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61 go
go [gəʊ]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━2. modal verb4. noun5. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━a. ( = move) aller• where are you going? où allez-vous ?• there he goes! le voilà !• you can go next allez-y(, je vous en prie) !► to go + preposition• the train goes at 90km/h le train roule à 90 km/h• where do we go from here? qu'est-ce qu'on fait maintenant ?• to go to France/to London aller en France/à Londres• to go up the hill monter la colline► to go + -ing• to go swimming (aller) nager► go and...• go and get me it! va me le chercher !• now you've gone and broken it! (inf) ça y est, tu l'as cassé !• when does the train go? quand part le train ?• after a week all our money had gone en l'espace d'une semaine, nous avions dépensé tout notre argent• he'll have to go [employee] on ne peut pas le garder• there goes my chance of promotion! je peux faire une croix sur ma promotion !• going, going, gone! une fois, deux fois, trois fois, adjugé, vendu !► to let sb go ( = allow to leave) laisser partir qn ; ( = make redundant) se séparer de qn ; ( = stop gripping) lâcher qn• let go! lâchez !• to let go of sth/sb lâcher qch/qn• eventually parents have to let go of their children tôt ou tard, les parents doivent laisser leurs enfants voler de leurs propres ailes► to let sth goc. ( = start) [car, machine] démarrer ; ( = function) [machine, watch, car] marcher• how do you make this go? comment est-ce que ça marche ?• to be going [machine, engine] être en marche► to get going [person] ( = leave)• once he gets going... une fois lancé...• to get things going activer les choses► to keep going ( = continue) [person] continuer ; [business] se maintenir• the police signalled her to stop but she kept going la police lui a fait signe de s'arrêter mais elle a continué son chemin• a cup of coffee is enough to keep her going all morning elle réussit à tenir toute la matinée avec un caféd. ( = begin) there he goes again! le voilà qui recommence !• here goes! (inf) allez, on y va !e. ( = progress) aller, marcher• how's it going? (comment) ça va ?• all went well for him until... tout s'est bien passé pour lui jusqu'au moment où...• add the sugar, stirring as you go ajoutez le sucre, en remuant au fur et à mesuref. ( = turn out) [events] se passer• how did your holiday go? comment se sont passées tes vacances ?• that's the way things go, I'm afraid c'est malheureux mais c'est comme çag. ( = become) devenir• have you gone mad? tu es devenu fou ?h. ( = fail) [fuse] sauter ; [bulb] griller ; [material] être usé ; [sight] baisser ; [strength] manqueri. ( = be sold) how much do you think the house will go for? combien crois-tu que la maison va être vendue ?• it went for $550 c'est parti à 550 dollarsj. ( = be given) [prize, reward, inheritance] revenir (to à)k. ( = be accepted) the story goes that... le bruit court que...l. ( = apply) that goes for you too c'est valable pour toi aussi• that goes for me too ( = I agree with that) je suis aussi de cet avis• as far as your suggestion goes... pour ce qui est de ta suggestion...• this explanation is fine, as far as it goes cette explication vaut ce qu'elle vautm. ( = available) are there any jobs going? y a-t-il des postes vacants ?• is there any coffee going? est-ce qu'il y a du café ?n. [tune] the tune goes like this voici l'airo. ( = make sound or movement) faire ; [bell, clock] sonnerp. ( = serve) the money will go to compensate the victims cet argent servira à dédommager les victimes► as... go• he's not bad, as estate agents go il n'est pas mauvais pour un agent immobilier2. modal verb► to be going to + infinitive allera. ( = travel) [+ distance] faireb. ( = make sound) faire• he went "psst" « psst » fit-il4. noun(plural goes)a. ( = motion) (inf) it's all go! ça n'arrête pas !• at one or a go d'un seul coup► to have a go ( = try) essayerc. ( = success) to make a go of sth réussir qch5. compounds• to give sb the go-ahead (to do) (inf) donner le feu vert à qn (pour faire) ► go-between noun intermédiaire mf► go-karting noun = go-carting► go abouta. allerb. [rumour] courira. [+ task, duties] he went about the task methodically il s'y est pris de façon méthodique• how does one go about getting seats? comment fait-on pour avoir des places ?( = cross) traverser• she went across to Mrs. Smith's elle est allée en face chez Mme Smith[+ river, road] traverser( = follow) suivre ; ( = attack) attaquer• go after him! suivez-le !a. ( = prove hostile to) [vote, judgement, decision] être défavorable àb. ( = oppose) aller à l'encontre de• conditions which went against national interests des conditions qui allaient à l'encontre des intérêts nationaux• it goes against my principles c'est contre mes principes► go ahead intransitive verb passer devant ; [event] avoir (bien) lieu ; [work] avancer• go ahead! allez-y !• why don't you go along too? pourquoi n'iriez-vous pas aussi ?• I can't go along with that at all je ne suis pas du tout d'accord là-dessus► go around intransitive verba. = go about ; go roundb. what goes around comes around tout finit par se payer► go away intransitive verb partir ; (on holiday) partir (en vacances) ; [pain] disparaître• we need to go away and think about this nous devons prendre le temps d'y réfléchir► go back intransitive verba. ( = return) retourner• it's getting dark, shall we go back? il commence à faire nuit, on rentre ?b. ( = retreat) reculerd. ( = revert) revenir (to à)e. ( = extend) s'étendre• the cave goes back 300 metres la grotte fait 300 mètres de long► go back on inseparable transitive verb[+ decision, promise] revenir sur( = happen earlier)[person] passer ; [period of time] (se) passerb. ( = be swallowed) it went down the wrong way j'ai (or il a etc) avalé de traversc. ( = be accepted) I wonder how that will go down with her parents je me demande comment ses parents vont prendre ça• to go down well/badly être bien/mal accueillid. [value, price, standards] baissere. ( = be relegated) être reléguéf. [stage curtain] tomber ; [theatre lights] s'éteindreg. ( = go as far as) allerh. [balloon, tyre] se dégonfler• my ankle's OK, the swelling has gone down ma cheville va bien, elle a désenflé► go down as inseparable transitive verb( = be regarded as) être considéré comme ; ( = be remembered as) passer à la postérité comme• the victory will go down as one of the highlights of the year cette victoire restera dans les mémoires comme l'un des grands moments de l'année► go down with (inf) inseparable transitive verb[+ illness] attrapera. ( = attack) attaquerc. ( = strive for) essayer d'avoir ; ( = choose) choisir• the theory has a lot going for it cette théorie a de nombreux mérites► go forward intransitive verba. ( = move ahead) avancer ; [economy] progresserb. ( = take place) avoir lieuc. ( = continue) maintenir• if they go forward with these proposals s'ils maintiennent ces propositions► go in intransitive verba. ( = enter) entrerb. ( = attack) attaquera. [+ examination] se présenter à ; [+ position, job] poser sa candidature à ; [+ competition, race] prendre part àb. [+ sport] pratiquer ; [+ hobby] se livrer à ; [+ style] affectionner ; [+ medicine, accounting, politics] faire• he doesn't go in for reading much il n'aime pas beaucoup lire► go into inseparable transitive verba. [+ profession, field] he doesn't want to go into industry il ne veut pas travailler dans l'industrieb. ( = embark on) [+ explanation] se lancer dansc. ( = investigate) étudierd. ( = be devoted to) être investi dansa. ( = leave) partirb. [alarm clock] sonner ; [alarm] se déclencherc. [light, radio, TV] s'éteindre ; [heating] s'arrêtere. [event] se passer• I used to like him, but I've gone off him lately je l'aimais bien mais depuis un certain temps il m'agace► go off with inseparable transitive verb partir aveca. ( = proceed on one's way) (without stopping) poursuivre son chemin ; (after stopping) continuer sa route ; (by car) reprendre la route• go on trying! essaie encore !