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  • 41 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 42 more

    more [mɔ:r]
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    comparative of  many ; of  much
       a. ( = greater in amount) plus de
    ► more... than plus de... que
       b. ( = additional) encore de
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► Note that in the following some and any when used with more are translated by du and de la.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    • is there any more wine? y a-t-il encore du vin ?
    ► a few/several more
       a. ( = greater quantity) plus
    • no more, thanks (in restaurant) ça suffit, merci
       b. ( = others) d'autres
    • have you got any more like these? en avez-vous d'autres comme ça ?
       b. (with verbs) plus, davantage
       c. ( = rather) plutôt
       d. ( = again) once more une fois de plus
    • once more, they have disappointed us une fois de plus, ils nous ont déçus
    • neither more nor less ni plus ni moins► the more... plus...
    • all the more so because... d'autant plus que...
    * * *
    Note: When used to modify an adjective or an adverb to form the comparative more is very often translated by plus: more expensive = plus cher/chère; more beautiful = plus beau/belle; more easily = plus facilement; more regularly = plus régulièrement. For examples and further uses see below
    When used as a quantifier to indicate a greater amount or quantity of something more is very often translated by plus de: more money/cars/people = plus d'argent/de voitures/de gens. For examples and further uses see II 1 below
    [mɔː(r)] 1.
    2) ( to a greater extent) plus, davantage

    you must work/rest more — il faut que tu travailles/te reposes davantage

    the more you think about it, the harder it will seem — plus tu y penseras, plus ça te paraîtra dur

    3) ( longer)
    4) ( again)
    5) ( rather)
    2.

    a little/lot more wine — un peu/beaucoup plus de vin

    3.

    it costs more than the other one — il/elle coûte plus cher que l'autre

    many were disappointed, more were angry — beaucoup de gens ont été déçus, un plus grand nombre étaient fâchés

    2) ( additional amount) davantage; ( additional number) plus

    several/a few more (of them) — plusieurs/quelques autres

    in Mexico, of which more later... — au Mexique, dont nous reparlerons plus tard...

    let's ou we'll say no more about it — n'en parlons plus

    4.
    more and more phrasal determiner, adverbial phrase de plus en plus
    5.
    more or less adverbial phrase plus ou moins
    6.
    more so adverbial phrase encore plus

    in York, and even more so in Oxford — à York et encore plus à Oxford

    he is just as active as her, if not more so ou or even more so — il est aussi actif qu'elle, si ce n'est plus

    they are all disappointed, none more so than Mr Lowe — ils sont tous déçus, en particulier M. Lowe

    7.
    more than adverbial phrase, prepositional phrase
    2) ( extremely)
    ••

    she's nothing more (nor less) than a thief —

    she's a thief, neither more nor less — c'est une voleuse, ni plus ni moins

    he's nothing ou no ou not much more than a servant — ce n'est qu'un serviteur

    and what is more... — et qui plus est...

    English-French dictionary > more

  • 43 nothing

    A pron
    1 (no item, event, idea) rien ; ( as object of verb) ne…rien ; ( as subject of verb) rien…ne ; she says nothing elle ne dit rien ; I knew nothing about it je n'en savais rien ; we saw nothing nous n'avons rien vu ; we can do nothing (about it) nous n'y pouvons rien ; there's nothing in the fridge il n'y a rien dans le frigidaire® ; nothing can alter the fact that rien ne peut changer le fait que ; nothing could be further from the truth rien n'est plus faux ; can nothing be done to help? est-ce qu'on ne peut rien faire pour aider? ; nothing happened il ne s'est rien passé ; they behaved as if nothing had happened ils ont fait comme si de rien n'était ; there's nothing to drink il n'y a rien à boire ; I've got nothing to wear je n'ai rien à me mettre ; you have nothing to lose vous n'avez rien à perdre ; there's nothing to stop you leaving rien ne t'empêche de partir ; we've had nothing to eat nous n'avons rien mangé ; you did nothing at all to stop them tu n'as absolument rien fait pour les arrêter ; next to nothing presque rien ; nothing much pas grand-chose ; there's nothing much on TV il n'y a pas grand-chose à la télé ○ ; nothing much happens here il ne se passe pas grand-chose ici ; I've nothing much to tell je n'ai pas grand-chose à raconter ; nothing more rien de plus ; we ask for nothing more nous ne demandons rien de plus ; is there nothing more you can do? vous ne pouvez rien faire de plus? ; she's just a friend, nothing more or less c'est une amie, c'est tout ; nothing else rien d'autre ; there's nothing else for us il n'y a rien d'autre pour nous ; nothing else matters rien d'autre ne compte, il n'y a que ça qui compte ; she thinks about nothing else elle ne pense à rien d'autre, elle ne pense qu'à cela ; there's nothing else one can say il n'y a rien d'autre à dire ; if nothing else it will be a change for us au moins ça nous changera les idées ; to have nothing against sb/sth ne rien avoir contre qn/qch ; to have nothing to do with ( no connection) ne rien avoir à voir avec ; (no dealings, involvement) ne rien avoir à faire avec ; the drop in sales has nothing to do with the scandal la baisse des ventes n'a rien à voir avec le scandale ; it had nothing to do with safety ça n'avait rien à voir avec la sécurité ; he had nothing to do with the murder il n'avait rien à voir avec le meurtre, il n'était pour rien dans le meurtre ; I had nothing to do with it! je n'y étais pour rien! ; that's got nothing to do with it! ça n'a rien à voir! ; she will have ou she wants nothing to do with it/us elle ne veut rien avoir à faire avec ça/nous ; it's nothing to do with us ça ne nous regarde pas ; she acts as though it had nothing to do with her elle fait comme si ça ne la concernait pas ; to come to nothing n'aboutir à rien ; to stop at nothing ne reculer devant rien (to do pour faire) ; to have nothing on ( no clothes) être nu ; (no engagements, plans) n'avoir rien de prévu ; you've got nothing on me ○ ! ( to incriminate) vous n'avez rien contre moi! ; he's got nothing on you ○ ! ( to rival) il ne t'arrive pas à la cheville ○ ! ; Paris has nothing on this ○ ! Paris ne peut pas rivaliser avec ça! ;
    2 ( emphasizing insignificance) rien ; a fuss about nothing une histoire pour (un) rien ; to get upset over nothing s'énerver pour (un) rien ; we were talking about nothing much nous parlions de tout et de rien ; to count for nothing ne compter pour rien ; he means ou is nothing to me il n'est rien pour moi ; so all this effort means nothing to you? alors tout ce travail t'est complètement égal? ; it meant nothing to him ça lui était complètement égal (that, whether que + subj) ; the names meant nothing to him les noms ne lui disaient rien ; he cares nothing for convention sout il se moque des conventions ; to think nothing of doing ( consider normal) trouver tout à fait normal de faire ; ( not baulk at) ne pas hésiter à faire ; I thought nothing of it until the next day ça m'a paru tout à fait normal jusqu'au lendemain ; think nothing of it! ce n'est rien! ; it was nothing to them to walk miles to school ils trouvaient tout à fait normal de faire des kilomètres à pied pour aller à l'école ; there's nothing to driving a truck ce n'est rien de conduire un camion ; there' s really nothing to it! c'est tout ce qu'il y a de plus facile! ;
    3 ( very little indeed) lit, fig rien ; she's four foot nothing ≈ elle ne fait pas plus d'un mètre vingt, elle fait un mètre vingt à tout casser ○ ; it costs next to nothing ça ne coûte presque rien ; for nothing ( for free) gratuitement, gratis ○ ; ( pointlessly) pour rien ; it's money for nothing c'est de l'argent vite gagné ; all this work for nothing tout ce travail pour rien ; they aren't called skyscrapers for nothing ce n'est pas pour rien qu'on appelle ça des gratte-ciel ; not for nothing is he known as… ce n'est pas pour rien qu'il est connu comme… ; I'm not English for nothing! hum je ne suis pas anglais pour rien! ;
    4 (indicating absence of trait, quality) nothing serious/useful rien de grave/d'utile ; nothing too fancy rien de très compliqué ; nothing interesting, nothing of any interest rien d'intéressant ; nothing new to report rien de nouveau à signaler ; have they nothing cheaper? est-ce qu'ils n'ont rien de moins cher? ; there's nothing unusual about doing il n'y a rien d'extraordinaire à faire ; there's nothing unusual about it ça n'a rien d'extraordinaire ; it seems easy but it's nothing of the kind cela paraît facile mais il n'en est rien ; nothing of the kind should ever happen again une chose pareille ne devrait jamais se reproduire ; you'll do nothing of the sort! tu n'en feras rien! ;
    5 (emphatic: setting up comparisons) it's nothing like that at all! ce n'est pas ça du tout! ; there's nothing like the sea air for doing il n'y a rien de tel que l'air marin pour faire ; there's nothing like seeing old friends revoir de vieux amis, il n'y a rien de tel ; there's nothing like it! il n'y a rien de tel or de mieux! ; there's nothing so embarrassing as doing il n'y a rien d'aussi gênant que de faire ; I can think of nothing worse than je ne peux rien imaginer de pire que ; there's nothing more ridiculous than il n'y a rien de plus ridicule que ; that's nothing to what he'll do if he finds out that ce n'est rien comparé à or à côté de ce qu'il fera quand il découvrira que ; the hive resembles nothing so much as a business la ruche ressemble tout à fait à une entreprise ; to say nothing of sans parler de ; detested by his colleagues to say nothing of the students détesté par ses collègues sans parler des étudiants ;
    6 (no element, part) to know nothing of ne rien savoir de [truth, events, plans] ; he knows nothing of the skill involved il n'imagine pas la technique que cela implique ; we heard nothing of what was said nous n'avons rien entendu de ce qui s'est dit ; he has nothing of the aristocrat about him il n'a rien d'un aristocrate ; there was nothing of the exotic in the place l'endroit n'avait rien d'exotique ;
    7 (no truth, value, use) you get nothing out of it ça ne rapporte rien ; there's nothing in it for me ça n'a aucun intérêt pour moi ; there's nothing in it (in gossip, rumour) il n'y a rien de vrai là-dedans ; (in magazine, booklet) c'est sans intérêt.
    B adv
    1 ( in no way) it is nothing like as important/difficult as c'est loin d'être aussi important/difficile que ; it's nothing like enough! c'est loin d'être suffisant! ; the portrait looks nothing like her le portrait ne lui ressemble pas du tout ; she is nothing like her sister elle ne ressemble pas du tout à sa sœur ; the city is nothing like what it was la ville n'est plus du tout ce qu'elle était ;
    2 (emphatic: totally, only) it's nothing short of brilliant/disgraceful c'est tout à fait génial/scandaleux ; nothing short of a miracle can save them il n'y a qu'un miracle qui puisse les sauver ;
    3 (emphatic: decidedly) she's nothing if not original in her dress le moins qu'on puisse dire c'est qu'elle s'habille de façon originale ; I'm nothing if not stubborn! le moins qu'on puisse dire c'est que je suis têtu!
    C adj to be nothing without sb/sth ne rien être sans qn/qch ; he's nothing without you/his career il n'est rien sans toi/sa carrière.
    D n
    1 ( nothingness) néant m ;
    2 ( trivial matter) it's a mere nothing compared to ce n'est pratiquement rien par rapport à ; ⇒ sweet.
    E nothing but adv phr he's nothing but a coward ce n'est qu'un lâche ; they've done nothing but moan ○ ils n'ont fait que râler ○ ; it' s caused me nothing but trouble ça ne m'a valu que des ennuis ; nothing but the best for me! je ne veux que ce qu'il y a de meilleur! ; she has nothing but praise for them elle ne tarit pas d'éloges sur eux.
    F nothing less than adv phr it's nothing less than a betrayal c'est une véritable trahison ; they want nothing less than reunification ils ne seront satisfaits que quand il y aura la réunification ; nothing less than real saffron will do il n'y a que du vrai safran qui fera l'affaire.
    G nothing more than adv phr it's nothing more than a strategy to do ce n'est qu'une stratégie pour faire ; the stories are nothing more than gossip ces histoires ne sont rien d'autre que des ragots ; they'd like nothing more than to do ils ne demandent pas mieux que de faire.
    nothing doing ○ ! ( outright refusal) pas question ○ ! ; ( no chance of success) pas moyen ○ ! ; there's nothing doing at the office ○ il ne se passe rien au bureau ; there was nothing for it but to call the doctor GB il ne restait plus qu'à faire venir le médecin ; there's nothing for it! GB il n'y a rien à faire ; you get nothing for nothing on n'a rien sans rien.

