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(not+professional)

  • 21 professional

    [-ʃə-]
    1) (of a profession: professional skill.) profesionální
    2) (of a very high standard: a very professional performance.) kvalitní, výtečný
    3) (earning money by performing, or giving instruction, in a sport or other activity that is a pastime for other people; not amateur: a professional musician/golfer.) profesionální
    * * *
    • profesionální
    • profesionál
    • odborný
    • odborník
    • kvalifikovaných
    • duševní pracovník

    English-Czech dictionary > professional

  • 22 professional

    [-ʃə-]
    1) (of a profession: professional skill.) profesionálny
    2) (of a very high standard: a very professional performance.) kvalitný
    3) (earning money by performing, or giving instruction, in a sport or other activity that is a pastime for other people; not amateur: a professional musician/golfer.) profesionálny
    * * *
    • profesionálny

    English-Slovak dictionary > professional

  • 23 professional

    [-ʃə-]
    1) (of a profession: professional skill.) profesional
    2) (of a very high standard: a very professional performance.) excelent
    3) (earning money by performing, or giving instruction, in a sport or other activity that is a pastime for other people; not amateur: a professional musician/golfer.) profesionist

    English-Romanian dictionary > professional

  • 24 professional

    [-ʃə-]
    1) (of a profession: professional skill.) επαγγελματικός
    2) (of a very high standard: a very professional performance.) επαγγελματικός
    3) (earning money by performing, or giving instruction, in a sport or other activity that is a pastime for other people; not amateur: a professional musician/golfer.) επαγγελματίας

    English-Greek dictionary > professional

  • 25 professional

    [-ʃə-]
    1) (of a profession: professional skill.) professionnel
    2) (of a very high standard: a very professional performance.) excellent
    3) (earning money by performing, or giving instruction, in a sport or other activity that is a pastime for other people; not amateur: a professional musician/golfer.) professionnel

    English-French dictionary > professional

  • 26 professional

    [-ʃə-]
    1) (of a profession: professional skill.) profissional
    2) (of a very high standard: a very professional performance.) profissional
    3) (earning money by performing, or giving instruction, in a sport or other activity that is a pastime for other people; not amateur: a professional musician/golfer.) profissional

    English-Portuguese (Brazil) dictionary > professional

  • 27 professional equipment

    1. профессиональное оборудование

     

    профессиональное оборудование

    EN

    professional equipment
    equipment for use in trades, professions, or industries and which is not intended for sale to the general public. The designation is specified by the manufacturer.
    [IEC 61800-5-1, ed. 2.0 (2007-07)]

    FR

    matériel professionnel
    matériel utilisé dans les échanges commerciaux, les professions et l’industrie ou qui n'est pas destiné à être vendu au grand public. Cette appellation est spécifiée par le contructeur
    [IEC 61800-5-1, ed. 2.0 (2007-07)]

    EN

    FR

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > professional equipment

  • 28 professional employer organization

    сокр. PEO упр. профессиональный наниматель*, компания по лизингу рабочей силы* (фирма, которая сдает рабочую силу в аренду другим организациям; организации получают постоянных сотрудников, но не занимаются какими-л. кадровыми вопросами; все вопросы, касающиеся заработной платы, налоговых выплат, льгот, отчислений в пенсионные и другие фонды и т. п., решает профессиональный наниматель)

    Some small businesses decide to "lease" employees from a professional employer organization, which handles not just placement services but other human resources services as well, such as maintaining all employee records, providing benefits and handling tax withholding and payroll. Under such an arrangement, employees are permanent — but they work, in a sense, for two companies, the PEO and the business whose tasks they perform. — Некоторые мелкие фирмы решают "арендовать" работников у организации – профессионального нанимателя, которая предоставляет не только услуги по подбору персонала, но также и другие услуги, связанные с управлением человеческими ресурсами: создание и ведение картотеки персонала, обеспечение пособий и льгот, управление процессом удержания налогов, выплата заработной платы. При данной системе работники нанимаются на постоянной основе, но, в некотором смысле, одновременно работают на две компании: на организацию – профессионального нанимателя и предприятие, задания которого они выполняют.

    Syn:
    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > professional employer organization

  • 29 in a professional capacity

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > in a professional capacity

  • 30 amateur

    'æmətə, ]( American) - ər
    1. noun
    1) (a person who takes part in a sport etc without being paid for it: The tennis tournament was open only to amateurs.) aficionado, amateur
    2) (someone who does something for the love of it and not for money: For an amateur, he was quite a good photographer.) aficionado

    2. adjective
    an amateur golfer; amateur photography.) aficionado, amateur
    amateur1 adj amateur / aficionado
    amateur2 n amateur / aficionado

    amateur /ama'ter/ adjetivo, masculino y femenino (pl
    ◊ - teurs) amateur

    amateur adjetivo & mf amateur ' amateur' also found in these entries: Spanish: aficionada - aficionado - diletante - capea - casero - escoleta English: amateur - dramatics
    tr['æmətəSMALLr/SMALL]
    1 aficionado,-a
    1 aficionado,-a
    amateur ['æməʧər, -tər, -.tʊr, -.tjʊr] n
    1) : amateur mf
    2) beginner: principiante mf; aficionado m, -da f
    adj.
    • aficionado, -a adj.
    n.
    • aficionado s.m.
    • chapucero, -era s.m.,f.

    I 'æmətər, 'æmətə(r)
    a) ( Sport) amateur mf

    II
    a) ( not professional) <athlete/musician> amateur; <sport/competition> para amateurs
    ['æmǝtǝ(r)]
    1. N
    1) (lit) (=non-professional) amateur mf ; (=hobbyist) aficionado(-a) m / f

    I love gardening but I'm just an amateur — me encanta la jardinería, pero no soy más que un aficionado

    2) pej chapucero(-a) m / f

    those guys are amateurs! * — ¡esos tipos son unos chapuceros!

    2. ADJ
    1) (=not professional) [athlete, actor, production] amateur; [club, competition] para amateurs, para aficionados

    amateur athletics/photography — atletismo/fotografía para amateurs

    an amateur photographer — un aficionado a la fotografía, un fotógrafo aficionado

    amateur status — condición f de amateur

    2) pej [production, performance] de aficionados, chapucero
    3.
    CPD

    amateur dramatics NSING — teatro m amateur, teatro m de aficionados

    * * *

    I ['æmətər, 'æmətə(r)]
    a) ( Sport) amateur mf

    II
    a) ( not professional) <athlete/musician> amateur; <sport/competition> para amateurs

    English-spanish dictionary > amateur

  • 31 lay

    I adjective
    1) (Relig.) laikal; Laien[bruder, -schwester, -predigt]
    2) (inexpert) laienhaft
    II 1. transitive verb,
    1) legen, [ver]legen [Teppichboden, Rohr, Gleis, Steine, Kabel, Leitung]; legen [Parkett, Fliesen, Fundament]; anlegen [Straße, Gehsteig]; see also academic.ru/33430/hand">hand 1. 1)
    2) (fig.)

    lay one's plans/ideas before somebody — jemandem seine Pläne/Vorstellungen unterbreiten; see also blame 2.; open 1. 4)

    3) (impose) auferlegen [Verantwortung, Verpflichtung] (on Dat.)
    4) (wager)

    I'll lay you five to one that... — ich wette mit dir fünf zu eins, dass...

    lay a wager on something — eine Wette auf etwas (Akk.) abschließen; auf etwas (Akk.) wetten

    5) (prepare)

    lay the table — den Tisch decken

    lay the breakfast things — den Frühstückstisch decken

    6) (Biol.) legen [Ei]
    7) (devise) schmieden [Plan]; bannen [Geist, Gespenst]
    8) (sl.): (copulate with)

    lay a woman — eine Frau vernaschen od. aufs Kreuz legen (salopp)

    2. noun
    (sl.): (sexual partner)

    she's a good/an easy lay — sie ist gut im Bett/steigt mit jedem ins Bett (ugs.)