• go on! continuez !• if you go on doing that, you'll get into trouble si tu continues, tu vas avoir des ennuis• don't go on about it! ça va, j'ai compris !• she's always going on at him about doing up the kitchen elle n'arrête pas de le harceler pour qu'il refasse la cuisinee. ( = proceed) passer• he went on to say that... puis il a dit que...• he retired from football and went on to become a journalist il a abandonné le football et est devenu journaliste• how long has this been going on? depuis combien de temps est-ce que ça dure ?• what's going on here? qu'est-ce qui se passe ici ?• as the day went on he became more and more anxious au fil des heures, il devenait de plus en plus inquiet• what a way to go on! en voilà des manières !i. ( = progress) [person, patient] aller• how is he going on? comment va-t-il ?( = be guided by) we don't have much to go on yet nous n'avons pas beaucoup d'indices pour l'instant► go on for inseparable transitive verba. ( = leave) sortirb. [fire, light] s'éteindrec. ( = travel) aller (to à)d. [sea] se retirer ; [tide] descendref. [invitation] être envoyé ; [radio programme, TV programme] être diffusé• an appeal has gone out for people to give blood un appel a été lancé pour encourager les dons de sanga. ( = cross) allerb. ( = be overturned) se retournera. ( = examine) [+ accounts, report] vérifierb. ( = review) [+ speech] revoir ; [+ facts, points] récapituler• let's go over the facts again récapitulons les faits► go over to inseparable transitive verb passer àa. ( = turn) tournerc. ( = be sufficient) suffire (pour tout le monde)d. ( = circulate) [document, story] circuler• there's a rumour going round that... le bruit court que...e. = go about► go through( = be agreed) [proposal] être accepté ; [business deal] être conclua. ( = suffer, endure) endurerb. ( = examine) [+ list] examiner ; [+ book] parcourir ; [+ mail] regarder ; [+ subject, plan] étudier ; [+ one's pockets] fouiller dans• I went through my drawers looking for a pair of socks j'ai cherché une paire de chaussettes dans mes tiroirsc. ( = use up) [+ money] dépenser ; ( = wear out) userd. ( = carry out) [+ routine, course of study] suivre ; [+ formalities] accomplir ; [+ apprenticeship] faire► go through with inseparable transitive verb( = persist with) [+ plan, threat] mettre à exécution• in the end she couldn't go through with it en fin de compte elle n'a pas pu le faire► go together intransitive verb[colours, flavours] aller (bien) ensemble ; [events, conditions, ideas] aller de paira. ( = sink) [ship, person] coulerb. ( = fail) [person, business] faire faillite► go upa. monter[+ hill] gravira. [circumstances, event, conditions] aller (de pair) avec• mothers feed their children and go without themselves les mères nourrissent leurs enfants et se privent elles-mêmes de tout* * *[gəʊ] 1.1) (move, travel) aller ( from de; to à, en)to go to Wales/to California — aller au Pays de Galles/en Californie
to go to town/to the country — aller en ville/à la campagne
to go up/down/across — monter/descendre/traverser
to go by bus/train — voyager en bus/train
to go by ou past — [person, vehicle] passer
there he goes again! — ( that's him again) le revoilà!; fig ( he's starting again) le voilà qui recommence!
where do we go from here? — fig et maintenant qu'est-ce qu'on fait?
2) (on specific errand, activity) allerto go on a journey/on holiday — partir en voyage/en vacances
3) ( attend) allerto go to school/work — aller à l'école/au travail
5) ( depart) partir7) ( disappear) partir8) (be sent, transmitted)9) ( become)to go mad — devenir fou/folle
10) ( change over to new system)to go Labour — Politics [country, constituency] voter travailliste
11) (be, remain)12) (weaken, become impaired)13) ( of time)14) ( be got rid of)six down and four to go! — six de faits, et encore quatre à faire!
15) (operate, function) [vehicle, machine, clock] marcher, fonctionnerto set [something] going — mettre [quelque chose] en marche
to get going — [engine, machine] se mettre en marche; fig [business] démarrer
to keep going — [person, business, machine] se maintenir
16) ( start)here goes! —
once he gets going, he never stops — une fois lancé, il n'arrête pas
17) ( lead) aller, conduire (to à)the road goes down/goes up — la route descend/monte
18) ( extend in depth or scope)a hundred pounds doesn't go far these days — on ne va pas loin avec cent livres sterling de nos jours
you can make £5 go a long way — on peut faire beaucoup de choses avec 5 livres sterling
19) (belong, be placed) aller20) ( fit) gen rentrer22) ( be accepted)23) ( be about to)24) ( happen)how's it going? — (colloq)
how are things going? — comment ça va? (colloq)
how goes it? — hum comment ça va? (colloq)
25) ( be on average)it's old, as Australian towns go — c'est une ville assez vieille pour une ville australienne
it wasn't a bad party, as parties go — c'était une soirée plutôt réussie par rapport à la moyenne
26) ( be sold)the house went for over £100,000 — la maison a été vendue à plus de 100000 livres
‘going, going, gone!’ — ‘une fois, deux fois, trois fois, adjugé!’
27) ( be on offer)I'll have some coffee, if there's any going — je prendrai bien un café, s'il y en a
28) ( contribute)29) ( be given) [award, prize] aller (to à); [estate, inheritance, title] passer (to à)30) ( emphatic use)then he had to go and lose his wallet — comme s'il ne manquait plus que ça, il a perdu son portefeuille
31) ( of money) (be spent, used up)32) (make sound, perform action or movement) gen faire; [bell, alarm] sonnerthe cat went ‘miaow’ — le chat a fait ‘miaou’
33) (resort to, have recourse to)to go to war — [country] entrer en guerre; [soldier] partir à la guerre
to go to law GB ou to the law US — aller en justice
34) (break, collapse etc) [roof] s'effondrer; [cable, rope] se rompre; [light bulb] griller35) ( take one's turn)you go next — c'est ton tour après, c'est à toi après
36) ( be in harmony)37) ( in takeaway)2. 3.whose go is it? — gen à qui le tour?; ( in game) à qui de jouer?
2) (colloq) ( energy)to be full of go —
•Phrasal Verbs:- go about- go after- go ahead- go along- go at- go away- go back- go below- go by- go down- go for- go in- go into- go off- go on- go on at- go out- go over- go round- go under- go up- go with••all systems are go! — Aerospace tout est paré pour le lancement!
he's all go! — (colloq) il n'arrête pas!
that's how it goes! —
there you go! — (colloq) voilà!
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62 Р-370