    Big English-French dictionary > nothing

  • 44 nothing

    nothing ['nʌθɪŋ]
    ne… rien;
    ∎ she forgets nothing elle n'oublie rien;
    ∎ nothing has been decided rien n'a été décidé;
    ∎ nothing can beat French cooking il n'y a rien de mieux que la cuisine française;
    ∎ I have nothing to drink je n'ai rien à boire;
    ∎ what are you doing? - nothing que faites-vous? - rien;
    ∎ it's better than nothing c'est mieux que rien;
    ∎ to have nothing to do with sb/sth n'avoir rien à voir avec qn/qch;
    ∎ it's got nothing to do with you ça ne te concerne absolument pas;
    ∎ I told them nothing at all je ne leur ai rien dit du tout;
    ∎ I have nothing else to say je n'ai rien d'autre à dire;
    ∎ it looks like nothing on earth c'est ridicule;
    ∎ nothing serious rien de grave;
    ∎ that's nothing new ce n'est pas nouveau;
    ∎ that's nothing unusual cela n'a rien d'anormal;
    ∎ there's nothing exceptional about him arriving late il n'y a rien d'exceptionnel à ce qu'il arrive en retard;
    ∎ nothing much pas grand-chose;
    ∎ there is nothing more to be said il n'y a plus rien à dire;
    ∎ nothing could be simpler rien de plus simple, c'est tout ce qu'il y a de plus simple;
    ∎ they're always fighting over nothing ils passent leur temps à se disputer pour des broutilles ou des riens;
    ∎ she gets angry about nothing elle se fâche pour un rien;
    ∎ reduced to nothing réduit à néant;
    ∎ you can't live on nothing on ne peut pas vivre de rien;
    ∎ there's nothing to cry/worry about il n'y a pas de quoi pleurer/s'inquiéter;
    ∎ there's nothing for it but to start again il n'y a plus qu'à recommencer;
    ∎ there's nothing in it (no difference) il n'y a aucune différence; (in choosing between two candidates) ils se valent, il n'y a aucune différence entre eux; (in race) ils sont à égalité;
    ∎ there's nothing in or to these rumours ces rumeurs sont dénuées de tout fondement;
    ∎ there's nothing to it! (it's easy) c'est simple (comme bonjour)!;
    ∎ there's nothing like a nice hot bath rien de tel qu'un bon bain chaud;
    ∎ she says he's nothing or he means nothing to her elle dit qu'il n'est rien pour elle;
    ∎ the name means nothing to me le nom ne me dit rien;
    ∎ a thousand pounds is nothing to her mille livres, ce n'est rien pour elle;
    ∎ it's nothing to me either way cela m'est égal;
    ∎ that's nothing to what mum will say ce n'est rien par rapport à ce que maman va dire;
    ∎ in those days it was nothing to see… en ce temps-là on voyait facilement…;
    ∎ to think nothing of doing sth (not hesitate to do) ne pas hésiter à faire qch;
    ∎ she thinks nothing of walking 10 kilometres pour elle 10 kilomètres à pied, ce n'est rien;
    ∎ I can make nothing of it je n'y comprends rien du tout;
    ∎ I'll take what's due to me, nothing more, nothing less je prendrai mon dû, ni plus ni moins;
    ∎ to have nothing on (no engagement) être libre; (no clothes) être tout nu;
    ∎ familiar what a physique! Charles Atlas has got nothing on you! quel physique! tu n'as rien à envier à Charles Atlas ou Charles Atlas peut aller se rhabiller!;
    ∎ literary our sacrifices were as nothing compared to his nos sacrifices ne furent rien auprès des siens;
    ∎ familiar nothing doing! pas question!
    2 noun
    (a) (trifle) rien m, vétille f;
    ∎ $500 may be a mere nothing to you 500 dollars ne représentent peut-être pas grand-chose pour vous
    (b) familiar (person) nullité f, zéro m
    (c) Mathematics zéro m
    ∎ it's a nothing play! c'est une pièce nulle!
    (a) (gratis) pour rien;
    ∎ I got it for nothing at the flea market je l'ai eu pour (trois fois) rien aux puces
    (b) (for no purpose) pour rien;
    ∎ all that work for nothing! tout ce travail pour rien ou en pure perte!;
    ∎ are you telling me I gave up my day off for nothing? est-ce que tu veux dire que j'ai sacrifié ma journée de vacances pour rien?;
    ∎ to count for nothing ne compter pour rien
    ∎ the police say they don't arrest people for nothing la police dit qu'elle n'arrête personne sans raison;
    ∎ it's not for nothing that… ce n'est pas pour rien que…;
    ∎ they don't call him Einstein for nothing ce n'est pas pour rien qu'on le surnomme Einstein
    ∎ that car's been nothing but trouble cette voiture ne m'a attiré que des ennuis;
    ∎ nothing but a miracle can save us seul un miracle pourrait nous sauver;
    ∎ she wants nothing but the best elle ne veut que ce qu'il y a de meilleur;
    ∎ they do nothing but sleep ils ne font que dormir
    rien de moins que;
    ∎ she's nothing if not honest elle n'est rien de moins qu'honnête
    (a) (undoubtedly) rien de moins que, tout bonnement;
    ∎ it was nothing less than miraculous/a miracle c'était tout simplement miraculeux/un miracle;
    ∎ he was nothing less than overjoyed at the news il fut absolument ravi de la nouvelle
    (b) (only) seul;
    ∎ nothing less than outright victory would satisfy him seule une victoire écrasante le satisferait
    ∎ she's nothing like her mother elle ne ressemble en rien à sa mère
    ∎ there's nothing like a nice cup of tea! rien de tel qu'une bonne tasse de thé!;
    ∎ there's nothing like a cold shower for freshening or to freshen you up rien de tel qu'une douche froide pour se rafraîchir
    ∎ this box is nothing like big enough cette boîte est beaucoup trop ou bien trop petite□ ;
    ∎ nothing like as big loin d'être aussi grand□ ;
    ∎ London is nothing like as near as that Londres est bien plus loin que ça□
    ∎ I want nothing more than a word of thanks from time to time tout ce que je demande, c'est un petit mot de remerciement de temps à autre;
    ∎ he's nothing more than a petty crook il n'est rien d'autre qu'un vulgaire escroc

