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Manifests

  • 1 manifests

    Проявляет

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > manifests

  • 2 manifests

    • manifesty

    English-Czech dictionary > manifests

  • 3 manifests

    Новый англо-русский словарь > manifests

  • 4 manifests

    English-Russian smart dictionary > manifests

  • 5 manifests

    n
    მანიფესტები, ცხადად აჩვენებს

    English-Georgian dictionary > manifests

  • 6 increment manifests

    English-Russian dictionary of program "Mir-Shuttle" > increment manifests

  • 7 manifesto

    [mæni'festəu]
    plural - manifesto(e)s; noun
    (a public usually written announcement of policies and intentions, especially by a political party: the socialist manifesto.) manifests
    * * *
    manifests

    English-Latvian dictionary > manifesto

  • 8 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 9 manifest

    ˈmænɪfest
    1. сущ.
    1) редк. проявление, манифестация Syn: manifestation, indication
    2) манифест Syn: manifesto
    3) а) мор. манифест, декларация судового груза б) декларация груза и пассажиров (самолета или поезда) в) преим. амер. товарный поезд
    2. прил. очевидный, явный, ясный It is a manifest and visible error. ≈ Это очевидная, явная ошибка. Syn: plain I
    1., obvious
    3. гл.
    1) а) делать явным, очевидным;
    обнаруживать, проявлять She doesn't manifest much desire to marry him. ≈ Она не проявляет никакого желания выходить за него замуж. Syn: disclose, reveal I б) проявляться, обнаруживаться Nature manifests itself to us only through our senses. ≈ Природа раскрывается нам только через наши чувства. No disease manifested itself during the long voyage. ≈ Во время длительного путешествия не обнаружилось никакой болезни. в) появляться( о привидении)
    2) доказывать, подтверждать This remark is manifested by many cases in surgery. ≈ Это замечание подтверждается многими случаями в хирургии. Syn: prove, attest
    3) обнародовать;
    издать манифест
    4) мор. заносить в декларацию судового груза (морское) манифест, декларация судового груза - * of cargo грузовой манифест( редкое) = manifestation (устаревшее) манифест очевидный, явный, ясный - * truth очевидная истина - a sense of beauty is * in his poems чувство красоты ясно прослеживается в его стихах - it was * that the ship was sinking стало ясно, что корабль тонет - it was made * in his actions это явно обнаружилось в его действиях - it was * from his speech that... из его речи было ясно, что... (of) (устаревшее) имеющий очевидные признаки( чего-л.) виноватый( в чем-л.) делать очевидным;
    ясно показывать;
    обнаруживать, проявлять - to * dissatisfaction проявлять /высказывать/ неудовольствие - his impatience *ed itself in his expression на его лице было написано нетерпение - to * a desire to do smth. проявлять желание делать что-л. - he *ed a desire to leave он изъявил желание уйти - the tendency *ed itself in... эта тенденция проявилась в... - Chaucer's early poems * clearly the influence of French poets в ранних стихах Чосера ясно видно /со всей очевидностью проступает/ влияние французских поэтов доказывать, служить доказательством - to * the truth of a statement доказывать истинность утверждения обнародовать;
    издать манифест проявляться (о духе во время спиритического сеанса) (морское) заносить в декларацию судового груза cargo ~ грузовой манифест cargo ~ декларация судового груза freight ~ суд. грузовой манифест freight ~ декларация судового груза manifest декларация судового груза ~ доказывать, служить доказательством ~ мор. заносить в декларацию судового груза ~ заносить в декларацию судового груза ~ издавать манифест ~ мор. манифест, декларация судового груза ~ манифест ~ обнародовать, издать манифест ~ обнародовать;
    издать манифест ~ обнародовать ~ обнаруживать ~ обнаруживаться, проявляться ~ очевидный, явный;
    ясный ~ очевидный, явный ~ очевидный ~ появляться (о привидении) ~ проявление ~ проявлять ~ судовой манифест, декларация судового груза ~ судовой манифест ~ явный ~ ясно показывать;
    делать очевидным, обнаруживать;
    проявлять

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > manifest

  • 10 manifest

    'mænifest 1. verb
    (to show (clearly): He manifested his character in his behaviour.) legge for dagen, demonstrere
    2. adjective
    (easily seen by the eye or understood by the mind; obvious: manifest stupidity.) tydelig, åpenbar
    - manifestation
    enkel
    --------
    klar
    --------
    vise
    I
    subst. \/ˈmænɪfest\/
    godsliste, godsfortegnelse, lastemanifest (sjøfart), passasjerliste (luftfart)
    II
    verb \/ˈmænɪfest\/
    1) manifestere, legge for dagen, tilkjennegi, vise (tydelig), vise (seg), åpenbare (seg), røpe, gi uttrykk for
    2) bevise, vise, være bevis på, demonstrere
    3) føre opp på godslisten, føre opp på passasjerlisten, føre inn i lastemanifestet, oppgi i tollen
    ( også be manifested) vise seg, bli åpenbar, gjøre seg gjeldende
    III
    adj. \/ˈmænɪfest\/
    påtakelig, åpenbar, tydelig, klar, innlysende, umiskjennelig, manifest (psykologi)
    be manifest ( også) ligge klart for dagen

    English-Norwegian dictionary > manifest

  • 11 पातुकरोति

    පාතුකරොති paatukaroti pātukaroti
    (pātu + kar + o) manifests.

