always+with+me

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: often (in pres. in the older language always) with prefix in diff. senses, e.g. ἐκ-, ἐπι-, κατα-, παρα-, `to strike, to slap, to thrust, to hit', pass. `to be beaten, thrust, hit, struck' ( ἐκ- πλήσσω `to startle', ἐπι- πλήσσω usu. `to criticize, to scold', παρα- πλήσσω in pass. `to become crazy' etc.).

Other forms: Att. - ττω ( ἐκ-πλήγνυμαι Th.), aor. πλῆξαι (Il.), Dor. πλᾶξαι, redupl. ( ἐ-)πέπληγον (Hom.), pass. πληγῆναι (Il.), Dor. Aeol. πλᾱγῆναι, with prefix - πλᾰγῆναι (IA.), πληχθῆναι (E., late), fut. πλήξω (Il.), pass. πληγήσομαι, - πλᾰγήσομαι (Att.), perf. πέπληγα (Il.: πεπληγώς), πέπληχα (hell.), pass. πέπληγμαι (IA.),

Compounds: As 1. member in governing compp., e.g. πλήξ-ιππος `flogging horses' (ep. poet.Il.).

Derivatives: Several derivv. Nom. actionis: 1. πληγή, Dor. πλαγά f. `hit, wound etc.' (Il.). 2. πλήγανον βακτηρία, πληγάς δρέπανον H. 3. πλῆγ-μα n. = πληγή (S., E., Arist.), - μός m. `id.' (medic., κατά- πλήσσω LXX). 4. ἀπό-, ἔκ-, ἔμ-, ἐπί-, κατά-πληξις f. `apoplexy, concussion etc.' (IA.); πλῆξις, Dor. πλᾶξις f. `striking' (Ti. Locr.). Nom. agentis a. instr. 5. πλῆκτρον, Dor. πλᾶκτρον n. `instrument for striking, mallet' (h. Hom., Pi.). 6. πληκτήρ m. `id.' (Hdn. Gr.); πλακτήρ τὸ τοῦ ἀλεκτρυόνος πλῆκτρον H.; πλάκτωρ m. (Dor.) `striker' (AP), πλήκτης m. `id.' (Hp., Arist.), ἐπι- πλήσσω `blamer, castigator' (Gloss.), - πλήκτειρα f. `who drives on' (AP). Adj., mostly as 2. member: 7. - πληξ, e.g. παραπλήξ, - γος `stricken sideways' (ε 418), `crazy' (IA.), `paralyzed' (Hp.) with - ηγία, - ηγικός (Hp.), οἰστρο-πλήξ `stung by a gadfly' (trag.); πλήξ as simplex only as designation. of a bandage (Sor.); 8. - πληκτος, e.g. ἀπόπληκτος `stirred by strikes' with - ηξίη, - ία (IA.); 9. ἐκ-, κατα-πλαγής `startled' (Plb., Luc.). 10. πληκτικός `striking, hitting' (Pl.; Chantraine Études 134 a. 138), ἐκπληκτι-κός (Th.) a.o. Verb 11. πληκτίζομαι `to fight' (Φ 499 a.o.), most `to dally' (Ar., Herod.) with - ισμός m. (AP), prob. rather enlargement of the primary verb (cf. λακτίζω and Schwyzer 706) than from a nominal τ-deriv.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [832] *pleh₂k\/g- `beat'

Etymology: With the primary yot-present πλήσσω from *πλᾱκ-ι̯ω agrees a Slav. word for `weep, lament' (prop. `beat one's breast'), e.g. OCS plačǫ (sę), Russ. pláču; to this the verbal noun Lith. plókis m. `blow, stroke'. Final media as in πλᾱγ-ά̄, πληγ-ή a.o. is also found in Germ., e.g. OE flōcan `clap approval', Goth. redupl. pret. faí-flokun ' ἐκόπτοντο', OHG fluohhon `curse' (IE * plāg-). The zero grade in πλᾰγ-ηναι (with sec. short α) is also represented in the nasalized πλάζω (with Lat. plangō); beside it with -k- Lith. plakù, plàkti `beat, chastise'. Beside these forms going back on IE * plāk-, plāg- [but not * plak-, plag-!] stand with deviating vocalism Lith. plíek-iu, -ti `beat, whip' (cross with an other verb?), Lat. plectō, - ere `punish, chastise' (ē or ĕ). -- Connection with the group of πλάξ (prop. `beat broadly'?) may be considered. Further forms w. rich lit. WP. 2, 91 ff., Pok. 832f., W.-Hofmann s. 2. plectō, Vasmer s. plákatь, Fraenkel s. plíekti 2. On the perf. πέπληγα against τύπτω, πατάξαι s. Bloch Suppl. Verba 83ff.

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* * *

(að), v.

1) to gain, earn, procure (afla e-m e-s);

afla sér fjár ok frama, to earn fame and wealth;

aflaði þessi bardagi honum mikillar frægðar, brought him great fame;

2) with acc., to earn (aflaði hann þar fé mikit);

refl., e-m aflast e-t, one gains a thing;

3) with dat., to perform, accomplish (hann aflaði brátt mikilli vinnu);

with infin., to be able (ekki aflar hann því at standa í móti yður).

* * *

að, [cp. Swed. afvel, breed, slock: Dan. avling, farming; avlsgaard, farm; faareavl, qvægavl, breed of sheep or cattle. In Norse (mod.) avle is to harvest; Swed. afla, to beget. In the Icel. verb afla the idea of producing or gathering prevails, whereas the nouns branch off; the weak afli chiefly denotes produce, means, stores, resources, troops, forces; the strong one—afl— force alone. Yet such phrases as ramr at afli indicate something besides the mere notion of strength. In the mod. Scandin. idioms—Dan., Swed., Norse—there are no traces left of the idea of ‘force:’ cp. the Lat. opes and copiae. The Icel. spelling and pronunciation with bl (abl) is modern, perhaps from the time of the Reformation: cp. the words efla etc. with a changed vowel. The root is OP-, as shown in Lat. ope, ŏpes, the ŏ being changed into a?].

I. with gen. of the thing, to gain, acquire, earn, procure; vandara at gæta fengins fjár en afla þess (a proverb); þá bjöggu þeir skip ok öfluðu manna til, got men to man it, Eg. 170.

β. the phrase, afla sér fjár ok frægðar, to earn fame and wealth, of young heroes going sea-roving; fóru um sumarit í víking ok öfluðu sér fjár, Eg. 4; afla sér fjár ok frama, Fs. 5; fjár ok virðingar, id.; hann hafði aflat sér fjár ( made money) í hólmgöngum, Eg. 49; aflaði þessi bardagi honum mikillar frægðar, brought him great fame, Fms. ii. 307; kom honum í hug, at honum mundi mikillar framkvæmdar afla, bring him great advantage, Eb. 112.

2. as a law term, to cause, inflict a wound; ef maðr aflar einum blóðs eðr bens af heiptugri hendi, N. G. L. i. 387.

II. with acc., mostly in unclassical writers, but now rare, to earn; aflaði hann þar fé mikit, Fms. vii. 80; aflandi þann thesaur er, 655 xxxii. i; hafit ér ok mikit í aflat, Al. 159; mun ek til hafa atferð ok eljun at afla mér annan við, to contrive, Ld. 318, where, however, the excellent vellum MS. A. M. 309, 4to, has gen.—annars viðar—more classically, as the Saga in other passages uses the gen., e. g. afla sér manna ok hrossa, to procure horses and men, l. c. little below.

β. reflex., e-m aflask e-t, gains, Fb. 163.

γ. absol., njót sem þú hefir aflat, of ill-earned means, Nj. 37.

δ. part. aflandi, Njarð. 366.

2. now used absol. to fish, always with acc.; a standing phrase in Icel., the acc. only being used in that particular connection.

III. with dat. in the sense of to perform, manage, be able to; hann aflaði brátt mikilli vinnu, ok var hagr vel, Fms. i. 289; fyr mun hann því afla en ek færa honum höfuð mitt, it will sooner happen, Fms. iv. 291, where the Hkr. reads orka; bauð út leiðangri, sem honum þótti landit mestu mega afla, to the utmost that the country could produce, Fms. x. 118; ekki aflar harm því at standa í móti yðr, he is not man enough to stand against you, Fas. iii.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `come, reach' (Hom., Pi. Dor. Arc.)

Other forms: ἱκάνω (ep.), ἱκνέομαι (Od., almost only with prefix, s. below), aor. ἱκέσθαι, fut. ἵξομαι (Il.) with aor. ἷξε, ἷξον (Schwyzer 788, Chantr. Gramm. hom. 1, 418f., Leumann Glotta 32, 213), perf. ἷγμαι (Od.).

Compounds: Often, in prose almost always with prefix, esp. ἀφ-, ἀπ- (with εἰσ-, συν-αφ-ικνέομαι a. o.), also ἐξ-, ἐφ-, καθ- a. o. (s. Fraenkel Glotta 35, 88ff.)

Derivatives: 1. ἵξις ( ἴξις) `passage through, direction' (Hp.), from ἀφικνέομαι etc. ἄφιξις `arrival' (IA), rare ἔφ-, κάθ-, δί-ιξις; 2. ἵκτωρ, ἱκτήρ = ἱκέτης, ἱκέσιος, also προσ-, ἀφ-ίκτωρ `id.', (trag.) with ἱκτήριος (S.); on a semantic differentiation Benveniste Noms d'agent 46; 3. ἱκέτης with ἱκετεύω etc. s. v.; beside it ( προσ-)ἵκτης (hell. poetry); 4. πόθ-ικ-ες pl. `προσήκοντες, relatives' (Tegea V^a); 5. ἱκανός `enough' (IA prose), cf. πιθανός a. o. (Chantr. Form. 196f.); s. also ἴκμενος, προίξ.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [893] * seik- reach, grasp (with the hand)'

Etymology: Beside the longvowel active thematic root-present ἵ̄κω (orig. perfect? Wackernagel Glotta 14, 56ff.) stands the shortvowel medial thematic root-aorist ἱκέσθαι; shortvowel have also active ἱκά̄νω \< *ἱκ-αν-Ϝω (after φθάνω, κιχάνω, Schwyzer 698 w. n. 3) and medial ἱκνέομαι (Schwyzer 696a, Chantr. Gramm. hom. 1, 352f.), also ἱκανός and other nominal formations. The full grade occurs in the semantically deviant ἐν-εῖκαι `bring away' (s. v.) (Brugmann Grundr.<sup>2</sup> 2: 3, 92); beside it stand longvowel forms not only in ἵ̄κω, but also in ἥκω (s. v.). One earlier assumed longdiphthong forms ēi: ī, which is now rejected. - An acceptable connection gives Lith. siékiu, siékti `reach with the hand, swear', at-siékiu `reach with the hand' (Fick GGA 1891, 207), IE seik-, sik- (Bq, Pok. 893); Schmid IF 62, 229 n. 41 recalls Toch. B sik-naṃ, subbj. saikaṃ `set a foot'; the longvowel forms can be morphological reations of Greek.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `pour (forth), make a libation' (Il.).