    Phrasal Verbs:
    III
    see lie II 2.
    * * *
    I 1. [lei] past tense, past participle - laid; verb
    1) (to place, set or put (down), often carefully: She laid the clothes in a drawer / on a chair; He laid down his pencil; She laid her report before the committee.) legen
    2) (to place in a lying position: She laid the baby on his back.) legen
    3) (to put in order or arrange: She went to lay the table for dinner; to lay one's plans / a trap.) decken, herrichten
    4) (to flatten: The animal laid back its ears; The wind laid the corn flat.) (an)legen
    5) (to cause to disappear or become quiet: to lay a ghost / doubts.) bannen
    6) ((of a bird) to produce( eggs): The hen laid four eggs; My hens are laying well.) legen
    7) (to bet: I'll lay five pounds that you don't succeed.) wetten
    •
    2. verb
    (to put, cut or arrange in layers: She had her hair layered by the hairdresser.) legen
    - layabout
    - lay-by
    - layout
    - laid up
    - lay aside
    - lay bare
    - lay by
    - lay down
    - lay one's hands on
    - lay hands on
    - lay in
    - lay low
    - lay off
    - lay on
    - lay out
    - lay up
    - lay waste     II see lie II III [lei] adjective
    1) (not a member of the clergy: lay preachers.) Laien-...
    2) (not an expert or a professional (in a particular subject): Doctors tend to use words that lay people don't understand.) laienhaft
    •
    IV [lei] noun
    (an epic poem.)
    * * *
    lay1
    [leɪ]
    adj attr, inv
    1. (not professional) laienhaft
    to the \lay mind für den Laien
    in \lay terms laienhaft
    2. (not clergy) weltlich, Laien-
    \lay preacher Laienprediger m
    lay2
    [leɪ]
    lay3
    [leɪ]
    I. n
    1. (general appearance) Lage f
    the \lay of the land ( fig) die Lage
    to ascertain [or spy out] the \lay of the land die Lage sondieren
    2. (layer) Lage f, Schicht f
    3. (fam!: sexual intercourse) Nummer f derb
    to be an easy \lay leicht zu haben sein fam
    to be a good \lay gut im Bett sein fam
    4. (period for producing eggs) Legezeit f
    ▪ to be in \lay Legezeit haben
    II. vt
    <laid, laid>
    1. (spread)
    ▪ to \lay sth on [or over] sth etw auf etw akk legen [o über etw akk breiten]
    she laid newspaper over the floor sie deckte den Fußboden mit Zeitungen ab
    ▪ to \lay sth somewhere etw irgendwohin legen
    he laid his arm along the back of the sofa er legte seinen Arm auf den Sofarücken
    \lay your coats on the bed legt eure Mäntel auf dem Bett ab
    to \lay the blame on sb ( fig) jdn für etw akk verantwortlich machen
    to \lay emphasis [or stress] on sth etw betonen
    ▪ to \lay sth etw verlegen
    to \lay bricks mauern
    to \lay a cable/carpet ein Kabel/einen Teppich verlegen
    to \lay the foundations of a building das Fundament für ein Gebäude legen
    to \lay the foundations [or basis] for sth ( fig) das Fundament zu etw dat legen
    to \lay plaster Verputz auftragen
    ▪ to \lay sth etw herrichten; bomb, fire etw legen; the table decken
    to \lay plans Pläne schmieden
    to \lay a trail eine Spur legen
    to \lay a trap [for sb] [jdm] eine Falle stellen
    5. (render)
    to \lay sth bare [or flat] etw offenlegen
    to \lay sb bare [or flat] jdn bloßstellen
    to \lay sb low BOXING ( dated) jdn außer Gefecht setzen
    to \lay sb/sth open to an attack/to criticism jdn/etw einem Angriff/der Kritik aussetzen
    to \lay sb/sth open to ridicule jdn/etw der Lächerlichkeit preisgeben
    to \lay waste the land das Land verwüsten
    6. (deposit)
    to \lay an egg ein Ei legen
    ▪ to \lay sth etw setzen [o verwetten]
    to \lay an amount on sth einen Geldbetrag auf etw akk setzen
    to \lay a bet on sth auf etw akk wetten
    to \lay sb ten to one that... mit jdm zehn zu eins darum wetten, dass...
    to \lay one's life/shirt on sth sein Leben/letztes Hemd auf etw akk verwetten
    8. (present)
    ▪ to \lay sth before sb jdm etw vorlegen, etw vor jdn bringen
    to \lay one's case before sb/sth jdm/etw sein Anliegen unterbreiten
    9. (assert)
    to \lay a charge against sb gegen jdn Anklage erheben
    to \lay claim to sth auf etw akk Anspruch erheben
    10. CARDS
    to \lay an ace/a queen ein Ass/eine Königin legen
    ▪ to \lay sb jdn umlegen sl [o derb aufs Kreuz legen]
    to get laid flachgelegt werden sl
    12.
    ▶ to \lay sth at sb's door esp BRIT, AUS jdn für etw akk verantwortlich machen
    ▶ to \lay sb's fears to rest jds Ängste zerstreuen
    ▶ to \lay [so much as] a finger [or hand] on sb jdn [auch nur] berühren
    ▶ to \lay a ghost einen [bösen] Geist beschwören [o bannen]
    ▶ to \lay the ghosts of the past Vergangenheitsbewältigung betreiben
    ▶ to \lay hands on sb Hand an jdn legen
    ▶ to \lay one's hands on sth einer S. gen habhaft werden geh
    I'll see if I can \lay my hands on a copy for you ich schau mal, ob ich eine Kopie für dich ergattern kann fam
    ▶ to \lay sth on the line etw riskieren [o aufs Spiel setzen]
    ▶ to \lay it on the line for sb ( fam) es jdm klipp und klar sagen fam
    ▶ to \lay it [or sth] on [a bit thick [or with a trowel]] etwas übertreiben [o fam zu dick auftragen]
    ▶ to \lay sb to rest ( euph) jdn zur letzten Ruhe betten euph geh
    ▶ to \lay sb's fears/suspicions to rest jdn beschwichtigen
    ▶ to \lay sth on the table (present for discussion) etw auf den Tisch [o fam aufs Tapet] bringen; AM (suspend discussion of) etw aufschieben
    III. vi
    <laid, laid>
    hen [Eier] legen
    * * *
    I [leɪ]
    n (LITER, MUS)
    Ballade f, Lied nt II
    adj
    Laien-

    lay opinion — die öffentliche Meinung, die Öffentlichkeit

    III pret See: of lie IV vb: pret, ptp laid
    1. n
    1) Lage f → land
    See:
    → land
    2) (sl)

    that's the best lay I ever had — das war die beste Nummer, die ich je gemacht habe (inf)

    2. vt
    1) (= place, put) legen (sth on sth etw auf etw acc); wreath niederlegen

    I never laid a hand on him — ich habe ihn überhaupt nicht angefasst, ich habe ihm überhaupt nichts getan

    he took all the money he could lay his hands on — er nahm alles Geld, das ihm in die Finger kam (inf)

    2) bricks, foundations, track legen; concrete gießen; cable, mains, pipes verlegen; road bauen, anlegen; carpet, lino (ver)legen
    3) (= prepare) fire herrichten; (esp Brit) table decken; mines, ambush legen; trap aufstellen; plans schmieden

    to lay the table for breakfast/lunch (esp Brit) — den Frühstücks-/Mittagstisch decken

    4) (non-material things) burden auferlegen (on sb jdm)

    to lay the blame for sth on sb/sth — jdm/einer Sache die Schuld an etw (dat) geben

    to lay responsibility for sth on sb —

    the stress which he lays on it — der Nachdruck, den er darauf legt

    5) (= bring forward) complaint vorbringen (before bei); accusation erheben

    he laid out his case before them — er trug ihnen seinen Fall vor

    6) dust binden; ghost austreiben; fear zerstreuen; doubts beseitigen
    See:
    → low
    7) eggs (hen) legen; (fish, insects) ablegen
    8) bet abschließen; money setzen

    I lay you a fiver on it! —

    I'll lay you that... — ich wette mit dir, dass...

    I'll lay you anything... — ich gehe mit dir jede Wette ein...

    9) (sl)

    he just wants to get laid — er will nur bumsen (inf)

    3. vi
    (hen) legen
    * * *
    lay1 [leı]
    A s
    1. ( besonders geografische) Lage:
    the lay of the land fig bes US die Lage (der Dinge)
    2. Schicht f, Lage f
    3. Schlag m (beim Tauwerk)
    4. Plan m
    5. umg Job m, Beschäftigung f, Tätigkeit f
    6. US
    a) Preis m
    b) (Verkaufs)Bedingungen pl
    7. sl
    a) she’s an easy lay die ist leicht zu haben, die geht mit jedem ins Bett;
    she’s a good lay sie ist gut im Bett
    b) Nummer f vulg (Geschlechtsverkehr):
    have a lay eine Nummer machen oder schieben vulg
    B v/t prät und pperf laid [leıd]
    1. legen:
    lay bricks mauern;
    lay a bridge eine Brücke schlagen;
    lay a cable ein Kabel (ver)legen;
    lay a carpet einen Teppich verlegen;
    lay troops Truppen einquartieren oder in Quartier legen (on bei);
    lay a wreath einen Kranz niederlegen (at an dat); → Verbindungen mit den entsprechenden Substantiven
    2. Eier legen: → egg1 A 1
    3. fig legen, setzen:
    lay an ambush einen Hinterhalt legen;
    lay one’s hopes on seine Hoffnungen setzen auf (akk);
    lay an offside trap SPORT eine Abseitsfalle aufbauen;
    the scene is laid in Rome der Schauplatz oder Ort der Handlung ist Rom, das Stück etc spielt in Rom;
    lay the whip to sb’s back obs jemanden auspeitschen; → stress B 1
    4. (her)richten, anordnen, den Tisch decken:
    lay the fire das Feuer (im Kamin) anlegen;
    lay lunch den Tisch zum Mittagessen decken; → place A 1
    5. belegen, auslegen ( beide:
    with mit):
    6. Farbe etc auftragen
    7. (before) vorlegen (dat), bringen (vor akk):
    lay one’s case before a commission
    8. geltend machen, erheben, vorbringen: → claim C 1, information 7 b
    9. einen Schaden etc festsetzen (at auf akk)
    10. eine Schuld etc zuschreiben, zur Last legen ( beide:
    to dat)
    11. a) eine Steuer auferlegen (on dat)
    b) eine Strafe, ein Embargo etc verhängen (on über akk)
    12. einen Plan schmieden, ersinnen
    13. a) etwas wetten
    b) setzen auf (akk)
    14. niederwerfen, -strecken, zu Boden strecken
    15. Getreide etc zu Boden drücken, umlegen (Wind etc)
    16. die Wogen etc glätten, beruhigen, besänftigen:
    the wind is laid der Wind hat sich gelegt
    17. Staub löschen
    18. einen Geist bannen, beschwören:
    lay the ghosts of the past fig Vergangenheitsbewältigung betreiben
    19. einen Stoff etc glätten, glatt pressen
    20. SCHIFF Kurs nehmen auf (akk), ansteuern
    21. MIL ein Geschütz richten
    22. sl eine Frau aufs Kreuz legen (mit einer Frau schlafen)
    C v/i
    1. (Eier) legen
    2. wetten
    3. lay about one (wild) um sich schlagen ( with mit);
    lay into sb über jemanden herfallen (auch mit Worten)
    4. lay to (energisch) an eine Sache rangehen umg
    5. lay for sl jemandem auflauern
    6. lay off umg
    a) jemanden, etwas in Ruhe lassen
    b) aufhören mit:
    lay off it! hör auf (damit)!
    7. sl liegen
    lay2 [leı] prät von lie2
    lay3 [leı] adj Laien…:
    a) REL weltlich
    b) laienhaft, nicht fachmännisch:
    to the lay mind für den Laien(verstand); → vicar 1
    lay4 [leı] s poet Lied n, Weise f
    * * *
    I adjective
    1) (Relig.) laikal; Laien[bruder, -schwester, -predigt]
    2) (inexpert) laienhaft
    II 1. transitive verb,
    1) legen, [ver]legen [Teppichboden, Rohr, Gleis, Steine, Kabel, Leitung]; legen [Parkett, Fliesen, Fundament]; anlegen [Straße, Gehsteig]; see also hand 1. 1)
    2) (fig.)