СХВАТИТЬ (ПОЙМАТЬ) ЗА РУКУ кого coll VP subj: human often 3rd pers pl with indef. refer, or neg pvf fut, gener. 2nd pers sing не схватишь (не поймаешь)) to catch s.o. at a moment when he is doing sth. reprehensible: X-a схватили за руку - X was caught red-handed X was caught in the act X was caught with his hand in the till (the cookie jar). -
63 поймать за руку
[VP; subj: human; often 3rd pers pl with indef. refer, or neg pvf fut, gener. 2nd pers sing не схватишь (не поймаешь)]=====⇒ to catch s.o. at a moment when he is doing sth. reprehensible:- X was caught with his hand in the till (the cookie jar).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > поймать за руку
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64 схватить за руку
[VP; subj: human; often 3rd pers pl with indef. refer, or neg pvf fut, gener. 2nd pers sing не схватишь (не поймаешь)]=====⇒ to catch s.o. at a moment when he is doing sth. reprehensible:- X was caught with his hand in the till (the cookie jar).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > схватить за руку
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65 are
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66 BRENNA
* * *I)(brenn; brann, brunnum; brunninn), v.1) to burn with a flame (logi, ljós, eldr, kerti brennr);2) to be consumed by fire (á Flugumýri brann fé mikit);nú breðr (= brennr) víðara en hann vildi, the fire spreads wider than he wished;brenna inni, to perish by fire;brenna upp, to be burnt up (á þeiri nátt brann upp allt Danavirki);hlutr e-s brennr við, one gets the worst of it;brann brátt þeirra hlutr við, it soon grew too hot for them;rautt mun fyrir brenna, mun nökkut fyrir brenna, things will brighten up or improve.(-da, -dr), v.1) to burn (brenna bál);2) to destroy by fire (brenna bœ, hof, skip at köldum kolum);brenna e-n inni, to burn one to death in his house;brenna e-t upp, to burn up;3) to cauterize (as a surgical operation);brenna e-n við bölvi, to burn one to cure his malady;brenna e-m díla, to burn spots on one’s back; fig. to brand one’s back;brenna e-m illan díla, to inflict a severe injury upon one;4) to produce by burning (brenna e-t til líms);brenna kol, to burn wood for charcoal;brenna salt, to produce salt by burning (sea-weed);5) to purify (silver or gold) by burning;brent silfr, pure silver (eyrir brendr, mörk brend).f. the burning of a house or person (þá er brenna var á Flugumýri; Njáls brenna).* * *an old obsol. form brinna; pret. brann, 2nd pers. brant, mod. branst; pl. brunnu; sup. brunnit; pres. brenn, 3rd pers. brennr; old breðr, Grág. ii. 295, Fms. vii. 20 (in a verse); brenn (dropping the r), Hm. 56; with the neg. suffix, brennr-at ( non urit), 153, [Ulf. brinnan; A. S. byrnan; Early Engl. to ‘brenn;’ Germ. brennen; the strong form is almost obsolete in Germ.]:—to burn:1. of a light; þeir þóttust sjá fjögr ljós b., Nj. 118, Fas. i. 340; hrælog brunnu ( blazed) af vápnum þeirra, Bs. i. 509: of a candle, to burn out, eigi lengr en kerti þat brennr, Fas. i. 341, 342; cp. Fms. viii. 276.2. to be consumed by fire; kyrtillinn var brunninn, Fms. xi. 420; nú breðr viðara en hann vildi, the fire spreads wider than he would, Grág. l. c.β. of a volcano; er hér brann hraunit, er nú stöndu vér á, Bs. i. 22; brann þá Borgarhraun, Landn. 78, Ann. several times.γ. b. upp, to be burnt up. Grág. i. 459, K. Þ. K. 42; b. inni, to perish by fire, Gþl. 252, Nj. 198, 200.δ. to fester, Fms. xi. 288.ε. to be scolded, Eb. 198; skulu grónir grautar dílarnir þeir er þú brant, 200.3. metaph. in the phrase, e-t or e-s hlutr brennr við, one’s lot or portion of meat gets burnt in the cooling, one gets the worst of it; broth ‘brennr við,’ is burnt: ortu bændr þegar á um bardagann ( they made an onslaught), en þó brann brátt þeirra hlutr við, but it grew soon too hot for them, Fms. iv. 250; Sigurðr kvað sitt skyldu við brenna, quoth Sigurd, he would get the worst of it, i. e. it would never do, Fær. 236: the phrase, e-t brennr fyrir, or e-t rautt brennr fyrir, of bright hopes, rautt mun fyrir b. ok til virðingar snúa, Fs. 68; mun enn nokkut fyrir b. er þér komit heim, Fas. iii. 81. -
67 HAFA
* * *(hefi; hafða, höfðum; hafðr), v.1) to have (þeir höfðu sjau skip ok flest stór);hafa elda, to keep up a five;2) to hold, celebrate (hafa vinaboð, blót, þing);3) to keep, retain (rifu þær vefinn í sundr, ok hafði hverr þat er hélt á);4) to use (tvau net eru rý, ok hafa eigi höfð verit);orð þau sem hann hafði um haft, which he had made use of;hafa fagrmæli við e-n, to flatter one;hafa hljóðmæli við e-n, to speak secretly to one;hafa tvimæli á e-u, to speak doubtfully of a thing;hafa viðrmæli um e-t, to use mocking words;hann var mjök hafðr við mál manna, much used to, versed in, lawsuits;5) to have, hold, maintain;hafa vináttu við e-n, to maintain friendship with one;hafa hættumikit, to run a great risk;hafa heilindi, to have good health;6) to bring, carry;hafa e-n heim með sér, to bring one home;hann hafði lög, út hingat ór Noregi, he brought laws hither from Norway;hafa sik (to betake oneself) til annara landa;7) to take, carry off;troll hafi þik, the trolls take thee;8) to get, gain, win;hann hafði eigi svefn, he got no sleep;hefir sá jafnan, er hættir, he wins that ventures;hafa gagn, sigr, to gain victor;hafa meira hlut, to get the upper hand, gain the day;hafa betr (verr), to get the better (worse) of it;hafa sitt mál, to win one’s suit;hafa tafl, to win the game;hafa erendi, to do one’s errand, succeed;hafa bana, to suffer death, to die;hafa sigr, to be worsted;hafa góðar viðtökur, to be well received;hafa tíðindi af e-m, to get tidings of, or from, one;hafa sœmd, óvirðing af e-m, to get honour, disgrace from one;with gen., hafa e-s ekki, to fail to catch one (hann kemst á skóg undan, ok höfðu þeir hans ekki);ekki munu vér hans hafa at sinni, we shall not catch him at present;9) to wear carry (clothes, weapons);hann hafði blán kyrtil, he wore a blue kirtle;hafa kylfu í hendi sér, to have a club in one’s hand;10) to behave, do, or fare, so an so esp. with an adv.;hafa vel, illa, vetr, to behave (do) well, badly, be worse;hafa sik vel, to behave;hafa vel, to be well off or happy;hafa hart, to be in a wretched plight;11) with infin., hafa at varðveita, to have in keeping at selja, to have on sale;lög hafið þér at mæla, you are right;12) hafa e-n nær e-u, to expose one to (þú hafðir svá nær haft oss úfœru);hafa nær e-u, to come near to, esp. impers.;nær hafði okkr nú, it was a narrow escape;svá nær hafði hausinum, at, the shot so nearly touched the head, that;ok er nær hafði, skipit mundi fljóta, when the ship was on the point of flloating;13) as an auxiliary verb, in the earliest time with the pp. of transitive verbs in acc.;hefir þú hamar um fólginn, hast thou hidden the hammer?;ek hefi sendan mann, I have sent a man;later with indecl. neut. pp.;hefir þú eigi sét mik, hast thou not seen me?;14) with preps.:hafa e-t at, to do, act;hann tók af þér konuna, en þú hafðir ekki at, but thou didst not stir, didst take it tamely;absol., viltu þess freista, ok vita hvat at hafi, wilt thou try and see what happens?;hafa e-t at hlífiskildi (skotspœni), to use as a shield (as a target);hafa e-n háði, hlátri, to mock, laugh at;hafa e-t at engu, vettugi, to hold for naught, take no notice of;hafa sakir á e-n have charges