arcĕo

arcifīnālis, e, u. arcifīnius, a, um (arceo u. fines), ager, ein Acker, der noch keine gesetzlich bestimmte, sondern nur seine natürliche Grenze hat, Gromat. vet. 1, 5; 2, 17 sq. u. ö.

arcīvus, a, um (arceo) = κωλυτικός, zum Verhindern geeignet, Gloss. II, 357, 32.

arx, arcis, f. (v. Stamme ARC in arceo; vgl. Varr. LL. 5, 151), ein von Natur od. durch Kunst fester, hoher Punkt, der eine Stadt, eine Gegend deckt od. beherrscht, eine feste Höhe, -Anhöhe, -Berghöhe, Feste, Zitadelle, Burg, Zwingburg, griech. ἄκρα, ερυμα, I) eig.: A) im engern Sinne: iam montani signo dato ex castellis ad stationem solitam conveniebant, cum repente conspiciunt alios, arce occupatā suā, super caput imminentes, alios viā transire hostes, Liv.: Ianiculum quoque adiectum non inopiā loci, sed ne quando arx hostium esset, Liv.: nocte occupat collem imminentem urbi (Larissam eam arcem vocant), Liv. – v. der Arx von Rom, zunächst die (nördl.) Höhe des kapitol. Berges (j. Höhe von Araceli), dann auch der ganze Berg mit der Burg u. dem Kapitol, vobis (communis patria) arcem et Capitolium commendat, Cic.: ne quis patricius in arce aut in Capitolio habitaret, Liv.: Romana, Liv.: Capitolina, Liv., od. Capitolii, Tac.: Tarpeia, Kapitol, Verg.: dass. arces Tarpeiae, Ov.: u. als Ort, wo die Auspizien angestellt wurden, cum in arce augurium augures acturi essent, Cic.: quia (domus) auguribus ex arce augurium capientibus officiebat, Val. Max. – v. der Arx griech. Städte = ἄκρα, ἀκρόπολις, der höher gelegene u. befestigte Teil einer Stadt, die Akropolis, die Burg, feste Oberstadt, Tarentina arx, Liv.: non

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est (hoc opus), ut in arce (A. v. Athen) poni possit, quasi illa Minerva Phidiae, Cic.: arx (A. von Korinth) inter omnia in immanem altitudinem edita, Liv.: qui (Salinator) amisso oppido (Tarent) fugerat in arcem, Cic.: potitus est urbis Syracusarum, praeter arcem et insulam adiunctam oppido, Nep. – v. der Arx eines Reiches = erste Festung, Hauptbollwerk, Hauptwaffenplatz, quod Gentius eam (Scodram) sibi ceperat velut regni totius arcem, Liv.: ad caput arcem que regni Pergamum ducit oppugnandam, Liv. – Sprichw., arcem facere e cloaca, aus einer Mücke einen Elefanten machen, Cic. Planc. 95.

B) im weitern Sinne, v. Jupiters Himmelsburg, quae pater ut vidit summā Saturnius arce, Ov.: siderea arx, Ov.: Plur. v. Himmel selbst, aethereae arces, Ov.: igneae arces, Hor. – v. Götterwohnungen, d.i. Tempeln, sacras iaculatus arces, Hor. – v. Städten (vgl. Korte Lucan. 3, 84. Voß Verg. georg. 2, 172. p. 341), Romanae arces, v. Arpi in Apulien, Ov.: arces Bacchi, v. Dionysopolis am Pontus, Ov.: beatae arces, v. Korinth, Hor.: exustae Phocidos arces, v. Phokäa, Lucan. v. Berg- u. Gebirgshöhen (vgl. Drak. Sil. 15, 305. Voß Verg. georg. 1, 240. p. 123), Parnassi arx, Ov.: Plur., Roma septem una sibi muro circumdedit arces (Hügel), Verg.: Rhodopeiae arces, Verg.: inexpertae arces, v. den Alpen, Sil. – v. jedem Gipfel, jeder Spitze (vgl. Drak. Sil. 15, 305), corporis, das

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Haupt, der Kopf, Sen. poët.; vgl. alta capitis, Claud.: galeae corusca, Stat.

II) übtr.: A) wie unser Burg, Schirmfeste = Hort, Schutz, Schutzwehr, Zuflucht, v. Örtl., haec urbs lux orbis terrarum atque arx omnium gentium, Cic.: templum illud fuit te consule arx civium perditorum, receptaculum veterum Catilinae militum, castellum forensis latrocinii, Cic.: cis Iberum castra Romana esse, arcem tutam perfugium que novas volentibus res, Liv.: tyranni nuper eos (muros) arcem et munimentum sibi, non civitati paraverunt, Liv.: hic locus (forum) est igitur unus, quo perfugiant: hic portus, haec arx, haec ara sociorum, Cic. – v. Pers., ipsam arcem finitimorum, Campanos, adorti, Liv. – v. Abstr., munite communem arcem bonorum, obstruite perfugium improborum, Cic.: consulatum superesse plebeiis: eam esse arcem libertatis, id columen, Liv.: hanc (legem repetundarum) habent arcem, minus aliquanto nunc munitam, quam antea, verumtamen etc., Cic. Vgl. Fabri Liv. 21, 33, 2.

B) = der eigentliche Sitz, Hauptsitz, die Hauptschanze, quae visa species... arcem eam (das Kapitol) imperii atque caput rerum portendebat, Liv.: urbem magnam et in ea parte, quā sita erat, arcem regni Zamam statuit oppugnare, Sall.: v. Pers., ubi Hannibal sit, ibi caput atque arcem totius belli esse, Liv. – v. Abstr., arcem Stoicorum defendis, die

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Hauptschanze = den Hauptbeweisgrund, Cic.: num potui magis in arcem illius causae invadere? Cic.

C) (von der Arx als hohem Punkte) = Höhepunkt, Gipfel, quae te via... ad summas laudum perduxerit arces, Sil.: celsā mentis ab arce despicis errantes, Stat.: tecum mihi res non est, quod, cum natura tua in ipsam arcem eloquentiae ferat, errare mavis, Tac. dial.: qui (Pollio et Messala) Cicerone arcem iam tenente eloquentiae agere coeperunt, Quint.: Caesar... nondum attigit arcem iuris (der höchsten Gewalt) et, humanum culmen egressus, meruit etc., Lucan. 7, 593.