Other forms: aor. λεῖψαι,

Compounds: also with prefix, e. g. κατα-, ἐπι-.

Derivatives: A. λειβῆνος ὁ Διόνυσος H., λείβηθρον ( λίβ-) n. `dripping place' (Eup. 428), λείβδην `by drops' (EM). - B. With ablaut: λοιβή f. `sacrifice of drinks, gift' (Il.) with λοιβ-εῖον (Plu.), - ίς (Antim., inscr.), - άσιον (Epich.) `vase for spilling', - αῖος `belonging to spilling' (Ath.); λοιβᾶται σπένδει, θύει H. (cf. below). - C. With zero-grade: 1. *λιψ f., only gen. λιβός, acc. λίβα `drink-offering, drip' (A., A. R.) with λιβηρός `wet' (Hp. ap. Gal.); 2. λίψ, λιβός m. "the dripper", name of the rainbringing Southwest-, (West)wind, also as name of the heavenly region `Southwest, West' (Hdt., Arist.) with λιβικός `(south)western' (pap.). For λίψ... πέτρα, ἀφ' ἧς ὕδωρ στάζει H. cf. αἰγίλιψ. 3. From λίψ: λιβάς, - άδος f. `spring, fount etc.' (trag. etc.) with the dimin. λιβάδιον (Str., Plu.), also ' χωρίον βοτανῶδες', i. e. `wet meadow' (H., EM), λιβάζω, - άζομαι `drip' (AP, Poll.), ἀπο- λείβω metaph. `throw away, remove oneself' (com.). 4. λίβος n. = λιβάς (A. Ch. 448 [lyr.], Gal.). - On λιβρός s. v.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [664] [not in Pok!] * lei-b- `pour out, drip'

Etymology: The regelar fullgrade thematic λείβω (with λεῖψαι) and the zero grade primary noun λίψ stand side by side in Greek (cf. νείφει: νίφ-α; quite uncertain λίβει σπένδει, ἐκχύνει H.). - To λοιβᾶται (from λοιβή, s. above) Lat. lībāre `pour out, spill' can be a direct counterpart (cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 254, 322), but it can also be a an independent iterative deverbative (so certainly dēlĭbūtus, if with ū after imbūtus); quite doubtful is λαβά σταγών H., after v. Blumenthal Hesychst. 18 f. Maced. or Messap. for λοιβά. If we remove the -b-, we can adduse other words for `pour (out)', e. g. OCS lьjǫ, lějǫ, liti, Lith. líeju, líeti, s. Bq, WP. 2, 392f., W.-Hofmann s. lībō, Vasmer Wb. s. litь, Fraenkel Wb. s. líeti; always with further connections. - The length in ὄφρᾱ λείψαντε (Ω 285 = ο 149) must not prove λλ- \< IE sl-; cf. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 176. A riming form is εἴβω, s. v.

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quis, quid (old nom. plur. QVES, S. C. Bacch.), pron. interrog. [Sanscr. kis, in nakis = nemo; Gr. tis], who? which? what? what man? (while qui, quae, quod, interrog. is used adject.; for exceptions, v. qui and infra.—Quis is properly used only of more than two; uter, which of two? v. infra).

Masc. and fem. quis; lit.,

As subst., in a direct question.

Of males:

unde es? cujus es?

whose are you? to whom do you belong? Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 44: Da. Quis homo est? Pa. Ego sum Pamphilus, who is there? Ter. And. 5, 6, 1:

quis clarior in Graeciā Themistocle? quis potentior?

Cic. Lael. 12, 42; id. de Or. 3, 34, 137:

quis Dionem doctrinis omnibus expolivit? non Plato?

id. ib. 3, 34, 139.—

Quis, of females, as subst. and adj. (ante- and post-class.): et quis illaec est, quae? etc., Enn. ap. Non. 198, 3 (Trag. v. 133 Vahl.): quis tu es mulier, quae? etc., Pac. ap. Non. 197, 33; cf. Varr. L. L. 6, § 60 Müll.:

quis ea est, quam? etc.,

who is she? Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 48:

quis haec est?

id. Pers. 2, 2, 18:

quis illaec est mulier, quae? etc.,

id. Ep. 4, 1, 6:

sed haec quis mulier est?

id. Truc. 1, 1, 76: quis nostrarum fuit, Caecil. ap. Gell. 2, 23: quis haec est simia? Afran. ap. Charis. 1, p. 84.—

As adj.

Absol., what? i. e. what sort of a person or thing? quis videor? Cha. Miser aeque atque ego, in what state or condition do I seem? what do you think of me now? Ter. And. 4, 2, 19:

quis ego sum? aut quae in me est facultas?

Cic. Lael. 5, 17. —

With nouns.

With words denoting a person (class.):

quis eum senator appellavit,

Cic. Cat. 2, 6, 12:

quis gracilis puer,

Hor. C. 1, 5, 1.—

In gen. (in Cic. only before a vowel, for qui):

quis color,

Verg. G. 2, 178:

quisve locus,

Liv. 5, 40:

quod caedis initium? quis finis?

Tac. A. 1, 48:

quis esset tantus fructus?

Cic. Lael. 6, 22. —

In neutr.

Lit.

In simple constr.:

quid dicam de moribus facillimis,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11:

quid est judicium corrumpere, si hoc non est?

what is bribing the court, if this be not? id. Verr. 1, 10, 28:

quid ais? quid tibi nomen est?

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 208.—

With gen. partit., what? i. e. what sort of? what kind of a? quid mulieris Uxorem habes? what sort of a woman have you for a wife? Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 21:

quid illuc est hominum secundum litus?

what is that knot of people? Plaut. Rud. 1, 2, 60:

quid caelati argenti, quid stragulae vestis, quid pictarum tabularum... apud illum putatis esse?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 46, 133; cf.

esp.: hoc enim, quis homo sit, ostendere est, non quid homo sit, dicere,

i. e. to point out an individual, not to define a class, Gell. 4, 1, 12.—

Esp. in phrase quid dico? what do I say? in correcting or strengthening the speaker's own expression:

Romae a. d. XIIII. Kal. volumus esse. Quid dico? Volumus? Immo vero cogimur,

Cic. Att. 4, 13, 1; id. Fam. 5, 15, 2; id. Mil. 28, 76; id. de Or. 2, 90, 365; id. Lig. 9, 26.—

Transf.

Quid? how? why? wherefore? quid? tu me hoc tibi mandasse existimas, ut? etc., Cic. Fam. 2, 8, 1:

quid hoc?

id. Tusc. 1, 11, 25:

quid? eundem nonne destituisti?

id. Phil. 2, 38, 99:

eloquere, quid venisti?

why? wherefore? Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 221:

sed quid ego argumentor? quid plura disputo?

Cic. Mil. 16, 44. —

In quid? wherefore? for what? Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3. —

Quid, with particles:

quid, quod?

what shall be said to this, that? how is it that? and furthermore, moreover, Cic. Sen. 23, 83; id. Off. 3, 25, 94; id. Ac. 2, 29, 95 et saep.:

quid ita?

why so? id. N. D. 1, 35, 99: quid ni, also in one word, quidni? why not? (in rhet. questions, while cur non expects an answer); always with subj., Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 34; Cic. de Or. 2, 67, 73; Sen. Tranq. 9, 3; id. Ira, 1, 6, 1; cf.

separated: quid ego ni teneam?

Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 57; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 28;

and pleonastically: quid ni non,

Sen. Ep. 52: quid si? how if? Caecin. ap. Cic. Fam. 6, 7, 4:

quid si illud addimus,

Cic. Lael. 14, 50:

quid tum?

what then? how then? id. Tusc. 2, 11, 26; Verg. A. 4, 543; id. E. 10, 38; Hor. S. 2, 3, 230:

quid ergo, ironically,

Caes. B. G. 7, 77; Cic. Fam. 9, 15, 14:

quid enim,

id. Fin. 2, 19, 62; Liv. 20, 9.—

In indirect discourse:

quis sim, ex eo quem ad te misi, cognosces,

Sall. C. 44, 5:

rogitat quis vir esset,

Liv. 1, 7, 9:

videbis, quid et quo modo,

Cic. Att. 11, 21, 1: quis quem, who... whom? who... the other? considera, quis quem fraudasse dicatur, who is said to have defrauded whom? id. Rosc. Com. 7, 21:

quos autem numeros cum quibus misceri oporteat, nunc dicendum est,

what... with what? id. Or. 58, 196:

notatum in sermone, quid quo modo caderet,

Quint. 1, 6, 16. — Quid with gen.:

exponam vobis breviter, quid hominis sit,

what sort of a man he is, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 54, § 134:

sciturum, quid ejus sit,

what there is in it, how much of it may be true, id. Att. 16, 4, 3.— Rarely for uter, which of two, whether:

incerti quae pars sequenda esset,

Liv. 21, 39, 6:

proelia de occupando ponte crebra erant, nec qui potirentur, satis discerni poterat,

id. 7, 9, 7:

ut dii legerent, qui nomen novae urbi daret,

id. 1, 6, 4 Weissenb. ad loc.; id. 1, 24, 3; 9, 45, 8; 10, 12, 5; cf.: validior per Germaniam exercitus, propior aput Pannoniam;

quos igitur anteferret?

Tac. A. 1, 47.

quis, quid, pron. indef.

As subst.