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > nothing

  • 45 more

    ❢ When used to modify an adjective or an adverb to form the comparative more is very often translated by plus: more expensive = plus cher/chère ; more beautiful = plus beau/belle ; more easily = plus facilement ; more regularly = plus régulièrement. For examples and further uses see A 1 below.
    When used as a quantifier to indicate a greater amount or quantity of something more is very often translated by plus de: more money/cars/people = plus d'argent/de voitures/de gens. For examples and further uses see B 1 below.
    A adv
    1 ( comparative) it's more serious than we thought/you think c'est plus grave que nous ne pensions/vous ne pensez ; the more intelligent (child) of the two (l'enfant) le plus intelligent des deux ; he's no more honest than his sister il n'est pas plus honnête que sa sœur ; the more developed countries les pays plus développés ;
    2 ( to a greater extent) plus, davantage ; you must work/sleep/rest more il faut que tu travailles/dormes/te reposes davantage ; he sleeps/talks more than I do il dort/parle plus que moi ; you can't paint any more than I can, you can no more paint than I can tu ne sais pas plus peindre que moi ; the more you think of it, the harder it will seem plus tu y penseras, plus ça te paraîtra dur ; he is (all) the more determined/angry because il est d'autant plus déterminé/en colère que ;
    3 ( longer) I don't work there any more je n'y travaille plus ; I couldn't continue any more je ne pouvais pas continuer plus longtemps ; she is no more littér elle n'est plus ;
    4 ( again) once/twice more une fois/deux fois de plus, encore une fois/deux fois ; he's back once more il est de nouveau de retour ;
    5 ( rather) more surprised than angry plus étonné que fâché ; he's more a mechanic than an engineer il est plus mécanicien qu'ingénieur ; it's more a question of organization than of money c'est plus une question d'organisation que d'argent.
    B quantif more cars than people plus de voitures que de gens ; more eggs than milk plus d'œufs que de lait ; more cars than expected/before plus de voitures que prévu/qu'avant ; some more books encore quelques livres ; a little/lot more wine un peu/beaucoup plus de vin ; more bread encore un peu de pain ; there's no more bread il n'y a plus de pain ; have some more beer! reprenez de la bière ; have you any more questions/problems? avez-vous d'autres questions/problèmes? ; we've no more time nous n'avons plus le temps ; nothing more rien de plus ; something more autre chose, quelque chose d'autre.
    C pron
    1 ( larger amount or number) plus ; it costs more than the other one il/elle coûte plus cher que l'autre ; he eats more than you il mange plus que toi ; the children take up more of my time les enfants prennent une plus grande partie de mon temps ; many were disappointed, more were angry beaucoup de gens ont été déçus, un plus grand nombre étaient fâchés ; we'd like to see more of you nous voudrions te voir plus souvent ;
    2 ( additional amount) davantage ; ( additional number) plus ; tell me more (about it) dis-m'en davantage ; I need more of them il m'en faut plus ; I need more of it il m'en faut davantage ; we found several/a few more (of them) in the house nous en avons trouvé plusieurs/quelques autres dans la maison ; I can't tell you any more je ne peux pas t'en dire plus ; have you heard any more from your sister? as-tu d'autres nouvelles de ta sœur? ; I have nothing more to say je n'ai rien à ajouter ; in Mexico, of which more later… au Mexique, dont nous reparlerons plus tard… ; let's ou we'll say no more about it n'en parlons plus.
    D more and more det phr, adv phr de plus en plus ; more and more work/time de plus en plus de travail/de temps ; to work/sleep more and more travailler/dormir de plus en plus ; more and more regularly de plus en plus régulièrement.
    E more or less adv phr plus ou moins.
    F more so adv phr encore plus ; in York, and even more so in Oxford à York et encore plus à Oxford ; it is very interesting, made (even) more so because c'est très intéressant, d'autant plus que ; he is just as active as her, if not more so ou or even more so il est aussi actif qu'elle, si ce n'est plus ; (all) the more so because… d'autant plus que… ; they are all disappointed, none more so than Mr Lowe ils sont tous déçus, en particulier M. Lowe ; no more so than usual/the others pas plus que d'habitude/les autres.
    1 ( greater amount or number) plus de ; more than 20 people/£50 plus de 20 personnes/50 livres sterling ; more than half plus de la moitié ; more than enough plus qu'assez ;
    2 ( extremely) more than generous/happy plus que généreux/ravi ; the cheque more than covered the cost le chèque a amplement couvert les frais ; you more than fulfilled your obligations tu as fait plus que remplir tes obligations.
    she's nothing more (nor less) than a thief, she's a thief, neither more nor less c'est une voleuse, ni plus ni moins ; he's nothing ou no ou not much more than a servant ce n'est qu'un serviteur ; and what is more… et qui plus est… ; there's more where that came from ce n'est qu'un début.

    Big English-French dictionary > more

  • 46 slump

    1. verb
    1) (to fall or sink suddenly and heavily: He slumped wearily into a chair.) bajar/caer en picado, caer de repente, desplomarse
    2) ((of prices, stocks, trade etc) to become less; to lose value suddenly: Business has slumped.) bajar en picado

    2. noun
    1) (a sudden fall in value, trade etc: a slump in prices.) bajón, bajada repentina
    2) (a time of very bad economic conditions, with serious unemployment etc; a depression: There was a serious slump in the 1930s.) crisis económica, recesión económica
    tr[slʌmp]
    1 (recession) crisis nombre femenino económica, recesión nombre femenino económica; (drop in demand etc) bajón nombre masculino, baja repentina, caída repentina
    2 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (of player, team) bajón nombre masculino, mala racha
    1 (economy) hundirse; (sales, demand, etc) bajar en picado, caer en picado, caer de repente; (prices) desplomarse
    2 (fall, flop down) caer, derrumbarse; (faint) desmayarse
    slump ['slʌmp] vi
    1) decline, drop: disminuir, bajar
    2) slouch: encorvarse, dejarse caer (en una silla, etc.)
    : bajón m, declive m (económico)
    n.
    • declive económico s.m.
    n.
    • baja repentina s.f.
    • bajón s.m.
    • depresión s.f.
    • quiebra s.f.
    v.
    • bajar repentinamente v.