    Pali-English dictionary > पातुकरोति

  • 12 innocence

    1 უდანაშაულობა
    2 გულუბრყვილობა, მიამიტობა
    3 უმანკოება, უბიწოება
    this fact manifests his innocence ეს ფაქტი მის უდანაშაულობას ადასტურებს / მის უდანაშაულობაზე მეტყველებს

    English-Georgian dictionary > innocence

  • 13 manifest

    § ცხადი, აშკარა; გამოჩენა, გამომჟღავნება
    §
    1 აშკარა, ცხადი, თვალნათლივი
    2 გამოვლენა (გამოავლენს), გამომჟღავნება
    to manifest impatience / dissatisfaction მოუთმენლობის / უკმაყოფილების გამომჟღავნება
    3 დადასტურება (დაადასტურებს)
    this fact manifests his innocence ეს ფაქტი მის უდანაშაულობას ადასტურებს / მის უდანაშაულობაზე მეტყველებს

    English-Georgian dictionary > manifest

  • 14 pronunciamento

    paziņojums, manifests

    English-Latvian dictionary > pronunciamento

  • 15 manifest

    ['mænɪfest] 1. сущ.
    а) мор. манифест, декларация судового груза
    2. прил.
    очевидный, явный, ясный

    It is a manifest and visible error. — Это очевидная ошибка.

    Syn:
    plain I 1., obvious
    3. гл.
    1)
    а) делать явным, очевидным; обнаруживать, проявлять

    She doesn't manifest much desire to marry him. — Она не проявляет особого желания выходить за него замуж.

    Syn:
    б) проявляться, обнаруживаться

    Nature manifests itself to us only through our senses. — Природа раскрывается нам только через наши чувства.

    No disease manifested itself during the long voyage. — Во время длительного путешествия не обнаружилось никакой болезни.

    2) доказывать, подтверждать

    This remark is manifested by many cases in surgery. — Это замечание подтверждается многими случаями в хирургии.

    Syn:
    3) обнародовать; издать манифест
    4) мор. заносить в декларацию судового груза

    Англо-русский современный словарь > manifest

  • 16 exhibits

    показывать; экспонат; приложение
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. shows (noun) demonstrations; displays; exhibitions; expositions; fairs; manifestations; shows
    2. has (verb) bears; carries; displays; has; possesses
    3. shows (verb) brandishes; demonstrates; disports; evidences; evinces; exposes; flashes; flaunts; illustrates; looks; manifests; marks; parades; proclaims; show off; shows; shows off; sports; trots out

    English-Russian base dictionary > exhibits

  • 17 shows

    Синонимический ряд:
    1. acts (noun) acts; masquerades; poses; pretences; shams; simulations
    2. displays (noun) arrays; demonstrations; displays; exhibitions; exhibits; expositions; fairs; fanfares; manifestations; panoplies; parades; shines; spectacles
    3. masks (noun) appearances; cloaks; colorings; colors; colourings; colours; covers; disguises; facades; faces; false fronts; fronts; glosses; guises; masks; mufflers; outs; pretenses; pretexts; semblance; semblances; showings; veils; veneers; window dressings; window-dressings
    4. movies (noun) films; flicks; motion pictures; movies; moving pictures; picture shows; pictures
    5. opportunities (noun) breaks; chances; occasions; openings; opportunities; shots; squeaks; times
    6. appears (verb) appears; emerges; issues; looms; materialises
    7. bares (verb) bares; discloses; exposes; lay open; reveals; uncovers; unmasks; unveils
    8. brandishes (verb) brandishes; disports; flashes; flaunts; offers; parades; show off; shows off; sports; trots out
    9. comes (verb) arrives; comes; gets; gets in; reaches; shows up; turns up
    10. demonstrates (verb) demonstrates; displays; evidences; evinces; exhibits; illustrates; looks; manifests; proclaims
    11. guides (verb) conducts; directs; escorts; guides; leads; pilots; routes; sees; shepherds; steers
    12. images (verb) delineates; depicts; describes; images; limns; pictures; portrays; renders; represents
    13. indicates (verb) denotes; designates; indicates; marks; point out; reads; records; registers; says; specifies
    14. proves (verb) authenticates; bear out; confirms; corroborates; determines; establishes; makes out; proves; substantiates; validates; verifies
    15. reads (verb) marks; reads; records; registers
    16. runs (verb) plays; runs
    17. stages (verb) mounts; produces; puts on; stages