Alone, any one, any body, any thing; some one, somebody, something:

aperite, heus! Simoni me adesse, quis nunciate,

Plaut. Ps. 5, 1, 37:

simplicior quis, et est, etc.,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 63:

quantum quis damni professus erat,

Tac. A. 2, 26:

quanto quis clarior,

id. H. 3, 58:

injuriam cui facere,

Cic. Fin. 3, 21, 71.—

In connection with si, ne, nisi, cum:

si te in judicium quis adducat,

Cic. Phil. 2, 14, 35:

ne cui falso assentiamur,

id. Fin. 3, 21, 72:

si tecum agas quid,

id. Off. 1, 2, 4:

si quid in te peccavi ignosce,

id. Att. 3, 15, 4:

si quis quid de re publicā rumore acceperit,

Caes. B. G. 6, 20:

si quo usui esse posset,

Liv. 40, 26, 8:

ne quid nimis,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 34:

nisi quid existimas, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 73, 2:

neve quis invitam cogeret esse suam,

Prop. 1, 3, 30:

cum quid,

Col. 4, 25.—

As adj.:

jam quis forsitan hostis Haesura in nostro tela gerit latere,

Tib. 1, 10, 13.

quīs, for quibus, v. quis and qui.

tollo, sustŭli, sublātum, 3, v. a. ( perf. tollit, Pers. 4, 2:

tollisse,

Dig. 46, 4, 13) [root Sanscr. tul-, tulajāmi, lift up, weigh; Gr. tal-, tel, in tlênai, talanton; cf.: tuli, tlātus (latus), tolerare], to lift or take up, to raise, always with the predom. idea of motion upwards or of removal from a former situation.

To lift up, raise up, elevate, exalt, etc. (syn.: effero, elevo).

Lit.

In gen.: unus erit quem tu tolles in caerula caeli templa, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 6 Müll. (Ann. v. 66 Vahl.): pileum ad caelum tollit, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Non. 220, 15:

fulgor ibi ad caelum se tollit,

Lucr. 2, 325;

for which also: aliquem tollere in caelum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 10, 24:

quem (Herculem) in caelum ista ipsa sustulit fortitudo,

id. Tusc. 4, 22, 50; id. Rep. 1, 16, 25:

tollam ego ted in collum,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 42:

Phaëthon optavit, ut in currum patris tolleretur: sublatus est,

Cic. Off. 3, 25, 94; cf. id. N. D. 3, 31, 76:

aliquem in equum,

id. Deiot. 10, 28:

quos in crucem sustulit,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 3, § 7:

aliquem in crucem,

id. ib. 2, 1, 5, §

13: aquila in sublime sustulit testudinem,

Phaedr. 2, 6, 4:

in arduos Tollor Sabinos,

Hor. C. 3, 4, 22 et saep.:

ut me hic jacentem aliquis tollat,

Plaut. Ps. 5, 1, 2; so,

jacentes,

id. Most. 1, 4, 17: mulum suum tollebat Fufius, lifted up, raised up, Varr. ap. Plin. 7, 20, 19, § 83:

nequeo caput tollere,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 45:

sustulimus manus et ego et Balbus,

Cic. Fam. 7, 5, 2:

manus,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 3, § 5:

gradum,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 6: scorpius caudā sublatā, Lucil. ap. Non. 385, 31:

lubrica convolvit sublato pectore terga (coluber),

Verg. A. 2, 474:

terrā,

Ov. M. 15, 192:

de terrā,

Cic. Caecin. 21, 60:

se tollere a terrā,

id. Tusc. 5, 13, 37:

ignis e speculā sublatus,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 35, § 93.—

In partic.

Tollere liberos, to take up, i. e. to accept, acknowledge; and so, to raise up, bring up, educate as one's own (from the custom of laying new-born children on the ground at the father's feet; cf.

suscipio): quod erit natum, tollito,

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 3:

puerum,

id. Men. prol. 33; Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 21, 42 (Trag. v. 67 Vahl.):

natum filium,

Quint. 4, 2, 42:

nothum,

id. 3, 6, 97:

puellam,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 15; cf. id. And. 1, 3, 14.—Also of the mother:

si quod peperissem, id educarem ac tollerem,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 45.—

Transf., in gen., to get, beget a child:

qui ex Fadiā sustulerit liberos,

Cic. Phil. 13, 10, 23:

decessit morbo aquae intercutis, sublato filio Nerone ex Agrippinā,

Suet. Ner. 5 fin. —

Nautical t. t.: tollere ancoras, to lift the anchor, weigh anchor; esp. in part. pass.:

sublatis ancoris,

Caes. B. G. 4, 23; id. B. C. 1, 31; Liv. 22, 19, 6. —

Transf. out of the nautical sphere, to break up, proceed:

si vultis ancoras tollere,

Varr. R. R. 3, 17, 1.—

To build, raise, erect:

tollam altius tectum,

Cic. Har. Resp. 15, 33:

si juxta habeas aedificia, eaque jure tuo altius tollas,

Dig. 39, 2, 26.—

To take on board, carry, of vessels or vehicles:

navem, metretas quae trecentas tolleret, parasse,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 75:

naves, quae equites sustulerant,

Caes. B. G. 4, 28:

altera navis ducentos ex legione tironum sustulerat,

id. B. C. 3, 28;

Auct. B. Afr. 54: tollite me, Teucri,

Verg. A. 3, 601:

ut se sublatum in lembum ad Cotym deveheret,

Liv. 45, 6, 2:

Maecenas me tollere raedā vellet,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 42:

Talem te Bacchus... sustulit in currus,

Ov. A. A. 3, 157. —

Trop.

To raise, lift, lift up, elevate, set up, etc.: tollitur in caelum clamor exortus utrimque, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 422 Vahl.):

clamorem in caelum,

Verg. A. 11, 745:

clamores ad sidera,

id. ib. 2, 222; cf.:

clamor magnus se tollit ad auras,

rises, id. ib. 11, 455:

clamor a vigilibus tollitur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 43, § 94:

clamorem,

Flor. 3, 8, 6:

cachinnum,

Cic. Fat. 5, 10:

risum,

Hor. A. P. 381: litterulae meae tui desiderio oblanguerunt: hac tamen epistulā oculos paulum sustulerunt, have opened [p. 1877] their eyes again, have reanimated them, Cic. Fam. 16, 10, 2.—Esp. with animos: ne in secunda tollere animos et in mala demittere, to elevate, Lucil. ap. Non. 286, 6:

animos,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 8, 10; Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 57:

animos alicui,

to raise, excite, animate, Liv. 3, 67, 6:

nec dubium est quin omnis Hispania sublatura animos fuerit,

id. 35, 1, 3;

opp. abicere animos,

Sen. Ben. 3, 28, 7:

aliquid dicendo augere et tollere altius (opp. extenuare et abicere),

Cic. de Or. 3, 26, 104:

ad caelum te tollimus verissimis ac justissimis laudibus,

id. Fam. 15, 9, 1:

monumentum illud, quod tu tollere laudibus solebas,

id. Att. 4, 16, 8 (14):

nostras laudes in astra,

id. ib. 2, 25, 1:

Daphnim tuum ad astra,

Verg. E. 5, 51:

tergeminis tollere honoribus,

Hor. C. 1, 1, 8:

vos Tempe tollite laudibus,

id. ib. 1, 21, 9 (cf. also Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 20, 1; v. infra, II. A. 2.):

supra modum se tollens oratio,

Quint. 4, 2, 61; cf.:

se eadem geometria tollit ad rationem usque mundi,

id. 1, 10, 46; 1, 2, 26:

amicum Tollere (i. q. consolari),

to cheer up, console, Hor. S. 2, 8, 61.—

To take on one, assume, bear, endure:

providere non solum quid oneris in praesentia tollant,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 1, § 1:

at Apollodorus poenas sustulit,

id. N. D. 3, 33, 82. —

To take up a thing from its place, to take away, remove, to bear or carry away, make way with, take away with one (syn.: aufero, adimo).

Lit.

In gen.:

frumentum de areā,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 36:

solem e mundo tollere videntur, qui amicitiam e vitā tollunt,

id. Lael. 13, 47:

ut aliquis nos deus ex hac hominum frequentiā tolleret,

id. ib. 23, 87:

simulacra ex delubris,

id. Div. in Caecil. 1, 3; so,

pecunias e fano,

Caes. B. C. 3, 105:

sphaeram ex urbe (Syracusis),

Cic. Rep. 1, 14, 21:

praedam,

Caes. B. G. 7, 14:

posita,

id. ib. 6, 17:

patinam,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 80; cf.:

his sublatis,

id. ib. 2, 8, 10:

mensam tolli jubet,

Cic. Pis. 27, 67:

me per hostes Denso paventem sustulit aëre,

Hor. C. 2, 7, 14:

jubet sublata reponi Pocula,

Verg. A. 8, 175:

cuncta,

id. ib. 8, 439:

tecum me tolle per undas,

id. ib. 6, 370:

me quoque tolle simul,

Ov. M. 11, 441:

tollite me, Libyes, comitem poenaeque necisque,

Sil. 6, 500.—

In partic.

Pregn., to take off, carry off, make away with, to kill, destroy, ruin, etc.:

aliquem de medio,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 7, 20:

aliquem e medio,

Liv. 24, 6, 1:

aliquem ferro, veneno,

Cic. N. D. 3, 33, 81:

Titanas fulmine (Juppiter),

Hor. C. 3, 4, 44: quem febris una potuit tollere, Lucil. ap. Non. 406, 25:

me truncus illapsus cerebro Sustulerat, nisi, etc.,

Hor. C. 2, 17, 28:

tollet anum vitiato melle cicuta,

id. S. 2, 1, 56:

sorbitio tollit quem dira cicutae,

Pers. 4, 2:

majores nostri Carthaginem et Numantiam funditus sustulerunt,

laid waste, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 35:

ademptus Hector Tradidit fessis leviora tolli Pergama Graiis,

Hor. C. 2, 4, 11.—In a play with I. B. supra: te dixisse, laudandum adulescentem (Caesarem), ornandum, tollendum, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 20, 1; cf.:

se non esse commissurum, ut tolli posset,

id. ib. 11, 20, 1.—

Milit. t. t.: tollere signa, to break up for marching, to decamp, Caes. B. C. 2, 20; Auct. B. Alex. 57, 1.—

Trop., to do away with, remove; to abolish, annul, abrogate, cancel (very freq., esp. in Cic.;

syn.: oblittero, aboleo): rei memoriam tollere ac delere,

Cic. Quint. 21, 70; cf.