    I slʌmp
    a) ( economic depression) depresión f
    b) (in prices, sales) caída f or baja f repentina, bajón m; (in attendance, interest) disminución f, bajón m

    II
    1) ( collapse) (+ adv compl) desplomarse
    2)
    a) \<\<prices/output/sales\>\> caer* or bajar repentinamente
    b) \<\<morale\>\> sufrir un bajón
    [slʌmp]
    1.
    N (gen) baja f (repentina), bajón m ; (in production, sales) caída f, baja f ; (economic) depresión f

    the 1929 slump — la depresión de 1929, la crisis económica de 1929

    slump in prices — hundimiento m de los precios

    slump in morale — bajón m de moral

    2. VI
    1) [price etc] hundirse; [production, sales] bajar, caer; (fig) [morale etc] desplomarse
    2)
    * * *

    I [slʌmp]
    a) ( economic depression) depresión f
    b) (in prices, sales) caída f or baja f repentina, bajón m; (in attendance, interest) disminución f, bajón m

    II
    1) ( collapse) (+ adv compl) desplomarse
    2)
    a) \<\<prices/output/sales\>\> caer* or bajar repentinamente
    b) \<\<morale\>\> sufrir un bajón

    English-spanish dictionary > slump

  • 47 slump

    1. verb
    1) (to fall or sink suddenly and heavily: He slumped wearily into a chair.) falle/synke plutselig
    2) ((of prices, stocks, trade etc) to become less; to lose value suddenly: Business has slumped.) falle av, rase nedover
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden fall in value, trade etc: a slump in prices.) plutselig prisfall
    2) (a time of very bad economic conditions, with serious unemployment etc; a depression: There was a serious slump in the 1930s.) depresjon, lavkonjunktur
    depresjon
    I
    subst. \/slʌmp\/
    1) ( handel) (plutselig) prisfall
    2) lavkonjunktur, depresjon
    3) ( overført) (kraftig) nedgang, (kraftig) tilbakegang, nedgangsperiode
    4) ( betong) slump
    5) ( geologi) (jord)skred, nedfall
    II
    verb \/slʌmp\/
    1) rase, falle plutselig, gå ned plutselig
    2) synke sammen, synke ned, sitte sammensunket
    3) ( om betong) sette seg
    slump down synke sammen, synke ned

    English-Norwegian dictionary > slump

  • 48 slump

    1. verb
    1) (to fall or sink suddenly and heavily: He slumped wearily into a chair.) hlamma sér; hlunkast niður
    2) ((of prices, stocks, trade etc) to become less; to lose value suddenly: Business has slumped.) hrynja, dragast saman
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden fall in value, trade etc: a slump in prices.) verðhrun
    2) (a time of very bad economic conditions, with serious unemployment etc; a depression: There was a serious slump in the 1930s.) kreppa, samdráttur

    English-Icelandic dictionary > slump

  • 49 slump

    pangás, gazdasági válság to slump: lepottyan, belesüpped vmibe
    * * *
    1. verb
    1) (to fall or sink suddenly and heavily: He slumped wearily into a chair.) lerogy
    2) ((of prices, stocks, trade etc) to become less; to lose value suddenly: Business has slumped.) zuhan
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden fall in value, trade etc: a slump in prices.) hirtelen áresés
    2) (a time of very bad economic conditions, with serious unemployment etc; a depression: There was a serious slump in the 1930s.) gazdasági válság

    English-Hungarian dictionary > slump

  • 50 slump

    1. verb
    1) (to fall or sink suddenly and heavily: He slumped wearily into a chair.) afundar-se
    2) ((of prices, stocks, trade etc) to become less; to lose value suddenly: Business has slumped.) cair
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden fall in value, trade etc: a slump in prices.) descida
    2) (a time of very bad economic conditions, with serious unemployment etc; a depression: There was a serious slump in the 1930s.) crise económica
    * * *
    [sl∧mp] n 1 queda brusca (de preços), baixa, colapso. 2 fig fracasso. 3 porte inclinado, com os ombros caídos. 4 época de desemprego. • vi cair, baixar, afundar, mergulhar, baixar repentinamente (preços, valores), fracassar, ter postura ou andar curvado.

    English-Portuguese dictionary > slump

  • 51 slump

    n. düşme, çökme, ani düşüş, birden düşme, ekonomik kriz, durgunluk (piyasa), toprak kayması
    ————————
    v. çökmek, birden düşmek, pat diye düşmek, kaymak (toprak)
    * * *
    1. birdenbire düş (v.) 2. birdenbire düşme (n.)
    * * *
    1. verb
    1) (to fall or sink suddenly and heavily: He slumped wearily into a chair.) çökmek, yığılıp kalmak
    2) ((of prices, stocks, trade etc) to become less; to lose value suddenly: Business has slumped.) azalmak, düşmek
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden fall in value, trade etc: a slump in prices.) anî düşüş, azalma
    2) (a time of very bad economic conditions, with serious unemployment etc; a depression: There was a serious slump in the 1930s.) ekonomik kriz

    English-Turkish dictionary > slump

  • 52 slump

    1. verb
    1) (to fall or sink suddenly and heavily: He slumped wearily into a chair.) zrušiti se
    2) ((of prices, stocks, trade etc) to become less; to lose value suddenly: Business has slumped.) nenadoma pasti
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden fall in value, trade etc: a slump in prices.) nenaden padec
    2) (a time of very bad economic conditions, with serious unemployment etc; a depression: There was a serious slump in the 1930s.) gospodarska kriza
    * * *
    [slʌmp]
    1.
    noun
    economy
    nagel padec cen ali povpraševanja; gospodarska kriza; figuratively padec ugleda ( in a person kake osebe); geology polzenje, udor
    a slump in sales — kriza v prodaji;
    2.
    intransitive verb economy
    nenadoma pasti (o cenah); propasti, nobenega uspeha ne imeti, popolnoma odpovedati; udreti se (na ledu); zrušiti se (o osebi); geology polzeti

    English-Slovenian dictionary > slump

  • 53 slump

    • romahdus
    • romahtaa
    • hintojen lasku
    • pula-aika
    • pulakausi
    • retkahtaa
    finance, business, economy
    • matalasuhdanne
    • suo
    • lamakausi
    • lama
    finance, business, economy
    • laskusuhdanne
    finance, business, economy
    • laskukausi
    • lysähtää
    • lyyhistyä
    * * *
    1. verb
    1) (to fall or sink suddenly and heavily: He slumped wearily into a chair.) lysähtää
    2) ((of prices, stocks, trade etc) to become less; to lose value suddenly: Business has slumped.) romahtaa
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden fall in value, trade etc: a slump in prices.) romahdus
    2) (a time of very bad economic conditions, with serious unemployment etc; a depression: There was a serious slump in the 1930s.) lama

