θυρᾰ-ωρός

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `door, doorleaf', mostly in plur. `gate' (Il.; cf. Schwyzer-Debrunner 44).

Other forms: Ion. θύρη

Dialectal forms: Myc. opiturajo \/opithuraiōi\/ `door-keeper'

Compounds: Several compp., e. g. θυρᾰ-ωρός (Χ 69), θυρ-ωρός, - ουρός (Sapph.) `doorwaiter' (cf. on ὁράω and Schwyzer 438), as 2. member with thematic anlargement, e. g. πρό-θυρ-ον `place before the gatee, forecourt' (Il.).

Derivatives: Diminut.: θύριον (Att.) and θυρίδιον (Gp.), θυρίς f. `window(opening)' (IA) with θυριδεύς `window-frame' (Delos III^a; cf. the names in - εύς in Chantraine Formation 128), θυριδόω `provide with a window' (pap.) with θυριδωτός (inscr.). Further θυρεός m. `door-stone' (ι 240, 313), name of a long shield = Lat. scutum (hell.; on the formation Chantraine 51; also Schwyzer 468 and Hermann Sprachwiss. Komm. zu ι 240, but hardly with Bechtel Vocalcontr. 154 from the consonantstem in θύρ-δα) with θυρεόω `cover with a shield' (Aq.); θύρετρα pl. `door(-casing)' (ep.; Schwyzer 532, Chantraine 332) with θυρετρικός (Chios); θύρωμα, often in plur. - ώματα `doorway' (IA; not with Schwyzer 523 from θυρόω, cf. Chantraine 187); θυρών, - ῶνος m. `hall, antechamber' (S.). Adj. θυραῖος, Aeol. θύραος `belonging to the door, standing before the door, outside, foreign' (trag., hell.). Denomin. verb θυρόω `provide with doors' (Att.) wiht θύρωσις (Epid.), θυρωτός (Babr.). θυραυλέω `sleep before the door' from a compound with αὐλή. *θυράγματα ἀφοδεύματα H. (in wrong position), as from θυράζω.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [278] * dʰuer- `door'

Etymology: From θύρ-δα ἔξω. Άρκάδες H. and θύσθεν for *θύρ-σθεν = θύρα-θεν (Tegea; on the formation Schwyzer 628), perhaps also from θύραζε `out (of the door)' (if for *θύρᾰς δε; Schwyzer 625 w. n. 1) one reconstructs a consonant-stem, IE * dhur-, which is often attested in other languages: Germ., e. g. OHG turi = Tür (prop. plur.), from IE *dhúr-es; Balt., e. g. Lith. acc. pl. dur-ìs, gen. dùr-ų̃, Skt. acc. pl. dúr-aḥ (IE *dhúr-n̥s; on the anlaut. d- for dh- cf. Mayrhofer KEWA 2, 83). The consonant -stem is often replaced by innovations, notably by an i-stem in Lith. nom. pl. dùr-y-s, gen. dùr-i-ų̄, by an o-stem in Goth. daúr n. = NHG Tor etc., by an n-stem in Arm. dur-n, by an ā-stem as in θύραι, also in Arm. gen. dat. abl. pl. dr-a-c̣, instr. dr-a-w-k`. - Beside zero-grade * dhur- full-grade *dhu̯er-, *dhu̯or-, e. g. Skt. nom. pl. dvā́r-aḥ, acc. dúr-aḥ (s. above), which were often generalized as in Lat. for-ēs, Toch. B twere; with enlargements, e. g. Skt. dvā́r-a-m, OCS dvor-ъ `court', Lat. for-īs `outside', for-ās `(towards) outside'. A zero grade *dhu̯r̥- has been supposed in θαιρός `pivot of a door', but is doubtful (s. v.). - The thematic enlargement of πρό-θυρ-ον also e. g. in Skt. śatá-dur-a- `with hundred doors' (Sommer Nominalkomp. 131). - Details in Pok. 278f., W.-Hofmann s. foris, Ernout-Meillet s. forēs, Mayrhofer Wb. 2, 83f., Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. dùrys, Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. dverь. Cf. Benveniste, Institutions I 311ff.

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     θυραωρός

     θῠρα-ωρός

    ὅ эп. = θυρωρός См. θυρωρος

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `wing of a door, gate', mostly in plur. `door, gate', esp. of town-gates, gates of an camp a. the like (Il.); `entrance, access, bottleneck etc.', also as PlN (Pi., Emp., IA.).

Compounds: Several compp., e.g. πυλ-άρτης m. `gate-closer', adjunct of Hades, also as PN (Hom.), to ἀρ- in ἀραρίσκω (s.v.) with univerbating τη-suffix (Bechtel Lex. s.v., Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1. 31 w. n. 2); πυλ-ωρός, ep. πυλᾰ-ωρός, Hdt. πυλ-ουρός, H. πυλ-αυρός (Dor.), - ευρός (Ion.) `gate-keeper, guard' (Il.); on the comp.vowel and 2. member s. on ὁράω and Schwyzer 438, Leumann Hom. Wörter 223 n. 20: 2c, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 161; ἑπτά-πυλος `with seven gates' (ep. lyr. Il.); PlN Θερμο-πύλαι pl. (Simon., Hdt. etc.); the Att. orator a.o. for it Πύλαι, cf. Risch IF 59, 267.