D) (v. der Arx als dem gewöhnl. Sitz der Herrscher, s. Nep. Tim. 3, 3. Sen. contr. 4 [8], 27. § 1) = Herrschaft, Thron, cupidi arcium, Sen. poët.: evertit arces respectus honesti, Lucan.

co-erceo, cuī, citum, ēre (com u. arceo), etw. völlig einschließen = zusammenhalten, -schließen, I) im allg.: quā circum Galli lorica coërcet, wo den Leib rings umschließet der gallische Panzer, Lucr.: coërcet vitta capillos, fibula vestem, Ov.: mundus omnia complexu suo coërcet et continet, Cic. – II) mit dem Nbbgr. der gehemmten freien Bewegung = einschließen, zusammenhalten, einschränken, in Schranken-, in Ordnung halten, A) eig.: 1) im allg.: quibus (operibus) intra muros coërcetur hostis, Liv.: amnis nullis coërcitus ripis, Liv.: (aqua) iubetur coërceri, einzuhegen, Cic.: frenis ora (equorum) c., Ov.: poet. (v. Dichter), c. numeris verba, Worte ins Metrum bringen = dichten, Ov. ex Pont. 4, 8, 73. – 2) insbes.: a) als Führer einer Abteilung (wie der Hirt die Herde) zusammenhalten, in Ordnung halten, postrema, Verg.: virgā levem aureā turbam, Hor.: examen aeris strepitu, Col. – b) einen üppig emporwachsenden Baum (bes. Weinstock) kurz halten, seinen üppigen Wuchs hemmen, vitem ferro amputans coërcet, Cic.: angustā putatione vitem, Col.: surgentia in altum cacumina oleae ferro, beschneiden, Quint.: u. so sacrum lucum, Cato: dah. poet., carmen, quod non multa dies et multa litura coërcuit, formvollendet gemacht, Hor. de art. poët. 293. – c) als mediz. t. t., ein Übel im Fortgang hemmen, beschränken, super-

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crescentem carnem, Cels.: fluentem nauseam, Hor. B) übtr., 1) (wie einen übertretenden Fluß, ein überfließendes Gefäß usw.) in seine Schranken weisen, einschränken, beschränken, fenus, Liv.: bes. in bezug auf Redner u. Rede, quasi extra ripas diffluentes, Cic.: se multa ex iuvenili abundantia coërcuisse, Quint. – 2) (wie ein unbändiges Pferd) bändigen, zügeln, im Zaume od. in Ordnung halten, a) übh.: seditionem, dämpfen, Liv. u. Tac.: cupiditates, Cic.: iras, Liv.: iuventutem, Cic.: milites, Caes.: matrimonia sua severius, ihre Eheweiber streng, kurz halten, Iustin.: exsultantia, Quint. – b) jmd. durch Strafe zurecht-, zur Ordnung weisen, ihn züchtigen, strafen, c. alqm verberibus potius quam verbis, Varr.: alqm fame, vinculis, plagis, Cels.: alqm praeceptis, hofmeistern, Tac. – so bes. v. der exekutiven Verpflichtung obrigkeitlicher Personen, magistratus noxium civem multā, vinclis verberibusve coërceto, Cic.; vgl. Benecke Cic. Cat. 1, 3. p. 18 sq. – ⇒ cohercere geschr. Gloss. II, 456, 1 u. ö. Augustin. de civ. dei 5, 26 u. 17, 9; aber Varr. sat. Men. 572 Bücheler coërceam (Riese S. 236, 7 coherceam).

ex-erceo, cuī, citum, ēre (zu arceo, in Ruhe halten), aus dem Zustande der Ruhe gleichs. heraushalten, d.i. nicht ruhen-, nicht rasten-, nicht feiern lassen, sich rühren lassen, in Atem setzen, ohne Rast beschäftigen, im Gange erhalten, im üblen Sinne (als Synom. von fatigare) abmühen, abtreiben, abhetzen, I) eig.: a) v. der rastlosen Bewegung übh.: equos aequore campi, umhertummeln, Verg.: turbinem magno in gyro vacua atria circum, umhertreiben, Verg.: qualis apes aestate novā per florea rura exercet labor, Verg.; vgl. medial, apes exercentur agris, tummeln sich herum, Verg. – haec (corpora) quia sunt exercita motu, sich rastlos bewegen, Lucr.: u. so exercita cursu flumina, rastlos strömende, Verg.; vgl. (Maeandros) incertas exercet aquas, läßt rastlos strömen, Ov. – manum (mit der H. hin u. her fechten) et in ventum iactare brachia, Sen.: u. so manum (um sich schlagen), litigare etc., Sen. (vgl. Gronov Sen. Thyest. 165). – im üblen Sinne, poet., indomitas qualis undas exercet Auster, Hor.: ignem exercentibus Euris, Ov.: ex. venatu saltus opacos, Sil. – b) als mediz. t.t., von der aufregenden Körperbewegung der Kranken, in (aktive) Bewegung setzen, (aktive) Bewegung verschaffen, wohltätig körperlich aufregen, corpus, Cels.: pilā similibusque ex. superiores partes, Cels.: absol., commode exercent clara lectio,

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arma, pila, cursus, ambulatio, Cels. – refl. se exercere u. medial exerceri, sich (aktive) Bewegung (Motion) machen, -verschaffen, Cels.: exerceri per manus (durch Handarbeiten u. dgl.), Cels. – selten v. der passiven Körperbewegung, pendentis tori gestatio, quo plurimā parte diei ac noctu motu exerceantur aegrotantes, Cael. Aur. – c) v. Rühren der Glieder bei der Arbeit, emsig rühren, -beschäftigen, assiduis brachia telis, Ov.: linguas litibus, Ov.: in sua dona manus, Prop.: manum (emsig Hand anlegen) et ea quae meditata sunt ad verum perducere, Sen. – d) v. In-Atem-Setzen der Sklaven u. Tiere bei der Arbeit, familiam, Cato: servos, Ter.: famulas ad lumina longo penso, von der Hausfrau, Verg.: tauros, Verg. – im üblen Sinne, ego te exercebo hodie, ut dignus es, in Atem setzen, herumkuranzen (Jacob), Ter.: (equae) neque opere neque cursu exerceantur, abgetrieben werden, Col.: u. so wohl feras, abhetzen, ICt. – e) v. emsigen Bearbeiten eines Ggstds., solum presso sub vomere, emsig umwühlen, Verg.: humum in messem, Verg.: paterna rura bobus suis, Hor.: ferrum, emsig schmieden (v. den Zyklopen), Verg.: antiquas telas, emsig fortspinnen (v. der Spinne), Ov.