    lay one's plans/ideas before somebody — jemandem seine Pläne/Vorstellungen unterbreiten; see also blame 2.; open 1. 4)

    3) (impose) auferlegen [Verantwortung, Verpflichtung] (on Dat.)

    I'll lay you five to one that... — ich wette mit dir fünf zu eins, dass...

    lay a wager on something — eine Wette auf etwas (Akk.) abschließen; auf etwas (Akk.) wetten

    6) (Biol.) legen [Ei]
    7) (devise) schmieden [Plan]; bannen [Geist, Gespenst]
    8) (sl.): (copulate with)

    lay a woman — eine Frau vernaschen od. aufs Kreuz legen (salopp)

    2. noun
    (sl.): (sexual partner)

    she's a good/an easy lay — sie ist gut im Bett/steigt mit jedem ins Bett (ugs.)

    Phrasal Verbs:
    III
    see lie II 2.
    * * *
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: laid)
    = legen v.
    setzen v.
    stellen v.

    English-german dictionary > lay

  • 32 improper

    adjective
    1) (wrong) unrichtig; ungeeignet [Werkzeug]
    2) (unseemly) ungehörig; unpassend; (indecent) unanständig
    3) (not in accordance with rules of conduct) unangebracht; unzulässig [Gebühren]
    * * *
    [im'propə]
    - academic.ru/37191/impropriety">impropriety
    - improper fraction
    * * *
    im·prop·er
    [ɪmˈprɒpəʳ, AM -ˈprɑ:pɚ]
    1. (not correct) unrichtig, unzulässig, falsch; (showing bad judgement) fälschlich
    2. (inappropriate) clothing, actions unpassend, nicht korrekt; (indecent) unanständig
    \improper conduct unschickliches Benehmen [o Verhalten]
    to make \improper suggestions to sb ( also iron) jdm einen unsittlichen Antrag machen
    \improper use Veruntreuung f, Zweckentfremdung f (of von + dat)
    * * *
    [ɪm'prɒpə(r)]
    adj
    (= unsuitable) unpassend, unangebracht; (= unseemly) unschicklich; (= indecent) unanständig; (= wrong) diagnosis, interpretation unzutreffend; use unsachgemäß; (= dishonest) practice unlauter; (= not professional) conduct unehrenhaft

    it is improper to do that — es gehört sich nicht, das zu tun

    improper use of drugs/one's position — Drogen-/Amtsmissbrauch m

    * * *
    improper [ımˈprɒpə; US ımˈprɑpər] adj (adv improperly)
    1. ungeeignet, unpassend
    2. unanständig, unschicklich (Benehmen etc)
    3. ungenau, inexakt
    4. MATH unecht (Bruch):
    improper integral uneigentliches Integral
    * * *
    adjective
    1) (wrong) unrichtig; ungeeignet [Werkzeug]
    2) (unseemly) ungehörig; unpassend; (indecent) unanständig
    3) (not in accordance with rules of conduct) unangebracht; unzulässig [Gebühren]
    * * *
    adj.
    falsch adj.
    nicht angemessen adj.
    ungeeignet adj.
    ungenau adj.
    unpassend adj.

    English-german dictionary > improper

  • 33 lay

    1. lay [leɪ] adj
    attr, inv
    1) ( not professional) laienhaft;
    to the \lay mind für den Laien;
    in \lay terms laienhaft
    2) ( not clergy) weltlich, Laien-;
    \lay preacher Laienprediger m
    2. lay [leɪ] pt of → lie
    3. lay [leɪ] n
    1) ( general appearance) Lage f;
    the \lay of the land ( fig) die Lage;
    to ascertain [or spy out] the \lay of the land die Lage sondieren
    2) ( layer) Lage f, Schicht f
    3) (fam!: sexual intercourse) Nummer f ( derb)
    to be an easy \lay leicht zu haben sein ( fam)
    to be a good \lay gut im Bett sein ( fam)
    4) ( period for producing eggs) Legezeit f;
    to be in \lay Legezeit haben vt <laid, laid>
    1) ( spread)
    to \lay sth on [or over] sth etw auf etw akk legen [o über etw akk breiten];
    she laid newspaper over the floor sie deckte den Fußboden mit Zeitungen ab
    2) ( place)
    to \lay sth somewhere etw irgendwohin legen;
    he laid his arm along the back of the sofa er legte seinen Arm auf den Sofarücken;
    \lay your coats on the bed legt eure Mäntel auf dem Bett ab;
    to \lay the blame on sb ( fig) jdn für etw akk verantwortlich machen;
    to \lay emphasis [or stress] on sth etw betonen
    3) ( put down)
    to \lay sth etw verlegen;
    to \lay bricks mauern;
    to \lay a cable/ carpet ein Kabel/einen Teppich verlegen;
    to \lay the foundations of a building das Fundament für ein Gebäude legen;
    to \lay the foundations [or basis] for sth ( fig) das Fundament zu etw dat legen;
    to \lay plaster Verputz auftragen
    4) ( prepare)
    to \lay sth etw herrichten; bomb, fire etw legen; the table decken;
    to \lay plans Pläne schmieden;
    to \lay a trail eine Spur legen;
    to \lay a trap [for sb] [jdm] eine Falle stellen
    5) ( render)
    to \lay sth bare [or flat] etw offenlegen;
    to \lay sb bare [or flat] jdn bloßstellen;
    to \lay sb low boxing (dated) jdn außer Gefecht setzen;
    to \lay sb/ sth open to an attack/ to criticism jdn/etw einem Angriff/der Kritik aussetzen;
    to \lay sb/ sth open to ridicule jdn/etw der Lächerlichkeit preisgeben;
    to \lay waste the land das Land verwüsten
    6) ( deposit)
    to \lay an egg ein Ei legen
    7) ( wager)
    to \lay sth etw setzen [o verwetten];
    to \lay an amount on sth einen Geldbetrag auf etw akk setzen;
    to \lay a bet on sth auf etw akk wetten;
    to \lay sb ten to one that... mit jdm zehn zu eins darum wetten, dass...;
    to \lay one's life/ shirt on sth sein Leben/letztes Hemd auf etw akk verwetten
    8) ( present)
    to \lay sth before sb jdm etw vorlegen, etw vor jdn bringen;
    to \lay one's case before sb/ sth jdm/etw sein Anliegen unterbreiten
    9) ( assert)
    to \lay a charge against sb gegen jdn Anklage erheben;
    to \lay claim to sth auf etw akk Anspruch erheben
    to \lay an ace/ a queen ein Ass/eine Königin legen
    to \lay sb jdn umlegen (sl); [o ( derb) aufs Kreuz legen];
    to get laid flachgelegt werden (sl)
    PHRASES:
    to \lay sth at sb's door (esp Brit, Aus) jdn für etw akk verantwortlich machen;
    to \lay sb's fears to rest jds Ängste zerstreuen;
    to \lay [so much as] a finger [or hand] on sb jdn [auch nur] berühren;
    to \lay a ghost einen [bösen] Geist beschwören [o bannen];
    to \lay the ghosts of the past Vergangenheitsbewältigung betreiben;
    to \lay hands on sb Hand an jdn legen;
    to \lay one's hands on sth einer S. gen habhaft werden ( geh)
    I'll see if I can \lay my hands on a copy for you ich schau mal, ob ich eine Kopie für dich ergattern kann ( fam)
    to \lay sth on the line etw riskieren [o aufs Spiel setzen];
    to \lay it on the line for sb ( fam) es jdm klipp und klar sagen ( fam)
    to \lay sb to rest ( euph) jdn zur letzten Ruhe betten ( euph) ( geh)
    to \lay sth to rest fears, suspicions etw beschwichtigen;
    to \lay sth on the table ( present for discussion) etw auf den Tisch [o ( fam)
    aufs Tapet] bringen;
    (Am) ( suspend discussion of) etw aufschieben;
    to \lay it [or sth] on [a bit thick [or with a trowel]] etwas übertreiben [o ( fam) zu dick auftragen] vi <laid, laid> hen [Eier] legen

