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1 act on (one's) own initiative
Общая лексика: действовать по собственной инициативе, действовать по собственному разумениюУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > act on (one's) own initiative
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2 act on one's own initiative
לפעול על דעת עצמו* * *◙ ומצע תעד לע לועפל◄ -
3 act on one's own initiative
op eigen verantwoordelijkheid handelen -
4 act on one's own initiative
handla på eget bevåg -
5 act on own initiative
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6 initiative
initiative [ɪ'nɪʃətɪv]1 noun∎ she's certainly got initiative elle a de l'initiative, il n'y a pas de doute;∎ to act on one's own initiative agir de sa propre initiative;∎ you'll have to use your initiative vous devrez prendre des initiatives;(b) (first step) initiative f;∎ to take the initiative prendre l'initiative;∎ some new initiatives have been suggested de nouvelles initiatives ont été proposées∎ to have the initiative avoir l'initiative;∎ they lost the initiative to foreign competition ils ont été dépassés par la concurrence étrangère(a) (preliminary) préliminaire -
7 initiative
noun1) (power)the initiative is ours/lies with them — die Initiative liegt bei uns/ihnen
3) (first step) Initiative, dieon one's own initiative — aus eigener Initiative
* * *[-ʃətiv]1) (a first step or move that leads the way: He took the initiative in organizing a search party to look for the girl; A move to start peace talks is sometimes called a peace initiative.) die Initiative2) (the ability to lead or make decisions for oneself: He is quite good at his job, but lacks initiative; My son actually went to the hairdresser's on his own initiative!) die Initiative* * *ini·tia·tive[ɪˈnɪʃətɪv, AM -t̬-]nto show \initiative Eigeninitiative zeigento use one's \initiative eigenständig handelnto take the \initiative [in sth] [in etw dat] die Initiative ergreifento lose the \initiative die Handlungsfähigkeit einbüßen* * *[I'nIʃətɪv]nInitiative fon one's own initiative — aus eigener Initiative
to lose the initiative — seine Überlegenheit verlieren
it was an initiative test for me — das hat meine Initiative auf die Probe gestellt
* * *A s1. Initiative f:a) erster Schritt:take the initiative die Initiative ergreifen, den ersten Schritt tunb) Anstoß m, Anregung f:on sb’s initiative auf jemandes Initiative hin;on one’s own initiative aus eigener Initiative, aus eigenem Antrieb oder Entschlussc) Unternehmungsgeist m, Entschlusskraft f2. POL (Gesetzes)Initiative f, Initiativrecht n des VolkesB adj (adv initiatively)1. einführend, Einführungs…2. beginnend, anfänglich3. einleitend* * *noun1) (power)the initiative is ours/lies with them — die Initiative liegt bei uns/ihnen
3) (first step) Initiative, die* * *n.Initiative f.Unternehmungsgeist m. -
8 account
A n1 Accts, Fin ( money held at bank) compte m (at, with à) ; to open/close an account ouvrir/fermer un compte ; in my/his account sur mon/son compte ; I'd like to know the balance on my account j'aimerais savoir combien j'ai sur mon compte ;2 Comm ( credit arrangement) compte m ; to have an account at a shop avoir un compte dans un magasin ; an account with the baker un compte chez le boulanger ; to charge sth to ou put sth on sb's account mettre qch sur le compte de qn ; on account ( as part payment) d'acompte ; £100 on account and the rest in May 100 livres sterling d'acompte et le reste en mai ; to settle an account ( in shop) régler un compte ; ( in hotel) régler une note ; to settle accounts fig régler un compte ;4 ( financial record) compte m ;7 ( consideration) to take sth into account, to take account of sth tenir compte de qch ; to fail to take sth into account omettre de tenir compte de qch ; this aspect has not been taken into account on n'a pas tenu compte de cet aspect, cet aspect n'est pas entré en ligne de compte ;8 ( description) compte rendu m ; to give an account of sth faire un compte rendu de qch ; for his account of what happened pour sa version de ce qui s'est passé ; by all accounts, from all accounts au dire de tous ; by his own account tel qu'il le dit lui-même ;9 to call ou bring sb to account ( bring to book) demander des comptes à qn ; she was called ou brought to account for these complaints/for failing to finish the job on lui a demandé des comptes pour ces plaintes/pour ne pas avoir fini le travail ;10 ( impression) to give a good account of oneself faire bonne impression (in dans) ; they gave a good account of themselves in the match ils ont fait bonne impression dans le match ;11 ( indicating reason) on account of sth/sb à cause de qch/qn ; on this ou that account pour cette raison ; on no account sous aucun prétexte ; on no account must you open the door n'ouvrez la porte sous aucun prétexte! ; on my/his account à cause de moi/lui ; don't change the date on my account! ne change pas la date à cause de moi! ;12 (advantage, benefit) on my/his account exprès pour moi/lui ; don't come on my account! ne viens pas exprès pour moi! ; she was worried on her own account elle s'inquiétait pour son (propre) sort ; to act on one's own account agir de sa propre initiative ; to set up business on one's own account s'installer or se mettre à son compte ; to put ou turn sth to (good) account mettre qch à profit ;13 ( importance) to be of little account/some account avoir peu d'importance/une certaine importance (to sb pour qn) ; it's of no account to them whether he's alive or dead peu leur importe qu'il soit vivant ou mort.1 Accts ( records) comptabilité f ¢, comptes mpl ; to keep the accounts tenir la comptabilité or les comptes ; the party accounts la comptabilité du parti ; the accounts show a profit les comptes font apparaître un bénéfice ;■ account for:▶ account for [sth/sb]1 ( explain) expliquer [events, fact, behaviour] ; justifier [expense] (to sb auprès de qn) ; retrouver [missing people, vehicle] ;2 (represent, make up) représenter [proportion, percentage] ; exports account for 10% of their trade les exportations représentent 10% de leurs affaires ;3 (destroy, kill) détruire [vehicle, plane] ; abattre [animal] ; mettre [qn] hors d'état de nuire [soldier, attacker] ; -
9 right
1) право ( суб'єктивне); праводомагання; справедлива вимога; привілей; права сторона2) правильний; належний; правомірний, справедливий; правий ( у політичному сенсі); реакційний3) відновлювати ( справедливість); виправляти(ся)4) направо•right a wrong done to the person — виправляти шкоду, заподіяну особі
right not to answer any questions that might produce evidence against an accused — право не давати відповідей (не відповідати) на будь-які запитання, що можуть бути використані як свідчення проти обвинуваченого
right not to fulfill one's own obligations — право не виконувати свої зобов'язання ( у зв'язку з невиконанням своїх зобов'язань іншою стороною)
right of a state to request the recall of a foreign envoy as persona non grata — право держави вимагати відкликання іноземного представника як персони нон грата
right of citizens to use their native language in court — право громадян виступати в суді рідною мовою
right of every state to dispose of its wealth and its national resources — право кожної держави розпоряджатися своїми багатствами і природними ресурсами
right of everyone to the opportunity to gain his living by work — право кожної людини на отримання можливості заробляти собі на прожиття власною працею
right of legislative initiative — право законодавчої ініціативи, право законодавства
right of nations to free and independent development — право народів на вільний і незалежний розвиток
right of nations to self-determination up to and including separation as a state — право націй на самовизначення аж до державного відокремлення
right of nations to sovereignty over their natural resources — право націй на суверенітет над своїми природними ресурсами
right of parents to choose their children's education — право батьків на вибір виду освіти для своїх неповнолітніх дітей
right of reception and mission of diplomatic envoys — право приймати і призначати дипломатичних представників
right of representation and performance — право на публічне виконання (п'єси, музичного твору)
right of the accused to have adequate time, facilities and assistance for his defence — = right of the accused to have adequate time, facilities and assistance for his defense право обвинуваченого мати достатньо часу, можливостей і допомоги для свого захисту
right of the accused to have adequate time, facilities and assistance for his defense — = right of the accused to have adequate time, facilities and assistance for his defence
right of the child to live before birth from the moment of conception — право дитини на життя до її народження з моменту зачаття
right of unhindered communication with the authorities of the appointing state — право безперешкодних зносин із властями своєї держави
right to a counsel from the time that an accused is taken into custody — право на адвоката з часу арешту (зняття під варту) обвинуваченого
right to arrange meetings, processions and picketing — право на мітинги, демонстрації і пікетування
right to be confronted with witness — право очної ставки із свідком захисту, право конфронтації ( право обвинуваченого на очну ставку із свідком захисту)
right to be represented by counsel — право бути представленим адвокатом, право на представництво через адвоката
right to choose among a variety of products in a marketplace free from control by one or a few sellers — право вибирати продукцію на ринку, вільному від контролю одного чи кількох продавців
right to choose between speech and silence — право самому визначати, чи говорити, чи мовчати
right to compensation for the loss of earnings resulting from an injury at work — право на відшкодування за втрату заробітку ( або працездатності) внаслідок каліцтва на роботі, право отримати компенсацію за втрату джерела прибутку внаслідок виробничої травми
right to conduct confidential communications — право здійснювати конфіденційне спілкування, право конфіденційного спілкування ( адвоката з клієнтом тощо)
right to diplomatic relations with other countries — право на дипломатичні відносини з іншими країнами
right to do with one's body as one pleases — право робити з своїм тілом все, що завгодно
right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress — право на користування досягненнями наукового прогресу
right to freedom from torture and other inhuman forms of treatment — право на свободу від тортур і інших форм негуманного поводження
right to gather and publish information or opinions without governmental control or fear of punishment — право збирати і публікувати інформацію або думки без втручання держави і страху бути покараним
right to lease or sell the airspace above the property — право здавати в оренду або продавати повітряний простір над своєю власністю
right to leave any country, including one's own, and to return to one's country — право залишати будь-яку країну, включаючи свою власну, і повертатися до своєї країни