II) übtr.: A) im allg., v. Ggstdn., Zuständen usw. aller Art, die jmd. gleichs. in Atem setzen, viel zu schaffen machen, (viel) Arbeit-, (viel) Plage machen, abarbeiten, tüchtig in Anspruch nehmen, hu-

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deln, heimsuchen, abquälen, von Affekten auch = beherrschen, a) übh.: meos casus, in quibus me fortuna vehementer exercuit, Cic.: duae (villae) ut maxime delectant, ita exercent, Plin. ep.: quae (centumvirales causae) me exercent magis, quam delectant, Plin. ep.: promulgata lex exercuit civitatem, Liv.: strenua nos exercet inertia, Hor.: ambitio animos hominum exercet, Sall.: nunc me reliquiae vestrae exercent, Cic. – te de praedio exerceri (so viel Plage hast) moleste fero, Cic.: exerceri poenis, Verg.: candidati exerciti omnibus iniquitatibus, Cic.: Venus exercita curis, Verg.: in somniis exercitus, Ps. Sall. de rep. 2, 6, 12. – b) als mediz. t.t., v. körperlichen Übeln, ut pueros vomitus, nocturnae vigiliae etc. exerceant, Cels.: alios astricta, alios resoluta alvus exercet, Cels.: teretes (lumbrici), qui pueros maxime exercent, Cels.: absol., si vero sudor exercet, Cels.

B) in einer Tätigkeit übend beschäftigen, üben, ausbilden, a) körperlich: iuventutem, Caes.: corpus, Sall.: in gramineis membra palaestris, Verg.: in hoc vocem et vires suas, Cic.: virgines non otio neque lanificio, sed armis, equis, venationibus, Iustin.: armis atque equis corpus (Ggstz. animum in litteris agitare), Ps. Sall. de rep. 2, 10, 2. – als milit. t.t., in den Waffen-, taktisch üben, einüben, copias, Caes.: in armis Macedonas et mercennarios milites, Liv.: regem armavit atque exercuit adversus Romanos, Nep. – refl.

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se exercere u. medial exerceri, sich üben, se in curriculo, v. den Athleten, Cic.: u. von dens., se Iovi Cic.: ibi (in palaestra) cursu, luctando, hastā, pugilatu, pilā, saliendo sese exercebant magis, quam scorto aut saviis, Plaut.: nullum diem praetermisit, quo non pilo et sagittis ceterisque armorum se exerceret officiis, Vopisc.: se hoc genere pugnae exercuisse, Caes.: se ad cursuram, Plaut.: notavi in porticu gregem cursorum cum magistro se exercentem, Petron. – dum armis exercetur, Waffenübungen treibt, Cic.: cum exercentur (athletae), Cic.: exerceri in venando, Cic.: exercebatur plurimum currendo et luctando, Nep. – Partiz. Präs. exercēns refl., sich übend, Cic. de or. 2, 287. Suet. Caes. 26, 3; Aug. 98, 3. – ebenso refl., ludicra exercendi (Leibes- und Waffenübungen) aut venandi consuetudo, Cic. de fin. 1, 69: pueros ante urbem lusus exercendique causā producere, Liv. 5, 27, 2. – b) geistig: vario modo discipulos, Suet.; vgl. quid te exercuit? Cic.: ingenium, Cornif. rhet.; vgl. ingenium nemo sine corpore exercebat, Sall.: ingenium multiplici variāque materiā, Quint.: memoriam, Cic.: stilum, Cic.: verba, sich auf bloßes Wortgeklingel üben, Sen. – in hoc genere exerceri apud magistros, Cic.: adulescentes ad copiam rhetorum, Cic. – refl. se exercere u. medial exerceri, sich üben, se cotidianis commentationibus acerrime, Cic.: se vehementissime in his subitis dictionibus, Cic.: ex. se u. exerceri in

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utrumque locum, Quint.: pueri discunt, exercentur, Cic.: exercebatur (er studierte) apud Arellium Tuscum, Sen. contr. 2. praef. § 1. – Partiz. Perf. Pass. exercitus, s. bes.

C) ein Werkzeug usw., eine Tätigkeit in Betrieb setzen, handhaben, anwenden, ausüben, betreiben, mit etw. umgehen, sich beschäftigen, 1) im allg.: a) mater. Objj. u. körperl. Tätigkeiten od. Zustände: pro consuetudine regionum praedictae machinae exercentur, Col.: arma, Verg.: pharetram aut acres arcus, Val. Flacc.: palaestras, Verg.: vocem, ertönen lassen, v. Präko, Plaut. – balatus, cantus, ertönen lassen, Verg. – mellis vindemia, propter quam totius anni labor exercetur, Col.; vgl. labores incassum, Verg.: vicem, abwechselnd den Dienst verrichten, Verg.: diem, poet. = sein Tagewerk verrichten, Verg. – sitim, poet. = Durst leiden, Sil. – pugnos in alqm, Plaut.: arma contra patriam, Tac.: eas linguas adversus nomen eius, Augustin. de civ. dei 1, 3 extr. – est enim illi (naturae) mos exercere in parvis, ihren Willen im Kleinen zu äußern (kund zu geben), Sen. de clem. 1, 19, 3. – b) polit., geistige u. moral. Tätigkeiten od. Zustände handhaben, ausüben, fühlen lassen, üben, betätigen, entfalten, geltend machen, äußern, dura imperia, Verg.: imperium miti animo, Sen.: memores plus quam civiliter iras, Ov.: familiariter inimicitias, Cic.: inexorabile odium, Ov.: pretiosa

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odia et constantia magno, Ov.: victoriam, verfolgen, Liv.: u. so victoriam crudeliter, Sall.: iustitiam, Plin. ep.: pacem aeternam (halten) et hymenaeos (feiern), Verg. – nomen patris patriae indulgentiā, betätigen durch usw., Plin. pan. – non umquam facundiam, sich befassen mit usw., Tac. (vgl. non quo verba umquam potius quam res exercuerim, Liv.): canina facundia exercebatur, Sall. fr.; neque ego callidam facundiam neque ingenium ad male faciendum exercui, Sall. fr. – oft alqd cum alqo, in alqo, in alqm (s. Fabri Sall. Cat. 49, 2 u. Iug. 16, 2), graves inimicitias cum alqo, Sall.: simultates, Liv., cum alqo, Cic. u. Sall.: odium in prole paternum, Ov.: gratiam atque inimicitias in tanta re, Sall.: facilitatem et lenitudinem animi in alqo, Cic.: suam insatiabilem crudelitatem non solum in vivo, sed etiam in mortuo et in eius corpore lacerando et vexando, Cic.: victoriam foede in captis, die G. fühlen lassen, Liv.: fortuna exercet in alqo vim suam, zeigt, macht geltend seine Macht (seinen mächtigen Einfluß), Nep., od. in alqo opes (seinen mächtigen Einfluß), Liv.: tribuni militum in plebe regnum exercent, Liv.: hereditarium in alqm odium, Vell.: libidinem et avaritiam in socios, Liv. – venerem amorem amoenitatemque, Plaut.: communes amores ad alqam, Catull. – 2) insbes.: a) als t.t. des Land- u. Bergbaus: α) einen Acker usw. bestellen, bebauen, rus exercere et colere, Col.: praedia rustica,