    English-German students dictionary > lay

  • 34 etiquette

    etiquette ['etɪket]
    (UNCOUNT) (code of practice) étiquette f; (customs) bon usage m, convenances fpl;
    ∎ according to etiquette selon l'usage;
    ∎ it's simply not etiquette cela ne se fait pas;
    ∎ etiquette demands that… l'étiquette veut ou exige que…;
    ∎ court etiquette cérémonial m de cour;
    ∎ medical etiquette déontologie f médicale;
    ∎ that's not professional etiquette c'est contraire à la déontologie ou aux usages de la profession

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > etiquette

  • 35 lay

    lay [leɪ]
    poser ⇒ 2 (a) mettre ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (c) étendre ⇒ 2 (a) préparer ⇒ 2 (d) pondre ⇒ 2 (e), 3 (a) imposer ⇒ 2 (f) porter ⇒ 2 (g) soumettre ⇒ 2 (h) dissiper ⇒ 2 (i) laïque ⇒ 4 (a) profane ⇒ 4 (b)
    (pt & pp laid [leɪd])
    1 pt of lie
    (a) (in specified position) poser, mettre; (spread out) étendre;
    ∎ to lay sb/sth flat coucher ou étendre qn/qch (par terre);
    ∎ lay the cards face upwards posez les cartes face en l'air;
    ∎ lay the photos on the shelf to dry mettez les photos à plat sur l'étagère pour qu'elles sèchent;
    ∎ he laid the baby on the bed il a couché l'enfant sur le lit;
    ∎ she laid her head on my shoulder elle a posé sa tête sur mon épaule;
    ∎ euphemism to lay sb to rest enterrer qn;
    ∎ she laid the blanket on the ground elle a étendu la couverture par terre;
    ∎ familiar to lay eyes on sb/sth voir qn/qch□ ;
    ∎ to lay it on the line ne pas y aller par quatre chemins
    (b) (tiles, bricks, pipes, cable, carpet, foundations) poser; (wreath) déposer; (mine) poser, mouiller; (concrete) couler;
    ∎ to lay lino on the floor, to lay the floor with lino poser du linoléum;
    ∎ a roof laid with zinc un toit recouvert de zinc;
    ∎ figurative the plan lays the basis or the foundation for economic development le projet jette les bases du développement économique
    (c) (set → table) mettre;
    ∎ lay the table for six mettez la table pour six (personnes), mettez six couverts;
    ∎ they hadn't laid enough places ils n'avaient pas mis assez de couverts, il manquait des couverts
    (d) (prepare, arrange → fire) préparer;
    ∎ to lay a trail tracer un chemin;
    ∎ they laid a trap for him ils lui ont tendu un piège
    (e) (egg) pondre;
    ∎ American familiar figurative to lay an egg faire une gaffe;
    ∎ familiar figurative he nearly laid an egg (in surprise) il a failli en faire une jaunisse
    (f) (impose → burden, duty, penalty) imposer; (→ fine) infliger;
    ∎ to lay emphasis or stress on sth mettre l'accent sur qch;
    ∎ to lay the blame (for sth) on sb faire porter la responsabilité (de qch) à qn;
    ∎ to lay a curse on sb/sth jeter un sort à qn/qch
    (g) Law (lodge) porter;
    ∎ to lay a complaint déposer une plainte, porter plainte;
    ∎ to lay a matter before the court saisir le tribunal d'une affaire;
    ∎ to lay an accusation against sb porter une accusation contre qn;
    ∎ charges have been laid against five men cinq hommes ont été inculpés
    (h) (present, put forward → question, request) soumettre ( before sb devant qn);
    ∎ he laid all the facts before me il me présenta tous les faits;
    ∎ she laid the scheme before him elle lui soumit le projet
    (i) (allay → fears) dissiper; (exorcize → ghost) exorciser; (refute → rumour) démentir
    (j) (bet) faire;
    ∎ I'll lay you ten to one that she won't come je te parie à dix contre un qu'elle ne viendra pas
    ∎ to get laid s'envoyer en l'air
    (m) literary (cause to settle) faire retomber;
    ∎ the rain helped to lay the dust la pluie a fait retomber la poussière
    ∎ to lay oneself open to criticism s'exposer à la critique
    (a) (bird, fish) pondre
    (b) = lie vi
    (a) (non-clerical) laïque;
    ∎ in lay dress en habit laïque
    (b) (not professional) profane, non spécialiste;
    ∎ the book is intended for a lay audience le livre est destiné à un public de profanes
    5 noun
    ∎ he's/she's a good lay c'est un bon coup
    (b) (poem, song) lai m
    ►► Religion lay brother frère m lai;
    lay days starie f, jours mpl de planche;
    Art lay figure mannequin m;
    lay person profane mf, non-initié(e) m,f;
    lay preacher prédicateur(trice) m,f laïque;
    lay reader prédicateur(trice) m,f laïque;
    lay sister sœur f converse
    familiar (attack) attaquer□, taper sur□ ;
    ∎ she laid about him with her umbrella elle l'a attaqué à coups de parapluie, elle lui a tapé dessus avec son parapluie;
    ∎ to lay about one (hit out) frapper de tous côtés
    (a) (put down) mettre de côté;
    ∎ she laid her knitting aside to watch the news elle posa son tricot pour regarder les informations;
    ∎ figurative you should lay aside any personal opinions you might have vous devez faire abstraction de toute opinion personnelle
    (b) (save) mettre de côté;
    ∎ we have some money laid aside nous avons de l'argent de côté
    (of horse → ears) rabattre, coucher
    British (provisions) mettre de côté
    (a) (put down) poser;
    ∎ she laid her knife and fork down elle posa son couvert;
    ∎ to lay down one's arms déposer ou rendre les armes
    (b) (renounce, relinquish) renoncer à;
    ∎ to lay down one's life se sacrifier
    (c) (formulate, set out → plan, rule) formuler, établir; (→ condition) imposer; (→ duties) spécifier;
    ∎ as laid down in the contract, the buyer keeps exclusive rights il est stipulé ou il est bien précisé dans le contrat que l'acheteur garde l'exclusivité
    (d) Nautical (ship) mettre en chantier ou sur cale
    (e) (store → wine) mettre en cave
    (f) Music (record → song, track) enregistrer
    (g) Agriculture (field, land)
    ∎ he has laid down five acres of barley il a semé deux hectares et demi d'orge
    (stores) faire provision de;
    ∎ to lay in provisions faire des provisions;
    ∎ we've laid in plenty of food for the weekend nous avons prévu beaucoup de nourriture pour le week-end;
    ∎ Commerce to lay in goods or stock faire provision de marchandises
    (a) (attack → physically) tomber (à bras raccourcis) sur; (→ verbally) prendre à partie, passer un savon à;
    ∎ he really laid into his opponent il est tombé à bras raccourcis sur son adversaire;
    ∎ she laid into the government for their hard-line attitude elle a pris le gouvernement à partie pour son attitude intransigeante
    (b) (eat greedily) se jeter sur
    ➲ lay off
    (a) (employees) licencier; (temporarily) mettre en chômage technique
    (b) (in gambling → bet) couvrir
    ∎ to lay off a risk effectuer une réassurance
    ∎ to lay the ball off for sb placer le ballon en bonne position pour qn
    (a) to lay off sb (stop annoying, nagging) ficher la paix à qn;
    ∎ just lay off me! fiche-moi la paix!;
    ∎ I told her to lay off my husband je lui ai dit de laisser mon mari tranquille□
    ∎ to lay off the chocolate ne plus manger de chocolat□ ;
    ∎ to lay off the cigarettes s'arrêter de fumer□ ;
    ∎ you'd better lay off the booze for a while tu devrais t'arrêter de boire pendant quelque temps□ ;
    ∎ familiar lay off it, will you! laisse tomber, tu veux!
    familiar (drop the subject) laisser tomber;
    ∎ lay off! (leave me alone) fiche-moi la paix!
    (a) (provide) fournir;
    ∎ drinks will be laid on les boissons seront fournies;
    ∎ the meal was laid on by our hosts le repas nous fut offert par nos hôtes;
    ∎ they had transport laid on for us ils s'étaient occupés de nous procurer un moyen de transport;
    ∎ I'll lay on a car for you at the station j'enverrai une voiture vous chercher à la gare
    (b) British (install) installer, mettre;
    ∎ the caravan has electricity laid on la caravane a l'électricité
    (c) (spread → paint, plaster) étaler;
    ∎ familiar figurative to lay it on thick or with a trowel en rajouter
    ∎ to lay sth on sb (give) filer qch à qn; (tell) raconter qch à qn□ ;
    ∎ let me lay some advice on you je vais te filer un bon conseil;
    ∎ did she lay a heavy one on me! elle n'a pas mâché ses mots!
    ∎ if you're not careful, I'll lay one on you! (hit) fais gaffe ou je t'en mets une!
    (a) (arrange, spread out) étaler;
    ∎ he laid his wares out on the ground il a étalé ou déballé sa marchandise sur le sol
    (b) (present, put forward) exposer, présenter;
    ∎ her ideas are clearly laid out in her book ses idées sont clairement exposées dans son livre
    (c) (design) concevoir;
    ∎ the house is badly laid out la maison est mal agencée
    (d) (corpse) faire la toilette de
    (e) (spend) mettre;
    ∎ we've already laid out a fortune on the project nous avons déjà mis une fortune dans ce projet
    (f) (knock out) assommer, mettre K-O;
    ∎ he was laid out cold il a été mis K-O
    (g) Typography faire la maquette de, monter
    American (stop off) faire une halte, faire escale
    se mettre en panne
    mettre en panne
    (a) (store, save) mettre de côté;
    ∎ figurative you're just laying up trouble for yourself tu te prépares des ennuis
    ∎ she's laid up with mumps elle est au lit avec les oreillons
    (c) (ship) désarmer; (car) mettre au garage;
    ∎ my car is laid up ma voiture est au garage