    English-Finnish dictionary > slump

  • 54 slump

    I [slʌmp]
    1) (in trade, price) crollo m., caduta f. (in di)

    to experience a slump — [ market] subire un crollo

    2) (in popularity) calo m.; (in support) perdita f. (in di)
    II [slʌmp]
    1) [price, market] subire un crollo
    2) [support, popularity] essere in forte calo
    3) [ person] lasciarsi cadere, accasciarsi
    * * *
    1. verb
    1) (to fall or sink suddenly and heavily: He slumped wearily into a chair.) abbandonarsi, lasciarsi cadere
    2) ((of prices, stocks, trade etc) to become less; to lose value suddenly: Business has slumped.) crollare
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden fall in value, trade etc: a slump in prices.) ribasso, crollo
    2) (a time of very bad economic conditions, with serious unemployment etc; a depression: There was a serious slump in the 1930s.) crisi
    * * *
    [slʌmp]
    1. n
    (gen) caduta, crollo, (in production, sales) calo, crollo, (economic) crisi f inv, depressione f
    2. vi
    1) (price etc) cadere, crollare, (production, sales) calare, diminuire, (fig : morale etc) abbassarsi
    2)
    * * *
    slump /slʌmp/
    n.
    1 (econ.) caduta dei prezzi; ribasso improvviso; crollo: a slump in prices, (comm.) un crollo dei prezzi; ( Borsa) una flessione nei corsi azionari; (fin.) stock slump, caduta del valore dei titoli azionari
    2 (econ.) crisi; recessione; depressione; congiuntura bassa: There's a slump on the stock exchange, la Borsa è in crisi; the booms and slumps of the business cycle, i boom e le recessioni del ciclo economico
    3 (fig.) calo d'interesse; apatia; disinteresse improvviso
    ● (econ.) slump symptoms, sintomi recessivi; nodi congiunturali.
    (to) slump /slʌmp/
    v. i.
    1 (econ.: dei prezzi) ribassare all'improvviso; subire una forte flessione; crollare
    2 (econ.: dei traffici, ecc.) contrarsi (o ridursi) d'un tratto; entrare in crisi
    3 abbandonarsi; lasciarsi cadere; accasciarsi; crollare: He slumped ( down) onto the sofa, si lasciò cadere sul divano
    ● to slump over, andare a gambe all'aria.
    * * *
    I [slʌmp]
    1) (in trade, price) crollo m., caduta f. (in di)

    to experience a slump — [ market] subire un crollo

    2) (in popularity) calo m.; (in support) perdita f. (in di)
    II [slʌmp]
    1) [price, market] subire un crollo
    2) [support, popularity] essere in forte calo
    3) [ person] lasciarsi cadere, accasciarsi

    English-Italian dictionary > slump

  • 55 minor

    I 1. ['maɪnə(r)]
    1) (not important) [artist, role] minore; [change, defect] piccolo
    2) (not serious) [ injury] lieve; [operation, surgery] piccolo
    3) mus. minore
    4) AE univ. [ subject] secondario
    5) BE scol.

    Jones minor — = il più giovane tra due studenti che si chiamano Jones

    2.
    1) dir. minorenne m. e f.
    2) AE univ. materia f. complementare
    II ['maɪnə(r)]

    to minor in sth. — scegliere qcs. come materia complementare

    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (less, or little, in importance, size etc: Always halt when driving from a minor road on to a major road; She has to go into hospital for a minor operation.) minore, secondario
    2) ((American) a secondary subject that a student chooses to study at university or college: Her major is in physics, but she has a minor in computer science.) (materia secondaria studiata all'università)
    2. verb
    ((American) to study something as a minor subject: He is minoring in French.) (studiare una materia secondaria all'università)
    3. noun
    (a person who is not yet legally an adult.) minore, minorenne
    - be in the minority
    * * *
    I 1. ['maɪnə(r)]
    1) (not important) [artist, role] minore; [change, defect] piccolo
    2) (not serious) [ injury] lieve; [operation, surgery] piccolo
    3) mus. minore
    4) AE univ. [ subject] secondario
    5) BE scol.

    Jones minor — = il più giovane tra due studenti che si chiamano Jones

    2.
    1) dir. minorenne m. e f.
    2) AE univ. materia f. complementare
    II ['maɪnə(r)]

    to minor in sth. — scegliere qcs. come materia complementare

    English-Italian dictionary > minor

  • 56 light

    I 1. noun
    1) Licht, das

    in a good light — bei gutem Licht

    while the light lasts — solange es [noch] hell ist

    light of day — (lit. or fig.) Tageslicht, das

    2) (electric lamp) Licht, das; (fitting) Lampe, die

    go out like a light — (fig.) sofort weg sein (ugs.)

    3) (signal to ships) Leuchtfeuer, das
    4) in sing. or pl. (signal to traffic) Ampel, die

    at the third set of lights — an der dritten Ampel

    5) (to ignite) Feuer, das

    put a/set light to something — etwas anzünden

    6)

    throw or shed light [up]on something — Licht in etwas (Akk.) bringen

    bring something to light — etwas ans [Tages]licht bringen; see also academic.ru/65424/see">see 1. 1)

    7) in pl. (beliefs, abilities)

    according to one's lights — nach bestem Wissen [und Gewissen]

    8) (aspect)

    in that light — aus dieser Sicht

    seen in this light — so gesehen

    in the light of — (taking into consideration) angesichts (+ Gen.)

    put somebody in a good/bad light — jemanden in einem guten/schlechten Licht erscheinen lassen

    2. adjective

    light-blue/-brown — etc. hellblau/-braun usw

    3. transitive verb,
    1) (ignite) anzünden
    2) (illuminate) erhellen

    light somebody's/one's way — jemandem/sich leuchten

    4. intransitive verb,
    lit or lighted [Feuer, Zigarette:] brennen, sich anzünden lassen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    II 1. adjective

    [for] light relief — [als] kleine Abwechslung

    2) (small in amount) gering
    3) (not important) leicht
    4) (nimble) leicht [Schritt, Bewegungen]

    have light fingers — (steal) gern lange Finger machen (ugs.)

    5) (easily borne) leicht [Krankheit, Strafe]; gering [Steuern]; mild [Strafe]
    6)

    with a light heart — (carefree) leichten od. frohen Herzens

    7)

    feel light in the head — (giddy) leicht benommen sein

    2. adverb

    travel light — mit wenig od. leichtem Gepäck reisen

    III intransitive verb,
    lit or lighted (come by chance)