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Liv.: vineas, campos curare et exercere, Plin. ep.: Africam et Aegyptum ex., Tac.: ex. studiosius mare quam terras, mehr Seeleute (Fischer, Schiffer, Seeräuber) als Ackerbauer sein (vgl. εργάζεσθαι γην, θάλασσαν), Iustin. – β) eine Grube usw. betreiben, ausbeuten, figlinas, argenti fodinas aut alia metalla, Varro: metallum Macedonicum, Liv.: metalla, Pacat. pan.: metalla auri atque argenti, Liv.: solum, Flor. – b) als t.t. der Geschäftsspr., α) etw. als Gewerbe betreiben, ausüben, mit etw. ein Gewerbe treiben, ein Gewerbe machen, navem, Reederei treiben, ICt.: aquae molas, Cassiod.: pistrinum, das Müllerhandwerk betreiben, Suet. u. Apul.: cauponam, Iustin u. ICt.: cauponam vel stabulum, ICt.: tabernam (Kaufladen), Vitr. u. ICt.: officinam promercalium mercium, Suet.: armorum officinas, in Betrieb setzen, Tac.: pecuniam, fenus, Geld auf Zinsen leihen, ICt.; vgl. fenus apud Helvetios, Suet. – commercium turis, Plin.: (corpore) quaestum, ICt.: argentariam (Wechselgeschäft), ICt.: artem, Hor., Cels. u.a.: medicinam, Cic.: medicinam fame, durch die Hungerkur heilen (v. Arzte), Plin.: rhetoricen, Quint. – piraticam, Iustin., u. piraticam adversus patriam, Iustin. – β) einen Stoff bearbeiten, exercitae pelles, gegerbte, Cael. Aur. de morb. acut. 3, 8, 80. – c) als publiz. u. jurist. t.t.: α) v. der leitenden Tätigkeit, etw. halten, leiten, vollziehen usw., qui exercet iudicium, vom vorsitzen-

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den Richter, Cic.: exercere iudicium et poenas, verhängen od. vollziehen, Tac.: ebenso quaestionem inter sicarios, Cic.: quaestionem severius, Liv., od. aspere violenterque, Sall. – od. etw. verwalten, führen, vectigalia (bes. v. den Staatspächtern), Cic.: institor exercens mercem, der Handel führende, ICt. – β) ein Gesetz, Recht usw. handhaben, in Ausübung bringen, geltend machen, iacēre irritas actiones... legem confestim exerceri, Liv.: exercendas esse leges respondit et atrocissime exercuit, Suet.: u. so ius, beneficium, ICt. – u. eine Rechtshandlung vollziehen, anstellen, litem, eine Entscheidung geben, ICt.: actionem adversus alqm, ICt.: fortuita incendia civiliter, verfolgen, ICt. – ⇒ Formen nach der 3. Konjug. exercunt, Itala (Verc.) Luc. 22, 25: Imper. exercite, Commodian. instr. 2, 27, 1.

Lupercus, ī, m. (lupus u. arceo, Wolfsabwehrer), I) röm. Name des lycäischen Pan, Iustin. 43, 1, 7. – II) ein Priester des lycäischen Pan, Cic. Phil. 2, 85. Verg. Aen. 8, 663 u.a.

porceo, ēre (po [= ἀπό] u. arceo), abhalten, zurückhalten (vgl. Paul. ex Fest. 15, 13. Non. 61, 27 u. 159, 33), Enn. fr. scen. 328. Pacuv. tr. 67: iam ab armis anni porcent, Acc. tr. 286: hunc Ceres frugibus suis (Abl.) porcet, Varro sat. Men. 251: non te porro procedere porcent, Lucil. 234. – ⇒ Perf. porxī, Charis. 244, 17.

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A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

Quint. 1, 5, 61.

The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.

In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.

Short a is changed,

, into long a —

In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,

In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).

In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)

Short a is changed into é or ē—

Into é.

Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).

Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.

In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).

Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).

Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)

before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —

Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).

ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.

Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.

In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.

Short a is changed into short or long o.

Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).

Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).

Short a is changed into ŭ —

In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).

In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.

ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).

Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.

Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.

Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)

Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.

The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).

Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.

ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.

The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.

In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.

ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.

The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.

Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.

In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.

Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).

Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—

Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.

Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.

Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.

Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.

Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.

Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.

Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.

As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

so also A. A. A.,

ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.

a, prep.=ab, v. ab.

ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

Quint. 1, 5, 61.

The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.

In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.

Short a is changed,

, into long a —

In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,

In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).

In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)

Short a is changed into é or ē—

Into é.

Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).

Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.

In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).

Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).

Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)

before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —

Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).

ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.

Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.

In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.

Short a is changed into short or long o.

Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).

Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).

Short a is changed into ŭ —

In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).

In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.

ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).

Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.

Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.

Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)

Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.

The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).

Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.

ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.

The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.

In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.

ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.

The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.

Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.

In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.

Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).

Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—

Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.

Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.

Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.

Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.

Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.

Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.

Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.

As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

so also A. A. A.,

ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.

a, prep.=ab, v. ab.

ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

ā-mŏvĕo, mōvi, mōtum, 2, v. a., to remove from, to put or take away, to withdraw (esp. with effort or trouble; syn.: dimoveo, abduco, averto, arceo, repello): proprie amovetur saxum de loco, Don. ad Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 14; cf.:

amoveamus lapidem de ore putei,

Vulg. Gen. 29, 8; v. amolior.