right to material security in (case of) disability — право на матеріальне забезпечення у випадку втрати працездатності
right to material security in (case of) sickness — право на матеріальне забезпечення у випадку захворювання
right to possession, enjoyment and disposal — право на володіння, користування і розпорядження
right to safety from product-related hazards — право на безпеку від шкоди, яку може бути заподіяно товаром
right to terminate pregnancy through an abortion — право припиняти вагітність шляхом здійснення аборту
right to the protection of moral and material interests — право на захист моральних і матеріальних інтересів
right to use one's own language — право на свою власну мову; право спілкуватися своєю власною мовою
right to visit one's children regularly — право відвідувати регулярно дітей ( про одного з розлученого подружжя)
right of a person to control the distribution of information about himself — = right of a person to control the distribution of information about herself право особи контролювати поширення інформації про себе
right of a person to control the distribution of information about herself — = right of a person to control the distribution of information about himself
right of states to self-defence — = right of states to self-defense право держав на самооборону
right of states to self-defense — = right of states to self-defence
right of the accused to counsel — = right of the accused to legal advice право обвинуваченого на адвоката (захисника) ( або на захист)
right of the accused to legal advice — = right of the accused to counsel
right to collective self-defence — = right to collective self-defense право на колективну самооборону
right to collective self-defense — = right to collective self-defence
right to collective self-defence — = right to collective self-defense право на колективну самооборону
right to collective self-defense — = right to collective self-defence
right to consult with one's attorney — = right to consult with one's lawyer право отримувати юридичну допомогу від (свого) адвоката, право на консультацію з адвокатом
right to consult with one's lawyer — = right to consult with one's attorney
right to control the work of the administration — = right to control the work of the managerial staff право контролю (діяльності) адміністрації ( підприємства)
right to control the work of the managerial staff — = right to control the work of the administration
right to individual self-defence — = right to individual self-defense право на індивідуальну самооборону
right to individual self-defense — = right to individual self-defence
right to obtain documents essential for an adequate defence — = right to obtain documents essential for an adequate defense право отримувати документи, необхідні для належного захисту
right to obtain documents essential for an adequate defense — = right to obtain documents essential for an adequate defence
right to regulate news agencies — = right to regulate news organizations право регулювати діяльність інформаційних агентств
- right a wrong doneright to regulate news organizations — = right to regulate news agencies
- right at law
- Right-Centrist
- right extremism
- right extremist
- right-hand man
- right-holder
- right in action
- right in gross
- right in personam
- right in rem
- right not to belong to a union
- right of a trial by jury
- right of abode
- right of access
- right of access to courts
- right of access to court
- right of action
- right of angary
- right of appeal
- right of approach
- right of appropriation
- right of assembly
- right of asylum
- right of audience
- right of authorship
- right of birth
- right of blood
- right of chapel
- right of choice
- right of common
- right of concurrent user
- right of conscience
- right of contribution
- right of correction
- right of court
- right of denunciation
- right of detention
- right of dissent
- right of divorce
- right of eminent domain
- right of enjoyment
- right of entry
- right of equal protection
- right of establishment
- right of existence
- right of expatriation
- right of expectancy
- right of feud
- right of first refusal
- right of fishery
- right of free access
- right of hot pursuit
- right of individual petition
- right of innocent passage
- right of intercourse
- right of intervention
- right of joint use
- right of jurisdiction
- right of legal entity
- right of legation
- right of light
- right of membership
- right of military service
- right of mortgage
- right of navigation
- right of operative management
- right of ownership
- right of passage
- right of patent
- right of personal security
- right of petition
- right of place
- right of political asylum
- right of possession
- right of pre-emption
- right of primogeniture
- right of prior use
- right of priority
- right of privacy
- right of private property
- right of property
- right of protest
- right of publicity
- right of pursuit
- right of re-election
- right of recourse
- right of recovery
- right of redemption
- right of regress
- right of relief
- right of remuneration
- right of reply
- right of representation
- right of reprisal
- right of reproduction
- right of rescission
- right of retaliation
- right of retention
- right of sanctuary
- right of search
- right of secrecy
- right of self-determination
- right of self-preservation
- right of settlement
- right of silence
- right of suit
- right of taking game
- right of the individual
- right of the owner
- right of the people
- right of the state
- right of transit
- right of translation
- right of visit
- right of visit and search
- right of water
- right of way
- right of withdrawal
- right on name
- right oneself
- right the oppressed
- right to a building
- right to a counsel
- right to a dual citizenship
- right to a fair trial
- right to a flag
- right to a hearing
- right to a nationality
- right to a piece of land
- right to a reasonable bail
- right to a speedy trial
- right to a trial by jury
- right to act independently
- right to administer property
- right to adopt children
- right to aid of counsel
- right to air
- right to an abortion
- right to an effective remedy
- right to annul laws
- right to appeal
- right to appoint judges
- right to assemble peaceably
- right to assistance of counsel
- right to attend
- right to bail
- right to bargain collectively
- right to be confronted
- right to be heard
- right to be presumed innocent
- right to be represented
- right to bear arms
- right to bear fire-arms
- right to become president
- right to begin
- right to belong to a union
- right to burn national flag
- right to carry a firearm
- right to carry arms
- right to carry fire-arms
- right to challenge a candidate
- right to challenge a juror
- right to change allegiance
- right to choose
- right to choose one's religion
- right to coin money
- right to collective bargaining
- right to compensation
- right to consult an attorney
- right to counsel
- right to criticism
- right to cultural autonomy
- right to damages
- right to declare war
- right to designate one's hairs
- right to die
- right to divorce
- right to earn a living
- right to education
- right to elect and be elected
- right to emigrate
- right to end pregnancy
- right to enjoy one's benefits
- right to enter a country
- right to exact payment
- right to expel a trespasser
- right to express ones' views
- right to expropriate
- right to fish
- right to fly a maritime flag
- right to found a family
- right to frame a constitution
- right to free education
- right to free medical services
- right to freedom
- right to freedom from torture
- right to freedom of expression
- right to freedom of residence
- right to freedom of speech
- right to health
- right to hold a public office
- right to hold property
- right to housing
- right to human dignity
- right to immediate release
- right to impose taxes
- right to impose taxes
- right to independence
- right to inherit
- right to initiate legislation
- right to inspection
- right to interpret laws
- right to intervene
- right to introduce legislation
- right to join an association
- right to jury trial
- right to keep and bear arms
- right to keep arms
- right to possess firearms
- right to kill
- right to land
- right to lease
- right to legal equality
- right to legal representation
- right to legislate
- right to levy taxes
- right to liberty
- right to life
- right to make a decision
- right to make a will
- right to make treaties
- right to manage
- right to maternity leave
- right to medical care
- right to national autonomy
- right to neutrality
- right to nullify laws
- right to one's own culture
- right to oppose
- right to organize unions
- right to ownership of property
- right to personal security
- right to picket
- right to possess firearms
- right to practice law
- right to present witnesses
- right to privacy
- right to private property
- right to property
- right to protection
- right to public trial
- right to publish expression
- right to punish a child
- right to real estate
- right to recall
- right to recover
- right to redeem
- right to redress
- right to regulate trade
- right to remain silent
- right to remarry
- right to rest
- right to rest and leisure
- right to retain counsel
- right to return to work
- right to safety
- right to secede
- right to secede from the USSR
- right to secession
- right to security
- right to security of person
- right to seek elective office
- right to seek pardon
- right to seek refund
- right to self-determination
- right to self-expression
- right to self-government
- right to sell
- right to silence
- right to social insurance
- right to social security
- right to speak
- right to stop a prosecution
- right to strike
- right to sublet
- right to subpoena witness
- right to sue
- right to take water
- right to tariff reduction
- right to tax exemption
- right to terminate a contract
- right to terminate pregnancy
- right to the name
- right to the office
- right to the patent
- right to the voice
- right to think freely
- right to transfer property
- right to travel
- right to treasure trove
- right to trial by jury
- right to use
- right to use firearms
- right to use force
- right to use water
- right to veto
- right to will property
- right to work
- right of defence
- right of defense
- right to collect revenues
- right to collect taxes
- right to exist
- right to existence
- right to issue decrees
- right to issue edicts
- right to labor
- right to labour
- right to self-defence
- right to self-defense
- right to set penalties
- right to set punishment -
10 go
I [gəu] 1. гл.; прош. вр. went, прич. прош. вр. gone1)а) идти, ехать, двигатьсяWe are going too fast. — Мы идём слишком быстро.
Who goes? Stand, or I fire. — Стой, кто идёт? Стрелять буду.
The baby went behind his mother to play a hiding game. — Малыш решил поиграть в прятки и спрятался за маму.
Go ahead, what are you waiting for? — Идите вперёд, чего вы ждёте?