against one;hafa á rás, to take to one’s heels, run off;hafa e-t eptir, to do or repeat a thing after one;hafa e-t fram, to produce (vápn þorgils vóru fram höfð); to carry out, hold forth;hafa mál fram, to proceed with a suit;var um búit, ekki fram haft, all was made ready but nothing done;hafa e-t frammi, í frammi, to use, make use of (hafa í frammi kúgan);ok öll lögmæt skil frammi hafa, and discharge all on official duties;hafa e-t fyrir satt, to hold for true;eigi em ek þar fyrir sönnu hafðr, I am not truly aimed for that, it is a false charge;hafa e-n fyrir sökum um e-t, to charge one with;hafa í hótum við e-n, to threaten one;hafa e-t með höndum, to have in hand;höfum eiai sigrinn ór hendi, let not victory slip out of our hands;hafa ór við e-n, to behave so and so towards one (hefir þú illa ór haft við mik);hafa e-t til e-s to use for (höfðu þeir til varnar skot ok spjót); to be a reason or ground for;vér hyggjum þat til þess haft vera, at þar hafi menn sézt, we believe the foundation of the story is that men have been seen there;hafa mikit (lítit) til síns máls, to have much (little) in support of one’s case;hafa e-t til, to have at hand, possess;orð þau, sem hann hafði um haft, the words which he had used;keisari hafði fátt um, did not say much;hafa e-n undir, to get one under, subdue one;hafa e-t uppi, to take (heave) up (hafa uppi fœri, net);Skarpheðinn hafði uppi øxina, S. heaved up the axe;hafa flokk uppi, to raise a party, to rebel;hafa uppi tafl, to play at a game;hafa e-n uppi, to bring one to light;hafa uppi rœður, to begin a discussion;hafa e-t úti, to have done, finished (hafa úti sitt dagsverk);hafa við e-m, to be a match for one;hafa sik við, to exert oneself;hafa mikit (lítit) við, to make a great (little) display;hann söng messu ok bafði mikit við, and made much of it;hann bad jarl leita, bann hafði lítit við þat, he did it lightly;haf ekki slíkt við, do not say so;haf þú lítit við at eggja sonu þina, refrain from egging on thy sons;15) refl., hafast.* * *pret. hafði; subj. hefði; pres. sing. hefi (less correctly hefir), hefir, hefir; plur. höfum, hafit, hafa: the mod. pres. sing. is monosyllabic hefr or hefur, and is used so in rhymes—andvara engan hefur | … við glys heims gálaus sefur, Pass. 15. 6, but in print the true old form hefir is still retained; the monosyllabic present is used even by old writers in the 1st pers. before the personal or negative suffix, e. g. hef-k and hef-k-a ek for hefi-g and hefig-a ek, see e. g. Grág. (Kb.) 79, 82, in the old oath formula, hef-k eigi, Hallfred; hef ek, Fms. iii. 10 (in a verse); but not so in 3rd pers., e. g. hefir-a or hefir-at, Grág. l. c.: imperat. haf, hafðu: part. pass. hafðr, neut. haft;—hafat is an απ. λεγ., Vsp. 16, and is prob. qs. hafit from hefja, to heave, lift: [Ulf. haban; A. S. habban; Engl. have; Hel. hebben; Germ. haben; Dutch hebben; Dan. have, Swed. hafva: it is curious the Lat. form habere retains the consonant unchanged, cp. the Romance forms, Ital. avere, Fr. avoir, Span. haber, etc. ☞ Hafa is a weak verb, and thus distinguished from hefja (to lift, begin), which is a strong verb, answering to Lat. capere, incipere; but in sundry cases, as will be seen below, it passes into the sense of this latter word; as also in some instances into that of another lost strong verb, hafa, hóf, to behave, and hœfa, to hit]:—to have.A. To have; hann hafði með sér ekki meira lið, Fms. i. 39; hafði hverr hirð um sik, 52; höfðu þeir áttján skip, viii. 42; Sverrir hafði tvau hundrað manna, … þeir höfðu annan samnað á landi, 328; hann hafði mikit lið ok frítt, x. 36; þeir höfðu sjau skip ok flest stór, 102; hafa fjölmennar setur, Eb. 22; hann hafði menn sína í síldveri, Eg. 42; mun ek naut hafa þar sem mér þykkir hagi beztr, 716.II. to hold:1. to keep, celebrate; hafa ok halda, Dipl. i. 6; hafa átrúnað, 10; hafa dóma, 12; hafa blót, Fms. iv. 254; hafa vina-veizlu, id.; hafa vina-boð, Nj. 2; hafa Jóla-boð, Eg. 516; hafa þing, Fms. ix. 449; hafa haust-boð, Gísl. 27; hafa drykkju, Eb. 154; hafa leik, Fms. x. 201, passim.2. to hold, observe; hlýðir þat hvergi at hafa eigi lög í landi, Nj. 149; skal þat hafa, er stendr …, Grág. i. 7; skal þat allt hafa er finsk á skrá þeirri …, id.; en hvatki es mis-sagt es í fræðum þessum, þá es skylt at hafa þat (to keep, hold to be true) es sannara reynisk, Íb. 3; ok hafða ek (I kept, selected) þat ór hvárri er framarr greindi, Landn. 320, v. l.3. to hold, keep, retain; ef hann vill hafa hann til fardaga, Grág. i. 155; skal búandinn hafa hann hálfan mánuð, 154; ok hafði hvárr þat er hélt á, Nj. 279; hitt skal hafa er um fram er, Rb. 56; kasta í burt þrjátigi ok haf þat sem eptir verðr, 494.4. to hold an office; hafa lögsögu, to hold the office of lögsaga, Íb. passim; hafa jarldóm, konungdóm, passim; þat höfðu haft at fornu Dana-konungar, Eg. 267; þér berit konunga-nöfn svá sem fyrr hafa haft ( have had) forfeðr yðrir, en hafit lítið af ríki, Fms. i. 52; hafa ríki, to reign, Hkr. pref.5. phrases, hafa elda, to keep a fire, cook, Fms. xi. 129; hafa fjárgæzlu, to tend sheep, Eg. 740; hafa embætti með höndum, Stj. 204; hafa gæzlur á e-u, Fms. ix. 313; hafa … vetr, to have so many winters, be of such an age (cp. Fr. avoir … ans), Íb. 15; margir höfðu lítið fátt þúsund ára, Ver. 7: hafa vörn í máli, Nj. 93; hafa e-t með höndum, to have in hand, Fms. viii. 280, ix. 239; hafa e-t á höndum, Grág. i. 38; hafa fyrir satt, to hold for true, Fms. xi. 10; hafa við orð, to intimate, suggest, Nj. 160; hafa e-t at engu, vettugi, to hold for naught, take no notice of, Fas. i. 318.6. with prepp. or infin.,α. with prep.; hafa til, to have, possess; ef annarr þeirra hefir til enn annarr eigi, þá er sá skyldr til at fá honum er til hefir, Grág. i. 33; ef annarr hefir til …, id.; þér ætlið at ek muna eigi afl til hafa, Ld. 28.β. with infin.; hafa at varðveita, to have in keeping, Eg. 500; lög hafit þér at mæla, you have the law on your tongue, i. e. you are right, Nj. 101; hörð tíðindi hefi ek at segja þér, 64; sá er gripinn hefir at halda, Grág. i. 438; hafa at selja, to have on sale, Ld. 28.III. to use; var haft til þess sker eitt, Eb. 12; þá höfðu þeir til varnar skot ok spjót, Fms. vii. 193; er þín ráð vóru höfð, that thy advice was taken, Fs. 57; Gríss hafði þessi ráð, Fms. iii. 21; ek vil at þat sé haft er ek legg til, x. 249; þykki mér þú vel hafa ( make good use of) þau tillög er ek legg fyrir þik, xi. 61; til þess alls er jarli þótti skipta, þá hafði hann þessa hluti, 129; tvau ný (net), ok hafa eigi höfð verit ( which have not been used), haf þú ( take) hvárt er þú vilt, Háv. 46; þær vil ek hafa enar nýju, en ek vil ekki hætta til at hafa enar fornu, id.; önnur er ný ok mikil ok hefir ( has) til einskis höfð ( used) verið, id.; buðkr er fyrir húslker er hafðr, Vm. 171; gjalda vápn þau er höfð eru, N. G. L. i. 75; þat hafði hann haft ( used) fyrir skála, Edda 29; þeir vóru hafðir til at festa með hús jafnan, Nj. 118; sá hólmr var hafðr til at …, Fms. i. 218; hann skyldi hafa hinn sama eið, x. 7; orð þau sem hann hafði ( had) um haft ( used), Nj. 56; orð þau er hann hafði ( made use of) í barnskírn, K. Þ. K. 14.2. more special phrases; hafa fagrmæli við e-n, to flatter one, Nj. 224; hafa hljóðmæli við e-n, to speak secretly to one, 223; allmikil fjölkyngi mun vera við höfð áðr svá fái gört, Edda 27; hafa mörg orð um e-t, Ld. 268; hafa tvímæli á e-u, to discuss, doubt, speak diffidently of a thing, Lv. 52; hafa viðrmæli um e-t, to use mocking words, Nj. 89; hafa nafn Drottins í hégóma, to take the Lord’s name in vain, Fms. i. 310; (hann var) mjök hafðr við mál manna, much used to, versed in lawsuits, Dropl. 