In gen. (class.): me exinde amovit loco. Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 64:

Ubi erit empta, ut aliquo ex urbe (eam) amoveas,

id. Ep. 2, 2, 94:

testem hanc quom abs te amoveris,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 72:

Age, tamen ego hunc amovebo,

id. Ad. 4, 2, 14:

illum ex istis locis amove,

Cic. Att. 1, 12:

juvenes amoverunt eum,

Vulg. Act. 5, 6:

lex Porcia virgas ab omnium civium corpore amovit,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 12:

Ille est amotus,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 8, 64:

amoto custode,

Prop. 1, 11, 15:

amotis longius ceteris,

Curt. 7, 1:

alia amovimus ab hostium oculis,

Liv. 5, 51:

imagines ex bibliothecis amovere,

Suet. Calig. 34; id. Caes. 68; id. Ner. 47.—Hence: se amovere, to retire, withdraw:

te hinc amove,

off with you! Ter. Phorm. 3, 3, 33:

e coetu se amovissent,

Liv. 3, 38:

qui memet finibus umquam amōrim Ausoniae,

Sil. 17, 224:

statuit repente recedere seque e medio quam longissime amovere,

Suet. Tib. 10.— Trop. of abstract ideas, to put away, cast off, etc.:

segnitiem amove,

Plaut. As. 2, 1, 6:

suspitionem ab aliquo,

id. Trin. 3, 3, 54:

socordiamque ex pectore,

id. Ps. 1, 2, 11; so,

crapulam,

id. ib. 5, 1, 35:

amoto metu,

Ter. And. 1, 2, 10:

qui istum amorem ex animo amoveas,

id. ib. 2, 1, 7:

opinionem,

id. ib. 3, 2, 30:

misericordiam,

Vulg. 2 Macc. 6, 16:

amove malitiam a carne,

ib. Eccl. 11, 10:

bellum,

Liv. 5, 35:

amoto quaeramus seria ludo,

jesting aside, Hor. S. 1, 1, 27 al. — Poet., of time, to take with itself: quaecumque vetustate amovet aetas, * Lucr. 1, 225.—

Esp.

In and after the Aug. per., to take away by stealth, to steal (euphemist. for furari, furtum facere):

boves Per dolum amotas,

Hor. C. 1, 10, 10:

si filia familiares res amoverit,

Dig. 25, 2, 3:

aliquid ex heredidate,

ib. 29, 2, 70 al. —

In post-Aug. prose (perh. only in Tac.), to banish:

amotus Cercinam quattuordecim annis exilium toleravit,

Tac. A. 1, 53:

in insulam,

id. ib. 4, 31:

Cretam,

id. ib. 4, 21:

aemulationis suspectos per nomen obsidum amovere,

id. ib. 13, 9; 14, 57.

arcānus, a, um, adj. [v. arceo], orig., shut up, closed; hence, trop.,

That keeps a secret, trusty:

dixisti arcano satis,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 155:

petiit, ut aliquem ex arcanis mitteret,

Plin. 7, 52, 53, § 178.— Hence, poet., of the night: omina arcanā nocte petita, in silent night, or night that keeps secrets, Ov. H. 9, 40; Stat. S. 1, 3, 71.—

Hidden, concealed, secret, private (class., although very rare in Cic.):

at quīcum joca, seria, ut dicitur, quīcum arcana, quīcum occulta omnia,

Cic. Fin. 2, 26, 85:

consilia,

Liv. 35, 18; so Hor. C. 3, 21, 15:

secretae et arcanae opes,

Plin. Pan. 34, 3:

fontis arcani aqua,

Tac. A. 2, 54:

libidines,

Suet. Tib. 43 al.:

littera celatos arcana fatebitur ignes,

Ov. M. 9, 516:

sensus,

Verg. A. 4, 422 al. —

Esp., in the lang. of religion, of things sacred and incommunicable: ARCANA VRBIS PRAESIDIA,

Inscr. Orell. 2494: audivit arcana verba, quae non licet homini loqui, Vulg. 2 Cor. 12, 4;

and of secret, mysterious usages: sacra,

Ov. M. 10, 436:

arcana cum fiunt sacra,

Hor. Epod. 5, 52; so Stat. S. 3, 4, 92; Sil. 2, 427; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 402; and by poet. license transf. to the deity presiding over such mysteries:

qui Cereris sacrum Volgavit arcanae,

Hor. C. 3, 2, 27.—Hence, subst.: arcānum, i, n., a secret.

In gen.:

nox arcanis fidissima,

Ov. M. 7, 192:

arcani Fides prodiga,

Hor. C. 1, 18, 16:

si quid umquam arcani sanctive ad silendum in curiā fuerit,

Liv. 23, 22, 9:

arcana regum,

Curt. 4, 6, 5:

revelare arcana,

Vulg. Prov. 11, 13:

denudare arcana amici,

ib. Eccli. 27, 17.—

Spec., a sacred secret, a mystery:

fatorum arcana,

Ov. M. 2, 639; so Verg. A. 7, 123:

Pythagorae arcana,

Hor. Epod. 15, 21; cf.:

Jovis arcana,

the secret decrees of, id. C. 1, 28, 9:

deorum arcanum proferre,

Plin. Pan. 23, 5: arcana quaedam, secret rites (of the diviners), Vulg. Exod. 7, 11:

violabunt arcanum meum,

my secret place, sanctuary, Vulg. Ezech. 7, 22 et saep.— Adv.: arcā-nō (cf. Charis. pp. 173 and 179 P.), in secret, privately:

arcano tibi ego hoc dico,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 117:

hunc (librum) lege arcano convivis tuis,

Cic. Att. 16, 3 (cf. Charis. l. c.):

arcano cum paucis familiaribus suis colloquitur,

Caes. B. C. 1, 19.—

* Comp.:

arcanius judicare aliquid de aliquā re,

Col. 3, 2 fin.—Sup. not used.

Arcānus, a, um, adj. [Arcae], of or pertaining to Arcœ hence, subst.

Arcāni, ōrum, m., the inhabitants of Arcœ, Inscr. Orell. 4007.—

Arcānum, i, n., a villa of Q. Cicero, in the neighborhood of Arcœ, Cic. Att. 5, 1; id. ad Q. Fr. 3, 1 al.

arcānus, a, um, adj. [v. arceo], orig., shut up, closed; hence, trop.,

That keeps a secret, trusty:

dixisti arcano satis,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 155:

petiit, ut aliquem ex arcanis mitteret,

Plin. 7, 52, 53, § 178.— Hence, poet., of the night: omina arcanā nocte petita, in silent night, or night that keeps secrets, Ov. H. 9, 40; Stat. S. 1, 3, 71.—

Hidden, concealed, secret, private (class., although very rare in Cic.):

at quīcum joca, seria, ut dicitur, quīcum arcana, quīcum occulta omnia,

Cic. Fin. 2, 26, 85:

consilia,

Liv. 35, 18; so Hor. C. 3, 21, 15:

secretae et arcanae opes,

Plin. Pan. 34, 3:

fontis arcani aqua,

Tac. A. 2, 54:

libidines,

Suet. Tib. 43 al.:

littera celatos arcana fatebitur ignes,

Ov. M. 9, 516:

sensus,

Verg. A. 4, 422 al. —

Esp., in the lang. of religion, of things sacred and incommunicable: ARCANA VRBIS PRAESIDIA,

Inscr. Orell. 2494: audivit arcana verba, quae non licet homini loqui, Vulg. 2 Cor. 12, 4;

and of secret, mysterious usages: sacra,

Ov. M. 10, 436:

arcana cum fiunt sacra,

Hor. Epod. 5, 52; so Stat. S. 3, 4, 92; Sil. 2, 427; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 402; and by poet. license transf. to the deity presiding over such mysteries:

qui Cereris sacrum Volgavit arcanae,

Hor. C. 3, 2, 27.—Hence, subst.: arcānum, i, n., a secret.