Derivatives: 1. Dimin. πυλ-ίς, - ίδος f. (IA.); 2. - ώματα pl. n. `gate' (A, E.; cf. Sommer Zum Zahlwort 9 n.1), formal enlargement (Chantraine Form. 186f.); 3. - εών (sp.), - ών (Arist., hell.). -( ε)ῶνος m. `gate-space, gateway, gate-building'; 4. Πυλ-ᾶτις, - ιδος f. `belonging to Πύλαι' (S. in lyr.), -αϊ̃τις, - ιδος f. `belonging to a gate' (Lyc. 356; for Πυλᾶτις?; cf. Redard 10 a. 212). 5. πυλαῖος `belonging to a gate' (late), `belonging to Πύλαι' (Demeter; Call.); PN Πύλαιος (Β842); Πυλαία, - ίη f. adjunct of the amphictyonian meeting in Πύλαι (IA.); from it Πυλαιασταί m. pl. prop. *"members of Πυλαία" (on the formation Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 175ff.; hardly correct Bechtel Dial. 2, 655), metaph. `mountebank, liar' (Phot., Suid.; Rhod. after H.); prob. also πυλαϊκός `conjurer-like' (late). 6. Denom. verb πυλ-όομαι, - όω `to be(come) provided with gates' (Ar., X.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: As opposed to the inherited θύρα without etymology; so prob. technical LW [loanword] like many other expressions of architecture (e.g. μέγαρον; s. also Schwyzer 62). Vain attempts at interpretation in Bq (rejected). -- So prob. Pre-Greek.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `garden, orchard, plantation' (Il.), `unworked piece of land' (Cypr.; cf. Kretschmer Glotta 3, 303 with R. Meister).

Other forms: Dor. κᾶπος

Compounds: Often as 1. member, e. g. κηπουρός \< *κηπο-Ϝορός (Att., hell.), also κηπ-ωρός (Archipp.; prob. after θυρωρός, s. on θύρα) `gardener'; κηπο-λάχανον `garden of vergetables' (pap.; type ἱππο-πόταμος, s. on ἵππος; cf. Strömberg Wortstudien 7), also κηπο-λαχαν-ία `id.' (pap.); κηπ-εργός `gardener' (Korykos; after ἔργον for - ουργός [Poll.]). Also as 2. member, e. g. περί-κηπος m. `garden around the house' (ptol. pap., D. S.; prob. after περί-χωρος); ἀγρό-κηπος (Att. inscr., Rom. Emp.), ἀγρο-κήπιον (Str.) `field worked as garden'.

Derivatives: Diminutiva κηπίον (Halic. V^a, Th. etc.), - πίδιον (Plu., D. L.), - πάδιον (pap.); κηπαῖος `of the garden' (Arist.; Chantraine Formation 48), κηπεύς, Dor. καπεύς `gardener' (Philyll. Com. 14, AP; Bosshardt Die Nom. auf - ευς 49), κηπίδες Νύμφαι `garden-Nymphs' (Aristainet.). Denomin. verb κηπεύω `work in the garden, cultivate' (E., Eub., Arist.) with κηπεῖαι f. pl. `gardens' (Pl. Lg. 845d), κηπεύματα pl. `garden-products, -fruits' (Ar. Av. 1100), κηπευτής = κηπεύς (Gloss.), κηπεύσιμος `grown up in a garden' (Alex. Trall.; aftr φυτεύσιμος, Arbenz Die Adj. auf - ιμος 86).

Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Eur. substr.

Etymology: But for the ending κῆπος, κᾶπος can be identical with a westgerm. word of comparable meaning, OHG huoba, OS hōba, NHG Hufe, Hube f. `piece of land of a certain size', Dutch hoeve `farm', IE. *kāpā́; here also Alb. kopshtë `garden' (with shtë-suffix), which has a velar in anlaut. On further connections, some uncertain or wrong ( κάπετος, Lat. capiō, OHG habaro `oats') s. Bq, Pok. 529. Beekes ?? Does it point to a European substratum?

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to look, to perceive, to contemplate, to see' (Il.).

Other forms: Ion. also ὀρέω (Hdt.), and besides ὅρηαι (ξ 343), ὁρητο (A 56 a. 198 after Zenodot, accent uncertain), ὀρῃ̃ς, -ῃ̃, - ῆν (Hp., Democr., Herod.), Aeol. ὄρημι (Sapph.), ὄρη (Theoc.); ipf. ἑώρων (Att.), ep. 3. sg. ὅρα, Ion. ὥρα (Hdt.) etc.; pres. also ὄρονται (ξ 104) with - ντο (γ 471), ὅρει φυλάσσει H.; innovated perf. act. ἑόρακα (Att., also ἑώρ-), Ion. ὀρώρηκα a. ὤρηκα (Herod.), Dor. ptc. ὡρακυῖα (Epid.), midd. ἑώραμαι (late Att.), aor. pass. ὁραθῆναι (Arist., D.S.), plqu. also ὀρώρει (Ψ 112).