    light [up]on something — auf etwas (Akk.) kommen od. stoßen

    * * *
    I 1. noun
    1) (the brightness given by the sun, a flame, lamps etc that makes things able to be seen: It was nearly dawn and the light was getting stronger; Sunlight streamed into the room.) das Licht
    2) (something which gives light (eg a lamp): Suddenly all the lights went out.) das Licht
    3) (something which can be used to set fire to something else; a flame: Have you got a light for my cigarette?) das Feuer
    4) (a way of viewing or regarding: He regarded her action in a favourable light.) das Licht
    2. adjective
    1) (having light; not dark: The studio was a large, light room.) licht, hell
    2) ((of a colour) pale; closer to white than black: light green.) hell
    3. [lit] verb
    1) (to give light to: The room was lit only by candles.) erleuchten
    2) (to (make something) catch fire: She lit the gas; I think this match is damp, because it won't light.) anzünden
    •
    - lighter
    - lighting
    - lighthouse
    - light-year
    - bring to light
    - come to light
    - in the light of
    - light up
    - see the light
    - set light to     II
    1) (easy to lift or carry; of little weight: I bought a light suitcase for plane journeys.) leicht
    2) (easy to bear, suffer or do: Next time the punishment will not be so light.) leicht
    3) ((of food) easy to digest: a light meal.) leicht
    4) (of less weight than it should be: The load of grain was several kilos light.) zu leicht
    5) (of little weight: Aluminium is a light metal.) leicht
    6) (lively or agile: She was very light on her feet.) leicht
    7) (cheerful; not serious: light music.) heiter
    8) (little in quantity; not intense, heavy, strong etc: light rain.) leicht
    9) ((of soil) containing a lot of sand.) locker
    •
    - light-fingered
    - light-headed
    - light-hearted
    - lightweight
    - get off lightly
    - make light of
    - travel light     III = light on - past tense, past participle lit [lit] - verb
    (to find by chance: While wandering round the town, we lit on a very cheap restaurant.)
    * * *
    light1
    [laɪt]
    I. n
    1. no pl (brightness) Licht nt
    is there enough \light? ist es hell genug?
    artificial/natural \light künstliches/natürliches Licht
    the \light of the sun das Sonnenlicht
    by the \light of the moon bei Mondschein
    by the \light of the candle im Schein der Kerze
    2. (light-giving thing) Licht nt, Lichtquelle f; (lamp) Lampe f
    as the \lights went... als die Lichter ausgingen,...
    to put [or switch] [or turn] the \light on/off das Licht einschalten/ausschalten [o fam anmachen/ausmachen
    3. no pl (fire) Feuer nt; (flame) [Kerzen]flamme f
    have you got a \light, please? Entschuldigung, haben Sie [vielleicht] Feuer?
    to catch \light Feuer fangen
    to set \light to sth BRIT etw anzünden
    to strike a \light ein Streichholz [o SCHWEIZ a. Zündholz] anzünden
    4. no pl (daylight) [Tages]licht nt
    at [the] first \light bei Tagesanbruch
    5. (for decoration)
    ▪ \lights pl:
    Christmas \lights Weihnachtsbeleuchtung f
    6. usu pl (traffic light) Ampel f
    7. (sparkle) Strahlen nt kein pl, Leuchten nt kein pl
    the light in his eyes das Strahlen in seinen Augen
    8. ( fig: perspective) Aspekt m, Perspektive f
    try to look at it in a new \light versuch' es doch mal aus einer anderen Perspektive zu sehen
    she started to see him in a new \light sie sah ihn plötzlich in einem ganz neuen Licht
    to show sth in a bad/good \light etw in einem schlechten/guten Licht erscheinen lassen
    to put sth in a favourable \light etw in ein günstiges Licht rücken
    9. no pl (enlightenment) Erleuchtung f
    I saw the \light! mir ging ein Licht auf! fam
    10. (spiritual illumination) Erleuchtung f
    ▪ \lights pl [geistige] Fähigkeiten
    to do sth according to one's \lights etw so gut machen, wie man es eben kann
    12. (bright part in picture/on object) Licht nt
    \light and shadow Licht und Schatten
    13. (window) Fenster nt; (window division) Oberlicht nt; (pane of glass) Fensterscheibe f
    14. ( fig: person) Leuchte f fam
    leading \light (best at something) großes Licht, Leuchte f fam; (leader) Nummer eins f fam
    a shining \light eine große Leuchte fam, ein großes Licht fam
    15. (beacon) Leuchtfeuer nt; (lighthouse) Leuchtturm m
    16.
    ▶ to bring sth to \light etw ans Licht bringen
    ▶ to cast [or shed] [or throw] \light on sth etw beleuchten fig, Licht in etw akk bringen
    ▶ to come to \light ans Licht kommen
    ▶ the \light at the end of the tunnel das Licht am Ende des Tunnels fig
    ▶ to hide one's \light under a bushel sein Licht unter den Scheffel stellen
    ▶ in the \light of sth [or AM usu in \light of sth] angesichts einer S. gen, im Lichte einer S. gen liter
    ▶ to be the \light of sb's life ( hum) die Sonne im Leben einer Person gen sein
    ▶ to be [or go] out like a \light ( fam: fall asleep) sofort weg sein fam; (faint) umkippen fam
    ▶ to see the \light of day (come into being) das Licht der Welt erblicken; (become known) ans Licht kommen
    II. adj
    1. (bright) hell
    it's slowly getting \light es wird allmählich hell
    summer is coming and the evenings are getting \lighter der Sommer kommt und es bleibt abends länger hell
    2. (pale) hell-; (stronger) blass-
    III. vt
    <lit or lighted, lit or lighted>
    ▪ to \light sth etw erhellen; stage, room etw beleuchten; ( fig)
    his investigations lit the way for many other scientists seine Forschungen waren wegweisend für viele andere Wissenschaftler
    2. (turn on)
    to \light an electric light das Licht einschalten [o fam anknipsen
    3. (guide with light)
    ▪ to \light sb jdm leuchten
    to \light a candle/match eine Kerze/ein Streichholz anzünden
    to \light a fire ein Feuer anzünden [o fam anmachen] [o SCHWEIZ a. anfeuern], Feuer machen
    to \light a cigarette/pipe sich dat eine Zigarette/Pfeife anzünden [o fam anstecken
    IV. vi
    <lit or lighted, lit or lighted>
    1. (burn) brennen
    2. ( fig: become animated) eyes, etc aufleuchten fig
    her face lit with pleasure sie strahlte vor Freude über das ganze Gesicht
    light2
    [laɪt]
    I. adj
    1. (not heavy) leicht
    to be as \light as a feather federleicht [o leicht wie eine Feder] sein
    2. (deficient in weight) zu leicht
    this sack of rice seems about 2 kilos \light ich habe den Eindruck, dieser Sack Reis wiegt 2 Kilo zu wenig
    to give sb \light weight jdm zu wenig abwiegen
    3. (not sturdily built) leicht
    \light clothes leichte Kleidung
    4. (for small loads) Klein-
    \light aircraft/lorry Kleinflugzeug nt/-lastwagen m
    \light railway Kleinbahn f
    5. MIL
    \light infantry leichte Infanterie
    6. (not fully loaded) aircraft/ship/vehicle nicht voll beladen
    7. (of food and drink) leicht; (low in fat) fettarm
    a \light diet eine fettarme Diät
    \light food leichtes Essen
    a \light meal eine leichte Mahlzeit
    \light pastry lockerer Teig
    \light wine leichter Wein
    8. (porous)
    \light soil lockeres Erdreich
    9. CHEM leicht
    \light isotope leichtes Isotop
    10. (low in intensity)
    the traffic was quite \light es war kaum Verkehr
    it's only \light rain es nieselt nur
    \light breeze leichte Brise
    11. (easily disturbed)
    \light sleep leichter Schlaf
    to be a \light sleeper einen leichten Schlaf haben
    12. (easily done) nachsichtig, mild
    \light sentence mildes Urteil
    \light housework leichte Hausarbeit
    13. (gentle) leicht; kiss zart; (soft) touch sanft
    to have a \light touch MUS einen weichen Anschlag haben
    14. (graceful)
    \light building elegantes Gebäude
    \light figure anmutige Gestalt
    15. (not bold)
    \light type eine schlanke Schrifttype
    16. (not serious) leicht attr
    \light entertainment leichte Unterhaltung
    \light opera Operette f
    \light reading Unterhaltungslektüre f
    \light tone Plauderton m
    17. (cheerful) frohgemut poet
    with a \light heart leichten Herzens
    18. ( old: unchaste) leicht
    a \light girl ein leichtes Mädchen veraltend
    19.
    ▶ to be a bit \light in one's loafers AM (pej!) etwas weibische Züge haben pej
    ▶ to be \light on one's feet leichtfüßig sein
    ▶ to make \light of sth etw bagatellisieren [o fam herunterspielen]
    ▶ to make \light work of sth mit etw dat spielend fertigwerden
    ▶ to be \light on sth es an etw dat fehlen lassen
    II. adv
    1. (with little luggage)
    to travel \light mit leichtem Gepäck reisen
    2. (with no severe consequences)
    to get off \light glimpflich [o fam mit einem blauen Auge] davonkommen
    * * *
    I [laɪt] vb: pret, ptp lit or lighted
    1. n
    1) (in general) Licht nt

    by the light of a candle/the fire — im Schein einer Kerze/des Feuers

    at first light —

    to cast or throw or shed light on sth (lit) — etw beleuchten; (fig also) Licht in etw (acc) bringen

    the moon cast its silvery light on... — der Mond beleuchtete... silbern or warf sein silbernes Licht auf (+acc)...

    to see sb/sth in a different light — jdn/etw in einem anderen Licht sehen

    it showed him in a different light —

    the theory, seen in the light of recent discoveries — die Theorie im Licht(e) der neuesten Entdeckungen betrachtet

    in the light of what you say — in Anbetracht dessen, was Sie sagen

    to come to light —

    to see the light (liter) (= be born) (= be made public) — das Licht der Welt erblicken (liter) veröffentlicht werden

    finally I saw the light (inf) — endlich ging mir ein Licht auf (inf); (morally) endlich wurden mir die Augen geöffnet

    to see the light of day (report) — veröffentlicht werden; (project) verwirklicht werden

    2) Licht nt; (= lamp) Lampe f; (= fluorescent light) Neonröhre f

    put out the lights before you go to bed — mach das Licht aus, bevor du ins Bett gehst

    the lights (of a car) —

    lights out for the boys was at 8 pm — um 20 Uhr mussten die Jungen das Licht ausmachen

    the lights are on but nobody's (at) home (fig inf) — er/sie ist geistig weggetreten (inf)

    3)

    (= flame) have you (got) a light? — haben Sie Feuer?

    to put a light to sth, to set light to sth — etw anzünden

    4) (ARCHIT) (Dach)fenster nt; (= skylight) Oberlicht nt
    5) (in eyes) Leuchten nt
    6)