In gen.:

nox arcanis fidissima,

Ov. M. 7, 192:

arcani Fides prodiga,

Hor. C. 1, 18, 16:

si quid umquam arcani sanctive ad silendum in curiā fuerit,

Liv. 23, 22, 9:

arcana regum,

Curt. 4, 6, 5:

revelare arcana,

Vulg. Prov. 11, 13:

denudare arcana amici,

ib. Eccli. 27, 17.—

Spec., a sacred secret, a mystery:

fatorum arcana,

Ov. M. 2, 639; so Verg. A. 7, 123:

Pythagorae arcana,

Hor. Epod. 15, 21; cf.:

Jovis arcana,

the secret decrees of, id. C. 1, 28, 9:

deorum arcanum proferre,

Plin. Pan. 23, 5: arcana quaedam, secret rites (of the diviners), Vulg. Exod. 7, 11:

violabunt arcanum meum,

my secret place, sanctuary, Vulg. Ezech. 7, 22 et saep.— Adv.: arcā-nō (cf. Charis. pp. 173 and 179 P.), in secret, privately:

arcano tibi ego hoc dico,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 117:

hunc (librum) lege arcano convivis tuis,

Cic. Att. 16, 3 (cf. Charis. l. c.):

arcano cum paucis familiaribus suis colloquitur,

Caes. B. C. 1, 19.—

* Comp.:

arcanius judicare aliquid de aliquā re,

Col. 3, 2 fin.—Sup. not used.

Arcānus, a, um, adj. [Arcae], of or pertaining to Arcœ hence, subst.

Arcāni, ōrum, m., the inhabitants of Arcœ, Inscr. Orell. 4007.—

Arcānum, i, n., a villa of Q. Cicero, in the neighborhood of Arcœ, Cic. Att. 5, 1; id. ad Q. Fr. 3, 1 al.

arcānus, a, um, adj. [v. arceo], orig., shut up, closed; hence, trop.,

That keeps a secret, trusty:

dixisti arcano satis,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 155:

petiit, ut aliquem ex arcanis mitteret,

Plin. 7, 52, 53, § 178.— Hence, poet., of the night: omina arcanā nocte petita, in silent night, or night that keeps secrets, Ov. H. 9, 40; Stat. S. 1, 3, 71.—

Hidden, concealed, secret, private (class., although very rare in Cic.):

at quīcum joca, seria, ut dicitur, quīcum arcana, quīcum occulta omnia,

Cic. Fin. 2, 26, 85:

consilia,

Liv. 35, 18; so Hor. C. 3, 21, 15:

secretae et arcanae opes,

Plin. Pan. 34, 3:

fontis arcani aqua,

Tac. A. 2, 54:

libidines,

Suet. Tib. 43 al.:

littera celatos arcana fatebitur ignes,

Ov. M. 9, 516:

sensus,

Verg. A. 4, 422 al. —

Esp., in the lang. of religion, of things sacred and incommunicable: ARCANA VRBIS PRAESIDIA,

Inscr. Orell. 2494: audivit arcana verba, quae non licet homini loqui, Vulg. 2 Cor. 12, 4;

and of secret, mysterious usages: sacra,

Ov. M. 10, 436:

arcana cum fiunt sacra,

Hor. Epod. 5, 52; so Stat. S. 3, 4, 92; Sil. 2, 427; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 402; and by poet. license transf. to the deity presiding over such mysteries:

qui Cereris sacrum Volgavit arcanae,

Hor. C. 3, 2, 27.—Hence, subst.: arcānum, i, n., a secret.

In gen.:

nox arcanis fidissima,

Ov. M. 7, 192:

arcani Fides prodiga,

Hor. C. 1, 18, 16:

si quid umquam arcani sanctive ad silendum in curiā fuerit,

Liv. 23, 22, 9:

arcana regum,

Curt. 4, 6, 5:

revelare arcana,

Vulg. Prov. 11, 13:

denudare arcana amici,

ib. Eccli. 27, 17.—

Spec., a sacred secret, a mystery:

fatorum arcana,

Ov. M. 2, 639; so Verg. A. 7, 123:

Pythagorae arcana,

Hor. Epod. 15, 21; cf.:

Jovis arcana,

the secret decrees of, id. C. 1, 28, 9:

deorum arcanum proferre,

Plin. Pan. 23, 5: arcana quaedam, secret rites (of the diviners), Vulg. Exod. 7, 11:

violabunt arcanum meum,

my secret place, sanctuary, Vulg. Ezech. 7, 22 et saep.— Adv.: arcā-nō (cf. Charis. pp. 173 and 179 P.), in secret, privately:

arcano tibi ego hoc dico,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 117:

hunc (librum) lege arcano convivis tuis,

Cic. Att. 16, 3 (cf. Charis. l. c.):

arcano cum paucis familiaribus suis colloquitur,

Caes. B. C. 1, 19.—

* Comp.:

arcanius judicare aliquid de aliquā re,

Col. 3, 2 fin.—Sup. not used.

Arcānus, a, um, adj. [Arcae], of or pertaining to Arcœ hence, subst.