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > lay

  • 36 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 37 like

    I 1. [laɪk]

    like the liar that he is, he... — da bugiardo quale è,...

    like me, he loves swimming — come me, adora nuotare

    "how do I do it?" - "like this" — "come si fa?" - "così"

    2) (similar to) come

    to be like sb., sth. — essere come qcn., qcs.

    it's not like her, it's just like her to be late — non è da lei, è da lei essere in ritardo

    2.
    2) colloq. (as if) come se
    3.
    1) form. simile

    cooking, ironing and like chores — cucinare, stirare e lavori simili

    child-like — infantile, da bambino

    4.
    avverbio (akin to, near)

    "the figures are 10% more than last year" - "20%, more like!" — colloq. "le cifre sono superiori del 10% rispetto all'anno scorso" - "del 20%, direi!"

    5.

    earthquakes, floods and the like — terremoti, alluvioni e simili

    I've never seen its like o the like of it non ho mai visto una cosa simile; the like(s) of Al Capone — la gente come Al Capone

    ••

    like enough (as) like as not probabilmente; like father like son — prov. tale padre tale figlio

    ••
    Note:
    When like is used as a preposition ( like a child; you know what she's like!), it can generally be translated by come: come un bambino; sai com'è fatta lei! - Note however that be like and look like meaning resemble are translated by assomigliare a: she's like her father or she looks like her father = assomiglia a suo padre. - Like is used after certain other verbs in English to express particular kinds of resemblance ( taste like, feel like, smell like etc.): for translations, consult the appropriate verb entry ( taste, feel, smell etc.). - When like is used as a conjunction, it is translated by come: songs like my mother sings = canzoni come quelle che canta mia madre. - When like is used to introduce an illustrative example ( big cities like London), it is translated by come: le grandi città come Londra. - For particular usages of like as a preposition or conjunction and for noun and adverb uses, see the entry below
    II [laɪk]

    I like cats, music — mi piacciono i gatti, mi piace la musica

    what I like about him is... — cosa mi piace di lui è...

    I don't like the sound of that — non mi piace, non mi convince tanto

    he hasn't phoned for weeks, I don't like it — non telefona da settimane, la cosa non mi piace

    I like cheese but it doesn't like me — colloq. mi piace il formaggio ma non mi fa bene

    I like doing, I like to do mi piace fare; that's what I like to see! così mi piace! I like it when mi piace quando; I likeed it better when we did preferivo quando facevamo; how do you like your new job, living in London? — ti piace il tuo nuovo lavoro, vivere a Londra?

    4) (wish) volere

    I would o should like a ticket vorrei un biglietto; I would o should like to do vorrei fare; would you like to come to dinner? cosa ne direste di venire a cena? I wouldn't like to think I'd upset her non vorrei averla sconvolta; we'd like her to do vorremmo che o ci piacerebbe facesse; would you like me to come? vuoi che venga? if you like se vuoi; he's a bit of a rebel if you like è un po' ribelle, se vogliamo; you can do what you like puoi fare quello che vuoi; say what you like, I think it's a good idea di' quel che vuoi, per me è una buona idea; sit (any)where you like — si sieda dove vuole

    * * *
    I 1. adjective
    (the same or similar: They're as like as two peas.)
    2. preposition
    (the same as or similar to; in the same or a similar way as: He climbs like a cat; She is like her mother.)
    3. noun
    (someone or something which is the same or as good etc as another: You won't see his like / their like again.)
    4. conjunction
    ((especially American) in the same or a similar way as: No-one does it like he does.)
    - likelihood
    - liken
    - likeness
    - likewise
    - like-minded
    - a likely story!
    - as likely as not
    - be like someone
    - feel like
    - he is likely to
    - look like
    - not likely!     II verb
    1) (to be pleased with; to find pleasant or agreeable: I like him very much; I like the way you've decorated this room.)
    2) (to enjoy: I like gardening.)
    •
    - likable
    - liking
    - should/would like
    - take a liking to
    * * *
    I 1. [laɪk]

    like the liar that he is, he... — da bugiardo quale è,...

    like me, he loves swimming — come me, adora nuotare

    "how do I do it?" - "like this" — "come si fa?" - "così"

    2) (similar to) come

    to be like sb., sth. — essere come qcn., qcs.

    it's not like her, it's just like her to be late — non è da lei, è da lei essere in ritardo

    2.
    2) colloq. (as if) come se
    3.
    1) form. simile

    cooking, ironing and like chores — cucinare, stirare e lavori simili

    child-like — infantile, da bambino

    4.
    avverbio (akin to, near)

    "the figures are 10% more than last year" - "20%, more like!" — colloq. "le cifre sono superiori del 10% rispetto all'anno scorso" - "del 20%, direi!"

    5.

    earthquakes, floods and the like — terremoti, alluvioni e simili

    I've never seen its like o the like of it non ho mai visto una cosa simile; the like(s) of Al Capone — la gente come Al Capone

    ••

    like enough (as) like as not probabilmente; like father like son — prov. tale padre tale figlio

    ••
    Note:
    When like is used as a preposition ( like a child; you know what she's like!), it can generally be translated by come: come un bambino; sai com'è fatta lei! - Note however that be like and look like meaning resemble are translated by assomigliare a: she's like her father or she looks like her father = assomiglia a suo padre. - Like is used after certain other verbs in English to express particular kinds of resemblance ( taste like, feel like, smell like etc.): for translations, consult the appropriate verb entry ( taste, feel, smell etc.). - When like is used as a conjunction, it is translated by come: songs like my mother sings = canzoni come quelle che canta mia madre. - When like is used to introduce an illustrative example ( big cities like London), it is translated by come: le grandi città come Londra. - For particular usages of like as a preposition or conjunction and for noun and adverb uses, see the entry below
    II [laɪk]

    I like cats, music — mi piacciono i gatti, mi piace la musica

    what I like about him is... — cosa mi piace di lui è...

    I don't like the sound of that — non mi piace, non mi convince tanto

    he hasn't phoned for weeks, I don't like it — non telefona da settimane, la cosa non mi piace

    I like cheese but it doesn't like me — colloq. mi piace il formaggio ma non mi fa bene

    I like doing, I like to do mi piace fare; that's what I like to see! così mi piace! I like it when mi piace quando; I likeed it better when we did preferivo quando facevamo; how do you like your new job, living in London? — ti piace il tuo nuovo lavoro, vivere a Londra?

    4) (wish) volere

    I would o should like a ticket vorrei un biglietto; I would o should like to do vorrei fare; would you like to come to dinner? cosa ne direste di venire a cena? I wouldn't like to think I'd upset her non vorrei averla sconvolta; we'd like her to do vorremmo che o ci piacerebbe facesse; would you like me to come? vuoi che venga? if you like se vuoi; he's a bit of a rebel if you like è un po' ribelle, se vogliamo; you can do what you like puoi fare quello che vuoi; say what you like, I think it's a good idea di' quel che vuoi, per me è una buona idea; sit (any)where you like — si sieda dove vuole

    English-Italian dictionary > like

  • 38 advice

    (suggestions to a person about what he should do: You must seek legal advice if you want a divorce; Let me give you a piece of advice.) consejo
    - advisable
    - advisability
    - adviser
    - advisor
    - advisory
    advice n consejos
    she gave me some advice me dio consejos / me aconsejó advice es un nombre incontable; para traducir un consejo se dice a piece of advice
    tr[əd'vaɪs]
    2 SMALLCOMMERCE/SMALL aviso, nota
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to take/follow somebody's advice seguir el consejo de alguien
    to take legal advice consultar con un abogado
    advice note nota de aviso, notificación nombre femenino
    a piece of advice un consejo
    advice [æd'vaɪs] n
    : consejo m, recomendación f
    take my advice: sigue mis consejos
    n.
    • amonestación s.f.
    • consejo s.m.
    • noticia s.f.
    • opinión s.f.
    əd'vaɪs
    a) u ( counsel) consejos mpl; ( professional) asesoramiento m

    he gave me some good advice — me dio buenos consejos, me aconsejó bien

    advice on o about something: I'd like some advice on these contracts quisiera que se me aconsejara or se me asesorara sobre estos contratos; to give somebody advice aconsejar a alguien; to seek medical advice consultar a un médico; to take o follow somebody's advice seguir* los consejos de alguien; take my advice — hazme caso

    b) u c ( notification) aviso m, notificación f
    [ǝd'vaɪs]
    1. N
    1) (gen) consejos mpl

    it was good advice or a good piece of advice — fue un buen consejo

    • he did it against the advice of friends — lo hizo en contra de lo que le aconsejaron sus amigos

    • to follow sb's advice — seguir el consejo or los consejos de algn

    • let me give you some advice — permíteme que te dé un consejo, permíteme que te aconseje

    • if you want my advice... — si quieres (seguir) mi consejo...

    my advice to you is not to say anything — te aconsejo no decir nada, mi consejo es que no digas nada

    • I need your advice — necesito que me aconsejes

    • on the advice of sb — siguiendo el consejo or los consejos de algn

    • a piece of advice — un consejo

    • to take sb's advice — seguir el consejo or los consejos de algn, hacer caso a algn

    take my advice and stay away from him! — ¡sigue mi consejo y no te metas con él!, ¡hazme caso y no te metas con él!