    (= standards) according to his lights — nach bestem Wissen und Gewissen

    2. adj (+er)
    hell

    it's getting or growing light —

    3. vt
    1) (= illuminate) beleuchten; lamp, light anmachen

    to light the way for sb — jdm leuchten; (fig)

    2) (= ignite) anzünden; cigarette anstecken, anzünden; fire, candle anzünden, anmachen

    to light a fire under sb ( esp US fig ) — jdm Feuer unter dem Hintern machen (inf)

    4. vi
    (= begin to burn) brennen II
    1. adj (+er)
    leicht; taxes niedrig; punishment milde

    she has a very light touch on the piano — sie hat einen sehr weichen Anschlag

    to be a light eater — wenig essen, kein großer Esser sein

    light comedy — Lustspiel nt, Schwank m

    a light and cheerful approach to life — eine unbeschwerte, fröhliche Einstellung zum Leben

    you shouldn't make light of her problems — du solltest dich über ihre Probleme nicht lustig machen

    2. adv
    III sich niederlassen
    * * *
    light1 [laıt]
    A s
    1. Licht n, Helligkeit f:
    let there be light! BIBEL es werde Licht!;
    stand ( oder be) in sb’s light
    a) jemandem im Licht stehen,
    b) fig jemandem im Weg stehen;
    stand in one’s own light
    a) sich im Licht stehen,
    b) fig sich selbst im Weg stehen;
    get out of the light geh aus dem Licht!;
    he can see the light at the end of the tunnel fig er sieht Licht am Ende des Tunnels
    2. Licht n ( auch PHYS), Beleuchtung f:
    in subdued light bei gedämpftem Licht
    3. Licht n, Schein m:
    by the light of a candle beim Licht oder Schein einer Kerze, bei Kerzenschein
    4. a) Licht(quelle) n(f) (Sonne, Lampe, Kerze etc):
    hide one’s light under a bushel sein Licht unter den Scheffel stellen
    b) AUTO Scheinwerfer m: → flash B 1
    5. Br meist pl (Verkehrs) Ampel f:
    jump ( oder shoot) the lights bei Rot über die Kreuzung fahren, ein Rotlicht überfahren;
    6. SCHIFF
    a) Leuchtfeuer n
    b) Leuchtturm m
    7. (Sonnen-, Tages)Licht n: I must finish my work while the light lasts solang(e) es noch hell ist;
    a) das Licht der Welt erblicken, geboren werden,
    b) fig herauskommen, auf den Markt kommen ( → A 9, A 11);
    at first light bei Tagesanbruch;
    in the cold light of day ( oder dawn) fig bei Licht besehen oder betrachtet
    8. Tagesanbruch m:
    at light bei Tagesanbruch
    9. fig (Tages) Licht n:
    bring (come) to light ans Licht bringen (kommen);
    see the light (of day) bekannt oder veröffentlicht werden ( → A 7, A 11)
    10. fig Licht n, Aspekt m:
    in the light of Br, in light of US unter dem Aspekt (gen), in Anbetracht (gen), angesichts (gen);
    I have never looked on the matter in that light von dieser Seite habe ich die Angelegenheit noch nie gesehen;
    put sth in its true light etwas ins rechte Licht rücken;
    reveal sth in a different light etwas in einem anderen Licht erscheinen lassen;
    see sth in a different light etwas mit anderen Augen sehen;
    show sth in a bad light ein schlechtes Licht auf eine Sache werfen
    11. fig Licht n, Erleuchtung f ( auch REL):
    cast ( oder shed, throw) light on sth
    a) Licht auf eine Sache werfen,
    b) zur Lösung oder Aufklärung einer Sache beitragen;
    a) zur Einsicht kommen,
    b) REL erleuchtet werden ( → A 7, A 9);
    I saw the light mir ging ein Licht auf, mir gingen die Augen auf;
    by the light of nature mit den natürlichen Verstandeskräften
    12. pl Erkenntnisse pl, Informationen pl
    13. pl Wissen n, Verstand m, geistige Fähigkeiten pl:
    a) so gut er es eben versteht,
    b) nach seinen Grundsätzen oder Vorstellungen oder Maßstäben,
    c) für seine Verhältnisse
    14. MAL
    a) Licht n:
    b) Aufhellung f
    15. Glanz m, Leuchten n (der Augen):
    the light went out of her eyes der Glanz ihrer Augen erlosch
    16. Feuer n (zum Anzünden):
    have you got a light? haben Sie Feuer?;
    put a ( oder set) light to sth etwas anzünden oder in Brand stecken;
    strike a light ein Streichholz anzünden
    17. a) Fenster(scheibe) n(f)
    b) Dachfenster n
    18. fig Leuchte f, großes Licht (Person): → leading light 2
    19. auch light of one’s eyes poet Augenlicht n
    20. pl sl Gucker pl (Augen)
    B adj hell, licht (Farbe, Raum etc):
    light hair helles Haar;
    a) Hellrot n,
    b) hellrot
    C v/t prät und pperf lighted, lit [lıt]
    1. auch light up ein Feuer, eine Lampe anzünden:
    he lit a cigarette er zündete sich eine Zigarette an
    2. be-, erleuchten, erhellen:
    light up hell beleuchten
    3. meist light up jemandes Augen etc aufleuchten lassen
    4. jemandem leuchten
    5. be lit up umg angeheitert sein:
    D v/i
    1. auch light up sich entzünden
    a) sich erhellen, hell werden,
    b) fig aufleuchten (Augen etc)
    a) Licht machen,
    b) die Straßenbeleuchtung einschalten,
    c) AUTO die Scheinwerfer einschalten
    4. light up umg sich eine (Zigarette etc) anzünden
    light2 [laıt]
    A adj (adv → lightly)
    b) fig sorgenfrei; → purse A 1
    2. (spezifisch) leicht:
    light metal Leichtmetall n
    3. light coin US Münze f mit zu geringem Edelmetallgehalt
    5. leicht (nicht tief):
    6. leicht, Unterhaltungs…:
    light literature Unterhaltungsliteratur f;
    light music leichte Musik, Unterhaltungsmusik f;
    light opera komische Oper, Spieloper f;
    light reading Unterhaltungslektüre f, leichte Lektüre
    7. leicht (geringfügig):
    a light eater ein schwacher Esser;
    a light error ein kleiner Irrtum;
    light traffic geringer Verkehr;
    no light matter keine Kleinigkeit;
    a) etwas auf die leichte Schulter nehmen,
    b) etwas verharmlosen oder bagatellisieren
    8. leicht:
    a) leicht verdaulich:
    a light meal eine leichte Mahlzeit
    b) mit geringem Alkohol- oder Nikotingehalt (Wein, Zigaretten etc)
    9. locker (Erde, Schnee etc):
    light bread leichtes oder locker gebackenes Brot
    10. leicht, sanft (Berührung etc)
    11. flink:
    be light on one’s feet flink auf den Beinen sein
    12. graziös, anmutig:
    13. a) unbeschwert, sorglos, heiter, fröhlich:
    with a light heart leichten Herzens
    b) leichtfertig, -sinnig
    c) unbeständig, flatterhaft
    d) unmoralisch:
    a light girl ein leichtes Mädchen
    14. be light in the head (leicht) benommen sein
    15. SCHIFF, MIL leicht (Artillerie, Kreuzer etc):
    in light marching order mit leichtem Marschgepäck
    16. a) leicht beladen
    b) unbeladen, leer, ohne Ladung:
    a light engine eine allein fahrende Lokomotive
    17. TECH leicht (gebaut), für leichte Beanspruchung, Leicht…:
    light plane Leichtflugzeug n;
    light current ELEK Schwachstrom m
    18. PHON
    a) unbetont, schwach betont (Silbe, Vokal)
    b) schwach (Betonung)
    c) hell, vorn im Mund artikuliert (Laut)
    B adv travel light mit leichtem Gepäck reisen
    light3 [laıt] prät und pperf lighted, lit [lıt] v/i
    1. obs oder poet (ab)steigen (from, off von)
    2. obs oder poet fallen (on auf akk):
    3. obs oder poet sich niederlassen (on auf dat):
    4. fig obs oder poet (zufällig) stoßen (on auf akk)
    5. fig obs oder poet fallen (on auf akk):
    6. light into sb umg über jemanden herfallen (auch mit Worten)
    7. light out umg verduften umg, verschwinden
    * * *
    I 1. noun
    1) Licht, das

    while the light lasts — solange es [noch] hell ist

    light of day — (lit. or fig.) Tageslicht, das

    2) (electric lamp) Licht, das; (fitting) Lampe, die

    go out like a light — (fig.) sofort weg sein (ugs.)