Arcāni, ōrum, m., the inhabitants of Arcœ, Inscr. Orell. 4007.—

Arcānum, i, n., a villa of Q. Cicero, in the neighborhood of Arcœ, Cic. Att. 5, 1; id. ad Q. Fr. 3, 1 al.

arcānus, a, um, adj. [v. arceo], orig., shut up, closed; hence, trop.,

That keeps a secret, trusty:

dixisti arcano satis,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 155:

petiit, ut aliquem ex arcanis mitteret,

Plin. 7, 52, 53, § 178.— Hence, poet., of the night: omina arcanā nocte petita, in silent night, or night that keeps secrets, Ov. H. 9, 40; Stat. S. 1, 3, 71.—

Hidden, concealed, secret, private (class., although very rare in Cic.):

at quīcum joca, seria, ut dicitur, quīcum arcana, quīcum occulta omnia,

Cic. Fin. 2, 26, 85:

consilia,

Liv. 35, 18; so Hor. C. 3, 21, 15:

secretae et arcanae opes,

Plin. Pan. 34, 3:

fontis arcani aqua,

Tac. A. 2, 54:

libidines,

Suet. Tib. 43 al.:

littera celatos arcana fatebitur ignes,

Ov. M. 9, 516:

sensus,

Verg. A. 4, 422 al. —

Esp., in the lang. of religion, of things sacred and incommunicable: ARCANA VRBIS PRAESIDIA,

Inscr. Orell. 2494: audivit arcana verba, quae non licet homini loqui, Vulg. 2 Cor. 12, 4;

and of secret, mysterious usages: sacra,

Ov. M. 10, 436:

arcana cum fiunt sacra,

Hor. Epod. 5, 52; so Stat. S. 3, 4, 92; Sil. 2, 427; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 402; and by poet. license transf. to the deity presiding over such mysteries:

qui Cereris sacrum Volgavit arcanae,

Hor. C. 3, 2, 27.—Hence, subst.: arcānum, i, n., a secret.

In gen.:

nox arcanis fidissima,

Ov. M. 7, 192:

arcani Fides prodiga,

Hor. C. 1, 18, 16:

si quid umquam arcani sanctive ad silendum in curiā fuerit,

Liv. 23, 22, 9:

arcana regum,

Curt. 4, 6, 5:

revelare arcana,

Vulg. Prov. 11, 13:

denudare arcana amici,

ib. Eccli. 27, 17.—

Spec., a sacred secret, a mystery:

fatorum arcana,

Ov. M. 2, 639; so Verg. A. 7, 123:

Pythagorae arcana,

Hor. Epod. 15, 21; cf.:

Jovis arcana,

the secret decrees of, id. C. 1, 28, 9:

deorum arcanum proferre,

Plin. Pan. 23, 5: arcana quaedam, secret rites (of the diviners), Vulg. Exod. 7, 11:

violabunt arcanum meum,

my secret place, sanctuary, Vulg. Ezech. 7, 22 et saep.— Adv.: arcā-nō (cf. Charis. pp. 173 and 179 P.), in secret, privately:

arcano tibi ego hoc dico,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 117:

hunc (librum) lege arcano convivis tuis,

Cic. Att. 16, 3 (cf. Charis. l. c.):

arcano cum paucis familiaribus suis colloquitur,

Caes. B. C. 1, 19.—

* Comp.:

arcanius judicare aliquid de aliquā re,

Col. 3, 2 fin.—Sup. not used.

Arcānus, a, um, adj. [Arcae], of or pertaining to Arcœ hence, subst.

Arcāni, ōrum, m., the inhabitants of Arcœ, Inscr. Orell. 4007.—

Arcānum, i, n., a villa of Q. Cicero, in the neighborhood of Arcœ, Cic. Att. 5, 1; id. ad Q. Fr. 3, 1 al.

arx, arcis, f. [arx ab arcendo, quod is locus munitissimus rubis, a quo facillime possit hostis prohiberi, Varr. L. L. 5, § 151 Müll; cf. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 20; Isid. Orig. 15, 2, 32; Doed. Syn. IV. p. 428; v. arceo], a stronghold, castle, citadel, fortress, akropolis; in Rome, the Capitolium.

A.. Lit.: arce et urbe orba sum, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44 (Trag. v. 114 Müll.): optumates, Corinthum quae arcem altam habetis, id. ap. ejusd. Fam. 7, 6: edicite per urbem ut omnes qui arcem astuque accolunt, cives, etc.; Att. ap. Non. p. 357, 14:

Illa autem in arcem [hinc] abiit,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 8, 59; so id. Ps. 4, 6, 2:

In arcem transcurso opus est,

Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 17:

Condere coeperunt urbīs arcemque locare,

Lucr. 5, 1107:

arcis servator, candidus anser,

id. 4, 683:

munire arcem,

Cic. Pis. 34 fin.:

cum Tarento amisso arcem tamen Livius retinuisset,

id. de Or. 2, 67, 273: arx intra moenia in immanem altitudinem edita; Liv. 45, 28:

arx Sion,

Vulg. 2 Reg. 5, 7:

arx Jerusalem,

ib. 1 Macc. 13, 49:

Romana,

Liv. 1, 12:

Capitolina,

id. 6, 20; cf. id. 3, 18:

Sabinus arcem Capitolii insedit mixto milite,

Tac. H. 3, 69; Suet. Claud. 44 et saep. As the place on which auguries were received (cf. auguraculum):

ut cum in arce augurium augures acturi essent,

Cic. Off. 3, 16, 66; so Liv. 1, 18 and 24.—Hence,

Trop., defence, prolection, refuge, bulwark, etc.:

Castoris templum fuit te consule arx civium perditorum, receptaculum veterum Catilinae militum, castellum forensis latrocinii,

Cic. Pis. 5, 11:

haec urbs, lux orbis terrarum atque arx omnium gentium,

id. Cat. 4, 6; cf. id. Agr. 1, 6, 18:

Africa arx omnium provinciarum,

id. Lig. 7, 22:

Stoicorum,

id. Div. 1, 6, 10:

arx finitimorum, Campani,

Liv. 7, 29; 37, 18:

tribunicium auxilium et provocationem, duas arces libertatis tuendae,

id. 3, 45:

arx ad aliquid faciendum,

id. 28, 3:

eam urbem pro arce habiturus Philippus adversus Graeciae civitates,

id. 33, 14; Flor. 3, 6, 5:

quasi arx aeternae dominationis,

Tac. A. 14, 31.—

As the abode of tyrants, a poet. designation of tyranny (cf. Ascon. ad Cic. Div. in Caecil. 5), Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 293 Heins.:

cupidi arcium,

Sen. Thyest. 342; cf. id. Contr. 4, 27:

non dum attigit arcem, Juris et humani culmen,

Luc. 7, 593 Corte; cf. id. 8, 490, and 4, 800; Tert. Apol. 4.—

Prov.:

arcem facere e cloacā,

to make a mountain of a mole-hill, Cic. Planc. 40.—

Since castles were generally on a height, meton., a height, summit, pinnacle, top, peak (usu. poet. and in Aug. and postAug. prose), lit. and trop.

Lit.:

summā locum sibi legit in arce,

upon the extreme height, Ov. M. 1, 27; cf. id. ib. 12, 43. —So,

In partic.