metum,

id. Rosc. Am. 2, 6:

sublatā benevolentiā amicitiae nomen tollitur,

id. Lael. 5, 19; cf.:

maximum ornamentum amicitiae tollit, qui ex eā tollit verecundiam,

id. ib. 22, 82:

dubitationem,

id. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

errorem,

id. ib. 1, 24, 38:

librariorum menda,

id. Att. 13, 23, 2:

ut id nomen ex omnibus libris tollatur,

id. ib. 13, 44, 3:

legem,

id. Leg. 2, 12, 31:

veteres leges novis legibus,

id. de Or. 1, 58, 247:

dictaturam funditus ex re publicā,

id. Phil. 1, 1, 3:

sublato Areopago,

id. Rep. 1, 27, 43:

deos,

to deny the existence of, id. N. D. 1, 30, 85; id. Ac. 2, 11, 33:

diem,

to consume in speechmaking, id. Leg. 3, 18, 40; id. Dom. 17, 45:

morbus facile tollitur,

is removed, Cels. 2, 14; 4, 18; so,

dolores et tumores,

Plin. 26, 12, 75, § 122:

foeditates cicatricum maculasque,

id. 33, 6, 35, § 110:

muliebrem luctum,

Hor. Epod. 16, 39:

querelas,

id. Ep. 1, 12, 3.—Hence,

sublātus

, a, um, P. a. (acc. to I. B.), elated, proud, haughty (rare):

quo proelio sublati Helvetii,

Caes. B. G. 1, 15:

hac victoriā,

id. ib. 5, 38: quibus omnibus rebus, id. B. C. 2, 37:

rebus secundis,

Verg. A. 10, 502:

gloriā,

Tac. A. 13, 11 et saep.:

fidens magis et sublatior ardet,

Ov. Hal. 54. — Adv.:

sublātē

, highly, loftily. *

Lit.:

Nilus diebus centum sublatius fluens, minuitur postea,

higher, Amm. 22, 15, 12. —

Trop.:

sublate ampleque dicere (opp. attenuate presseque),

loftily, with elevation, Cic. Brut. 55, 201:

sublatius dicere,

more proudly, id. Dom. 36, 95:

sublatius insolescentes,

Amm. 15, 12, 1.

ἄρᾰ, [dialect] Ep. [full] ῥά (which is enclitic and used after monosyllables, ἦ, ὅς, γάρ, etc., or words ending in a vowel or diphthong, e.g. ἐπεί), before a consonant [full] ἄρ (perh. cf. Lith.

A i[rtilde] 'and'): expressing consequence, then, or mere succession, there and then, and in many derived uses.

A EARLIER USAGE: to denote,

I immediate transition, there and then, straightway,

ὣς φάτο βῆ δ' ἄρ' Ὄνειρος Il.2.16

: after a part.,

ὣς εἰπὼν κατ' ἄρ' ἕζετο 1.68

, al.;

πυθόμενος.. εἶπε ἄ. Hdt.4.134

, cf. 9.9;

ἐρωτώσης τῆς μητρὸς ἀπεκρίνατο ἄρα X.Cyr.1.3.2

; with other Particles, δέ, ἦ, ὡς, etc., cf. ὁ δὲ Ἀστυάγης ἄ. εἶπεν ib.4.10: also after Advbs. of Time, τότε δή ῥα, τῆμος ἄρα, etc.;

οὕτως ἄρα Pl.Phdr. 259b

; often in apodosi, as

αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ θηήσατο.. αὐτίκ' ἄρ' ἤλυθεν Od.5.77

; repeated

τὼ μὲν ἄρ'.. κεῖντο ἡ δ' ἄρ'.. ἀγόρευε Il.21.426

: in enumerations, e. g. in Homer's catalogue, then, next,

οἱ δ' ἄρ' Ἀθήνας εἶχον 2.546

; so in genealogies,

Σίσυφος.. ὁ δ' ἄ. Γλαῦκον τέκεθ' υἱόν 6.154

.

2 to draw attention, mark you!

τὸν τρεῖς μὲν ἐπιρρήσσεσκον.. τῶν ἄλλων Ἀχιλεὺς δ' ἄρ' ἐπιρρήσσεσκε καὶ οἶος 24.456

; with imper.,

ἀλλ' ἄγε δὴ κατ' ἄρ' ἕζευ 24.522

: to point a moral or general statement,

φευγόντων δ' οὔτ' ἂρ κλέος ὄρνυται οὔτε τις ἀλκή 5.532

.

II connexion, such as,

1 that of antecedent and consequent,

οἰνοχόει.. ἄσβεστος δ' ἄρ' ἐνῶρτο γέλως 1.599

, cf. 24.507;

τοὔνεκ' ἄρ' ἄλγε' ἔδωκε 1.96

; freq. with οὕνεκα in protasi, 7.140, al.: also in questions, τίς τ' ἄρ τῶν ὄχ' ἄριστος ἔην; who then (say you) was.. ? 2.761: with demonstr. Pronoun in recapitulation, ἀλλ' υἱὸν Πριάμοιο.. τόν ῥ' Ὀδυσεὺς βάλε he it was, whom.., 4.501: freq. in such phrases as

ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας 2.35

, al.;

ὣς ἄρ' ἔφη 1.584

, al.;

ἦ ῥα 3.355

, al., thus, then he spoke.—This usage is universal in Greek.

2 explanation of that which precedes, χωόμενον κατὰ θυμὸν ἐϋζώνοιο γυναικὸς τήν ῥα.. ἀπηύρων whom ( and for this cause he was angry) they had taken away, 1.429; εἰ μὴ ὑπερφίαλον ἔπος ἔκβαλε.. φῆ ῥ' ἀέκητι θεῶν φυγέειν for he said, Od.4.504: freq. with οὕνεκα; so with relatives, ἐκ δ' ἔθορε κλῆρος ὃν ἄρ' ἤθελον αὐτοί the very one which.., Il.7.182.

B LATER USAGE, always with inferential force: 1. in drawing conclusions (more subjective than οὖν)

, ἄριστον ἄ. ἡ εὐδαιμονία Arist.EN 1099a24

;

δῆλον ἄ. Id.Pol. 1295b33

; in pseudo-syllogistic conclusions, Id.SE 174b11, Rh. 1401a3, al.: esp. by way of informal inference, as it seems,

οὐκ ἄ. σοί γε πατὴρ ἦν Πηλεύς Il.16.33

;

οὐδ' ἄ. πως ἦν ἐν πάντεσσ' ἔργοισι δαήμονα φῶτα γενέσθαι 23.670

;

μάτην ἄρ', ὡς ἔοικεν, ἥκομεν S.El. 772

; οὕτω κοινόν τι ἄ. χαρᾷ καὶ λύπῃ δάκρυά ἐστιν so true is it that.., X.HG7.1.32;

πολὺ γὰρ ἀμείνων ἄ. ὁ τοῦ ἀδίκου ἢ ὁ τοῦ δικαίου βίος Pl.R. 358c

;

ἦν ἄ. πυρός γ' ἕτερα.. θερμότερα Ar.Eq. 382

;

ὦ τλῆμον ἀρετή, λόγος ἄρ' ἦσθα Trag.Adesp.374

; so in announcing the discovery or correction of an error, as οὐκ ἐννενοήκαμεν ὅτι εἰσὶν ἄ. .. Pl.R. 375d; φαίνεται πρὸ ποδῶν ἡμῖν κυλινδεῖσθαι καὶ οὐχ ἑωρῶμεν ἄρ' αὐτό ib. 432d; εἰκότως ἄ. οὐκ ἐγίγνετο· ὡς γὰρ ἐγὼ νῦν πυνθάνομαι.. X.An.2.2.3.

2 in questions, expressing the anxiety of the questioner, τίς ἄ. ῥύσεται; who is there to save ? A.Th.92; so in exclamations to heighten the expression of emotion, οἵαν ἄρ' ἥβην.. ἀπώλεσεν what a band of youth was that.. ! Id.Pers. 733; so ὡς ἄρα ib. 472, S.Fr. 577;

τί μ' ἄ. τί μ' ὀλέκεις; Id.Ant. 1285

;

τί οὖν.. ἄ. X.Oec.6.2

; πῶς ἄ.; οὕτως ἄ., etc.; ἄ. alone,

ἔζης ἄ. S.Fr. 686

: esp. in ironical comments, Ar.Av. 476, 1371, etc.

3 epexegetic, namely, ἐρῶ, ὡς ἄ. .. Pl.Tht. 152d, cf. 156e.

4 for τοι ἄρα, τἄρα, v. sub τοι 11.2.

5 εἰ (or ἐάν) μὴ ἄ. unless perhaps, Pl.Ap. 38b, D.58.4; separated from εἰ μή, Id.9.20; with irony,

εἰ μὴ ἄ. ἡ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐπιμέλεια διαφθορά ἐστιν X.Mem.1.2.8

.

6 in hypothetical clauses, to indicate the improbability of the supposition,

ἢν ἄ. ποτὲ κατὰ γῆν βιασθῶσιν Th.1.93

, etc.; or simply, perhaps (sts. separated from εἰ)

, εἴ τις οὖν ὑμῶν ἄ... ὑπελάμβανεν D.21.8

;

εἴ τις ἰδίᾳ τινὰ δεδιὼς ἄ. ἀπρόθυμός ἐστιν Th.4.86

.

C IN CRASIS, freq. τἄρα, μεντἄρα, οὐτἄρα: also δήξομἄρα for δήξομαι ἄ., Ar.Ach. 325; οἰμώξετἄρα, κλαύσἄρα, Id.Th. 248, Pax 532: also in Trag., E.Hyps.Fr.34.86.

D ἄρα never stands first in the sentence in Classical Greek (Arist.Mech. 851a22 is corrupt), but is found at the beginning of an apodosis in Ev.Matt.12.28, Ep.Rom.10.17, and first in a sentence, Ev.Luc.11.48, Vett.Val.305.20; in conclusion of syllogism, Herm. ap.Stob.3.11.31.

SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology

[br]

[br]

[br]

He was the youngest of the three children of Dr Arthur Young, who was at one time Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons. He learned Latin and Greek at Lavenham School, and at the age of 17 was apprenticed to a mercantile house, an occupation he disliked. He first published The Theatre of the Present War in North America in 1758. He then wrote four novels and began to produce the literary magazine The Universal Museum. After his father's death he returned home to manage his father's farm, and in 1765 he married Martha Allen.

Young learned farming by experiment, and three years after his return he took over the rent of a 300 acre farm, Samford Hall in Essex. He was not a practical farmer, and was soon forced to give it up in favour of one of 100 acres (40.5 hectares) in Hertfordshire. He subsidized his farming with his writing, and in 1768 published The Farmer's Letters to the People of England. The first of his books on agricultural tours, Six Weeks Tours through the Counties of England and Wales, was published in 1771. Between 1784 and 1809 he published the Annals of Agriculture, one of whose contributors was George III, who wrote under the pseudonym of Ralph Robinson.