8: hafa sik til e-s, to use oneself to a thing, i. e. to do a mean, paltry thing; þeir er til þess vilja hafa sik, at ganga í samkundur manna úboðit, Gþl. 200; ef hann vill sik til þessa hafa, Fms. i. 99: hafa sik við, to exert oneself; skaltú ok verða þik við at hafa um þetta mál, ef þú getr þat af þér fært, Grett. 160: hafa e-n at skotspæni, to use one as a target, Nj. 222; hafa e-n at hlífi-skildi sér, to use one as a shield, 262; hafa e-n at ginningar-fifli, auga-bragði, háði, hlátri, Hm. 133, Nj. 224, passim.IV. to have, hold, maintain, of a state or condition; hafa vináttu við e-n, to maintain friendship with one, Sks. 662; hafa vanmátt, to continue sick, Eg. 565; hafa hættu-mikit, to run a great risk, Nj. 149; hafa vitfirring, to be insane, Grág. i. 154; hafa heilindi, to have good health, 26, Hm. 67; hafa burði til e-s, to have the birthright to a thing. Eg. 479; hafa hug, áræði, hyggindi, to have the courage …, Hom. 28; hafa vit ( to know), skyn, greind … á e-u, to have understanding of a thing; hafa gaman, gleði, skemtun, ánægju af e-u, to have interest or pleasure in a thing; hafa leiða, ógeð, andstygð, hatr, óbeit á e-u, to dislike, be disgusted with, hate a thing; hafa elsku, mætr, virðing á e-u, to love, esteeem … a thing; hafa allan hug á e-u, to bend the mind to a thing; hafa grun á e-m, to suspect one; hafa ótta, beyg af e-u, to fear a thing; and in numberless other phrases.2. with prepp.:α. hafa e-t frammi (fram), to carry out, hold forth; hafa frammi róg, Nj. 166; hafa mál fram, to proceed with a suit, 101; stefnu-för, 78; heitstrengingar, Fms. xi. 103; ok öll lögmælt skil frammi hafa, and discharge all one’s official duties, 232; var um búit en ekki fram haft, all was made ready, but nothing done, viii. 113; beini má varla verða betri en hér er frammi hafðr, xi. 52; hafðú í frammi ( use) kúgan við þá uppi við fjöllin, Ísl. ii. 215; margir hlutir, þó at hann hafi í frammi, Sks. 276.β. hafa mikit, lítið fyrir e-u, to have much, little trouble about a thing; (hence fyrir-höfn, trouble.)γ. hafa við e-m (afl or the like understood), to be a match for one, Fms. vii. 170, Lv. 109, Nj. 89, Eg. 474, Anal. 176; hafa mikit, lítið við, to make a great, little display; (hence við-höfn, display, pomp); hann söng messu ok hafði mikit við, he sang mass and made a great thing of it, Nj. 157; þú hefir mikit við, thou makest a great show of it, Boll. 351; hann bað jarl leita, hann hafði lítið við þat, he did it lightly, Nj. 141; haf ekki slíkt við, do not say so, Ld. 182.B. To take, carry off, win, wield, [closely akin to Lat. capere]:I. to catch, take, esp. in the phrase, hafa ekki e-s, to miss one; hann kemsk á skóg undan, ok höfðu þeir hans ekki, he took to the forest and they missed him, Nj. 130; ekki munu vér hans hafa at sinni, we sha’nt catch him at present, Fms. vi. 278; hafða ek þess vætki vífs, Hm. 101; þeygi ek hana at heldr hefik, 95: in swearing, tröll, herr, gramir hafi þik, the trolls, ghosts, etc. take thee! tröll hafi líf, ef …, Kormak; tröll hafi Trefót allan! Grett. (in a verse); tröll hafi þína vini, tröll hafi hól þitt, Nj.; herr hafi Þóri til slægan, confound the wily Thorir! Fms. vi. 278, v. l. (emended, as the phrase is wrongly explained in Fms. xii. Gloss.); gramir hafi þik! vide gramr.II. to carry, carry off, bring; hafði einn hjartað í munni sér, one carried the heart off in his mouth, Nj. 95; hann hafði þat ( brought it) norðan með sér, Eg. 42; hafði Þórólfr heim marga dýrgripi, 4; hann hafði með sér skatt allan, 62; skaltú biðja hennar ok hafa hana heim hingat, Edda 22; fé þat er hann hafði ( had) út haft ( carried from abroad), Gullþ. 13; á fimm hestum höfðu þeir mat, Nj. 74; bókina er hann hafði ( had) út haft, Fms. vii. 156; konungr hafði biskup norðr til Björgynjar með sér, viii. 296; biskup lét hann hafa með sér kirkju-við ok járn-klukku, Landn. 42; hann hafði með sér skulda-lið sitt ok búferli, Eb. 8; hann tók ofan hofit, ok hafði með sér flesta viðu, id.; ok hafa hana í brott, Fms. i. 3; tekr upp barnit, ok hefir heim með sér, Ísl. ii. 20; hann hafði lög út hingat ór Noregi, he brought laws hither from Norway, Íb. 5; haf þú heim hvali til bæjar, Hým. 26; ok hafa hann til Valhallar, Nj. 119.III. to take, get; hann hafði þá engan mat né drykk, he took no food nor drink, Eg. 602; hann hafði eigi svefn, he got no sleep, Bs. i. 139.2. to get, gain, win; öfluðu sér fjár, ok höfðu hlutskipti mikit, Eg. 4; eigi þarftú at biðja viðsmjörs þess, þvíat hann mun þat alls ekki hafa, né þú, for neither he nor thou shall get it, Blas. 28; jarl vill hafa minn fund, he will have a meeting with me, 40, Skv. 1. 4: the sayings, hefir sá jafnan er hættir, he wins that risks, ‘nothing venture, nothing have,’ Hrafn. 16; sá hefir krás er krefr, Sl. 29.3. phrases, hafa meira hlut, to get the better lot, gain the day, Nj. 90, Fms. xi. 93; hafa gagn, sigr, to gain victory, ix. 132, Eg. 7, Hkr. i. 215, Ver. 38; hafa betr, to get the better; hafa verr, miðr, to have the worst of it, Fms. v. 86, Þorst. S. St. 48, passim; hafa mál sitt, to win one’s suit, Grág. i. 7, Fms. vii. 34; hafa kaup öll, to get all the bargain, Eg. 71; hafa tafl, to win the game, Fms. vii. 219; hafa erendi, to do one’s errand, succeed, Þkv. 10, 11, Fas. ii. 517: hafa bana, to have one’s bane, to die, Nj. 8; hafa úsigr, to be worsted, passim; hafa úfrið, to have no peace; hafa gagn, sóma, heiðr, neisu, óvirðing, skömm, etc. af e-u, to get profit, gain, honour, disgrace, etc. from a thing; hafa e-n í helju, to put one to death, Al. 123; hafa e-n undir, to get one under, subdue him, Nj. 95, 128; höfum eigi, sigrinn ór hendi, let not victory slip out of our hands, Fms. v. 294.4. to get, receive; hann hafði góðar viðtökur, Nj. 4; hón skal hafa sex-tigi hundraða, 3; skyldi Högni hafa land, 118; selja skipit, ef hann hafði þat fyrir ( if he could get for it) sem hann vildi; Flosi spurði í hverjum aurum hann vildi fyrir hafa, hann kvaðsk vildu fyrir hafa land, 259; hafa tíðindi, sögur af e-m, to have, get tidings of or from one, Ld. 28; hafa sæmd, metorð óvirðing, to get honour, disgrace from one’s hands, Nj. 101; hafa bætr, to get compensation, Grág. i. 188; hafa innstæðuna eina, id.; hafa af e-m, to have the best of one, cheat one.IV. to carry, wear, of clothes, ornaments, weapons:1. of clothes, [cp. Lat. habitus and Icel. höfn = gear]; hafa hatt á höfði, Ld. 28; hafa váskufl yztan klæða, … þú skalt hafa undir ( wear beneath) hin góðu klæði þín, Nj. 32; hann hafði blán kyrtil, … hann hafði svartan kyrtil, Boll. 358; hafa fald á höfði, to wear a hood; hón hafði gaddan rautt á höfði, Orkn. 304; hann hafði um sik breitt belti, he wore a broad belt, Nj. 91; hafa fingr-gull á hendi, 146: to have about one’s person, vefja saman ok hafa í pungi sínum, Edda 27; hlutir sem mönnum var títt at hafa, Fms. xi. 128.2. of weapons, to wield, carry; spjót þat er þú hefir í hendi, Boll. 350; hafa kylfu í hendi sér, to have a club in one’s hand, Fms. xi. 129; hafa staf í hendi, to have a stick in the hand, Bárð.; Gunnarr hafði atgeirinn ok sverðit, Kolskeggr hafði saxit, Hjörtr hafði alvæpni, Nj. 93; hann hafdi öxi snaghyrnda, Boll. 358; hann hafði kesjuna fyrir sér, he held the lance in rest, Eg. 532.V. here may be added a few special phrases; hafa hendr fyrir sér, to grope, feel with the hands (as in darkness); hafa vit fyrir sér, to act wisely; hafa at sér hendina, to draw one’s hand back, Stj. 198; hafa e-t eptir, to do or repeat a thing after one, Konr.; hafa e-t yfir, to repeat (of a lesson): hafa sik, to betake oneself; hafa sik til annarra landa, Grett. 