I'll go ahead and warn the others to expect you later. — Я пойду вперёд и предупрежу остальных, что вы подойдёте позже.
My brother quickly passing him, went ahead, and won the match easily. — Мой брат быстро обогнал его, вышел вперёд и легко выиграл матч.
As the roads were so icy, the cars were going along very slowly and carefully. — Так как дороги были покрыты льдом, машины продвигались очень медленно и осторожно.
The deer has gone beyond the trees; I can't shoot at it from this distance. — Олень зашёл за деревья; я не могу попасть в него с этого расстояния.
You've missed the bus, it just went by. — Ты опоздал на автобус, он только что проехал.
Let's go forward to the front of the hall. — Давай продвинемся к началу зала.
I have to go in now, my mother's calling me for tea. — Мне надо идти, мама зовёт меня пить чай.
The car went into a tree and was severely damaged. — Машина влетела в дерево и была сильно повреждена.
The police examined the cars and then allowed them to go on. — Полицейские осмотрели машины, а потом пропустили их.
I don't think you should go out with that bad cold. — Я думаю, с такой простудой тебе лучше сидеть дома.
It's dangerous here, with bullets going over our heads all the time. — Здесь опасно, пули так и свистят над головами.
I fear that you cannot go over to the cottage. — Боюсь, что ты не сможешь сходить в этот коттедж.
I spent a day or two on going round and seeing the other colleges. — Я провёл день или два, обходя другие колледжи.
This material is so stiff that even my thickest needle won't go through. — Этот материал настолько плотный, что даже моя самая большая игла не может проткнуть его.
Don't leave me alone, let me go with you! — Не бросай меня, позволь мне пойти с тобой!
The piano won't go through this narrow entrance. — Фортепиано не пройдёт сквозь этот узкий вход.
There is no such thing as a level street in the city: those which do not go up, go down. — В городе нет такого понятия как ровная улица: те, которые не идут вверх, спускаются вниз.
to go on travels, to go on a journey, to go on a voyage — отправиться в путешествие
He wants me to go on a cruise with him. — Он хочет, чтобы я отправился с ним в круиз.
в) уходить, уезжатьPlease go now, I'm getting tired. — Теперь, пожалуйста, уходи, я устал.
I have to go at 5.30. — Я должен уйти в 5.30.
There was no answer to my knock, so I went away. — На мой стук никто не ответил, так что я ушёл.
Why did the painter leave his family and go off to live on a tropical island? — Почему художник бросил свою семью и уехал жить на остров в тропиках?
At the end of this scene, the murderer goes off, hearing the police arrive. — В конце сцены убийца уходит, заслышав приближение полиции.
Syn:г) пойти (куда-л.), уехать (куда-л.) с определённой цельюto go to bed — идти, отправляться, ложиться спать
to go to press — идти в печать, печататься
You'd better go for the police. — Ты лучше сбегай за полицией.
д) заниматься (чем-л.); двигаться определённым образом (что-л. делая)The bus goes right to the centre of town. — Автобус ходит прямо до центра города.
The ship goes between the two islands. — Корабль курсирует между двумя островами.
ж) разг. двигаться определённым образом, идти определённым шагомto go above one's ground — идти, высоко поднимая ноги
2)а) следовать определённым курсом, идти (каким-л. путем) прям. и перен.the man who goes straight in spite of temptation — человек, который идёт не сбиваясь с пути, несмотря на соблазны
She will never go my way, nor, I fear, shall I ever go hers. — Она никогда не будет действовать так, как я, и, боюсь, я никогда не буду действовать так, как она.
б) прибегать (к чему-л.), обращаться (к кому-л.)3) ходить (куда-л.) регулярно, с какой-л. цельюWhen I was young, we went to church every Sunday. — Когда я был маленьким, мы каждое воскресенье ходили в церковь.
4)а) идти (от чего-л.), вести (куда-л.)The boundary here goes parallel with the river. — Граница идёт здесь вдоль реки.
б) выходить (куда-л.)This door goes outside. — Эта дверь выходит наружу.
5) происходить, случаться, развиваться, проистекатьThe annual dinner never goes better than when he is in the chair. — Ежегодный обед проходит лучше всего, когда он председательствует.
The game went so strangely that I couldn't possibly tell. — Игра шла так странно, что и не рассказать.
The election went against him. — Выборы кончились для него неудачно.
What has gone of...? — Что стало, что произошло с...?
Nobody in Porlock ever knew what has gone with him. — Никто в Порлоке так и не узнал, что с ним стало.
6)а) ухудшаться, исчезать ( в результате повреждения или старения)The battery in this watch is going. — Батарейка в часах садится.
Sometimes the eyesight goes forever. — Иногда зрение теряют навсегда.
I could feel my brain going. — Я чувствовал, что мой ум перестаёт работать.
You see that your father is going very fast. — Вы видите, что ваш отец очень быстро сдаёт.
б) ломаться; изнашиваться ( до дыр)The platform went. — Трибуна обрушилась.
About half past three the foremast went in three places. — Около половины четвёртого фок-мачта треснула в трёх местах.
The dike might go any minute. — Дамбу может прорвать в любую минуту.
My old sweater had started to go at the elbows. — Мой старый свитер начал протираться на локтях.
Syn:в) быть поражённым болезнью, гнить (о растениях, урожае)The crop is good, but the potato is going everywhere. — Урожай зерновых хорош, а картофель начинает повсюду гнить.
7) разг. умирать, уходить из жизниto go to one's own place — умереть, скончаться
to go aloft / off the hooks / off the stocks / to (the) pot разг. — отправиться на небеса, протянуть ноги, сыграть в ящик
Your brother's gone - died half-an-hour ago. — Ваш брат покинул этот мир - скончался полчаса назад.
Hope he hasn't gone down; he deserved to live. — Надеюсь, что он не умер; он заслужил того, чтобы жить.
The doctors told me that he might go off any day. — Доктора сказали мне, что он может скончаться со дня на день.
I hope that when I go out I shall leave a better world behind me. — Надеюсь, что мир станет лучше, когда меня не будет.
8)а) вмещаться, подходить (по форме, размеру)The space is too small, the bookcase won't go in. — Здесь слишком мало места, книжный шкаф сюда не войдёт.
Elzevirs go readily into the pocket. — Средневековые книги-эльзевиры легко входят в карман.
The thread is too thick to go into the needle. — Эта нитка слишком толста, чтобы пролезть в игольное ушко.
Three goes into fifteen five times. — Три содержится в пятнадцати пять раз.
All the good we can find about him will go into a very few words. — Всё хорошее, что мы в нём можем найти, можно выразить в нескольких словах.
б) соответствовать, подходить (по стилю, цвету, вкусу)This furniture would go well in any room. — Эта мебель подойдёт для любой комнаты.
I don't think these colours really go, do you? — Я не думаю, что эти цвета подходят, а ты как думаешь?
Oranges go surprisingly well with duck. — Апельсины отлично подходят к утке.
That green hat doesn't go with the blue dress. — Эта зелёная шляпа не идёт к синему платью.
в) помещаться (где-л.), постоянно храниться (где-л.)This box goes on the third shelf from the top. — Эта коробка стоит на третьей полке сверху.
This book goes here. — Эта книга стоит здесь (здесь её место).
He's short, as jockeys go. — Он довольно низкого роста, даже для жокея.
"How goes it, Joe?" - "Pretty well, as times go." — "Как дела, Джо?" - "По нынешним временам вполне сносно".
10) быть посланным, отправленным (о письме, записке)I'd like this letter to go first class. — Я хотел бы отправить это письмо первым классом.
11) проходить, пролетать ( о времени)This week's gone so fast - I can't believe it's Friday already. — Эта неделя прошла так быстро, не могу поверить, что уже пятница.
Time goes so fast when you're having fun. — Когда нам весело, время бежит.
Summer is going. — Лето проходит.
One week and half of another is already gone. — Уже прошло полторы недели.
12)а) пойти (на что-л.), быть потраченным (на что-л.; о деньгах)Whatever money he got it all went on paying his debt. — Сколько бы денег он ни получил, всё уходило на выплату долга.
Your money went towards a new computer for the school. — Ваши деньги пошли на новый компьютер для школы.
Not more than a quarter of your income should go in rent. — На арендную плату должно уходить не более четверти дохода.
б) уменьшаться, кончаться (о запасах, провизии)We were worried because the food was completely gone and the water was going fast. — Мы беспокоились, так как еда уже кончилась, а вода подходила к концу.
The cake went fast. — Пирог был тут же съеден.
в) исчезатьAll its independence was gone. — Вся его независимость исчезла.
One of the results of using those drugs is that the will entirely goes. — Одно из последствий приёма этих лекарств - полная потеря воли.
This feeling gradually goes off. — Это чувство постепенно исчезает.
13) уходить ( с работы), увольняться ( обычно не по собственному желанию)They can fire me, but I won't go quietly. — Они могут меня уволить, но я не уйду тихо.
14)а) издавать (какой-л.) звукto go bang — бахнуть, хлопнуть
to go crash / smash — грохнуть, треснуть
Clatter, clatter, went the horses' hoofs. — Цок, цок, цокали лошадиные копыта.
Something seemed to go snap within me. — Что-то внутри меня щёлкнуло.
Crack went the mast. — Раздался треск мачты.