By this time he was corresponding with all of influence in agricultural matters, both at home and abroad. George Washington wrote frequently to Young, and George III was reputed to travel always with a copy of his book. The Empress of Russia sent students to him and had his Tours published in Russian. Young made three trips to France in 1787, 1788 and 1789–90 respectively, prior to and during the French Revolution, and his Travels in France (1792) is a remarkable account of that period, made all the more fascinating by his personal contact with people differing as widely as Mirabeau, the French revolutionary leader, and King Louis XVI.

Unfortunately, in 1811 an unsuccessful cataract operation left him blind, and he moved from London to his native Bradford, where he remained until his death.

[br]

commentor, ātus sum, 1, v. freq. dep. [comminiscor].

Prop., to consider thoroughly, meditate, think over, study, deliberate, weigh, prepare one ' s self mentally, etc. (class.).

Ingen.

Absol.:

ut cito commentatus est,

i. e. has made up a story, Plaut. Cas. 2, 3, 27:

cum in hortos D. Bruti auguris commentandi causā convenissemus,

deliberation, Cic. Lael. 2, 7:

magi, qui congregantur in fano commentandi causā,

id. Div. 1, 41, 90.—

With acc.:

te ipsum, qui multos annos nihil aliud commentaris, docebo quid sit humaniter vivere,

Cic. Fam. 7, 1, 5:

commentari aliquid et discere,

id. Fin. 5, 15, 42: futuras mecum commentabar miserias, id. poët. Tusc. 3, 14, 29.—

With interrog. clause:

ut commentemur inter nos, quā ratione nobis traducendum sit hoc tempus,

Cic. Fam. 4, 6, 3.—

With de:

multos mensis de populi Romani libertate,

Cic. Phil. 3, 14, 36.—

In partic.

Of the orator's preparation for a speech (freq. and class.).

Absol.:

ad quem paratus venerat, cum in villā Metelli compluris dies commentatus esset,

Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 1: itaque videas barbato rostro eum commentari, Varr. ap. Non. p. 455, 19:

crebro digitorum labrorumque motu commentari,

Quint. 11, 3, 160.—

With acc.:

ut quae secum commentatus esset, ea sine scripto redderet eisdem verbis quibus cogitasset,

Cic. Brut. 88, 301:

quae mihi iste visus est ex aliā oratione declamare, quam in alium reum commentaretur,

id. Rosc. Am. 29, 82.—

Of writings, to prepare, produce as the result of study, write (rare):

quorum alter commentatus est mimos,

Cic. Phil. 6, 13:

eo ipso anno cum commentaremur haec,

Plin. 18, 25, 57, § 209: Cato de militari disciplinā commentans, id. praef. § 30.— With acc., to discuss, write upon:

neque commentari quae audierat fas erat,

Gell. 1, 9, 4; cf.:

carmina legendo commentando, que etiam ceteris nota facere,

Suet. Gram. 2.—

Transf.

Of the oratorical student's practice in speaking (always with reference to the mental exertion and preparation; cf. Jan. ad Cic. Brut. 22, 87):

commentabar declamitans, sic enim nunc loquuntur, saepe cum M. Pisone,

Cic. Brut. 90, 310:

exisse eo colore et eis oculis, ut egisse causam, non commentatum putares,

id. ib. 22, 87 fin.:

magister hic Samnitium summā jam senectute est et cottidie commentatur,

id. de Or. 3, 23, 86 Sorof ad loc.—

Hence, as a modest expression for a speaker's effort, to experiment in speaking, attempt to speak:

satisne vobis videor pro meo jure in vestris auribus commentatus?

Cic. Fin. 5, 25, 75 Orell. and Madv. ad loc.—

To imitate, adopt the language of another:

Achilem Aristarchi mihi commentari lubet,

Plaut. Poen. prol. 1.—

To meditate, purpose:

si cogitaras id, quod illa tropaea plena dedecoris et risūs te commentatum esse declarant,

Cic. Pis. 40, 97.

commentor, ōris, m. [comminiscor], one who devises or invents something, an inventor:

uvae, i. e. Bacchus,

Ov. F. 3, 785: fraudis, Auct. Ep. Iliad. 579: machinarius, a machinist, Scl. 5, § 13 Momms. (al. commentator).

stŭdĭōsus, a, um, adj. [studium], eager, zealous, assiduous, anxious after any thing, fond or studious of any thing.

In gen.

With gen. (most freq.):

venandi aut pilae studiosi,

Cic. Lael. 20, 74:

nemorum caedisque ferinae,

Ov. M. 7, 675:

placendi,

id. A. A. 3, 423:

culinae aut Veneris,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 80:

florum,

id. C. 3, 27, 29:

dicendi,

Cic. de Or. 1, 59, 251; Quint. 2, 13, 1:

eloquentiae,

id. 5, 10, 122:

summe omnium doctrinarum,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

musices,

Quint. 1, 10, 12:

sapientiae,

id. 3, prooem. § 2;

12, 1, 19: sermonis,

id. 10, 1, 114:

juris,

occupied with, studious of, the law, Suet. Ner. 32.— Comp.:

ille restituendi mei quam retinendi studiosior,

Cic. Att. 8, 3, 3.— Sup.:

munditiarum lautitiarumque studiosissimus,

Suet. Caes. 46:

aleae,

Aur. Vict. Epit. 1.—

With dat.:

nisi adulterio, studiosus rei nulli aliae,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 206:

armorum quam conviviorum apparatibus studiosior,

Just. 9, 8, 4.—

With ad:

studiosiores ad opus,

Varr. R. R. 1, 17, 7.—

With in:

in argento,

Petr. 52, 1.—

Absol.:

homo valde studiosus ac diligens,

Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 98:

putavi mihi suscipiendum laborem utilem studiosis,

id. Opt. Gen. 5, 13:

aliquid studioso animo inchoare,

Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 9.—

In partic.

Zealous for any one, i. e. partial, friendly, attached, devoted to him (class.; esp. freq. in Cic.): omnem omnibus studiosis ac fautoribus illius victoriae parrêsian eripui, Cic. Att. 1, 16, 8:

mei studiosos habeo Dyrrhachinos,

id. ib. 3, 22, 4:

sui,

id. Brut. 16, 64:

nobilitatis,

id. Ac. 2, 40, 125:

studiosa Pectora,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 91.— Comp.:

studiosior alterius partis,

Suet. Tib. 11 med.:

te studiosiorem in me colendo fore,

Cic. Fam. 5, 19, 1.— Sup.:

hunc cum ejus studiosissimo Pammene,

Cic. Or. 30, 105:

existimationis meae studiosissimus,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 117:

studiosissimum Platonis auditorem fuisse,

Tac. Or. 32.—

Devoted to study or learning, learned, studious (not anteAug.; in Cic. always with gen.: litterarum, doctrinarum, etc.; v. supra, I. a, and cf. studeo, II. B.):

quid studiosa cohors operum struit?

Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 6:

ipse est studiosus, litteratus, etiam disertus,

Plin. Ep. 6, 26, 1:

juvenis studiosus alioquin,

Quint. 10, 3, 32.— Transf., of things:

studiosa disputatio,

a learned disputation, Quint. 11, 1, 70:

otium,

Plin. Ep. 1, 22, 11.— Plur. subst.: stŭdĭōsi, ōrum, m., studious men, the learned, students, Cic. Opt. Gen. 5, 13; Quint. 2, 10, 5; 10, 1, 45; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 11; 4, 28, 2.—Also, sing.: Stŭdĭōsus, i, m., The Student, the title of a work of the elder Pliny, Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 5.—Hence, adv.: stŭ-dĭōsē, eagerly, zealously, anxiously, carefully, studiously (freq. and class.):

texentem telam studiose offendimus,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 44:

cum studiose pila luderet,

Cic. de Or. 2, 62, 253:

libenter studioseque audire,

id. Div. in Caecil. 12, 39; cf. Tac. Or. 2:

aliquid studiose diligenterque curare,

Cic. Att. 16, 16, A, §

7: studiose discunt, diligenter docentur,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 3, 1:

aliquid investigare,

id. Rep. 1, 11, 17:

studiose cavendum est,

id. Lael. 26, 99.— Comp.:

ego cum antea studiose commendabam Marcilium, tum multo nunc studiosius, quod, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 54; Quint. 3, 1, 15; 3, 6, 61; Ov. M. 5, 578; Nep. Ages. 3, 2; Col. 8, 11, 2; Just. 43, 3, 5 al.— Sup.:

aliquid studiosissime quaerere,

Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Off. 3, 28, 101; Plin. Ep. 4, 26, 1; Suet. Calig. 54; id. Aug. 45.

stŭdĭōsus, a, um, adj. [studium], eager, zealous, assiduous, anxious after any thing, fond or studious of any thing.

In gen.

With gen. (most freq.):

venandi aut pilae studiosi,

Cic. Lael. 20, 74:

nemorum caedisque ferinae,

Ov. M. 7, 675:

placendi,

id. A. A. 3, 423:

culinae aut Veneris,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 80:

florum,

id. C. 3, 27, 29:

dicendi,

Cic. de Or. 1, 59, 251; Quint. 2, 13, 1:

eloquentiae,

id. 5, 10, 122:

summe omnium doctrinarum,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

musices,

Quint. 1, 10, 12:

sapientiae,

id. 3, prooem. § 2;

12, 1, 19: sermonis,

id. 10, 1, 114:

juris,

occupied with, studious of, the law, Suet. Ner. 32.— Comp.:

ille restituendi mei quam retinendi studiosior,

Cic. Att. 8, 3, 3.— Sup.:

munditiarum lautitiarumque studiosissimus,

Suet. Caes. 46:

aleae,

Aur. Vict. Epit. 1.—

With dat.:

nisi adulterio, studiosus rei nulli aliae,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 206:

armorum quam conviviorum apparatibus studiosior,

Just. 9, 8, 4.—

With ad:

studiosiores ad opus,

Varr. R. R. 1, 17, 7.—

With in:

in argento,

Petr. 52, 1.—

Absol.:

homo valde studiosus ac diligens,

Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 98:

putavi mihi suscipiendum laborem utilem studiosis,

id. Opt. Gen. 5, 13:

aliquid studioso animo inchoare,

Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 9.—

In partic.