9 new Ed.; hann vissi varla hvar hann átti at hafa sik, he knew not where ( whither) to betake himself, Bs. i. 807; hefir hann sik aptr á stað til munklífisins, Mar.C. Passing into the sense of hefja (see at the beginning); hafa e-t uppi, to heave up, raise; hafa flokk uppi, to raise a party, to rebel, Fb. ii. 89: hafa uppi færi, net, a fisherman’s term, to heave up, take up the net or line, Háv. 46; Skarphéðinn hafði uppi ( heaved up) öxina, Nj. 144: hafa uppi tafl, to play at a game, Vápn. 29; þar vóru mjök töfl uppi höfð ok sagna-skemtan, Þorf. Karl. 406, v. l.: hafa e-n uppi, to hold one up, bring him to light; svá máttu oss skjótast uppi hafa, Fær. 42: metaph. to reveal, vándr riddari hafði allt þegar uppi, Str. 10.2. with the notion to begin; Bárðr hafði uppi orð sín ( began his suit) ok bað Sigríðar, Eg. 26, Eb. 142; hafa upp stefnu, to begin the summons, Boll. 350; hafa upp ræður, to begin a discussion; ræður þær er hann hafði uppi haft við Ingigerði, Fms. iv. 144, where the older text in Ó. H. reads umræður þær er hann hafði upp hafit (from hefja), 59; cp. also Vsp., þat langniðja-tal mun uppi hafat (i. e. hafit) meðan öld lifir, 16, (cp. upp-haf, beginning); þó at ek hafa síðarr um-ræðu um hann, better þó at ek hafa (i. e. hefja) síðarr upp ræðu um hann, though I shall below treat of, discuss that, Skálda (Thorodd) 168; er lengi hefir uppi verit haft síðan (of a song), Nj. 135; cp. also phrases such as, hafa á rás, to begin running, take to one’s heels, Fms. iv. 120, ix. 490; næsta morgin hefir út fjörðinn, the next morning a breeze off land arose, Bs. ii. 48: opp. is the phrase, hafa e-t úti, to have done, finished; hafa úti sitt dags-verk, Fms. xi. 431; hafa úti sekt sína, Grett. 149.D. Passing into the sense of a lost strong verb, hafa, hóf (see at the beginning), to behave, do, act:I. with an adverb, hafa vel, ílla, or the like, to behave, and in some instances to do well or badly, be happy or unhappy,α. to behave; en nú vil ek eigi verr hafa en þú, Fms. iv. 342; þeir sögðu at konungr vildi verr hafa en þeir, 313; hefir þú ílla ór (málum or the like understood) haft við mik, Fs. 140; ólikr er Gísli öðrum í þolinmæði, ok hefir hann betr en vér, Gísl. 28.β. to do so and so (to be happy, unhappy); verr hafa þeir er trygðum slitu, Mkv. 3; ílla hefir sá er annan svíkr, 18; vel hefir sá er þat líða lætr, 6; vel hefir sá ( he is happy) er eigi bíðr slíkt íllt þessa heims, Fms. v. 145; hvílíkt hefir þú, how dost thou? Mar.; hafa hart, to do badly, to be wretched; at sál Þorgils mætti fyrir þær sakir eigi hart hafa, Sturl. iii. 292, Mar.; Ólafr hafði þá hölzti ílla, O. was very poorly, D. N. ii. 156; þykisk sá bezt hafa ( happiest) er fyrstr kemr heim, Fms. xi. 248; þá hefir hann bazt af hann þegir, i. e. that is the best he can do if he holds his tongue, Hm. 19; þess get ek at sá hafi verr ( he will make a bad bargain) er þik flytr, Nj. 128; úlfgi hefir ok vel, the wolf is in a bad plight, Ls. 39; mun sá betr hafa er eigi tekr við þér, id.; betr hefðir þú, ef …, thou wouldest do better, if …, Akv. 16.γ. adding sik; hafa sik vel, to behave well, Fms. x. 415, Stj. 436.II. with the prep. at, to do, act, (hence at-höfn, at-hæfi, act, doing); hann lét ekki til búa vígs-málit ok engan hlut at hafa, Nj. 71; en ef þeim þykkir of lítið féit tekit, þá skulu þeir hafa at hit sama, to act in the same way, Grág. ii. 267; hvatki es þeir hafa at, Fms. xi. 132; hann tók af þér konuna, en þú hafðir ekki at, but thou didst not stir, didst take it tamely, Nj. 33; bæði munu menn þetta kalla stórvirki ok íllvirki, en þó má nú ekki at hafa, but there is no help for it, 202; eigi sýnisk mér meðal-atferðar-leysi, at vér höfum eigi at um kvámur hans, i. e. that we submit tamely to his coming, Fs. 32: absol., viltú þess freista, ok vita þá hvat at hafi, wilt thou try and see how it will do? Bjarn. 27; en nú skaltú fara fyrir, ok vita hvat at hafi, Bs. i. 712.III. phrases, hafa hátt, to be noisy, talk loud, Fms. i. 66; við skulum ekki hafa hátt ( do not cry loud) hér er maðr á glugganum, a lullaby song; hafa lágt, to keep silent; hafa hægt, to keep quiet; hafa sik á (í) hófi, to compose oneself, Ls. 36; hafa í hótum við e-n, to use threatening ( foul) language, Fb. i. 312; hafa í glett við e-n, to banter one, Fms. viii. 289; hafa íllt at verki, to do a bad deed, Ísl. ii. 184.E. Passing into the sense of the verb hæfa (see at the beginning), to aim at, hit, with dat.:I. to hit; svá nær hafði hausinum, at …, the shot so nearly hit the head, that …, Fms. ii. 272; þat sama forað, sem henni hafði næst váða, those very precipices from which she had so narrow an escape, Bs. i. 200, Fms. ix. 357; nær hafði nú, at skjótr mundi verða okkarr skilnaðr, Al. 124; nær hafði okkr nú, it struck near us, it was a narrow escape, Fms. viii. 281; kvaðsk svá dreymt hafa ( have dreamed), at þeim mundi nær hafa, ix. 387, v. l.; ok er nær hafði at skipit mundi fljóta, when the ship was on the point of floating, Ld. 58; ok hafði svá nær (it was within a hair’s breadth), at frændr Þorvalds mundu ganga at honum, Nj. 160; ok hafði svá nær at þeir mundi berjask, Íb. 11, cp. Bs. i. 21: the phrase, fjarri hefir, far from it! Edda (in a verse).2. to charge; eigi em ek þar fyrir sönnu hafðr, I am not truly aimed at for that, ‘tis a false charge, Eg. 64; þeim manni er fyrir sökum er hafðr, i. e. the culprit, Grág. i. 29; cp. the mod. phrase, hafa á e-u, to make a charge of a thing; það varð ekki á því haft, they could not make a case for a charge of it.II. metaph. to be the ground or reason for, (hence til-hæfa, reason, fact, foundation); til þess ætla vitrir menn þat haft at Ísland sé Tile (i. e. Thule) kallað, at …, learned men suppose that is the reason that Iceland is called Thule, that …, Landn. (pref.); mikit mun til haft, er einmæli er um (there must be some reason for it, because all people say so), Þorgils segir, eigi er fyrir haft ( there is no ground whatever for it), at ek mæla betr fyrir griðum en aðrir menn, Ísl. ii. 379; vér hyggjum þat til þess haft vera, at þar hafi menn sésk, we believe the substance of the story is that men have been seen there, Fms. xi. 158; hvat er til þess haft um þat (what is the truth of the matter?), hefir sundr-þykki orðit með ykkr? Boll. 364: in the saying, hefir hverr til síns ágætis nokkut, every one gets his reputation for something, Nj. 115.2. to happen, coincide; hefir svá til, at hann var þar sjálfr, Fms. xi. 138, v. l.