Patter, patter, goes the rain. — Кап, кап, стучит дождь.
The clock on the mantelpiece went eight. — Часы на камине пробили восемь.
15)а) иметь хождение, быть в обращении ( о деньгах)б) циркулировать, передаваться, переходить из уст в устаNow the story goes that the young Smith is in London. — Говорят, что юный Смит сейчас в Лондоне.
16)My only order was, "Clear the road - and be damn quick about it." What I said went. — Я отдал приказ: "Очистить дорогу - и, чёрт возьми, немедленно!" Это тут же было выполнено.
- from the word GoHe makes so much money that whatever he says, goes. — У него столько денег, что всё, что он ни скажет, тут же выполняется.
anything goes, everything goes разг. — всё дозволено, всё сойдёт
Around here, anything goes. — Здесь всё разрешено.
Anything goes if it's done by someone you're fond of. — Всё сойдёт, если это всё сделано тем, кого ты любишь.
в) ( go about) начинать (что-л.; делать что-л.), приступать к (чему-л.)She went about her work in a cold, impassive way. — Холодно, бесстрастно она приступила к своей работе.
17) работать исправно ( об оборудовании)The church clock has not gone for twenty years. — Часы на церкви не ходили двадцать лет.
All systems go. — Всё работает нормально.
She felt her heart go in a most unusual manner. — Она почувствовала, что сердце у неё очень странно бьётся.
Syn:18) продаваться, расходиться (по какой-л. цене)to go for a song — идти за бесценок, ничего не стоить
Gone! — Продано! ( на аукционе)
There were perfectly good coats going at $23! —Там продавали вполне приличные куртки всего за 23 доллара.
Going at four pounds fifteen, if there is no advance. — Если больше нет предложений, то продаётся за четыре фунта пятнадцать шиллингов.
This goes for 1 shilling. — Это стоит 1 шиллинг.
The house went for very little. — Дом был продан за бесценок.
19) позволить себе, согласиться (на какую-л. сумму)Lewis consented to go as high as twenty-five thousand crowns. — Льюис согласился на такую большую сумму как двадцать пять тысяч крон.
I'll go fifty dollars for a ticket. — Я позволю себе купить билет за пятьдесят долларов.
20) разг. говорить21) эвф. сходить, сбегать ( в туалет)He's in the men's room. He's been wanting to go all evening, but as long as you were playing he didn't want to miss a note. (J. Wain) — Он в туалете. Ему туда нужно было весь вечер, но пока вы играли, он не хотел пропустить ни одной нотки.
22) ( go after)а) следовать за (кем-л.); преследоватьHalf the guards went after the escaped prisoners, but they got away free. — На поиски беглецов отправилась половина гарнизона, но они всё равно сумели скрыться.
б) преследовать цель; стремиться, стараться (сделать что-л.)Jim intends to go after the big prize. — Джим намерен выиграть большой приз.
I think we should go after increased production this year. — Думаю, в этом году нам надо стремиться увеличить производство.
в) посещать в качестве поклонника, ученика или последователя23) ( go against)а) противоречить, быть против (убеждений, желаний); идти вразрез с (чем-л.)to go against the grain, go against the hair — вызывать внутренний протест, быть не по нутру
I wouldn't advise you to go against the director. — Не советую тебе перечить директору.
It goes against my nature to get up early in the morning. — Рано вставать по утрам противно моей натуре.
The run of luck went against Mr. Nickleby. (Ch. Dickens) — Удача отвернулась от мистера Никльби.
Syn:б) быть не в пользу (кого-л.), закончиться неблагоприятно для (кого-л.; о соревнованиях, выборах)One of his many law-suits seemed likely to go against him. — Он, судя по всему, проигрывал один из своих многочисленных судебных процессов.
If the election goes against the government, who will lead the country? — Если на выборах проголосуют против правительства, кто же возглавит страну?
24) ( go at) разг.а) бросаться на (кого-л.)Our dog went at the postman again this morning. — Наша собака опять сегодня набросилась на почтальона.
Selina went at her again for further information. — Селина снова набросилась на неё, требуя дополнительной информации.
б) энергично браться за (что-л.)The students are really going at their studies now that the examinations are near. — Экзамены близко, так что студенты в самом деле взялись за учёбу.
25) ( go before)а) представать перед (чем-л.), явиться лицом к лицу с (чем-л.)When you go before the judge, you must speak the exact truth. — Когда ты выступаешь в суде, ты должен говорить чистую правду.
б) предлагать (что-л.) на рассмотрениеYour suggestion goes before the board of directors next week. — Совет директоров рассмотрит ваше предложение на следующей неделе.
Syn:26) ( go behind) не ограничиваться (чем-л.)27) ( go between) быть посредником между (кем-л.)The little girl was given a bar of chocolate as her payment for going between her sister and her sister's boyfriend. — Младшая сестра получила шоколадку за то, что была посыльной между своей старшей сестрой и её парнем.
28) ( go beyond)а) превышать, превосходить (что-л.)The money that I won went beyond my fondest hopes. — Сумма, которую я выиграл, превосходила все мои ожидания.
Be careful not to go beyond your rights. — Будь осторожен, не превышай своих прав.
б) оказаться трудным, непостижимым (для кого-л.)I was interested to hear the speaker, but his speech went beyond me. — Мне было интересно послушать докладчика, но его речь была выше моего понимания.
в) продвигаться дальше (чего-л.)I don't think this class will be able to go beyond lesson six. — Не думаю, что этот класс сможет продвинуться дальше шестого урока.
•- go beyond caring- go beyond endurance
- go beyond a joke29) (go by / under) называтьсяto go by / under the name of — быть известным под именем
Our friend William often goes by Billy. — Нашего друга Вильяма часто называют Билли.
He went under the name of Baker, to avoid discovery by the police. — Скрываясь от полиции, он жил под именем Бейкера.
30) ( go by) судить по (чему-л.); руководствоваться (чем-л.), действовать в соответствии с (чем-л.)to go by the book разг. — действовать в соответствии с правилами, педантично выполнять правила
You can't go by what he says, he's very untrustworthy. — Не стоит судить о ситуации по его словам, ему нельзя верить.
You make a mistake if you go by appearances. — Ты ошибаешься, если судишь о людях по внешнему виду.
I go by the barometer. — Я пользуюсь барометром.
Our chairman always goes by the rules. — Наш председатель всегда действует по правилам.
31) ( go for)а) стремиться к (чему-л.)I think we should go for increased production this year. — Думаю, в этом году нам надо стремиться увеличить производительность.
б) выбирать; любить, нравитьсяThe people will never go for that guff. — Людям не понравится эта пустая болтовня.
She doesn't go for whiskers. — Ей не нравятся бакенбарды.
в) разг. наброситься, обрушиться на (кого-л.)The black cow immediately went for him. — Чёрная корова немедленно кинулась на него.
The speaker went for the profiteers. — Оратор обрушился на спекулянтов.
г) становиться (кем-л.), действовать в качестве (кого-л.)I'm well made all right. I could go for a model if I wanted. — У меня отличная фигура. Я могла бы стать манекенщицей, если бы захотела.
д) быть принятым за (кого-л.), считаться (кем-л.), сходить за (кого-л.)He goes for a lawyer, but I don't think he ever studied or practised law. — Говорят, он адвокат, но мне кажется, что он никогда не изучал юриспруденцию и не работал в этой области.
е) быть действительным по отношению к (кому-л. / чему-л.), относиться к (кому-л. / чему-л.)that goes for me — это относится ко мне; это мое дело
I don't care if Pittsburgh chokes. And that goes for Cincinnati, too. (P. G. Wodehouse) — Мне всё равно, если Питсбург задохнётся. То же самое касается Цинциннати.
•- go for broke- go for a burton32) ( go into)а) входить, вступать; принимать участиеHe wanted to go into Parliament. — Он хотел стать членом парламента.
He went eagerly into the compact. — Он охотно принял участие в сделке.
The Times has gone into open opposition to the Government on all points except foreign policy. — “Таймс” встал в открытую оппозицию к правительству по всем вопросам, кроме внешней политики.
Syn:take part, undertakeб) впадать ( в истерику); приходить ( в ярость)the man who went into ecstasies at discovering that Cape Breton was an island — человек, который впал в экстаз, обнаружив, что мыс Бретон является островом
I nearly went into hysterics. — Я был на грани истерики.
в) начинать заниматься (чем-л. в качестве профессии, должности, занятия)He went keenly into dairying. — Он активно занялся производством молочных продуктов.
He went into practice for himself. — Он самостоятельно занялся практикой.
Hicks naturally went into law. — Хикс, естественно, занялся правом.
г) носить (о стиле в одежде; особенно носить траур)to go into long dresses, trousers, etc. — носить длинные платья, брюки
She shocked Mrs. Spark by refusing to go into full mourning. — Она шокировала миссис Спарк, отказываясь носить полный траур.
д) расследовать, тщательно рассматривать, изучатьWe cannot of course go into the history of these wars. — Естественно, мы не можем во всех подробностях рассмотреть историю этих войн.
•- go into details- go into detail
- go into abeyance
- go into action33) ( go off) разлюбить (что-л.), потерять интерес к (чему-л.)I simply don't feel anything for him any more. In fact, I've gone off him. — Я просто не испытываю больше к нему никаких чувств. По существу, я его разлюбила.