    3) (signal to ships) Leuchtfeuer, das
    4) in sing. or pl. (signal to traffic) Ampel, die
    5) (to ignite) Feuer, das

    put a/set light to something — etwas anzünden

    6)

    throw or shed light [up]on something — Licht in etwas (Akk.) bringen

    bring something to light — etwas ans [Tages]licht bringen; see also see 1. 1)

    7) in pl. (beliefs, abilities)

    according to one's lights — nach bestem Wissen [und Gewissen]

    put somebody in a good/bad light — jemanden in einem guten/schlechten Licht erscheinen lassen

    2. adjective

    light-blue/-brown — etc. hellblau/-braun usw

    3. transitive verb,
    1) (ignite) anzünden
    2) (illuminate) erhellen

    light somebody's/one's way — jemandem/sich leuchten

    4. intransitive verb,
    lit or lighted [Feuer, Zigarette:] brennen, sich anzünden lassen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    II 1. adjective

    [for] light relief — [als] kleine Abwechslung

    3) (not important) leicht
    4) (nimble) leicht [Schritt, Bewegungen]

    have light fingers — (steal) gern lange Finger machen (ugs.)

    5) (easily borne) leicht [Krankheit, Strafe]; gering [Steuern]; mild [Strafe]
    6)

    with a light heart — (carefree) leichten od. frohen Herzens

    7)

    feel light in the head — (giddy) leicht benommen sein

    2. adverb

    travel light — mit wenig od. leichtem Gepäck reisen

    III intransitive verb,
    lit or lighted (come by chance)

    light [up]on something — auf etwas (Akk.) kommen od. stoßen

    * * *
    adj.
    blond adj.
    erhellen adj.
    hell adj.
    leicht adj. n.
    Licht -er n.
    Lichtschein m.
    Schein -e m. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: lit)
    = anzünden v.
    beleuchten v.
    erleuchten v.

    English-german dictionary > light

  • 57 slump

    1. noun
    Sturz, der (fig.); (in demand, investment, sales, production) starker Rückgang (in Gen.); (economic depression) Depression, die (Wirtsch.); (in morale, support, popularity) Nachlassen, das (in Gen.)
    2. intransitive verb
    1) (Commerc.) stark zurückgehen; [Preise, Kurse:] stürzen (fig.)
    2) (be diminished) [Popularität, Moral, Unterstützung usw.:] nachlassen
    3) (collapse) fallen
    * * *
    1. verb
    1) (to fall or sink suddenly and heavily: He slumped wearily into a chair.) plumpsen
    2) ((of prices, stocks, trade etc) to become less; to lose value suddenly: Business has slumped.) fallen
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden fall in value, trade etc: a slump in prices.) der Sturz
    2) (a time of very bad economic conditions, with serious unemployment etc; a depression: There was a serious slump in the 1930s.) die Wirtschaftskrise
    * * *
    [slʌmp]
    I. n ECON
    1. (decline) [plötzliche] Abnahme; STOCKEX Baisse f, [Kurs]einbruch m
    there has been a \slump in demand for beef die Nachfrage nach Rindfleisch ist drastisch zurückgegangen
    \slump in prices Preissturz m
    \slump in production Produktionseinbruch m
    2. (recession) Rezession f
    economic \slump Wirtschaftskrise f
    to be in a \slump sich akk in einer Krise befinden
    II. vi
    1. (fall dramatically) prices stürzen, fallen; numbers, sales zurückgehen
    the value of property has \slumped Immobilien haben drastisch an Wert verloren
    2. (fall heavily) fallen, zusammensacken
    to \slump into a chair sich akk in einen Stuhl fallen lassen
    * * *
    [slʌmp]
    1. n
    (in sth etw gen) (in numbers, popularity, morale etc) (plötzliche) Abnahme; (in production, sales) Rückgang m; (= state) Tiefstand m; (FIN) Sturz m, Baisse f (spec); (of prices) plötzliches Absinken

    slump in prices — Preissturz m (of bei)

    2. vi
    1) ( FIN, COMM prices) stürzen, fallen; (sales, production) plötzlich zurückgehen; (fig, morale etc) sinken, fallen
    2) (= sink) fallen, sinken

    he was slumped over the wheel — er war über dem Steuer zusammengesackt

    he was slumped on the floor — er lag in sich (dat) zusammengesunken auf dem Fußboden

    * * *
    slump [slʌmp]
    A v/i
    1. plumpsen ( into in akk):
    slump into a chair sich in einen Sessel plumpsen lassen
    2. meist slump down (in sich) zusammensacken (Person)
    3. WIRTSCH stürzen (Preise)
    4. zurückgehen
    5. GEOL rutschen
    B s
    1. WIRTSCH
    a) auch slump in prices (Preis)Sturz m, Baisse f (an der Börse)
    b) (starker) Konjunkturrückgang
    2. allg (plötzlicher) Rückgang (in gen oder in dat):
    be in a slump rückläufig sein;
    there is a slump in attendance die Teilnehmerzahlen gehen zurück
    3. SPORT Schwächeperiode f
    4. GEOL Rutschung f
    * * *
    1. noun
    Sturz, der (fig.); (in demand, investment, sales, production) starker Rückgang (in Gen.); (economic depression) Depression, die (Wirtsch.); (in morale, support, popularity) Nachlassen, das (in Gen.)
    2. intransitive verb
    1) (Commerc.) stark zurückgehen; [Preise, Kurse:] stürzen (fig.)
    2) (be diminished) [Popularität, Moral, Unterstützung usw.:] nachlassen
    3) (collapse) fallen
    * * *
    (financial) n.
    plötzlicher Rückgang m. n.
    Baisse -s f.
    Börsensturz m.
    Kurseinbruch m.
    Preissturz m.
    Wirtschaftskrise f.
    starker Konjunkturrückgang m. v.
    erweichen v.
    hineinplumpsen v.
    plumpsen v.
    völlig versagen ausdr.

    English-german dictionary > slump

  • 58 slump

    [slʌmp] 1. n
    ( economic) załamanie nt, kryzys m
    2. vi
    prices (gwałtownie) spadać (spaść perf)
    * * *
    1. verb
    1) (to fall or sink suddenly and heavily: He slumped wearily into a chair.) opaść
    2) ((of prices, stocks, trade etc) to become less; to lose value suddenly: Business has slumped.) gwałtownie spadać
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden fall in value, trade etc: a slump in prices.) nagły spadek
    2) (a time of very bad economic conditions, with serious unemployment etc; a depression: There was a serious slump in the 1930s.) krach

    English-Polish dictionary > slump

  • 59 slump

    1. verb
    1) (to fall or sink suddenly and heavily: He slumped wearily into a chair.) nogāzties; sabrukt; iezvelties (krēslā)
    2) ((of prices, stocks, trade etc) to become less; to lose value suddenly: Business has slumped.) (par aktivitāti, cenām u.tml.) kristies
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden fall in value, trade etc: a slump in prices.) krišanās
    2) (a time of very bad economic conditions, with serious unemployment etc; a depression: There was a serious slump in the 1930s.) depresija
    * * *
    krišanās; zušana; noslīdenis; pēkšņi kristies; nogāzties

    English-Latvian dictionary > slump

  • 60 slump

    1. verb
    1) (to fall or sink suddenly and heavily: He slumped wearily into a chair.) (su)dribti, (su)smukti
    2) ((of prices, stocks, trade etc) to become less; to lose value suddenly: Business has slumped.) (nu)kristi, (nu)smukti
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden fall in value, trade etc: a slump in prices.) kritimas
    2) (a time of very bad economic conditions, with serious unemployment etc; a depression: There was a serious slump in the 1930s.) nuosmukis

    English-Lithuanian dictionary > slump

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