    • when I want your advice I'll ask for it — cuando quiera que me aconsejes te lo pediré, cuando quiera tu consejo te lo pediré

    2) (=professional help, information) asesoramiento m

    • you need expert advice — necesitas el asesoramiento de un experto, necesitas hacerte asesorar por un experto

    • the tourist office will give us advice on places to visit — la oficina de turismo nos asesorará sobre qué lugares visitar

    • to seek sb's advice — consultar a algn, hacerse asesorar por algn

    to seek professional/medical advice — consultar a or hacerse asesorar por un profesional/médico

    • to take legal advice — consultar a un abogado, asesorarse con un abogado

    3) (Comm) aviso m, notificación f
    2.
    CPD

    advice column N — (gen) consultorio m ; (agony aunt's) consultorio m sentimental

    advice columnist (US) N — (gen) redactor(a) m / f de consultorio; (=agony aunt) redactor(a) m / f de consultorio sentimental

    advice line N — servicio m de asesoramiento por teléfono

    advice note N — nota f de aviso

    advice service N — servicio m de asesoramiento

    * * *
    [əd'vaɪs]
    a) u ( counsel) consejos mpl; ( professional) asesoramiento m

    he gave me some good advice — me dio buenos consejos, me aconsejó bien

    advice on o about something: I'd like some advice on these contracts quisiera que se me aconsejara or se me asesorara sobre estos contratos; to give somebody advice aconsejar a alguien; to seek medical advice consultar a un médico; to take o follow somebody's advice seguir* los consejos de alguien; take my advice — hazme caso

    b) u c ( notification) aviso m, notificación f

    English-spanish dictionary > advice

  • 39 work

    wə:k
    1. noun
    1) (effort made in order to achieve or make something: He has done a lot of work on this project) trabajo
    2) (employment: I cannot find work in this town.) trabajo
    3) (a task or tasks; the thing that one is working on: Please clear your work off the table.) trabajo
    4) (a painting, book, piece of music etc: the works of Van Gogh / Shakespeare/Mozart; This work was composed in 1816.) obra
    5) (the product or result of a person's labours: His work has shown a great improvement lately.) trabajo
    6) (one's place of employment: He left (his) work at 5.30 p.m.; I don't think I'll go to work tomorrow.) trabajo

    2. verb
    1) (to (cause to) make efforts in order to achieve or make something: She works at the factory three days a week; He works his employees very hard; I've been working on/at a new project.) trabajar
    2) (to be employed: Are you working just now?) trabajar, tener empleo
    3) (to (cause to) operate (in the correct way): He has no idea how that machine works / how to work that machine; That machine doesn't/won't work, but this one's working.) funcionar
    4) (to be practicable and/or successful: If my scheme works, we'll be rich!) funcionar, dar resultados
    5) (to make (one's way) slowly and carefully with effort or difficulty: She worked her way up the rock face.) progresar, desarrollar
    6) (to get into, or put into, a stated condition or position, slowly and gradually: The wheel worked loose.) volverse
    7) (to make by craftsmanship: The ornaments had been worked in gold.) trabajar, fabricar
    •
    - - work
    - workable
    - worker
    - works
    3. noun plural
    1) (the mechanism (of a watch, clock etc): The works are all rusted.)
    2) (deeds, actions etc: She's devoted her life to good works.) mecanismo
    •
    - work-box
    - workbook
    - workforce
    - working class
    - working day
    - work-day
    - working hours
    - working-party
    - work-party
    - working week
    - workman
    - workmanlike
    - workmanship
    - workmate
    - workout
    - workshop
    - at work
    - get/set to work
    - go to work on
    - have one's work cut out
    - in working order
    - out of work
    - work of art
    - work off
    - work out
    - work up
    - work up to
    - work wonders
    work1 n
    1. trabajo
    2. obra
    in work con trabajo / que tiene trabajo
    out of work sin trabajo / parado
    to get to work / to set to work ponerse a trabajar
    work2 vb
    1. trabajar
    2. funcionar
    how do you work this machine? ¿cómo funciona esta máquina?
    tr[wɜːk]
    1 (gen) trabajo
    he put a lot of hard work into that project trabajó mucho en ese proyecto, puso mucho esfuerzo en ese proyecto
    2 (employment) empleo, trabajo
    what sort of work do you do? ¿qué clase de trabajo haces?, ¿a qué te dedicas?
    what time do you leave work? ¿a qué hora sales del trabajo?
    3 (building work, roadworks) obras nombre femenino plural
    4 (product, results) trabajo, obra
    1 (person) hacer trabajar
    2 (machine) manejar; (mechanism) accionar
    do you know how to work the video? ¿sabes cómo hacer funcionar el vídeo?
    3 (mine, oil well) explotar; (land, fields) trabajar, cultivar
    4 (produce) hacer
    5 (wood, metal, clay) trabajar; (dough) amasar
    7 familiar (arrange) arreglar
    1 (gen) trabajar
    she works hard at her homework trabaja mucho en sus deberes, pone mucho esfuerzo en sus deberes
    2 (machine, system) funcionar
    how does this machine work? ¿cómo funciona esta máquina?
    3 (medicine, cleaner) surtir efecto, tener efecto; (plan) tener éxito, salir bien, funcionar, resultar
    1 (factory) fábrica f sing
    1 (parts) mecanismo m sing
    1 familiar (everything) todo, todo el tinglado
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    it's all in a/the day's work todo forma parte del trabajo, es el pan nuestro de cada día
    all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy hay que divertirse de vez en cuando
    it works both ways es una arma de doble filo
    keep up the good work! ¡que siga así!
    the forces at work los elementos en juego
    to be in work tener trabajo, tener un empleo
    to be out of work estar en el paro, estar sin trabajo, estar parado,-a
    to get down/set to work ponerse a trabajar, poner manos a la obra
    to get worked up exaltarse, excitarse, ponerse nervioso,-a
    to give somebody the (full) works tratar a alguien a lo grande
    to have one's work cut out to do something costarle a uno mucho trabajo hacer algo
    to make light/short work of something despachar algo deprisa
    to work like a Trojan trabajar como un negro
    to work loose soltarse, aflojarse
    to work one's fingers to the bone dejarse los codos trabajando
    to work oneself to death matarse trabajando
    to work to rule hacer huelga de celo
    work basket costurero, cesto de labor
    work camp campamento de trabajo
    work experience experiencia laboral
    work of art obra de arte
    work permit permiso de trabajo
    work station SMALLCOMPUTING/SMALL estación nombre femenino de trabajo, terminal nombre masculino de trabajo
    work surface encimera
    work ['wərk] v, worked ['wərkt] or wrought ['rɔt] ; working vt
    1) operate: trabajar, operar
    to work a machine: operar una máquina
    2) : lograr, conseguir (algo) con esfuerzo
    to work one's way up: lograr subir por sus propios esfuerzos
    3) effect: efectuar, llevar a cabo, obrar (milagros)
    4) make, shape: elaborar, fabricar, formar
    a beautifully wrought vase: un florero bellamente elaborado
    5)
    to work up : estimular, excitar
    don't get worked up: no te agites
    work vi
    1) labor: trabajar
    to work full-time: trabajar a tiempo completo
    2) function: funcionar, servir
    work adj
    : laboral
    work n
    1) labor: trabajo m, labor f
    2) employment: trabajo m, empleo m
    3) task: tarea f, faena f
    4) deed: obra f, labor f
    works of charity: obras de caridad
    5) : obra f (de arte o literatura)
    7) works npl
    factory: fábrica f
    8) works npl
    mechanism: mecanismo m
    v.
    • andar v.
    • elaborar v.
    • funcionar v.
    • hacer funcionar v.
    • hacer trabajar v.
    • laborear v.
    • labrar v.
    • marchar v.
    • obrar v.
    • trabajar v.
    adj.
    • laborable adj.
    n.
    • chamba s.f.
    • fábrica s.f.
    • labor s.f.
    • mecanismo s.m.
    • obra s.f.
    • sobrehueso s.m.
    • trabajar s.m.
    • trabajo s.m.
    wɜːrk, wɜːk
    I
    1) u (labor, tasks) trabajo m

    the house needs a lot of work done o (BrE) doing to it — la casa necesita muchos arreglos

    to set to work — ponerse* a trabajar, poner* manos a la obra

    keep up the good work — sigue (or sigan etc) así!