34) ( go over)а) перечитывать; повторятьThe schoolboy goes over his lesson, before going up before the master. — Ученик повторяет свой урок, прежде чем отвечать учителю.
He went over the explanation two or three times. — Он повторил объяснение два или три раза.
Syn:б) внимательно изучать, тщательно рассматривать; проводить осмотрWe went over the house thoroughly before buying it. — Мы тщательно осмотрели дом, прежде чем купить его.
I've asked the garage people to go over my car thoroughly. — Я попросил людей в сервисе тщательно осмотреть машину.
Harry and I have been going over old letters. — Гарри и я просматривали старые письма.
We must go over the account books together. — Нам надо вместе проглядеть бухгалтерские книги.
35) ( go through)а) просматривать (что-л.)It would take far too long to go through all the propositions. — Изучение всех предложений займёт слишком много времени.
б) пережить, перенести (что-л.)All that men go through may be absolutely the best for them. — Все испытания, которым подвергается человек, могут оказаться для него благом.
Syn:в) проходить (какие-л. этапы)The disease went through the whole city. — Болезнь распространилась по всему городу.
д) осматривать, обыскиватьThe girls were "going through" a drunken sailor. — Девицы обшаривали пьяного моряка.
е) износить до дыр (об одежде, обуви)ж) поглощать, расходовать (что-л.)36) ( go to)а) обращаться к (кому-л. / чему-л.)She need not go to others for her bons mots. — Ей нет нужды искать у других остроумные словечки.
б) переходить к (кому-л.) в собственность, доставаться (кому-л.)The house went to the elder son. — Дом достался старшему сыну.
The money I had saved went to the doctors. — Деньги, которые я скопил, пошли на докторов.
The dukedom went to his brother. — Титул герцога перешёл к его брату.
And the Oscar goes to… — Итак, «Оскар» достаётся…
в) быть составной частью (чего-л.); вести к (какому-л. результату)These are the bones which go to form the head and trunk. — Это кости, которые формируют череп и скелет.
Whole gardens of roses go to one drop of the attar. — Для того, чтобы получить одну каплю розового масла, нужны целые сады роз.
This only goes to prove the point. — Это только доказывает утверждение.
г) составлять, равняться (чему-л.)Sixteen ounces go to the pound. — Шестнадцать унций составляют один фунт.
How many go to a crew with you, captain? — Из скольких человек состоит ваша команда, капитан?
д) брать на себя (расходы, труд)Don't go to any trouble. — Не беспокойтесь.
Few publishers go to the trouble of giving the number of copies for an edition. — Немногие издатели берут на себя труд указать количество экземпляров издания.
The tenant went to very needless expense. — Арендатор пошёл на абсолютно ненужные расходы.
37) ( go under) относиться (к какой-л. группе, классу)This word goes under G. — Это слово помещено под G.
38) ( go with)а) быть заодно с (кем-л.), быть на чьей-л. сторонеMy sympathies went strongly with the lady. — Все мои симпатии были полностью на стороне леди.
б) сопутствовать (чему-л.), идти, происходить вместе с (чем-л.)Criminality habitually went with dirtiness. — Преступность и грязь обычно шли бок о бок.
Syn:в) понимать, следить с пониманием за (речью, мыслью)The Court declared the deed a nullity on the ground that the mind of the mortgagee did not go with the deed she signed. — Суд признал документ недействительным на том основании, что кредитор по закладной не понимала содержания документа, который она подписала.
г) разг. встречаться с (кем-л.), проводить время с (кем-л. - в качестве друга, подружки)The "young ladies" he had "gone with" and "had feelin's about" were now staid matrons. — "Молодые леди", с которыми он "дружил" и к которым он "питал чувства", стали солидными матронами.
39) ( go upon)You see, this gave me something to go upon. — Видишь ли, это дало мне хоть что-то, с чего я могу начать.
б) брать в свои руки; брать на себя ответственностьI cannot bear to see things botched or gone upon with ignorance. — Я не могу видеть, как берутся за дела либо халтурно, либо ничего в них не понимая.
40) (go + прил.)а) становиться ( обычно хуже)He went dead about three months ago. — Он умер около трех месяцев назад.
She went pale. — Она побледнела.
He went bankrupt. — Он обанкротился.
Syn:б) продолжать (какое-л.) действие, продолжать пребывать в (каком-л.) состоянииWe both love going barefoot on the beach. — Мы оба любим ходить босиком по пляжу.
Most of their work seems to have gone unnoticed. — Кажется, большая часть их работы осталась незамеченной.
The powers could not allow such an act of terrorism to go unpunished. — Власти не могут допустить, чтобы террористический акт прошёл безнаказанно.
41) (be going to do smth.) собираться ( выражает непосредственное или ближайшее будущее)It seems as if it were going to rain. — Такое впечатление, что сейчас пойдёт дождь.
Lambs are to be sold to those who are going to keep them. — Ягнята должны быть проданы тем, кто собирается их выращивать.
42) (go and do smth.) разг. пойти и сделать что-л.The fool has gone and got married. — Этот дурак взял и женился.
He might go and hang himself for all they cared. — Он может повеситься, им на это абсолютно наплевать.
Oh, go and pick up pizza, for heaven's sake! — Ради бога, пойди купи, наконец, пиццу.
•- go about- go across
- go ahead
- go along
- go away
- go back
- go before
- go by
- go down
- go forth
- go forward- go in- go off- go on- go out- go over- go round- go together- go under- go up••to go back a long way — давно знать друг друга, быть давними знакомыми
to go short — испытывать недостаток в чём-л.; находиться в стеснённых обстоятельствах
to go the way of nature / all the earth / all flesh / all living — скончаться, разделить участь всех смертных
to let oneself go — дать волю себе, своим чувствам
Go to Jericho / Bath / Hong Kong / Putney / Halifax! — Иди к чёрту! Убирайся!
- go far- go bush
- go ape
- go amiss
- go dry
- go astray
- go on instruments
- go a long way- go postal- Go to!
- Go to it!
- let it go at that
- go like blazes
- go with the tide
- go with the times
- go along with you!
- go easy
- go up King Street
- go figure
- go it
- go the extra mile
- go to the wall 2. сущ.; разг.1) движение, хождение, ходьба; уст. походкаHe has been on the go since morning. — Он с утра на ногах.
2)а) ретивость, горячность ( первоначально о лошадях); напористость, энергичность; бодрость, живость; рвениеThe job requires a man with a lot of go. — Для этой работы требуется очень энергичный человек.
Physically, he is a wonderful man - very wiry, and full of energy and go. — Физически он превосходен - крепкий, полный энергии и напористости.
Syn:б) энергичная деятельность; тяжелая, требующая напряжения работаBelieve me, it's all go with these tycoons, mate. — Поверь мне, приятель, это все деятельность этих заправил.
3) разг. происшествие; неожиданный поворот событий (то, которое вызывает затруднения)queer go, rum go — странное дело, странный поворот событий
And leave us to old Brown! that will be a nice go! — И оставь нас старику Брауну! это будет приятным сюрпризом!
4)а) попытка- have a goLet me have a go at fixing it. — Дай я попробую починить это.
Syn:б) соревнование, борьба; состязание на приз ( в боксе)Cost me five dollars the other day to see the tamest kind of a go. There wasn't a knockdown in ten rounds. — На днях я потратил пять долларов, чтобы увидеть самое мирное состязание. За десять раундов не было ни одного нокдауна.