Zealous for any one, i. e. partial, friendly, attached, devoted to him (class.; esp. freq. in Cic.): omnem omnibus studiosis ac fautoribus illius victoriae parrêsian eripui, Cic. Att. 1, 16, 8:

mei studiosos habeo Dyrrhachinos,

id. ib. 3, 22, 4:

sui,

id. Brut. 16, 64:

nobilitatis,

id. Ac. 2, 40, 125:

studiosa Pectora,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 91.— Comp.:

studiosior alterius partis,

Suet. Tib. 11 med.:

te studiosiorem in me colendo fore,

Cic. Fam. 5, 19, 1.— Sup.:

hunc cum ejus studiosissimo Pammene,

Cic. Or. 30, 105:

existimationis meae studiosissimus,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 117:

studiosissimum Platonis auditorem fuisse,

Tac. Or. 32.—

Devoted to study or learning, learned, studious (not anteAug.; in Cic. always with gen.: litterarum, doctrinarum, etc.; v. supra, I. a, and cf. studeo, II. B.):

quid studiosa cohors operum struit?

Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 6:

ipse est studiosus, litteratus, etiam disertus,

Plin. Ep. 6, 26, 1:

juvenis studiosus alioquin,

Quint. 10, 3, 32.— Transf., of things:

studiosa disputatio,

a learned disputation, Quint. 11, 1, 70:

otium,

Plin. Ep. 1, 22, 11.— Plur. subst.: stŭdĭōsi, ōrum, m., studious men, the learned, students, Cic. Opt. Gen. 5, 13; Quint. 2, 10, 5; 10, 1, 45; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 11; 4, 28, 2.—Also, sing.: Stŭdĭōsus, i, m., The Student, the title of a work of the elder Pliny, Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 5.—Hence, adv.: stŭ-dĭōsē, eagerly, zealously, anxiously, carefully, studiously (freq. and class.):

texentem telam studiose offendimus,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 44:

cum studiose pila luderet,

Cic. de Or. 2, 62, 253:

libenter studioseque audire,

id. Div. in Caecil. 12, 39; cf. Tac. Or. 2:

aliquid studiose diligenterque curare,

Cic. Att. 16, 16, A, §

7: studiose discunt, diligenter docentur,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 3, 1:

aliquid investigare,

id. Rep. 1, 11, 17:

studiose cavendum est,

id. Lael. 26, 99.— Comp.:

ego cum antea studiose commendabam Marcilium, tum multo nunc studiosius, quod, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 54; Quint. 3, 1, 15; 3, 6, 61; Ov. M. 5, 578; Nep. Ages. 3, 2; Col. 8, 11, 2; Just. 43, 3, 5 al.— Sup.:

aliquid studiosissime quaerere,

Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Off. 3, 28, 101; Plin. Ep. 4, 26, 1; Suet. Calig. 54; id. Aug. 45.

stŭdĭōsus, a, um, adj. [studium], eager, zealous, assiduous, anxious after any thing, fond or studious of any thing.

In gen.

With gen. (most freq.):

venandi aut pilae studiosi,

Cic. Lael. 20, 74:

nemorum caedisque ferinae,

Ov. M. 7, 675:

placendi,

id. A. A. 3, 423:

culinae aut Veneris,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 80:

florum,

id. C. 3, 27, 29:

dicendi,

Cic. de Or. 1, 59, 251; Quint. 2, 13, 1:

eloquentiae,

id. 5, 10, 122:

summe omnium doctrinarum,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

musices,

Quint. 1, 10, 12:

sapientiae,

id. 3, prooem. § 2;

12, 1, 19: sermonis,

id. 10, 1, 114:

juris,

occupied with, studious of, the law, Suet. Ner. 32.— Comp.:

ille restituendi mei quam retinendi studiosior,

Cic. Att. 8, 3, 3.— Sup.:

munditiarum lautitiarumque studiosissimus,

Suet. Caes. 46:

aleae,

Aur. Vict. Epit. 1.—

With dat.:

nisi adulterio, studiosus rei nulli aliae,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 206:

armorum quam conviviorum apparatibus studiosior,

Just. 9, 8, 4.—

With ad:

studiosiores ad opus,

Varr. R. R. 1, 17, 7.—

With in:

in argento,

Petr. 52, 1.—

Absol.:

homo valde studiosus ac diligens,

Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 98:

putavi mihi suscipiendum laborem utilem studiosis,

id. Opt. Gen. 5, 13:

aliquid studioso animo inchoare,

Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 9.—

In partic.

Zealous for any one, i. e. partial, friendly, attached, devoted to him (class.; esp. freq. in Cic.): omnem omnibus studiosis ac fautoribus illius victoriae parrêsian eripui, Cic. Att. 1, 16, 8:

mei studiosos habeo Dyrrhachinos,

id. ib. 3, 22, 4:

sui,

id. Brut. 16, 64:

nobilitatis,

id. Ac. 2, 40, 125:

studiosa Pectora,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 91.— Comp.:

studiosior alterius partis,

Suet. Tib. 11 med.:

te studiosiorem in me colendo fore,

Cic. Fam. 5, 19, 1.— Sup.:

hunc cum ejus studiosissimo Pammene,

Cic. Or. 30, 105:

existimationis meae studiosissimus,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 117:

studiosissimum Platonis auditorem fuisse,

Tac. Or. 32.—

Devoted to study or learning, learned, studious (not anteAug.; in Cic. always with gen.: litterarum, doctrinarum, etc.; v. supra, I. a, and cf. studeo, II. B.):

quid studiosa cohors operum struit?

Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 6:

ipse est studiosus, litteratus, etiam disertus,

Plin. Ep. 6, 26, 1:

juvenis studiosus alioquin,

Quint. 10, 3, 32.— Transf., of things:

studiosa disputatio,

a learned disputation, Quint. 11, 1, 70:

otium,

Plin. Ep. 1, 22, 11.— Plur. subst.: stŭdĭōsi, ōrum, m., studious men, the learned, students, Cic. Opt. Gen. 5, 13; Quint. 2, 10, 5; 10, 1, 45; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 11; 4, 28, 2.—Also, sing.: Stŭdĭōsus, i, m., The Student, the title of a work of the elder Pliny, Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 5.—Hence, adv.: stŭ-dĭōsē, eagerly, zealously, anxiously, carefully, studiously (freq. and class.):

texentem telam studiose offendimus,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 44:

cum studiose pila luderet,

Cic. de Or. 2, 62, 253:

libenter studioseque audire,

id. Div. in Caecil. 12, 39; cf. Tac. Or. 2:

aliquid studiose diligenterque curare,

Cic. Att. 16, 16, A, §

7: studiose discunt, diligenter docentur,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 3, 1:

aliquid investigare,

id. Rep. 1, 11, 17:

studiose cavendum est,

id. Lael. 26, 99.— Comp.:

ego cum antea studiose commendabam Marcilium, tum multo nunc studiosius, quod, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 54; Quint. 3, 1, 15; 3, 6, 61; Ov. M. 5, 578; Nep. Ages. 3, 2; Col. 8, 11, 2; Just. 43, 3, 5 al.— Sup.:

aliquid studiosissime quaerere,

Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Off. 3, 28, 101; Plin. Ep. 4, 26, 1; Suet. Calig. 54; id. Aug. 45.

στεῦμαι, Epic Verb, used by Hom. only in [ per.] 3sg. [tense] pres. and [tense] impf., στεῦται, στεῦτο, once by A. in [ per.] 3sg. στεῦται; [ per.] 1sg. στεῦμαι cj. for ὑπισχνοῦμαι in Orph.L.82, [ per.] 3pl. [tense] impf.

A

στεῦντο Maiist.60

:—In Il. always with inf. [tense] fut., make as if one would.., promise or threaten that one will..,

στεῦται γάρ τι ἔπος ἐρέειν Il.3.83

;

στεῦτο γὰρ εὐχόμενος νικησέμεν 2.597

;

στεῦται γὰρ νηῶν ἀποκόψειν ἄκρα κόρυμβα 9.241

;

στεῦτο γὰρ.. οἰσέμεν ἔντεα καλά 18.191

;

στεῦτο.. ἀπολεψέμεν οὔατα χαλκῷ 21.455

;

ἐμοί τε καὶ Ἥρῃ στεῦτ' ἀγορεύων Τρωσὶ μαχήσεσθαι 5.832

; once with inf. [tense] aor., στεῦται δ' Ὀδυσῆος ἀκοῦσαι declares he has heard of O., Od.17.525;

στεῦται.. ζυγὸν ἀμφιβαλεῖν δούλιον Ἑλλάδι A.Pers.49

(anap.); with inf. [tense] pres., στεῦται δ' Ἠελίου γόνος ἔμμεναι boasts that he is.., A.R.2.1204; with acc. and inf. [tense] pres., στεῦντο θεοπλήγεσσιν ἐοικότας εἰδώλοισιν ἔμμεναι ἢ λάεσσιν declared that they were.., Maiist. l.c.: abs. once in Od., στεῦτο δὲ διψάων, πιέειν δ' οὐκ εἶχεν ἑλέσθαι he made eager efforts in his thirst, 11.584. (Aristarch. seems to have connected it with ἵστημι: τὸ στεῦτο κατὰ διάνοιαν ὡρίζετο, οὐκ ἐπὶ τῆς τῶν ποδῶν στάσεως, Sch.Il.2.597, cf. Apollon. Lex., Hsch.: but more prob. στεῦτο (from Στεῦστο with dissimilation) corresponds to Ved. asto[snull ][tnull ]a 'solemnly proclaimed concerning himself', [ per.] 3sg. sigmatic [tense] aor. middle of stu-.)

ὑπέρ [ῠ], [dialect] Ep. also [full] ὑπείρ, used by Hom. (metri gr.) only in the phrase ὑπεὶρ ἅλα (v. ὑπείρ); Arc. [full] ὁπέρ (q. v.): in [dialect] Aeol. replaced by περί (v.

A

περί A.

V): Prep. governing gen. and acc., in Arc. also dat. (Cf. Skt. upaári 'above', Goth. ufar, OE. ofer 'over':—from it are formed the [comp] Comp. and [comp] Sup. ὑπέρτερος, -τατος, also Adv. ὕπερθεν, and Nouns ὑπέρα, ὕπερος.)