    it's all in a day's work — es el pan nuestro de cada día

    to have one's work cut out: she's going to have her work cut out to get the job done in time le va a costar terminar el trabajo a tiempo; to make short work of something: Pete made short work of the ironing Pete planchó todo rapidísimo; you made short work of that pizza! te has despachado pronto la pizza!; all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy — hay que dejar tiempo para el esparcimiento

    2) u ( employment) trabajo m

    to look for/find work — buscar*/encontrar* trabajo

    to go to work — ir* a trabajar or al trabajo

    they both go out to work — (BrE) los dos trabajan (afuera)

    I start/finish work at seven — entro a trabajar or al trabajo/salgo del trabajo a las siete

    at work: he's at work está en el trabajo, está en la oficina (or la fábrica etc); they were hard at work estaban muy ocupados trabajando; other forces were at work intervenían otros factores, había otros factores en juego; men at work obras, hombres trabajando; in work (BrE): those in work quienes tienen trabajo; off work: she was off work for a month after the accident después del accidente estuvo un mes sin trabajar; he took a day off work se tomó un día libre; out of work: the closures will put 1,200 people out of work los cierres dejarán en la calle a 1.200 personas; to be out of work estar* sin trabajo or desocupado or desempleado or (Chi tb) cesante, estar* parado or en el paro (Esp); (before n) out-of-work — desocupado, desempleado, parado (Esp), cesante (Chi)

    4)
    a) c (product, single item) obra f
    b) u ( output) trabajo m

    it was the work of a professional — era obra de un profesional; see also works


    II
    1.
    1) \<\<person\>\> trabajar

    to get working — ponerse* a trabajar, poner* manos a la obra

    to work AT something: you have to work at your service tiene que practicar el servicio; a relationship is something you have to work at una relación de pareja requiere cierto esfuerzo; she was working away at her accounts estaba ocupada con su contabilidad; to work FOR somebody trabajar para alguien; to work for oneself trabajar por cuenta propia; to work FOR something: fame didn't just come to me: I had to work for it la fama no me llegó del cielo, tuve que trabajar para conseguirla; he's working for his finals está estudiando or está preparándose para los exámenes finales; to work IN something: to work in marble trabajar el mármol or con mármol; to work in oils pintar al óleo, trabajar con óleos; to work ON something: he's working on his car está arreglando el coche; scientists are working on a cure los científicos están intentando encontrar una cura; she hasn't been fired yet, but she's working on it (hum) todavía no la han echado, pero parece empeñada en que lo hagan; we're working on the assumption that... partimos del supuesto de que...; the police had very little to work on la policía tenía muy pocas pistas; to work UNDER somebody — trabajar bajo la dirección de alguien

    2)
    a) (operate, function) \<\<machine/system\>\> funcionar; \<\<drug/person\>\> actuar*

    to work against/in favor of somebody/something — obrar en contra/a favor de alguien/algo

    it works both ways: you have to make an effort too, you know: it works both ways — tú también tienes que hacer el esfuerzo, ¿sabes? funciona igual or (esp AmL) parejo para los dos

    b) ( have required effect) \<\<drug/plan/method\>\> surtir efecto

    try it, it might work — pruébalo, quizás resulte

    3) (slip, travel) (+ adv compl)

    his socks had worked down to his ankles — se le habían caído los calcetines; see also free I 1) c), loose I 1) b)


    2.
    vt
    1)
    a) ( force to work) hacer* trabajar
    b) ( exploit) \<\<land/soil\>\> trabajar, labrar; \<\<mine\>\> explotar
    c) \<\<nightclubs/casinos\>\> trabajar en

    do you know how to work the machine? — ¿sabes manejar la máquina?

    3)
    a) (move gradually, manipulate) (+ adv compl)

    to work one's way: we worked our way toward the exit nos abrimos camino hacia la salida; I worked my way through volume three logré terminar el tercer volumen; she worked her way to the top of her profession — trabajó hasta llegar a la cima de su profesión

    b) (shape, fashion) \<\<clay/metal\>\> trabajar; \<\<dough\>\> sobar, amasar
    4)
    a) (past & past p worked or wrought) ( bring about) \<\<miracle\>\> hacer*; see also wrought I
    b) (manage, arrange) (colloq) arreglar

    she worked it so that I didn't have to pay — se las arregló or se las ingenió para que yo no tuviera que pagar

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [wɜːk]
    1. N
    1) (=activity) trabajo m; (=effort) esfuerzo m

    • to be at work on sth — estar trabajando sobre algo

    • work has begun on the new dam — se han comenzado las obras del nuevo embalse

    • it's all in a day's work — es pan de cada día

    • to do one's work — hacer su trabajo

    • to get some work done — hacer algo (de trabajo)

    • to get on with one's work — seguir trabajando

    • good work! — (=well done) ¡buen trabajo!

    • it's hard work — es mucho trabajo, cuesta (trabajo)

    • a piece of work — un trabajo

    • she's put a lot of work into it — le ha puesto grandes esfuerzos

    • to make quick work of sth/sb — despachar algo/a algn con rapidez

    • to set to work — ponerse a trabajar

    • to make short work of sth/sb — despachar algo/a algn con rapidez

    • to start work — ponerse a trabajar

    to have one's work cut out —

    nasty 1., 4)
    2) (=employment, place of employment) trabajo m

    "work wanted" — (US) "demandas de empleo"

    • to be at work — estar trabajando

    • to go to work — ir a trabajar

    • to go out to work — (=have a job) tener un trabajo

    • to be in work — tener trabajo

    • she's looking for work — está buscando trabajo

    • it's nice work if you can get it — es muy agradable para los que tienen esa suerte

    • I'm off work for a week — tengo una semana de permiso

    • to be out of work — estar desempleado or parado or en paro

    • to put sb out of work — dejar a algn sin trabajo

    • on her way to work — camino del trabajo

    3) (=product, deed) obra f; (=efforts) trabajo

    this is the work of a professional/madman — esto es trabajo de un profesional/loco

    what do you think of his work? — ¿qué te parece su trabajo?

    • good works — obras fpl de caridad

    • his life's work — el trabajo al que ha dedicado su vida

    4) (Art, Literat etc) obra f

    • a work of art — una obra de arte

    • a literary work — una obra literaria

    5) works [of machine, clock etc] mecanismo msing
    - bung or gum up the works
    spanner
    6) works (Mil) obras fpl, fortificaciones fpl

    Ministry of Works — Ministerio m de Obras Públicas

    2. VI
    1) (gen) trabajar; (=be in a job) tener trabajo

    • he is working at his German — está dándole al alemán

    • to work hard — trabajar mucho or duro

    • she works in a bakery — trabaja en una panadería

    he works in education/publishing — trabaja en la enseñanza/el campo editorial

    he prefers to work in wood/oils — prefiere trabajar la madera/con óleos

    • to work to rule — (Ind) estar en huelga de celo

    • to work towards sth — trabajar or realizar esfuerzos para conseguir algo

    - work like a slave or Trojan etc
    2) (=function) [machine, car] funcionar

    my brain doesn't seem to be working today — hum mi cerebro no funciona hoy como es debido

    • it may work against us — podría sernos desfavorable

    • this can work both ways — esto puede ser un arma de doble filo

    • this may work in our favour — puede que esto nos venga bien

    • to get sth working — hacer funcionar algo

    • it works off the mains — funciona con la electricidad de la red

    3) (=be effective) [plan] salir, marchar; [drug, medicine, spell] surtir efecto, ser eficaz; [yeast] fermentar

    how long does it take to work? — ¿cuánto tiempo hace falta para que empiece a surtir efecto?

    the scheme won't work — el proyecto no es práctico, esto no será factible

    it won't work, I tell you! — ¡te digo que no se puede (hacer)!

    4) [mouth, face, jaws] moverse, torcerse
    5) (=move gradually)

    • to work loose — desprenderse

    • to work round to a question — preparar el terreno para preguntar algo

    what are you working round to? — ¿adónde va a parar todo esto?, ¿qué propósito tiene todo esto?

    3. VT
    1) (=make work) hacer trabajar

    to work o.s. to death — matarse trabajando

    2) (=operate)

    can you work it? — ¿sabes manejarlo?