в) приступ, припадок ( о болезни)5)а) количество чего-л., предоставляемое за один раз"The score!" he burst out. "Three goes o' rum!" (R. L. Stevenson, Treasure Island) — А деньги? - крикнул он. - За три кружки! (пер. Н. Чуковского)
а) бросок шара ( кегли)б) карт. "Мимо" (возглас игрока, объявляющего проход в криббидже)7) разг.а) успех, успешное делоб) соглашение, сделка••all the go, quite the go — последний крик моды
first go — первым делом, сразу же
- no goII [gɔ] сущ.; япон.го (настольная игра, в ходе которой двое участников по очереди выставляют на доску фишки-"камни", стремясь окружить "камни" противника своими и захватить как можно большую территорию) -
11 national
1. прил.1) общ. национальный, общенациональный, народный (относящийся к данной стране, народу в целом; в отличие от местного, регионального, международного)national law — национальное [внутригосударственное\] право
Syn:See:international, transnational, supranational, domestic, national accordance, national account, national accounts, national affairs, national administration 2), national advertising, national agreement, national assent, National Automated Accounting Research System, national bank 2), national bolshevism, national brand, national campaign, national central bank, National Change of Address, national character, national communism, national communist, National Competition Policy, national competitive bidding, national consent, national consumption, National Counterintelligence Executive, national currency, National Development Bond, National Disability Development Initiative, national distribution, national distributor, national economic accounting, national economics, National Exchange Market System, national firm, National Flood Insurance Program, national government, national harmony, national idea, national identity, national income, National Institutional Delivery System, National Insurance, national interest, national launch, national legitimacy, national market, national marketer, national marketing, national minimum wage, national nominating convention, national non-domestic rate, national numbering agency, national origins system, national origins quota system, national ownership 2), national patent, national patent law, national policy, national policy, national politics, national product, national promotion, National Public Accountant, national question, national reconciliation, national retailer, national sales force, national sales manager, national savings, National Secretary's Day, national security, national self-consciousness, national self-determination, national service, National Socialism, national sovereignty, national tax policy, national taxes, national trademark, national treatment, National Vocation Qualification, national wealth, national wholesaler, National Westminster Bank Ltd. v. Holesowen Presswork and Assemblies Ltd., National Association of Securities Dealers Rules of Fair Practice, National Bank Act, National Banking Act, National Exchange Market System Act, National Flood Insurance Act, National Health Service Reorganization Act 1973, National Housing Act, National Income and Product Accounts, National Labor Relations Act, National Minimum Wage Act 1998, National Trade Estimate Report, National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers, National Advertising Benevolent Society, National Advertising Division, National Advertising Division of the Council of Better Business Bureaus, National Advertising Review Board, National Advertising Review Council, National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Policies, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Agricultural Statistics Service, National Alliance for Insurance Education & Research, National Alliance for Insurance Education and Research, National Alliance Research Academy, National and Local Government Officers' Association, National Assembly, National Association for Variable Annuities, National Association of Accountants, National Association of Colleges and Employers, National Association of Corporation Schools, National Association of Corporation Training, National Association of Cost Accountants, National Association of Employment Managers, National Association of Export Companies, National Association of Federal Credit Unions, National Association of Health Underwriters, National Association of Independent Insurance Adjusters, National Association of Independent Insurers, National Association of Insurance and Financial Advisors, National Association of Insurance Brokers, National Association of Insurance Commissioners, National Association of Insurance Women, National Association of Investment Clubs, National Association of Investment Companies, National Association of Investors Corporation, National Association of Life Underwriters, National Association of Mutual Insurance Companies, National Association of Pension Funds, National Association of Personal Financial Advisors, National Association of Professional Insurance Agents, National Association of Professional Surplus Lines Offices, National Association of Public Insurance Adjusters, National Association of Purchasing Managers, National Association of Recording Merchandisers, National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners, National Association of Schoolmasters and Union of Women Teachers, National Association of Securities Dealers, National Association of Securities Dealers and Investment Managers, National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National 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Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers2) общ. государственный (финансируемый и/или контролируемый государством; в отличие от частного)national library — государственная [национальная\] библиотека
See:national administration 1), national bank 1), national curriculum, national debt, national ownership 1), national property, national treasury, National Archives and Records Administration, National Cemetery Administration2. сущ.общ. подданный, гражданин (какого-л. государства)fellow nationals, one's own nationals — сограждане, соотечественники
See:specially designated national, Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, resident 2. 2)
* * *
1) национальный, относящийся к данному государству, народу; 2) внутренний, в отличие от международного. -
12 show
1. noun1) (display) Pracht, diea show of flowers/colour — eine Blumen-/Farbenpracht
show of force/strength — etc. Demonstration der Macht/Stärke usw.
dog show — Hundeschau, die
3) (entertainment, performance) Show, die; (Theatre) Vorstellung, die; (Radio, Telev.) [Unterhaltungs]sendung, die; see also academic.ru/70491/steal">steal 1. 1)4) (coll.): (effort)put up a good/poor show — eine gute/schlechte Figur machen
good show! — gut [gemacht]!
5) (coll.): (undertaking, business)it's his show — er ist der Boss (ugs.)
run the show — der Boss sein (ugs.)
give the [whole] show away — alles ausquatschen (salopp)
6) (outward appearance) Anschein, dermake or put on a [great] show of doing something — sich (Dat.) [angestrengt] den Anschein geben, etwas zu tun
be for show — reine Angeberei sein (ugs.)
2. transitive verb,do something just for show — etwas nur aus Prestigegründen tun
1) (allow or cause to be seen) zeigen; vorzeigen [Pass, Fahrschein usw.]show somebody something, show something to somebody — jemandem etwas zeigen
have nothing/something to show for it — [dabei] nichts/etwas zum Vorzeigen haben
that dress shows your petticoat — bei diesem Kleid sieht man deinen Unterrock
this material does not show the dirt — auf diesem Material sieht man den Schmutz nicht; see also colour 1. 5); sign 1. 5)
2) (manifest, give evidence of) zeigen; beweisen [Mut, Entschlossenheit, Urteilsvermögen usw.]he is showing his age — man sieht ihm sein Alter an
3)show [somebody] kindness/mercy — freundlich [zu jemandem] sein/Erbarmen [mit jemandem] haben
show mercy on or to somebody — Erbarmen mit jemandem haben
4) (indicate) zeigen [Gefühl, Freude usw.]; [Thermometer, Uhr usw.:] anzeigenas shown in the illustration — wie die Abbildung zeigt
frontiers are shown by blue lines and towns are shown in red — Grenzen sind durch blaue Linien und Städte sind rot gekennzeichnet
the firm shows a profit/loss — die Firma macht Gewinn/Verlust
5) (demonstrate, prove) zeigenshow somebody that... — jemandem beweisen, dass...
it all/just goes to show that... — das beweist nur, dass...
it all goes to show, doesn't it? — das beweist es doch, oder?
I'll show you/him etc.! — ich werd's dir/ihm usw. schon zeigen!
show somebody who's boss — jemandem zeigen, wer das Sagen hat
6) (conduct) führen3. intransitive verb,show somebody over or round the house/to his place — jemanden durchs Haus/an seinen Platz führen
1) (be visible) sichtbar od. zu sehen seinhe was angry/bored, and it showed — er war wütend/langweilte sich, und man sah es [ihm an]
2) (be shown) [Film:] laufen; [Künstler:] ausstellen"Gandhi" - now showing in the West End — "Gandhi" - Jetzt im West End
3) (make something known)time will show — man wird es [ja] sehen
Phrasal Verbs:- show in- show off- show out- show up* * *[ʃəu] 1. past tense - showed; verb1) (to allow or cause to be seen: Show me your new dress; Please show your membership card when you come to the club; His work is showing signs of improvement.) zeigen2) (to be able to be seen: The tear in your dress hardly shows; a faint light showing through the curtains.) sich sehen lassen3) (to offer or display, or to be offered or displayed, for the public to look at: Which picture is showing at the cinema?; They are showing a new film; His paintings are being shown at the art gallery.) zeigen4) (to point out or point to: He showed me the road to take; Show me the man you saw yesterday.) zeigen5) ((often with (a)round) to guide or conduct: Please show this lady to the door; They showed him (a)round (the factory).) zeigen7) (to prove: That just shows / goes to show how stupid he is.) zeigen2. noun1) (an entertainment, public exhibition, performance etc: a horse-show; a flower show; the new show at the theatre; a TV show.) die Schau2) (a display or act of showing: a show of strength.) zur Schau stellen3) (an act of pretending to be, do etc (something): He made a show of working, but he wasn't really concentrating.) der Schein4) (appearance, impression: They just did it for show, in order to make themselves seem more important than they are.) die Schau5) (an effort or attempt: He put up a good show in the chess competition.) der Eindruck•- showy- showiness
- show-business
- showcase
- showdown
- showground
- show-jumping
- showman
- showroom
- give the show away
- good show! - on show
- show off