β. the phrase, hafa mikit (lítið) til síns máls, to have much ( little) reason for one’s tale, i. e. to be much, little, in the right, Fms. vii. 221, xi. 138 (v. l.), Nj. 88: um þenna hefir svá stórum, it matters so much with this man, (v. l. for mun stórum skipta), Fms. xi. 311.F. REFLEX. to keep, dwell, abide, but only of a temporary shelter or abode, cp. Lat. habitare, (cp. also höfn, a haven); hann hefsk á náttartíma niðri í vötnum, at night-time he keeps down in the water, Stj. 77: to live, þeir höfðusk mjök í kaupferðum, they spent much of their life in travelling, Hkr. i. 276; hann hafðisk löngum í bænum, Bs. i. 353.β. with prep. við; hér mun ek við hafask ( I will stay here) en þú far til konungs, Fb. ii. 125; hafðisk hann við á skógum eðr í öðrum fylgsnum, 302; því at hann hafðisk þá á skipum við, Fms. viii. 44; hvílsk heldr ok hafsk við í því landi, rest and stay in that land, Stj. 162; Ásgeirr hafðisk við uppi í dalnum, Sd. 154; hafask lind fyrir, to cover oneself with a shield (?), Vsp. 50; hafask hlífar fyrir, to be mailed in armour, Hkm. 11.2. hafask at, to do, behave (cp. D. above); vóru þeir þá svá móðir, at þeir máttu ekki at hafask, Fms. ii. 149; en síðan skulut þér at hafa slíkt sem ek kann fyrir segja, i. 158; þat eitt munu við at hafask, at ek mun betr göra en þú, Nj. 19; Lambi sá hvat Steinarr hafðisk at, Eg. 747.3. hafask vel, to do well, thrive; vaxa ok vel hafask, to wax and do well, Hm. 142; nú er þat bæn mín, at þér hafisk við vel, that you bear yourself well up, Fms. ix. 497; Jungfrúin hafðisk vel við í ferðinni, x. 86; at fé hans mundi eigi hafask at betr at meðal-vetri, Grág. ii. 326.4. recipr., hafask orð við, to speak to one another; ok er þat ósiðlegt, at menn hafisk eigi orð við, Fs. 14; þar til er þeir hafask réttar tölur við, N. G. L. i. 182.II. part. hafandi is used in the sense of having conceived, being with child; þá verit hann varr við at hón var hafandi, 656 B. 14; hón skyldi verða hafandi at Guðs syni, id.; generally, allt þat er hafanda var lét burð sinn ok ærðisk, Fms. vii. 187; svá sem hón verðr at honum hafandi, Stj. 178; (hence barns-hafandi, being with child.)G. The word hafa is in the Icel., as in other Teut. languages, used as an auxiliary verb with a part. pass. of another verb, whereby a compound preterite and pluperfect are formed as follows:I. in transitive verbs with acc. the participle also was put in acc., agreeing in gender, number, and case with the objective noun or pronoun; this seems to have been a fixed rule in the earliest time, and is used so in all old poems down at least to the middle of the 11th century, to the time of Sighvat (circ. A. D. 990–1040), who constantly used the old form,—átt is an apostrophe for átta in the verse Ó. H. 81:1. references from poets, Gm. 5, 12, 16; þá er forðum mik fædda höfðu, Vsp. 2; hverr hefði lopt lævi blandit eðr ætt jötuns Óðs mey gefna, 29; þær’s í árdaga áttar höfðu, 60: ek hafða fengna konungs reiði, Ad. 3; en Grjótbjörn um gnegðan hefir, 18; mik hefir marr miklu ræntan, Stor. 10; þó hefir Míms-vinr mér um fengnar bölva bætr, 22: gaupur er Haraldr hafi sveltar, Hornklofi: Loka mær hefir leikinn allvald, Ýt. 7; sá hafði borinn brúna-hörg, 14; jarlar höfðu veginn hann, 15: ek hef orðinn ( found) þann guðföðr (verða is here used as trans.), Hallfred; höfum kera framðan, id.: hann hefir litnar, sénar, hár bárur, Ísl. ii. 223, thus twice in a verse of A. D. 1002; göngu hefik of gengna, Korm. (in a verse); hann hafði farna för, Hkr. i. (Glum Geirason); ek hefi talðar níu orustur, Sighvat; þú hefir vanðan þik, id.; ér hafit rekna þá braut, Ó. H. 63 (Óttar Svarti); hann hefir búnar okkr hendr skrautliga, Sighvat (Ó. H. 13); þeir hafa færð sín höfuð Knúti, id.; hvar hafit ér hugðan mér sess, id.; hafa sér kenndan enn nørðra heims enda, id.; Sighvatr hefir lattan gram, id.; hefir þú hamar um fólginn, Þkv. 7, 8; þú hefir hvatta okkr, Gkv. 6; ek hefi yðr brennda, Am. 39, cp. 56; hefi ek þik minntan, 81; hefir þú hjörtu tuggin, Akv. 36; hefir þú mik dvalðan, Hbl. 51; ek hefi hafðar þrár, I have had throes, Fsm. 51; en ek hann görvan hef-k, svá hefi ek studdan, 12 (verse 13 is corrupt); hann hefir dvalða þik, Hkv. Hjörv. 29; lostna, 30; mik hefir sóttan meiri glæpr, 32; ek hefi brúði kerna, id.; þú hefir etnar úlfa krásir, opt sár sogin, Hkv. 1. 36; sá er opt hefir örnu sadda, 35; hefir þú kannaða koni óneisa, 23; þá er mik svikna höfðut, Skv. 3. 55; hann hafði getna sonu, Bkv. 8; þann sal hafa halir um görvan, Fm. 42; bróður minn hefir þú benjaðan, 25; er hann ráðinn hefir, 37; sjaldan hefir þú gefnar vargi bráðir, Eg. (in a verse).2. references from prose; this old form has since been turned into an indecl. neut. sing. part. -it. The old form was first lost in the strong verbs and the weak verbs of the first conjugation: in the earliest prose both forms are used, although the indecl. is more freq. even in the prose writers, as Íb., the Heiðarv. S., the Miracle-book in Bs., Njála, Ó. H., (Thorodd seems only to use the old form,) as may be seen from the following references, Björn hafði særða þrjá menn, Nj. 262; hann mundi hana hafa gipta honum, 47; hann hafði þá leidda saman hestana, 264: ek hefi sendan mann, Ísl. (Heiðarv. S.) ii. 333; ek nefi senda menn, id.: hafa son sinn ór helju heimtan, Bs. (Miracle-book) i. 337; en er þeir höfðu niðr settan sveininn, 349; hann hafði veidda fimm tegu fiska, 350: er þér hefir ílla neisu gorva, Ó. H. 107: þá hefi ek fyrri setta þá í stafrófi, Skálda (Thorodd) 161; þar hefi ek við görva þessa stafi fjóra, id.; hafa hann samsettan, 167: góða fylgd hefir þú mér veitta, Þorst Síðu H. 2: sagði, at Ólafr konungr hafði sendan hann, Bs. i. 11: Þyri, er hertogi hafði festa nauðga, Fms. x. 393 (Ágrip): hefi ek þá svá signaða ok magnaða, v. 236: hefir sólin gengna tvá hluti, en einn úgenginn, K. Þ. K. 92 (Lund’s Syntax, p. 12).β. again, neut. indecl., hana hafði átt fyrr Þoróddr, Ísl. ii. 192: hón hafði heimt húskarl sinn …, Ísl. (Heiðarv. S.) ii. 339; hann hefir ekki svá vel gyrt hest minn, 340; hefir þú eigi séð mik, 341; hve hann hafði lokkat hann. id.; gistingar hefi ek yðr fengit, 343: þeir höfðu haft úfrið ok orrostur, Íb. 12; hann hafði tekið lögsögu, 14: stafr er átt hafði Þorlákr, Bs. (Miracle-book) i. 340; er þær höfðu upp tekit ketilinn ok hafit …, 342; göngu es hann hafði gingit, 344; es sleggjuna hafði niðr fellt, 346; sem maðr hefði nýsett (hana) niðr, id.; jartein þá er hann þóttisk fingit hafa, 347; hafði prestrinn fært fram sveininn, 349: hjálm er Hreiðmarr hafði átt, Edda 73: hafa efnt sína heitstrenging, Fms. (Jómsv. S.) xi. 141: slíkan dóm sem hann hafði mér hugat, Ó. H. 176, etc. passim:—at last the inflexion disappeared altogether, and so at the present time the indecl. neut. sing. is used throughout; yet it remains in peculiar instances, e. g. konu hefi eg mér festa, Luke xiv. 20, cp. Vídal. ii. 21. ☞ This use of the inflexive part. pass. may often serve as a test of the age of a poem, e. g. that Sólarljóð was composed at a later date may thus be seen from verses 27, 64, 72, 73, 75, 79; but this test is to be applied with caution, as the MSS. have in some cases changed the true forms (-inn, -ann, and -it, -an being freq. abbreviated in the MSS. so as to render the reading dubious). In many cases the old form is no doubt to be restored, e. g. in vegit to veginn, Fm. 4, 23; búit to búinn, Hkv. Hjörv. 15; borit to borinn, Hkv. 1. 