    3) (=achieve) [+ change] producir, motivar; [+ cure] hacer, efectuar; [+ miracle] hacer
    wonder 1., 2)
    4) (Sew) coser; (Knitting) [+ row] hacer
    5) (=shape) [+ dough, clay] trabajar; [+ stone, marble] tallar, grabar

    worked flint — piedra f tallada

    6) (=exploit) [+ mine] explotar; [+ land] cultivar
    7) (=manoeuvre)

    • to work o.s. into a rage — ponerse furioso, enfurecerse

    • the screw had worked itself loose — el tornillo se había soltado solo

    • to work one's way along — ir avanzando poco a poco

    to work one's way up a cliff — escalar poco a poco or a duras penas un precipicio

    8) (=finance)

    • to work one's passage on a ship — costearse un viaje trabajando

    • to work one's way through college — costearse los estudios universitarios trabajando

    4.
    CPD

    work area N — área f de trabajo

    work camp N — campamento m laboral

    work ethic N — ética f del trabajo

    work experience N — experiencia f laboral

    work file N — fichero m de trabajo

    work force N — (=labourers) mano f de obra; (=personnel) plantilla f

    work in progress N — trabajo m en proceso

    work permit N — permiso m de trabajo

    work prospects NPL — [of student] perspectivas fpl de trabajo

    work study N — práctica f estudiantil

    work therapy N — laborterapia f, terapia f laboral

    work week N — (US) semana f laboral

    * * *
    [wɜːrk, wɜːk]
    I
    1) u (labor, tasks) trabajo m

    the house needs a lot of work done o (BrE) doing to it — la casa necesita muchos arreglos

    to set to work — ponerse* a trabajar, poner* manos a la obra

    keep up the good work — sigue (or sigan etc) así!

    it's all in a day's work — es el pan nuestro de cada día

    to have one's work cut out: she's going to have her work cut out to get the job done in time le va a costar terminar el trabajo a tiempo; to make short work of something: Pete made short work of the ironing Pete planchó todo rapidísimo; you made short work of that pizza! te has despachado pronto la pizza!; all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy — hay que dejar tiempo para el esparcimiento

    2) u ( employment) trabajo m

    to look for/find work — buscar*/encontrar* trabajo

    to go to work — ir* a trabajar or al trabajo

    they both go out to work — (BrE) los dos trabajan (afuera)

    I start/finish work at seven — entro a trabajar or al trabajo/salgo del trabajo a las siete

    at work: he's at work está en el trabajo, está en la oficina (or la fábrica etc); they were hard at work estaban muy ocupados trabajando; other forces were at work intervenían otros factores, había otros factores en juego; men at work obras, hombres trabajando; in work (BrE): those in work quienes tienen trabajo; off work: she was off work for a month after the accident después del accidente estuvo un mes sin trabajar; he took a day off work se tomó un día libre; out of work: the closures will put 1,200 people out of work los cierres dejarán en la calle a 1.200 personas; to be out of work estar* sin trabajo or desocupado or desempleado or (Chi tb) cesante, estar* parado or en el paro (Esp); (before n) out-of-work — desocupado, desempleado, parado (Esp), cesante (Chi)

    4)
    a) c (product, single item) obra f
    b) u ( output) trabajo m

    it was the work of a professional — era obra de un profesional; see also works


    II
    1.
    1) \<\<person\>\> trabajar

    to get working — ponerse* a trabajar, poner* manos a la obra

    to work AT something: you have to work at your service tiene que practicar el servicio; a relationship is something you have to work at una relación de pareja requiere cierto esfuerzo; she was working away at her accounts estaba ocupada con su contabilidad; to work FOR somebody trabajar para alguien; to work for oneself trabajar por cuenta propia; to work FOR something: fame didn't just come to me: I had to work for it la fama no me llegó del cielo, tuve que trabajar para conseguirla; he's working for his finals está estudiando or está preparándose para los exámenes finales; to work IN something: to work in marble trabajar el mármol or con mármol; to work in oils pintar al óleo, trabajar con óleos; to work ON something: he's working on his car está arreglando el coche; scientists are working on a cure los científicos están intentando encontrar una cura; she hasn't been fired yet, but she's working on it (hum) todavía no la han echado, pero parece empeñada en que lo hagan; we're working on the assumption that... partimos del supuesto de que...; the police had very little to work on la policía tenía muy pocas pistas; to work UNDER somebody — trabajar bajo la dirección de alguien

    2)
    a) (operate, function) \<\<machine/system\>\> funcionar; \<\<drug/person\>\> actuar*

    to work against/in favor of somebody/something — obrar en contra/a favor de alguien/algo

    it works both ways: you have to make an effort too, you know: it works both ways — tú también tienes que hacer el esfuerzo, ¿sabes? funciona igual or (esp AmL) parejo para los dos

    b) ( have required effect) \<\<drug/plan/method\>\> surtir efecto

    try it, it might work — pruébalo, quizás resulte

    3) (slip, travel) (+ adv compl)

    his socks had worked down to his ankles — se le habían caído los calcetines; see also free I 1) c), loose I 1) b)


    2.
    vt
    1)
    a) ( force to work) hacer* trabajar
    b) ( exploit) \<\<land/soil\>\> trabajar, labrar; \<\<mine\>\> explotar
    c) \<\<nightclubs/casinos\>\> trabajar en

    do you know how to work the machine? — ¿sabes manejar la máquina?

    3)
    a) (move gradually, manipulate) (+ adv compl)

    to work one's way: we worked our way toward the exit nos abrimos camino hacia la salida; I worked my way through volume three logré terminar el tercer volumen; she worked her way to the top of her profession — trabajó hasta llegar a la cima de su profesión

    b) (shape, fashion) \<\<clay/metal\>\> trabajar; \<\<dough\>\> sobar, amasar
    4)
    a) (past & past p worked or wrought) ( bring about) \<\<miracle\>\> hacer*; see also wrought I
    b) (manage, arrange) (colloq) arreglar

    she worked it so that I didn't have to pay — se las arregló or se las ingenió para que yo no tuviera que pagar

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > work

  • 40 help

    I 1. [help]
    1) (assistance) aiuto m., assistenza f.; (in an emergency) soccorso m.

    with the help of sb., sth. — con l'aiuto di qcn., qcs.

    to be of help to sb. — [ person] essere di aiuto a qcn.; [information, map] essere utile a qcn.

    you're a great help! — iron. bell'aiuto sei!

    to come to sb.'s help — venire in aiuto di qcn.

    to cry for help chiamare aiuto; it's a help if you can speak the language serve saper parlare la lingua; there's no help for it non c'è niente da fare; he needs (professional) help — dovrebbe farsi vedere (da uno specialista)

    2) (anche daily help) (cleaning woman) collaboratrice f. domestica
    2. II 1. [help]
    1) (assist) aiutare (do, to do a fare); (more urgently) soccorrere

    can I help you? — (in shop) desidera? (on phone) mi dica

    to help sb. across, down, out — aiutare qcn. ad attraversare, a scendere, a uscire

    to help sb. on, off with — aiutare qcn. a mettere, togliere [garment, boot]

    2) (improve) migliorare [situation, problem]
    3) (contribute) contribuire, aiutare ( to do a fare)

    to help sb. to — servire a qcn. [food, wine]

    not if I can help it! — se posso evitarlo, no di certo!

    I can't help that — non posso farne a meno, non posso farci niente

    2.
    1) (assist) aiutare

    every little helps — (when donating money) anche una piccola offerta può aiutare; (when saving) tutto fa (brodo)

    3.
    2)

    to help oneself to — (pinch) servirsi da, rubare da

    to help oneself — frenarsi, trattenersi

    •
    * * *
    [help] 1. verb
    1) (to do something with or for someone that he cannot do alone, or that he will find useful: Will you help me with this translation?; Will you please help me (to) translate this poem?; Can I help?; He fell down and I helped him up.) aiutare
    2) (to play a part in something; to improve or advance: Bright posters will help to attract the public to the exhibition; Good exam results will help his chances of a job.) aiutare
    3) (to make less bad: An aspirin will help your headache.) alleviare
    4) (to serve (a person) in a shop: Can I help you, sir?) aiutare
    5) ((with can(not), could (not)) to be able not to do something or to prevent something: He looked so funny that I couldn't help laughing; Can I help it if it rains?) evitare; impedire
    2. noun
    1) (the act of helping, or the result of this: Can you give me some help?; Your digging the garden was a big help; Can I be of help to you?) aiuto
    2) (someone or something that is useful: You're a great help to me.) aiuto
    3) (a servant, farmworker etc: She has hired a new help.) domestico; dipendente
    4) ((usually with no) a way of preventing something: Even if you don't want to do it, the decision has been made - there's no help for it now.) rimedio
    •
    - helpful
    - helpfully
    - helpfulness
    - helping
    - helpless
    - helplessly
    - helplessness
    - help oneself
    - help out
    * * *
    I 1. [help]
    1) (assistance) aiuto m., assistenza f.; (in an emergency) soccorso m.

    with the help of sb., sth. — con l'aiuto di qcn., qcs.

    to be of help to sb. — [ person] essere di aiuto a qcn.; [information, map] essere utile a qcn.

    you're a great help! — iron. bell'aiuto sei!

    to come to sb.'s help — venire in aiuto di qcn.

    to cry for help chiamare aiuto; it's a help if you can speak the language serve saper parlare la lingua; there's no help for it non c'è niente da fare; he needs (professional) help — dovrebbe farsi vedere (da uno specialista)

    2) (anche daily help) (cleaning woman) collaboratrice f. domestica
    2. II 1. [help]
    1) (assist) aiutare (do, to do a fare); (more urgently) soccorrere

    can I help you? — (in shop) desidera? (on phone) mi dica

    to help sb. across, down, out — aiutare qcn. ad attraversare, a scendere, a uscire

    to help sb. on, off with — aiutare qcn. a mettere, togliere [garment, boot]

    2) (improve) migliorare [situation, problem]
    3) (contribute) contribuire, aiutare ( to do a fare)

    to help sb. to — servire a qcn. [food, wine]

    not if I can help it! — se posso evitarlo, no di certo!

    I can't help that — non posso farne a meno, non posso farci niente

    2.
    1) (assist) aiutare

    every little helps — (when donating money) anche una piccola offerta può aiutare; (when saving) tutto fa (brodo)

    3.
    2)

    to help oneself to — (pinch) servirsi da, rubare da

    to help oneself — frenarsi, trattenersi

    •

    English-Italian dictionary > help

Страницы

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