- show up* * *[ʃəʊ, AM ʃoʊ]I. NOUNthose members who had made the most open \shows of defiance surprisingly abstained diejenigen Mitglieder, die ihre Ablehnung am deutlichsten bekundet hatten, enthielten sich überraschenderweise der Stimmehis refusal was a childish \show of defiance seine Weigerung war eine kindische Trotzreaktion\show of force Machtdemonstration f geh\show of kindness Geste f der Freundlichkeit\show of solidarity Solidaritätsbekundung f gehthe troops paraded in a \show of strength through the capital die Truppen marschierten durch die Hauptstadt, um ihre Stärke zu demonstrierendespite their public \show of unity they are close to getting divorced obwohl sie nach außen hin Einigkeit demonstrieren, stehen sie kurz vor der Scheidungare those lights just for \show? sollen die Lichter nur Eindruck machen?to make a \show of sth etw zur Schau stellenhe really made a \show of accepting the award ( fam) er hat bei der Entgegennahme des Preises die große Show [o eine Show] abgezogen fama \show of colour/flowers eine Farben-/Blumenprachtdog/fashion \show Hunde-/Modenschau fretrospective \show Retrospektive fslide \show Diavorführung f, Diavortrag m▪ to be on \show ausgestellt sein5. (entertainment) Show f; (on TV also) Unterhaltungssendung f; (at a theatre) Vorstellung f, Vorführung fpuppet \show Puppenspiel nt, Marionettentheater ntquiz \show Quizsendung f, Quizshow fradio/stage \show Radio-/Bühnenshow ftalent \show Talentwettbewerb mto stage a \show eine Show auf die Bühne bringenwho will run the \show when she retires? wer wird den Laden schmeißen, wenn sie in Pension geht? famshe prefers to be in charge of her own \show sie zieht es vor, unabhängig schalten und walten zu könnenhow did she run the \show when the company threatened legal action? wie hat sie die Angelegenheit geregelt, als die Firma mit rechtlichen Schritten drohte?I didn't like how he ran the \show during the strike mir hat es nicht gefallen, wie er mit der Situation während des Streiks umgegangen istit's her [own] \show sie ist hier der Boss [o hat hier das Sagen] famwho is running the \show?, whose \show is it? wer ist hier der Boss [o hat hier das Sagen]? famthe wedding is their \show, let them do it their way es ist ihre Sache [zu entscheiden], wie ihre Hochzeit ablaufen soll▪ the \show die Baseballoberliga8.▶ \show of hands [Abstimmung f per] Handzeichen ntlet me see a \show of hands bitte mal die Hand hochhebenlet's have a \show of hands lass uns per Hand abstimmenby [or on] a \show of hands durch Handzeichenthey put on a \show of being interested sie taten so als seien sie interessiert, sie täuschten Interesse vorII. TRANSITIVE VERB<showed, shown or showed>1. (display, project)▪ to \show sth etw vorzeigendon't ever \show yourself here again! lass dich hier ja nie wieder blicken!the photos \show them kissing and cuddling die Fotos zeigen sie küssend und in liebevoller Umarmungto \show sb one's ability jdm seine Fähigkeiten vorführento \show a film einen Film zeigen [o fam bringen]this film has never been \shown on television dieser Film kam noch nie im Fernsehento \show a flag eine Flagge hissento \show one's passport at the border seinen Pass an der Grenze vorzeigento \show sb one's ticket jdm seine Fahrkarte [vor]zeigento \show slides Dias vorführen [o zeigen]to \show the time die Uhrzeit anzeigento \show one's work ART [seine Arbeiten] ausstellenhis paintings will be \shown in the National Gallery until May seine Bilder sind bis Mai in der Nationalgalerie zu sehen2. (expose)▪ to \show sth etw sehen lassenyour blouse is \showing your bra durch deine Bluse kann man deinen BH sehenthis carpet \shows all the dirt bei dem Teppich kann man jedes bisschen Schmutz sehen3. (reveal)▪ to \show sth etw zeigen [o erkennen lassen]he started to \show his age man begann, ihm sein Alter anzusehenhe \showed no signs of improvement er zeigte keinerlei Besserungto \show courage/initiative/common sense Mut/Unternehmungsgeist/gesunden Menschenverstand beweisento \show genius/originality Genie/Originalität beweisento \show promise viel versprechend sein4. (express)▪ to \show sth etw zeigento \show a bias/enthusiasm for sth eine Vorliebe/Begeisterung für etw akk zeigento \show clemency Milde walten lassento \show compassion [for sb] [mit jdm] Mitleid habento \show compunction Gewissensbisse habento \show [sb] one's gratitude sich akk [jdm gegenüber] dankbar erweisen [o zeigen]to \show sb respect jdm Respekt erweisenyou have to \show more respect du solltest mehr Respekt zeigen▪ to \show sth etw darstellenthe map \shows where her house is auf der Karte ist ihr Haus zu sehenthis map \shows urban areas in grey auf dieser Karte sind die Stadtgebiete grau dargestelltit's \showing signs of rain es sieht nach Regen aus6. (explain)▪ to \show sb sth jdm etw zeigen [o erklären]to \show sb the way jdm den Weg zeigen7. (record)to \show a loss/profit einen Verlust/Gewinn aufweisen8. (prove)▪ to \show sth etw beweisento \show cause LAW seine Gründe vorbringenorder to \show cause gerichtliche Verfügungto \show one's mettle zeigen, was in einem steckt▪ to \show sb that... jdm zeigen [o beweisen], dass...▪ to \show [sb] how/why... [jdm] zeigen, wie/warum...9. (escort)they \showed us over the estate sie führten uns auf dem Anwesen herum10.▶ to \show sb the door jdm die Tür weisen▶ to have nothing to \show for it [or for one's efforts] [am Ende] nichts vorzuweisen habenfive years in the job, and what have you got to \show for it? du machst diesen Job nun schon seit fünf Jahren, und was hast du nun von all der Mühe?▶ to \show one's true colours Farbe bekennenIII. INTRANSITIVE VERB<showed, shown or showed>1. (be visible) zu sehen seinthe trees \show blue on these photographs die Bäume erscheinen auf diesen Fotos blaushe's four months pregnant and starting to \show sie ist im vierten Monat schwanger und allmählich sieht man es auchto let sth \show sich dat etw anmerken lassennow \showing at a cinema near you! jetzt im Kino!4. (exhibit) ausstellen* * *[ʃəʊ] vb: pret showed, ptp shown1. n1)(= display)
a fine show of roses — eine Rosenprachtthere was a strong show of resistance — es gab starken Widerstand
show of hands — Handzeichen nt, Hand(er)heben nt
to do sth for show — etw tun, um Eindruck zu schinden (inf) or zu machen
to make a great show of being impressed/overworked/pleased — sich (dat) ganz den Anschein geben, beeindruckt/überarbeitet/erfreut zu sein
without any show of emotion —
it was all show to be fond of show — es war alles nur Schau (inf) gerne prunken
3) (= exhibition) Ausstellung fdog/fashion show — Hunde-/Modenschau f
to go to a show ( esp Brit : in theatre ) — ins Theater gehen; ( US : in movie theater ) ins Kino gehen
to stop the show (lit) —
he stopped the show with his marvellous medley of old hits (fig) — der Höhepunkt der Show war sein wunderbares Medley alter Hits
See:→ steal5) (esp Brit inf)(jolly) good show! (dated) bad show! (dated) (= what a pity) — ausgezeichnet!, bravo! schwaches Bild (inf) so ein Pech!
to put up a good/poor show —
it's a pretty poor show when... — das ist vielleicht traurig or ein schwaches Bild (inf), wenn...
to give the ( whole) show away — alles verraten
2. vt1) (= display) zeigen; (COMPUT) anzeigen; (at exhibition) ausstellen, zeigen; (= demonstrate) dog vorführen; slides, film zeigen, vorführen; passport, ticket vorzeigento show sb sth, to show sth to sb — jdm etw zeigen
show me how to do it — zeigen Sie mir, wie man das macht
he had nothing to show for it — er hatte am Ende nichts vorzuweisen
I'll show him! (inf) — dem werd ichs zeigen! (inf)
See:2) (= register) (an)zeigen; loss, profit haben, verzeichnen; rise in numbers aufzeigen; (thermometer, speedometer) stehen auf (+dat); (calendar) zeigenit shows that... — es zeigt, dass...
the dial will show red if... — der Zeiger zeigt auf Rot, wenn...
3) (= indicate) zeigen; (= prove) beweisen; kindness, favour erweisen; courage zeigen, beweisen; loyalty, taste, tact, intelligence beweisen; respect bezeigen; proof erbringenthis shows him to be a thief —
I hope I have shown how silly it is — ich habe hoffentlich (auf)gezeigt, wie dumm das ist
it all or just goes to show that... — das zeigt doch nur, dass...
4) (= reveal) zeigenthe housing market is showing signs of life — auf dem Immobilienmarkt tut or rührt sich (wieder) (et)was (inf)
it showed signs of having been used — man sah, dass es gebraucht worden war
to show signs of wear — Abnutzungserscheinungen pl aufweisen
to show signs of tiredness — Ermüdungserscheinungen pl zeigen
show a leg! ( Brit inf ) — raus aus den Federn! (inf)
5) (= direct) zeigento show sb in/out — jdn hereinbringen/hinausbringen or -begleiten
to show sb out of a room — jdn hinausbegleiten, jdn aus dem Zimmer begleiten
to show sb into a room — jdn hereinbringen, jdn ins Zimmer bringen
to show sb to his seat/to the door — jdn an seinen Platz/an die or zur Tür bringen
they were shown over or (a)round the factory — ihnen wurde die Fabrik gezeigt, sie wurden in der Fabrik herumgeführt
3. vi1) (= be visible) zu sehen sein, sichtbar sein; (petticoat etc) vorsehen, rausgucken (inf); (film) gezeigt werden, laufen; (= exhibit artist) ausstellenthe pregnancy or she is now beginning to show — man sieht or merkt jetzt allmählich, dass sie schwanger ist
to show through —
2)(= prove)
it just goes to show! — da sieht mans mal wieder!4. vrto show oneself — sich blicken lassen (inf)
he showed himself to be a coward —
* * *show [ʃəʊ]A s1. (Her)Zeigen n:vote by show of hands durch Handzeichen wählen;show of teeth Zähnefletschen n2. Show f, Schau f, Zurschaustellung f:a show of force fig eine Demonstration der Macht3. (künstlerische etc) Darbietung, Vorführung f, Vorstellung f, Show f, Schau f:put on a show fig eine Schau abziehen, sich aufspielen;steal the show fig (jemandem) die Schau stehlen4. umg (Theater-, Film)Vorstellung f5. Show f, Schau f, Ausstellung f:on show ausgestellt, zu besichtigen(d)6. (Radio-, Fernseh)Sendung f7. (prunkvoller) Umzug8. fig Schauspiel n, Anblick m:make a sorry show einen traurigen Eindruck hinterlassen;make a good show eine gute Figur machen umg9. umg gute etc Leistung:good show! gut gemacht!, bravo!10. Protzerei f, Angeberei f (beide umg):for show um Eindruck zu machen, (nur) fürs Auge;be fond of show gern großtun11. (leerer) Schein:in outward show nach außen (hin);make a show of interest Interesse heucheln, sich interessiert geben;make a show of rage sich wütend stellen12. Spur f, Anzeichen n13. (Zirkus-, Theater) Truppe f14. umg Chance f:15. besonders Br umg Laden m, Sache f:a dull (poor) show eine langweilige (armselige) Sache;run the show den Laden oder die Sache schmeißen;give the (whole) show away sich oder alles verraten16. Pferderennen etc: dritter PlatzB v/t prät showed, pperf shown, showed1. zeigen, sehen lassen, seinen Ausweis, seine Fahrkarte etc auch vorzeigen, -weisen:show o.s.b) fig sich grausam etc zeigen, sich erweisen als;I’ll show him! der soll mich kennenlernen!;never show your face again! lass dich hier nie wieder blicken!;“not shown” (in Katalogen etc) „ohne Abbildung“; → card1 1 a, etcshow sb how to write jemandem das Schreiben beibringen3. sein Wissen etc an den Tag legen, zeigen4. Katzen etc ausstellen, auf einer Ausstellung zeigen5. zeigen:a) THEAT etc vorführenb) TV bringen6. jemanden ins Zimmer etc führen, geleiten, bringen:show sb about ( oder [a]round) the town jemandem die Stadt zeigen, jemanden in der Stadt herumführen;show sb over the house jemanden durch das Haus führen;show sb (a)round jemanden (herum)führen7. seine Absichten etc kundtun, offenbaren8. seine Pläne etc (auf)zeigen, darlegen9. zeigen, beweisen:10. JUR nachweisen, vorbringen:11. PHYS, TECH (an)zeigen:13. schlechten Geschmack etc zeigen, erkennen lassen, verraten14. jemandem eine Gunst etc erweisen:show sb gratitude sich jemandem gegenüber dankbar erweisenC v/i1. sichtbar werden oder sein, sich zeigen:the blood shows through her skin man sieht das Blut durch ihre Haut;2. umg sich zeigen, erscheinen3. aussehen ( like wie):show to advantage vorteilhaft aussehen* * *1. noun1) (display) Pracht, diea show of flowers/colour — eine Blumen-/Farbenpracht
show of force/strength — etc. Demonstration der Macht/Stärke usw.