    English-Russian base dictionary > shows

  • 18 Licking

    A fault that manifests itself in many ways in spinning mills, particularly at the card,. drawing frames, and flyer frames, where fibres wrap around the drawing rollers, etc., and become detached from the lap or sliver instead of passing forward with it.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Licking

  • 19 competence

    Gen Mgt, HR
    an acquired personal skill that is demonstrated in an employee’s ability to provide a consistently adequate or high level of performance in a specific job function. Competence should be distinguished from competency, although in general usage the terms are used interchangeably. Early attempts to define the qualities of effective managers were based on lists of the personality traits and skills of the ideal manager. This is an input model approach, focusing on the skills that are needed to do the job. These skills are competencies and reflect potential ability to do something. With the advent of scientific management, people turned their attention more to the behavior of effective managers and to the outcomes of successful management. This approach is an output model, in which a manager’s effectiveness is defined in terms of actual achievement. This achievement manifests itself in competences, which demonstrate that somebody has learned to do something well. There tends to be a focus in the United Kingdom on competence, whereas in the United States, the concept of competency is more popular. Competences are used in the workplace in a variety of ways. Training is often competence based, and the U.K. National Vocational Qualification system is based on competence standards. Competences also are used in reward management, for example, in competencebased pay. The assessment of competence is a necessary process for underpinning these initiatives by determining what competences an employee shows. At an organizational level, the idea of core competence is gaining popularity.

    The ultimate business dictionary > competence

  • 20 software factory asset

    "A resource or set of resources provided by a software factory and used in a development environment to build a software application. Assets can include documents, models, configuration files, build scripts, source code files, prescriptive guidance, localization files, deployment manifests, test case definitions, and so forth."

    English-Arabic terms dictionary > software factory asset

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См. также в других словарях:

  • Manifests — Manifest Man i*fest, n.; pl. {Manifests}. [Cf. F. manifeste. See {Manifest}, a., and cf. {Manifesto}.] 1. A public declaration; an open statement; a manifesto. See {Manifesto}. [Obs.] [1913 Webster] 2. A list or invoice of a ship s cargo,… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • manifests — man·i·fest || mænɪfest n. cargo list; passenger list of a ship or plane; list of contents of a shipment; list of wagons that form a freight train; manifesto v. show clearly, reveal, make obvious, prove adj. obvious, evident, clear …   English contemporary dictionary

  • consuetudo licet sit magnae auctoritatis, nunquam tamen, praajudicat manifests veritati — /konswatyuwdow, lisat sit maegniy oktohrateytas, narjkwam taemen prajuwdakat maenafestiy vehrateytay/ A custom, though it be of great authority, should never prejudice manifest truth …   Black's law dictionary

  • consuetudo licet sit magnae auctoritatis, nunquam tamen, praajudicat manifests veritati — /konswatyuwdow, lisat sit maegniy oktohrateytas, narjkwam taemen prajuwdakat maenafestiy vehrateytay/ A custom, though it be of great authority, should never prejudice manifest truth …   Black's law dictionary

  • voluntas donatoris in charta doni sui manifests expressa observetur — /valantaes downatoras in karta downay s(y)uway maenafestiy akspresiy obsarviytar/ The will of the donor manifestly expressed in his deed of gift is to be observed …   Black's law dictionary

  • Manifest der 16 — Das Manifest der Sechzehn (Originalveröffentlichung fr: Manifeste des seize) wurde im Februar 1916 von bekannten Anarchisten verschiedener Herkunft unterzeichnet. Es wandte sich gegen die deutsche Aggression des Ersten Weltkriegs und unterstützte …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Manifest der Sechzehn — Das Manifest der Sechzehn (Originalveröffentlichung fr: Manifeste des seize) war ein Dokument, das 1916 von den bekannten Anarchisten Peter Kropotkin und Jean Grave geschrieben wurde und einen Sieg der Alliierten über Deutschland und die… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • List of Buso Renkin characters — This is a list of characters in the manga and anime series Buso Renkin . The manga was written and drawn by Nobuhiro Watsuki, the creator of Rurouni Kenshin , with some story collaboration by Kaoru Kurosaki. It was serialized by Shueisha in the… …   Wikipedia

  • Hinduism — /hin dooh iz euhm/, n. the common religion of India, based upon the religion of the original Aryan settlers as expounded and evolved in the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, etc., having an extremely diversified character with many… …   Universalium

  • KABBALAH — This entry is arranged according to the following outline: introduction general notes terms used for kabbalah the historical development of the kabbalah the early beginnings of mysticism and esotericism apocalyptic esotericism and merkabah… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

  • Over Soul — In either anime or manga media variation of Shaman King , nihongo|Over Soul|オーバーソウル is the general term referring to a type of shamanic magic a shaman uses to materialize a ghost onto the physical plane. Any type of O.S. often rely on the… …   Wikipedia

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