A WITH GENIT.,

I of Place, over;

1 in a state of rest, over, above, freq. in Hom.,

βάλε.. στέρνον ὑ. μαζοῖο Il.4.528

; χιτωνίσκους ἐνεδεδύκεσαν ὑ. γονάτων not reaching to the knees, X.An.5.4.13;

ἕστηκε.. ὅσον τ' ὄργυι' ὑ. αἴης Il.23.327

;

εἴθ' ὑ. γῆς, εἴτ' ἐπὶ γῆς, εἴθ' ὑπὸ γῆς Thphr.Ign.1

; στῆ δ' ἄρ' ὑ. κεφαλῆς stood over his head as he lay asleep, Il.2.20, Od.4.803, al.;

πασάων ὕ. ἥ γε κάρη ἔχει 6.107

;

ὑ. πόλιος, ὅθι Ἕρμαιος λόφος ἐστίν, ἦα 16.471

; ὑ. κεφαλῆς οἱ ἐγίνετο διεξελαύνοντι over head, i. e. over the gateway, Hdt.1.187;

ὑ. τῆς ὀροφῆς IG12.373.246

; ὑ. τοῦ ἀγάλματος ib.264;

ὄρος τὸ ὑ. Τεγέης Hdt.6.105

; τὰ ὑ. κεφαλῆς the higher ground, X.Ages.2.20; Ἰονίας ὑ. ἁλὸς οἰκέων on the Ionian sea, i.e. on its shores, Pi.N.7.65;

λιμὴν καὶ πόλις ὑ. αὐτοῦ κεῖται Th.1.46

, cf. 6.4, D.C.40.14: of relative geographical position, above, farther inland,

οἰκέοντες ὑ. Ἁλικαρνησσοῦ μεσόγαιαν Hdt.1.175

;

ἐξ Αἰθιοπίας τῆς ὑ. Αἰγύπτου Th.2.48

;

τοῖς ὑ. Χερρονήσου Θρᾳξίν X.An.2.6.2

;

ὑ. Μασσαλίας Plb.2.14.8

, cf. 5.73.3, al.: in Hellenistic Gr. the acc. is commoner in this sense, v. infr. B. I.

b of ships at sea, off a place, Th.1.112, 8.95;

ναυμαχίην τὴν ὑ. Μιλήτου γενομένην Hdt.6.25

; ὑ. τούτου (sc. Φαλήρου) ἀνακωχεύσαντες τὰς νέας ib. 116.

2 in a state of motion, over, across,

κῦμα νηὸς ὑ. τοίχων καταβήσεται Il.15.382

;

τὸν δ' ὑ. οὐδοῦ βάντα προσηύδα Od.17.575

;

πηδῶντος.. τάφρων ὕ. S.Aj. 1279

;

ὑ. θαλάσσης καὶ χθονὸς ποτωμένοις A.Ag. 576

; ἐκκυβιστᾶν ὑ. [ τῶν ξιφῶν] X.Smp.2.11.

3 over, beyond,

ἐν Κρήτῃ εὐρείῃ τηλοῦ ὑ. πόντου Od.13.257

.

II metaph., in defence of, on behalf of,

τεῖχος ἐτειχίσσαντο νεῶν ὕ. Il.7.449

;

ἑκατόμβην ῥέξαι ὑ. Δαναῶν 1.444

: generally, for the prosperity or safety of,

τὰ ἱερὰ ὑ. τῆς Εὐβοίας θῦσαι IG12.39.65

, cf. 45.5;

ἱερὰ θυόμενα ὑ. τῆς πόλεως X.Mem.2.2.13

;

ἐπιτελεῖν τὰς θυσίας ὑ. τε ὑμῶν καὶ τῶν τέκνων UPZ14.27

(ii B.C.); in dedications (always with reference to living persons),

Σμικύθη μ' ἀνέθηκεν.. εὐξαμένη.. ὑ. παίδων καὶ ἑαυτῆς IG12.524

, cf. 22.4403, 42(1).569 (Epid.);

Ἀρτέμιδι Σωτείρᾳ ὑ. βασιλέως Πτολεμαίου Ἐπικράτης Ἀθηναῖος OGI18

(Egypt, iii B. C.), cf. 365 (Amasia, ii B. C.), al.; ὑ. τῆς εἰς αἰῶνα διαμονῆς Ἀντωνείνου Καίσαρος ib.702.3 (Egypt, ii A.D.); ὑ. τῆς τύχης.. Ἀντωνείνου Σεβαστοῦ Εὐσεβοῦς ib.703.2 (Ptolemais, ii A.D.); ὑ. σωτηρίας τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν.. Ἀντωνείνου ib.706 (Egypt, ii/iii A. D.);

εὑδόντων ὕ. φρούρημα A.Eu. 705

; ὑ. τινὸς κινδυνεύειν, μάχεσθαι, βοηθεῖν, Th.2.20, Pl.Lg. 642c, X.An.3.5.6;

ἧς ἔθνῃσχ' ὕ. S.Tr. 708

;

ὑ. γῆς τῆς Ἀθηναίων ναυμαχέειν Hdt.8.70

;

ὑ. τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἀμῦναι Pl.Lg. 692d

; ἀμυνῶ ὑ. ἱερῶν καὶ ὁσίων Jusj. ap. Poll.8.105;

νῦν ὑ. πάντων ἀγών A.Pers. 405

;

ὑ. δόξης τελευτήσαντες D.23.210

, cf. Isoc.6.93; πάνθ' ὑ. ὑμῶν φανήσεται πράξας Χαβρίας, καὶ τὴν τελευτὴν αὐτὴν τοῦ βίου πεποιημένος οὐχ ὑ. ἄλλου τινός in your interests, D.20.80, cf. 83;

ὑ. τῆς Ἀσίας στρατηγήσας Isoc.4.154

; of things sought,

ὑ. τοῦ νεκροῦ ὠθισμὸς ἐγένετο πολύς Hdt.7.225

; ἀφίκετο ὑ. γενεᾶς, ὑ. φωνᾶς, ὑ. τοῦ θησαυροῦ, IG42 (1).121.10,42, 123.11 (Epid., iv B.C.);

γίνωσκέ με πεπορεῦσθαι εἰς Ἡρακλέους πόλιν ὑ. τῆς οἰκίας UPZ68.3

(ii B. C.); sts. even of the thing to be averted, ἱκέσιον λόχον δουλοσύνας ὕ. about slavery, A.Th. 111 (lyr.), cf. Aeschin.3.10.

2 for, instead of, in the name of, ὑ. ἑαυτοῦ τι προϊδεῖν on his own behalf, Th.1.141;

ὑ. τινὸς ἀποκρίνεσθαι Pl.R. 590a

;

προλέγειν X.An.7.7.3

;

ἐπεὶ οὖν σὺ σιωπᾷς, ἐγὼ λέξω καὶ ὑ. σοῦ καὶ ὑ. ἡμῶν Id.Cyr.3.3.14

, cf. S.El. 554; ὑ. Ζήνωνος πράσσων as Zeno's representative, PSI4.389.8 (iii B. C.);

ἔγραψεν ὑ. αὐτῶν διὰ τὸ φάσκειν αὐτοὺς μὴ εἰδέναι γράμματα PGrenf.2.17.9

(ii B. C.); θεάσασθε ὃν τρόπον ὑμεῖς ἐστρατηγηκότες πάντ' ἔσεσθ' ὑ. Φιλίππου as though by commission from P., D.3.6; so in other dialects c. acc., v. infr. B. v.

3 in adjurations, with verbs of entreaty, entreat one as representative of another, τῶν ὕ. ἐνθάδ' ἐγὼ γουνάζομαι οὐ παρεόντων, i. e. I entreat you as they would if they were here, Il.15.665, cf. 660; then more metaph., by, λίσσομ' ὑ. ψυχῆς ( as you value your life)

καὶ γούνων σῶν τε τοκήων 22.338

, cf. 24.466;

λίσσομ' ὑ. θυέων καὶ δαίμονος.. σῆς τ' αὐτοῦ κεφαλῆς καὶ ἑταίρων Od.15.261

;

λίσσου' ὑ. μακάρων σέο τ' αὐτῆς ἠδὲ τοκήων A.R.3.701

; ὑ. ξενίου λίσσεται ὔμμε Διός in the name of Zeus, AP7.499.2 (Theaet.); so [dialect] Aeol. περ (v.

περί A.

V).

4 of the cause or motive, for, because of, by reason of,

ἀλγέων ὕ. E.Supp. 1125

(lyr.);

ὑ. παθέων Id.Hipp. 159

(lyr.);

ἔριδος ὕ. Id.Andr. 490

(lyr.); of punishment or reward, for, on account of,

τοῖσιν ἄγουσιν κλαύμαθ' ὑπάρξει βραδυτῆτος ὕ. S.Ant. 932

(anap.), cf. Isoc.11.39, Lys.3.43, 4.20, 13.41,42, X.An.1.3.4; ἀτῆθθαι ὑ. τῶ πατρὸς τὰ πατρώϊα the father's property shall pay the fine for the father, Leg.Gort.11.42;

ἀποτεισάτω ὁ δεσπότης ὑ. τοῦ δούλου PHal. 1.198

(iii B. C.); τοῦτον (viz. a runaway slave)

ὃς ἂν ἀναγάγῃ, λήψεται ὅσα καὶ ὑ. τοῦ προγεγραμμένου UPZ121.24

(ii B. C.);

τὸ κατεσκευασμένον ὑ. τῆς ἡμετέρας σωτηρίας Ἰσιδεῖον

as a thank-offering for..,

Sammelb.3926.12

(i B. C.);

ὑ. ὧν ἐτιμήσαμεν αὐτοὺς ταῖς μεγίσταις τιμαῖς Isoc.9.57

;

ἀποδοῦναι χάριν ὑ. ὧν.. ἅπαντας ἀνθρώπους εὐεργέτησεν Id.4.56

; of payment,

ἡμιωβέλιον ὑ. ἑκάστου IG12.140.2

; μέτρησον Ποσειδωνίῳ ὑ. Ἡρακλείδου on account of H., i.e. debiting H.'s account, PFay.16 (i B. C.); μετρήσω ὑ. σοῦ εἰς τὸ δημόσιον for the credit of your account, PAmh.2.88.22 (ii A. D.);

ὑ. λαογραφίας Ostr.Bodl. iii 80

(i A. D.);

ὑ. λόγου ἀννώνης Ostr. 1479

(iii A. D.);

ὑ. ὧν ἔμαθεν καταβαλεῖν μισθόν Jul.Or.3.126a

, cf. Ael.NA3.39.