Of mountains:

Parnasi constitit arce,

Ov. M. 1, 467:

arce loci summā,

id. ib. 11, 393:

Rhipaeae arces,

Verg. G. 1, 240:

flērunt Rhodopeïae arces,

id. ib. 4, 461:

septemque unā sibi muro circumdedit arces,

id. ib. 2, 535:

primus inexpertas adiit Tirynthius arces, i. e. Alpes,

Sil. 3, 496; cf. Drak. ad id. 15, 305; Val. Fl. 3, 565:

impositum arce sublimi oppidum cernimus,

Petr. 116; cf. id. 123, 205, and 209.—

Of houses built on an eminence, Petr. 121, 107, and 293.—

Of the citadel of heaven:

quae pater ut summā vidit Saturnius arce,

Ov. M. 1, 163:

summam petit arduus arcem,

id. ib. 2, 306:

sideream mundi qui temperat arcem,

id. Am. 3, 10, 21.—

Of the heavens themselves: aetheriae [p. 170] arces, Ov. Tr. 5, 3, 19:

arces igneae,

Hor. C. 3, 3, 10:

caeli quibus adnuis arcem,

Verg. A. 1, 250; cf. id. ib. 1, 259.—

Of temples erected on an eminence:

dexterā sacras jaculatus arces,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 3.—

Of the head:

arx corporis,

Sen. Oedip. 185; Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 235.—

Trop., height, head, summit, etc. (rare):

celsā mentis ab arce,

Stat. S. 2, 2, 131:

summae laudum arces,

Sil. 13, 771; Sid. Carm. 2, 173:

ubi Hannibal sit, ibi caput atque arcem totius belli esse,

head and front, Liv. 28, 42:

arx eloquentiae,

Tac. Or. 10.

cŏ-hĭbĕo, ui ( perf. subj. cohibessit, Lucr. 3, 444 Lachm.), ĭtum, 2, v. a. [habeo].

To hold together, to hold, contain, confine, embrace, comprise (class.;

syn. contineo): omnes naturas ipsa (universa natura) cohibet et continet,

Cic. N. D. 2, 13, 35; Lucr. 3, 441 sq.; 1, 517; 1, 536:

(nubes) ut fumus constare nequirent, Nec cohibere nives gelidas et grandinis imbres,

id. 6, 107:

aliquid in se,

id. 2, 1031; cf. Cic. Fat. 9, 19:

at Scyllam caecis cohibet spelunca latebris,

Verg. A. 3, 424:

semen occaecatum,

Cic. de Sen. 15, 51:

nodo crinem,

Hor. C. 3, 14, 22:

namque marem cohibent callosa (ova) vitellum,

id. S. 2, 4, 14:

auro lacertos,

to encircle, Ov. H. 9, 59:

bracchium togā,

Cic. Cael. 5, 11:

deos parietibus,

Tac. G. 9.—

Trop. (very rare): sed interest inter causas fortuito antegressas, et inter causas cohibentis in se efficientiam naturalem, Cic. Fat. 9, 19.—

With the access. idea of hindering free motion, to hold, keep, keep back, hinder, stay, restrain, stop, etc. (in a lit. sense in prose rare, but trop. very freq.).

Prop.:

cohibete intra limen etiam vos parumper,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 1:

nec muris cohibet patriis media Ardea Turnum,

Verg. A. 9, 738:

carcere ventos,

Ov. M. 14, 224:

ventos in antris,

id. ib. 15, 346: cervos arcu, to stop, poet. for to kill, Hor. C. 4, 6, 34:

nec Stygiā cohibebor undā,

id. ib. 2, 20, 8:

tempestatibus in portibus cohiberi, Auct. B. Afr. 98: cohiberi in vinculis,

Curt. 6, 2, 11:

Pirithoum cohibent catenae,

Hor. C. 3, 4, 80:

claustra cohibentia Janum,

id. Ep. 2, 1, 255:

ab aliquā re,

Liv. 22, 3, 9; Tac. A. 1, 56:

sanguis spongiā in aceto tinctā cohibendus est,

Cels. 8, 4; cf. Plin. 27, 11, 69, § 93:

alvum,

id. 29, 3, 11, § 49:

milites intra castra,

Curt. 10, 3, 6:

aquilones jugis montium,

id. 8, 9, 12.—

Trop.

Cohibere aliquid or cohibere se, to stop something (or one ' s self), to hold in check, to restrain, limit, confine, keep back, repress, tame, subdue (syn.:

contineo, refreno, arceo, coerceo): motus animi perturbatos,

Cic. Off. 2, 5, 18:

furentis impetus crudelissimosque conatus,

id. Phil. 3, 2, 5; cf.:

furorem alicujus,

id. ib. 5, 13, 37:

temeritatem,

id. Ac. 1, 12, 45:

gaudia clausa in sinu tacito,

Prop. 2 (3), 25, 30:

iras,

Verg. A. 12, 314:

pravas aliorum spes,

Tac. A. 3, 56:

ac premeret sensus suos,

id. ib. 3, 11:

bellum,

Liv. 9, 29, 5:

malum,

Tac. A. 6, 16:

sumptus,

Arn. 2, p. 91:

violentias effrenati doloris,

Gell. 12, 5, 3:

altitudinem aedificiorum,

Tac. A. 15, 43:

(provinciae) quae procuratoribus cohibentur,

i. e. are ruled, id. H. 1, 11: non tu te cohibes? be moderate in grief, * Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 46; so Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4; Gell. 4, 9, 3.—

With quominus:

vix cohibuere amici, quominus eodem mari oppeteret,

Tac. A. 2, 24.— Pass.:

ne flumine quidem interjecto, cohiberi quominus, etc.,

Tac. A. 2, 10.—

With inf., Calp. Ecl. 4, 20 (but in Cic. Tusc. 3, 25, 60; id. Caecin. 23, 66; Auct. B. G. 8, 23, prohibere is the true reading).—

Aliquid ab aliquā re or aliquo, to keep something from something (or somebody), to ward off:

manus ab alieno,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 12:

manus, oculos, animum ab auro gazāque regiā,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 23, 66:

effrenatas suas libidines a liberis et a conjugibus vestris,

id. Mil. 28, 76:

adsensionem a rebus incertis,

id. N. D. 1, 1, 1.—Hence, cŏhĭbĭtus, a, um, P. a., confined, limited, moderate:

dicendi genus,

Gell. 7, 14, 7.— Comp.:

habitudo cohibitior,

Aus. Grat. Act. 27, 2.