size formula
- order-quantity formula
- prediction formula
- price formula
- price escalation formula
- price range formula
- price revision formula
- price risk formula
- working formulaEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > formula
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35 formula
формула; формулировка• -
36 estimator
1) оценка3) сметчик4) статистика, используемая в качестве оценки5) таксатор•- almost invariant estimator - almost unbiased estimator - asymptotically efficient estimator - asymptotically normal estimator - asymptotically optimal estimator - asymptotically robust estimator - asymptotically sufficient estimator - asymptotically unbiased estimator - conditional mean estimator - conditionally unbiased estimator - functionally uniform consistent estimator - maximum probability estimator - minimum contrast estimator - minimum entropy estimator - minimum local bias estimator - minimum risk estimator - minimum variance estimator - nearly unbiased estimator - studentized robust estimator - uncorrelated estimators - uniformly best constant risk estimator - uniformly consistent estimator - uniformly minimum risk estimator - uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator - uniformly unbiased estimator - weighted least squares estimatorrestricted least squares weighted by mean estimator — ограниченная оценка по методу наименьших квадратов, взвешенная по среднему
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37 argument
1. n довод, доказательство, аргумент2. n аргументация; аргументированное выступление3. n спор, дискуссияhigh-pitched argument — острые разногласия, горячий спор
4. n тема или основная идеяthe central argument of his paper was presented with clarity — главная тема его работы была изложена ясно
5. n краткое содержание6. n лог. средний термин силлогизма7. n мат. аргумент, независимая переменнаяdummy argument — фиктивный аргумент; фиктивный параметр
valid argument — убедительный довод, веский аргумент
a two-forked argument — аргумент, имеющий две цели
8. n информ. вчт. параметрСинонимический ряд:1. evidence (noun) case; evidence; explanation; fact; ground; justification; logic; proof; reason; reasoning; wherefore; why; whyfor2. outline (noun) abstract; epitome; outline; summary3. subject (noun) head; matter; motif; motive; point; statement; subject; subject matter; text; theme; thesis; topic4. words (noun) altercation; clash; contention; controversy; debate; disagreement; discussion; dispute; feud; fight; hassle; hurrah; polemic; quarrel; row; rumpus; run-in; spat; squabble; tiff; unpleasantness; words; wrangleАнтонимический ряд:assertion; assumption
- 1
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См. также в других словарях:
basic assumption — noun an assumption that is basic to an argument • Syn: ↑constatation, ↑self evident truth • Hypernyms: ↑assumption, ↑supposition, ↑supposal … Useful english dictionary
basic assumption — fundamental theory, basic supposition, something fundamental which is supposed as true … English contemporary dictionary
Assumption College, Thailand — Assumption College (Thai: โรงเรียนอัสสัมชัญ) is a private catholic school in Bangkok, Thailand. Assumption College was established in 1885 by Father Amil Colombet, the missionary priest from France who came to Thailand to introduce Christian… … Wikipedia
Basic English — Basic English, also known as Simple English, is an English based controlled language created (in essence as a simplified subset of English) by linguist and philosopher Charles Kay Ogden as an international auxiliary language, and as an aid for… … Wikipedia
Assumption Antipolo — Infobox School name = Assumption Antipolo imagesize = 150px motto = Ave Maria Regina ( Hail Queen Mary ) established = 1984 type = Private, Catholic school principal = Sr. Irene Cecile, R.A. city = Antipolo City state = Rizal country = PHI… … Wikipedia
Assumption College (Philippines) — Infobox University name = Assumption College established = 1959 type = Private women s college, Roman Catholic dean (Business) = Sister Josefina Maria Magat location = San Lorenzo Drive, San Lorenzo Village, Makati City, Philippines website=… … Wikipedia
assumption — /euh sump sheuhn/, n. 1. something taken for granted; a supposition: a correct assumption. 2. the act of taking for granted or supposing. 3. the act of taking to or upon oneself. 4. the act of taking possession of something: the assumption of… … Universalium
assumption — noun ADJECTIVE ▪ basic, fundamental, key ▪ hidden, implicit, tacit, underlying, unspoken ▪ There is an underlying a … Collocations dictionary
Basic access authentication — In the context of an HTTP transaction, the basic access authentication is a method designed to allow a web browser, or other client program, to provide credentials ndash; in the form of a user name and password ndash; when making a request.… … Wikipedia
basic — adj. Basic is used with these nouns: ↑aim, ↑amenity, ↑approach, ↑argument, ↑arithmetic, ↑aspect, ↑assumption, ↑belief, ↑category, ↑characteristic, ↑colour, ↑ … Collocations dictionary
proceeded on the assumption that — based it on the supposition that , started with the basic assumption that … English contemporary dictionary