5 ὑ. τοῦ μή c. inf., for the purpose of preventing or avoiding,

ὑ. τοῦ μηδένα.. βιαίῳ θανάτῳ ἀποθνῄσκειν X.Hier.4.3

;

ὑ. τοῦ μὴ ποιεῖν τὸ προσταττόμενον Isoc.7.64

, cf. 12.80;

τὴν πόλιν ἐκλιπεῖν ὑπέμειναν.. ὑ. τοῦ μὴ τὸ κελευόμενον ποιῆσαι D.18.204

: also without μή, for the sake of, ὑ. τοῦτοῖς ἄλλοις ἐπιτάττειν ἐθέλειν ἀποθνῄσκειν to be ready to die for the sake of.., Isoc.6.94;

μὴ τοσαύτην ποιεῖσθαι σπουδὴν ὑ. τοῦ βλάψαι τοὺς πολεμίους ἡλίκην ὑ. τοῦ μηδὲν αὐτοὺς παθεῖν δεινόν Plb.3.94.9

, cf. 5.32.1, 5.86.8: this constr. is found also in signf. A. 111.

III concerning,

ὑ. σέθεν αῐσχε' ἀκούω Il.6.524

;

κᾶρυξ ἀνέειπέ νιν ἀγγέλλων Ἱέρωνος ὑ. καλλινίκου ἅρμασι Pi.P.1.32

;

Σκύθαι μὲν ὧδε ὑ. σφέων τε αὐτῶν καὶ τῆς χώρης τῆς κατύπερθε λέγουσι Hdt.4.8

; τὰ λεγόμενα ὑ. ἑκάστων v.l. in Id.2.123;

τοὺς ὑ. τοῦ αἰῶνος φόβους Epicur.Sent.20

; διαλεχθῆναι, ἀγορεύειν ὑ. τινός, Pl.Ap. 39e, Lg. 776e; περὶ μὲν οὖν τούτων τοσαῦτά μοι εἰρήσθω, ὑ. ὧν δέ μοι προσήκει λέγειν .. Lys.24.4, cf. 21, 16.20;

ὑ. οὗ.. ὁμολογῶ.. διαφέρεσθαι τούτοις D.18.31

; βουλευομένων ὑ. τοῦ ποίαν τινὰ [ εἰρήνην ποιητέον] Id.19.94;

ἔγραψάς μοι ὑ. τῶν καμίνων PCair.Zen. 273.2

(iii B. C.);

ἐνεκάλουν ὑ. σύκων PSI6.554.24

(iii B. C.);

ἐπεδώκαμέν σοι ὑπόμνημα ὑ. τοῦ μὴ εἰληφέναι τὴν.. ὄλυραν UPZ46.4

(ii B. C.);

συλλαλήσαντες ὑ. τοῦ τὴν πόλιν ἐνδοῦναι τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις Plb.1.43.1

; θροῦς ὑ. τοῦ τὸν Λυκοῦργον ἐκπέμπειν talk of sending L., Id.5.18.5, cf. 6; γνώμην ὑ. τῆς κοινῆς [ δόξης] Isoc.6.93;

ὑ. τῶν τούτου λῃτουργιῶν.. ὡδὶ γιγνώσκω D.21.152

;

ἐκ τῶν ἐμφανῶν ὑ. τῶν ἀφανῶν πιστεύειν Jul.Or. 4.138b

; with vbs. expressing emotion,

ποίας.. γυναικὸς ἐκφοβεῖσθ' ὕ.; S.OT 989

;

εἰ τὰ παρὰ σοὶ καλῶς ἔχει, θάρρει ὑ. ἐκείνων X.Cyr.7.1.17

;

οὐδεὶς ὑ. μου δαιμόνων μηνίεται κατασφαγείσης A.Eu. 101

(approaching sense 11.1).

B WITH ACCUS.,

I of Place in reference to motion, over, beyond, freq. in Hom., e.g.

ὑ. ὦμον ἤλυθ' ἀκωκή Il.5.16

, cf. 851;

ἀλάλησθε.. ὑπεἰρ ἅλα Od.3.73

, cf. 7.135, al., A.Eu. 250, S.Ant. 1145 (lyr.);

ὑ. τὸν δρύφακτον ὑπερτιθέμενοι Plb.1.22.10

: without such reference,

ὑ. Ἡρακλείας στήλας ἔξω κατοικοῦσι Pl.Criti. 108e

, cf. Jul.Or.1.6d;

τὰς κεφαλὰς ὑ. τὸ ὑγρὸν ὑπερίσχον Plb.3.84.9

;

τῶν ὑ. τὸ Σαρδῷον πέλαγος τόπων Id.2.14.6

;

ὑ. Μασσαλίαν Id.2.16.1

;

λόφον κείμενον ὑ. τὴν ὁδόν Id.2.27.5

, cf. 3.47.2, al.;

τῶν συριῶν ὑ. τὴν σκηνὴν οὐσῶν PHib. 1.38.7

(iii B. C.);

οὐλὴ.. ὑ. ὀφρὺν δεξιάν PCair.Zen.76.13

(iii B. C.);

τὸ ὑ. τὸν ἔσχατον.. σπόνδυλον Sor.1.102

;

ὑ. τὸν οὐρανόν Jul.Or. 4.135a

.

II of Measure, above, exceeding, beyond,

ὑ. τὸν ἀλαθῆ λόγον Pi.O.1.28

;

ὑ. τὸ βέλτιστον A.Ag. 378

(lyr.);

ὑ. ἐλπίδα S.Ant. 366

(lyr.);

ὑ. δύναμιν Th.6.16

;

μεγέθει ὑ. τοὺς ἐν τῇ νηΐ Pl.R. 488b

;

ὑ. ἄνθρωπον εἶναι Id.Lg. 839d

, Luc.Vit.Auct.2; ὑ. ἡμᾶς beyond our powers, Pl.Prm. 128b;

ὑ. τὴν ἀξίαν E.HF 146

;

ὑ. τὴν οὐσίαν Pl. R. 372b

; ὑ. τὸ ὕδωρ (cf.

ὕδωρ 1.4

) Luc.Pr.Im.29.

b after [comp] Comp., than, δυνατώτεροι ὑ. .. LXX Jd.18.26: so after Posit., τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς ὑ. αὐτόν better than he, ib.3 Ki.2.32.

2 of transgression, in violation of, ὑ. αἶσαν, opp. κατ' αἶσαν, Il.3.59, al.;

ὑ. Διὸς αἶσαν 17.321

;

ὑ. μοῖραν 20.336

; ὑ. μόρον (or ὑπέρμορον) ib.30;

ὑ. θεόν 17.327

;

ὑ. ὅρκια 3.299

, al.

III of Number, above, upwards of, τὰ ὑ. δέκα μνᾶς [ ξυμβόλαια] IG12.41.23, cf. 22.48, al.;

ὑ. τεσσεράκοντα ἄνδρας Hdt.5.64

; ὑ. τετταράκοντα (sc. ἔτη) X.HG5.4.13;

ὑ. τὰ στρατεύσιμα ἔτη γεγονόσι Id.Cyr.1.2.4

; ὑ. ἥμισυ more than half, ib.3.3.47.

IV of Time, beyond, i.e. before, earlier than,

ὁ ὑ. τὰ Μηδικὰ πόλεμος Th.1.41

;

ὑ. τὴν φθοράν Pl.Ti. 23c

.

V in some dialects, in sense A. 11.1,2, on behalf of,

ὑ. τὰν πόλιν SIG437

(Delph., iii B. C.), al., cf. IG42(1).109iv113 (Epid., iii B. C.), 5(2).438-40,442 (Megalop., ii B. C.), 42(1).380,665 (Epid., i A. D.), IPE4.71.10 (Cherson., ii A. D.); in sense A. 111, concerning,

ἐπικράνθη μοι ὑ. ὑμᾶς LXX Ru.1.13

.

C WITH DAT., only Arc., μαχόμενοι ὑ. τᾷ τᾶς πόλιος ἐλευθερίᾳ fighting for.., IG5(2).16 (Tegea, iii B. C.).

D POSITION: ὑπέρ may follow its Subst., but then by anastrophe becomes ὕπερ, Il.5.339, Od.19.450, al., S.OT 1444, etc.

E AS ADV., over-much, above measure,

ὑπὲρ μὲν ἄγαν E.Med. 627

(lyr.); also written ὑπεράγαν, Str.3.2.9, Ael.NA3.38, etc.; cf. ὑπέρφευ: as a predicate, διάκονοι Χριστοῦ εἰσι; ὑπὲρ ἐγώ I am more [ than they], 2 Ep.Cor.11.23.

F IN COMPOS. ὑπέρ signifies over, above, in all relations, e. g.,

1 of Place, over, beyond, as in ὑπεράνω, ὑπέργειος, ὑπερβαίνω, ὑπερπόντιος.

2 of doing a thing for or in defence of, as in ὑπερμαχέω, ὑπερασπίζω, ὑπεραλγέω.

3 above measure, as in ὑπερήφανος, ὑπερφίαλος.

(að), v. to doubt (engi efar þat); efa um e-t, to doubt about a thing;

refl., efast í e-u, to hesitate in, be in doubt; efa um e-t = efa um e-t; with gen., efa e-s, to change one’s mind in a matter.

* * *

að, in old writers usually spelt with i, ifa; efa occurs in Nj. 207, Hkr. ii. 326, Sks. 153, Stj. 256, Fms. ii. 42, iii. 115, vi. 184, Al. 43, Grett. 110 A, Bs. ii. 169, etc.; in mod. usage always with e:—to doubt, with acc.; engi ifar þat, Fms. x. 319: the phrase, efa sik, to hesitate, Grett. l. c.; skulu þér eigi e. yðr (doubt), at …, Nj. 307: used as neut. to feel a doubt, ifi þér nokkut, at, Fms. v. 38, Hkr. l. c., 623. 33; ifa (efa) um e-t, to doubt about a thing, Hkr. i. 223, Grág. ii. 47, Fms. ii. 283, v. 37, vi. 184.

2. reflex., efask (ifask) í e-u, to doubt or hesitate in a thing; í því má engi maðr ifask, at …, Sks. 272 B; ekki efumk ek í því, 153, Stj. l. c.; Freysteinn efaðisk í, hvárt …, F. was in doubt, whether…, Fms. iii. 115; þér efisk í um þeirra almátt, ii. 42: efask um e-t, to doubt about a thing, x. 392; hvárt ifisk ér um ok hræðisk, Niðrst. 2.

β. absol. to doubt, hesitate, Str. 22; statt upp ok ifask alls ekki, Hom. 119.

γ. with gen., efask e-s, to change one’s mind in a matter, Grág. i. 312, 313.