dog show — Hundeschau, die
3) (entertainment, performance) Show, die; (Theatre) Vorstellung, die; (Radio, Telev.) [Unterhaltungs]sendung, die; see also steal 1. 1)4) (coll.): (effort)put up a good/poor show — eine gute/schlechte Figur machen
good show! — gut [gemacht]!
5) (coll.): (undertaking, business)it's his show — er ist der Boss (ugs.)
run the show — der Boss sein (ugs.)
give the [whole] show away — alles ausquatschen (salopp)
6) (outward appearance) Anschein, dermake or put on a [great] show of doing something — sich (Dat.) [angestrengt] den Anschein geben, etwas zu tun
2. transitive verb,be for show — reine Angeberei sein (ugs.)
1) (allow or cause to be seen) zeigen; vorzeigen [Pass, Fahrschein usw.]show somebody something, show something to somebody — jemandem etwas zeigen
have nothing/something to show for it — [dabei] nichts/etwas zum Vorzeigen haben
this material does not show the dirt — auf diesem Material sieht man den Schmutz nicht; see also colour 1. 5); sign 1. 5)
2) (manifest, give evidence of) zeigen; beweisen [Mut, Entschlossenheit, Urteilsvermögen usw.]3)show [somebody] kindness/mercy — freundlich [zu jemandem] sein/Erbarmen [mit jemandem] haben
show mercy on or to somebody — Erbarmen mit jemandem haben
4) (indicate) zeigen [Gefühl, Freude usw.]; [Thermometer, Uhr usw.:] anzeigenfrontiers are shown by blue lines and towns are shown in red — Grenzen sind durch blaue Linien und Städte sind rot gekennzeichnet
the firm shows a profit/loss — die Firma macht Gewinn/Verlust
5) (demonstrate, prove) zeigenshow somebody that... — jemandem beweisen, dass...
it all/just goes to show that... — das beweist nur, dass...
it all goes to show, doesn't it? — das beweist es doch, oder?
I'll show you/him etc.! — ich werd's dir/ihm usw. schon zeigen!
show somebody who's boss — jemandem zeigen, wer das Sagen hat
6) (conduct) führen3. intransitive verb,show somebody over or round the house/to his place — jemanden durchs Haus/an seinen Platz führen
1) (be visible) sichtbar od. zu sehen seinhe was angry/bored, and it showed — er war wütend/langweilte sich, und man sah es [ihm an]
2) (be shown) [Film:] laufen; [Künstler:] ausstellen"Gandhi" - now showing in the West End — "Gandhi" - Jetzt im West End
3) (make something known)time will show — man wird es [ja] sehen
Phrasal Verbs:- show in- show off- show out- show up* * *(cinema) n.Vorstellung f. n.Ausstellung f.Schau -en f. v.(§ p.,p.p.: showed)or p.p.: shown•) = aufweisen v.aufzeigen v.ausstellen (auf einer Messe) v.vorführen v.vorweisen v.zeigen v. -
13 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
14 use
A n1 ¢ ( act of using) (of substance, object, machine) emploi m, utilisation f (of de) ; (of word, expression, language) emploi m, usage m (of de) ; the use of force/diplomacy le recours à la force/la diplomatie, l'usage de la force/la diplomatie ; the use of sth as/for sth l'emploi or l'utilisation de qch comme/pour qch ; for use as/in pour être utilisé comme/dans ; for the use of sb, for use by sb (customer, staff) à l'usage de qn ; for my own use pour mon usage personnel ; to make use of sth utiliser qch ; to make good/better/the best use of sth tirer bon/meilleur/le meilleur parti de qch ; to get ou have good ou a lot of use out of sth se servir beaucoup de qch, faire grand usage de qch ; to put sth to good use tirer bon parti de qch ; the car/machine gets regular use la voiture/la machine est utilisée régulièrement ; the room/photocopier is in use at the moment la pièce/la photocopieuse est occupée en ce moment ; while the machine is in use lorsque la machine est en service or en fonctionnement ; for external use only Pharm usage externe ; a word in common ou general use un mot d'usage courant ; out of ou no longer in use [machine] ( broken) hors service ; ( because obsolete) plus utilisé ; [word, expression] plus en usage ; worn/stained with use râpé/taché par l'usage ; this machine came into use in the 1950s cette machine a fait son apparition pendant les années cinquante ; the bridge/new system comes into use next year le pont/le nouveau système entrera en service l'année prochaine ;2 ∁ ( way of using) (of resource, object, material) utilisation f ; ( of term) emploi m, the many uses of a hairpin les nombreux usages d'une épingle à cheveux ; she has her uses elle a son utilité ; to find a use for sth trouver une utilisation pour qch ; to have no further use for sth/sb ne plus avoir besoin de qch/qn ; I've no use for that sort of talk fig je ne veux pas entendre parler de ça ;3 ¢ ( right to use) to have the use of avoir l'usage de [house, car, kitchen] ; avoir la jouissance de [garden] ; to let sb have the use of sth permettre à qn de se servir de qch ; to lose/still have the use of one's legs perdre/conserver l'usage de ses jambes ; with use of avec usage de [kitchen, bathroom] ;4 ¢ ( usefulness) to be of use être utile (to à) ; to be (of) no use [object] ne servir à rien ; [person] n'être bon/bonne à rien ; to be (of) no use to sb [object] ne pas servir à qn ; [person] n'être d'aucune utilité à qn ; he's no use ○ at cards il est nul ○ aux cartes ; what use is a wheel without a tyre? à quoi sert une roue sans pneu? ; what's the use of crying? à quoi bon pleurer? ; oh, what's the use? oh, et puis à quoi bon? ; is it any use asking him? est-ce que cela vaut la peine de lui demander? ; it's no use asking me inutile de me demander ; it's no use (he won't listen) c'est inutile (il n'écoutera pas) ; it's no use, we'll have to start rien à faire, il faut s'y mettre.B vtr1 ( employ) se servir de, utiliser [object, car, room, money, tool, telephone] ; employer, utiliser [method, technique] ; employer [word, expression] ; se servir de [language, metaphor] ; profiter de, saisir [opportunity] ; se servir de, faire jouer [influence] ; avoir recours à [blackmail, force, power] ; utiliser [knowledge, information, talent] ; to use sth/sb as sth se servir de qch/qn comme qch ; to use sth for sth/to do se servir de or utiliser qch pour qch/pour faire ; to be used for sth/to do servir à qch/à faire, être utilisé pour qch/pour faire ; we only use local suppliers nous achetons tous nos produits à des fournisseurs locaux ; somebody's using the toilet il y a quelqu'un dans les toilettes ; can I use you ou your name as a reference? est-ce que je peux donner votre nom comme référence? ; to use one's initiative faire preuve d'initiative ; use your initiative! allez, un peu d'initiative! ; use your head ou loaf ○ ! fais marcher un peu ta cervelle ○ ! ; I could use ○ a drink/bath! j'aurais bien besoin d'un verre/bain! ;2 ( also use up) ( consume) consommer [fuel, food] ; he's used all the water il a utilisé toute l'eau ; use the left-overs utilisez les restes ;4 ( take habitually) prendre [drugs] ;■ use up:▶ use [sth] up, use up [sth] finir, utiliser [remainder, food] ; d épenser [money, savings] ; épuiser [supplies, fuel, energy].
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