Compounds: Very often w. prefix, e.g. ἐφ- ( ἐπ-), καθ- ( κατ-), παρ-, προ-, συν-, ὑπερ-.

Derivatives: Few derivv., almost all hell. and late, as opposed to the older ones which derive from primary ὀπ- (s. ὄπωπα) and ἰδεῖν: 1. ὁρᾶ-τός `visible' (Hp., Pl.), προ-ορατός `who can be foreseen' (X. Cyr. 1, 6,23) as against πρό-οπτος ( προὖπ-τος) `foreseen, apparent' (IA.); 2. ὅραμα n. `sight, spectacle, apparition' (X., Arist., LXX), παρ- ὁράω (hell. a. late), m. ὁραματίζομαι (Aq.) against ὄμμα, εἶδος (s.vv.); 3. ὅρασις f., also with προ-, παρ-, ὑπερ- a.o., `sight, face, look, apparition', pl. also `eyes' (Demad., Arist., Men.) against ὄψις; ὑφόρα-σις `suspicion' (Plb.) for older ὑποψ-ία; 4. ὁρατής m. `viewer' (LXX, Plu.) against ὀπτήρ `scout'; ὁρατήρ H. as explanation of ὀπτήρ; 5. ὁρατικός `able to see, provided with sight' (Arist., Ph.), ἐφ- ὁράω `fit for oversight' (X.): ἐποπτ-ικός `belonging to ἐπόπτης' (Pl.). 6. ὁρατίζω `to catch sight of, to aim for' (medic. IV<sup>p</sup>). 7. οὖρος m. `watcher', ἐπίουρος s. v.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1164] *u̯er- `observe, note'

Etymology: From the ipf. ἑώρων (\< *ἠ-Ϝόρων; w. asp. after ὁρῶ) and the pf. ἑόρακα (\< *Ϝε-Ϝόρακα; ἑώρ- after the ipf.) we conclude to an orig. Ϝ-, which however neither in Homer nor epigraphically has left a trace, and also in Myc. oromeno is absent; whether the asper hangs together with the older Ϝ-, remains uncertain (Schwyzer 22 6 f. w. lit.). -- The above presentforms, from which come all non-present forms including the verbal nouns, seem to require three diff. stems: 1. Ϝορᾶ- in ὁρά-ω, from which perh. purely phonetically Ion. ὀρέω (Schwyzer 242); 2. Ϝορη- in Aeol. ὄρημι, ὄρη, ep. ὅρηαι a.o. (s. above); 3. Ϝορ- in ὄρονται, - ντο, ὅρει. Orig. *Ϝορᾶ-ι̯ω can be either an iterative-intensive deverbative of the type ποτάομαι (s. Schwyzer 718 f.), with which the meaning fits well, or be explained as denominative from *Ϝορά̄ f., which is found in φρουρά from *προ-hορά (\< *προ-Ϝορά) and in German., e.g. OHG wara f. `attentiveness', wara neman ' wahrnehmen': IE *u̯orā́ f., beside which Toch. A war, B were `flavour', IE *u̯oro-s m. Difficult to judge however is (Ϝ)όρη-μι etc. It looks like a disyllabic athemat. formation, and ὀρῃ̃ς, -ῃ̃, - ῆν can have been tranformed from this by thematization (Schwyzer 680). One may compare Lat. verē-ri `observe scrupulously, venerate', though with ablauting stemvowel. Weakest attested is the primary monosyll. (orig. athematic?; Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 311) ὄρονται, - ντο (to which also ὅρει in H.?); it regards moreover the same formulaic expression: ἐπὶ δ' ἀνέρες ἐσθλοὶ ὄρονται (- ντο), thus in plqu. ἐπὶ δ' ἀνηρ ἐσθλὸς ὀρώρει. Here too the o-vowel is remarkable, though analogous cases can be found like ὄθομαι, οἴχομαι a.o. (Schwyzer 721, Chantraine l.c.). To the primry verb belong both *προ-Ϝορ-ά in φρουρά (s. above and s.v.) and the form which occurs only in compounds as 2. member, - (Ϝ)ορ-ός, `guardian', e.g. θυρ-, τιμ-ωρός, κηπουρός from θυρα-, τιμα-, κηπο-Ϝορ-ός; it agrees formally (but not functionally) with Germ., e.g. OS war `attentive, cautious', OHG giwar `id., gewahr'. The other word belonging to this group from diff. languages, e.g. Latv. veruôs, vērtiês `inspect, observe', Toch. A wär, B wär-sk- `smell', Hitt. u̯erite- `fear', give nothing for Greek. -- Further forms w. lit. in WP. 1, 284f., Pok. 1164, W.-Hofmann s. vereor. On the suppletive system ὁράω: ὄψομαι: εἶδον: ἑόρακα Gonda Lingua 9, 178 ff., Bloch Suppl. Verba 91 ff. ; on the expressions for `see, eye' in Greek Prévot Rev. de phil. 61, 133ff., 233ff. -- S. also 2. οὖρος, ὤρα.

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