1; beðit to beðinn, Fsm. 48; orðit to orðin, Og. 23; roðit to roðinn, Em. 5; brotið to brotinn, Vkv. 24, etc.: but are we to infer from Ls. 23, 26, 33, that this poem is of a comparatively late age?II. the indecl. neut. sing. is, both in the earliest poems and down to the present day, used in the following cases:1. with trans. verbs requiring the dat. or gen.; ek hefi fengit e-s, hann hafði fengit konu; hafa hefnt e-s, Fms. xi. 25; sú er hafði beðit fjár, Þkv. 32; stillir hefir stefnt mér, Hkv. Hjörv. 33, and so in endless cases.2. in the reflex. part. pass.; þeir (hann) hafa (hefir) látisk, farisk, sagsk, etc.3. in part. of intrans. neut. verbs, e. g. þeir þær (hann, hón), hafa (hefir) setið, staðit, gengit, legit, farit, komit, verit, orðit, lifað, dáit, heitið …, also almost in every line both of prose and poetry.4. in trans. verbs with a neut. sing. in objective case the difference cannot be seen.☞ The compound preterite is common to both the Romance and Teutonic languages, and seems to be older in the former than in the latter; Grimm suggests that it originated with the French, and thence spread to the Teutons. That it was not natural to the latter is shewn by the facts, thatα. no traces of it are found in Gothic, nor in the earliest Old High German glossaries to Latin words.β. in the earliest Scandinavian poetry we can trace its passage from declinable to indeclinable.γ. remains are left in poetry of a primitive uncompounded preterite infinitive, e. g. stóðu = hafa staðit, mundu, skyldu, vildu, etc., see Gramm. p. xxv, col. 2. ☞ We may here note a curious dropping of the verb hefir, at ek em kominn hingat til lands, ok verit áðr ( having been) langa hríð utan-lands, Ó. H. 31, cp. Am. 52; barn at aldri, en vegit slíka hetju sem Þorvaldr var, Glúm. 382. On this interesting matter see Grimm’s remarks in his Gramm. iv. 146 sqq. -
68 MUNU
(man or mun, munda; pret. infin. mundu), v.1) as an auxiliary verb simply denoting futurity, shall, will; munu margir þess gjalda, many will smart for it; ok mun hann hér koma brátt, and he will be here speedily;2) denoting what is probable or pretty certain, is sure to, must; þú munt vera feigr maðr, thou are surely a death-doomed man; nú mun faðir minn dauðr vera, now my father must be dead;3) in past tenses, would (eigi mundak trúa); must, kvað hann þá nú mundu dauða, he said that now they must be dead.* * *a verb whose present is in preterite form, see Gramm. p. xxiii; pres. man, mant (mantú, muntú), man, pl. munum, munut, munu; pret. mundi; subj. pres. muni; pret. myndi; imper. mun, muntu; pres. infin. munu; pret. infin. mundu. In the oldest vellums an o is used throughout for u, thus infin. monu, pret. mon, monu, and so on, whence subj. møndi; thus Thorodd, mon-a ( will not) mín móna; and leka møndi húsit ( the house would leak) ef eigi møndi ( thatched) smiðrinn, Skálda; mun’k = mun ek, Ad. 14, Skv. 1. 40; man’k = man ek, Fms. vii. 337 (Mork.); mona’k = muna ek (subj.): with neg. suff. pres. mon-a, she will not, Thorodd, Höfuðl. 17; monka ek, I shall not, Hkv. Hjörv. 23, Fms. x. 342 (in a verse); mon-at, mun-at (3rd pers.), shall not; monattu or munattu (2nd pers.), Gs. 19, Ls. 49; munum-a, we shall not, Hallfred; see -at, p. 2:—a pret. pl. manu without umlaut, or even with a throughout sing. and plur., is also freq. ☞ In mod. usage and MSS., as also in less correct paper transcripts of vellums, and in Editions, the pret. infin. mundu is freq. turned into a subj. from mundi, and ought to be restored; thus in Eg.—sögðu þat vera mundu (Ed. mundi) róg íllra manna, … konungr kveðsk því mundu (Ed. mundi) heldr af trúa, cp. Eb. (pref. p. xxxviii new Ed.)B. Will, shall, as an auxiliary verb simply denoting futurity, followed by an infinitive; munu margir þess gjalda, Nj. 2; þú mant vera feigr maðr, 63; sem nú man ek telja, Grág. ii. 211; aldri hafði önd mín tvá líkami ok eigi mun hón hafa, heldr mun hón einn líkama hafa nú, ok þann mun hón hafa á dóms-degi, Fms. iv. 121; hón kveðsk hans forsjá hlíta mundu, … ok kveðsk ganga mundu, Ld. 14; svá man móðir þín til ætla, Nj. 58; muntú ekki mín at slíku þurfa, 55; mon ek þá görask þinn maðr, Ó. H. 47; en ek mon þik láta vera göfgastan lendan mann, id.; þá man yðr eigi svá … at eigi moneð ér (subj.), 32; segir at nú man til verða sá maðr, 33; hér mantú konung upp fæða, móðir, 64; nú man ek koma til Uppsala-þings, 67; þá mono vér veita þér atgöngu, 69; vel man þér fara, Nj. 55; þú mant segja dauða minn, 58 (but þú munt, next line); úþarfir munu þér verða frændr Hallgerðar, id.; þó man ek ekki göra hann at þræli, id.; hvat ek veit, segir Gunnarr, hvárt ek man því úvaskari maðr en aðrir menn, sem …, whether I am, whether I should be, id.; hann lét þó svá búit þá mundu verða at vera (a threefold infin.), Ísl. ii. 357.II. with a suggestive sense of may be, probably, about, often answering to may be, perhaps in mod. writers; þá mundi lífa þriðjungr nætr, perhaps the third, about the third part, Fms. ix. 475; þeir myndi hafa nær sjau tigi manna, Sturl. iii. 239; hverr mundi þá segja? Edda 144; ok mundi hann vita þat fyrir er hann vissi dauða sinn, Nj. 98; ok myndi þat Njáll ætla, at …, 93; þeir sögðu þat vera mundu róg íllra manna, it was nothing but …, Eg. 55; sögðu at Þórólfr mundi vera hollr konungi, that Th. was no doubt faithful, id., passim.III. in asking and answering, corresponding to Engl. would’st thou? I will; Muntú veita mér þat er ek bið þik? Hvat er þat, segir konungr, Fms. vi. 392; muntú mér, Freyja, fjaðrhams, ljá?—Þó munda ek gefa þér þótt ór gulli væri, Þkv. 3, 4; mundu fleira mæla? answer, mun ek, Hkv. Hjörv. 2; muntú stefna vilja Hallvarði? Glúm. 365; mun hann dauðr, is he dead? Nj. 135.IV. denoting injunction; hann mælti til Einars, at hann mundi ( told him to) leita sér vistar, Hrafn. 5; svá hefi ek helzt ætlað at boð þitt muni vera at áliðnu sumri, Ld. 14 (but rarely).V. ellipt., the infin. vera being left out and understood; ærit bragð mun at því (viz. vera), Nj. 58; lítið bragð mun þá at, Ld. 136; Hálfr mundi mikill afreksmaðr, Mag. 4; torsótt mun (viz. vera) at sækja, Glúm. 365.☞ Hardly any verb is more freq., e. g. þú munt hafa meira hlut sagði Njáll, en þó man hér hljótask af margs manns bani.—Man nokkut hér minn bani af hljótask?—Ekki man þat af þessu, en þó munu þeir minnask á fornan fjandskap ok muntú ekki annat mega en hrökkva við, Nj. 90; hversu mun nú ganga síðan? Þú mant ríða til þings. Þá man þú skamt eiga ólifað, ella mant þú verða gamall maðr, … Veiztú hvat þér man verða at bana … Þat sem allir munu sízt ætla, segir Njáll, 85. In mod. usage the word munu is far less frequent, and futurity is in speech mostly expressed, as in Gothic, by the pres. indic., as, eg fer á morgun, where an ancient would have said, ek mun fara á morgun; but in solemn style munu is retained, thus, sjá, þú munt barn geta í kviði þínum, ok munt son fæða ok hans nafn skaltú (not muntú) kalla Jesús; hann mun mikill verða, ok kallast sonr hins Hæsta, og Guð Drottinn mun gefa honum sæti síns föður Davíð, og hann mun ríkja yfir húsi Jakobs að eilifu, hans ríkis mun og enginn endir verða … Heilagr Audi mun koma yfir þig, og kraptr ins Hæsta mun yfirskyggja þig, af því at það hið helga sem af þér mun fæðast skal nefnast …, Luke i. 31 sqq. in the Icel. N. T. (Vídal.) -
69 स
sa1) the last of the three sibilants (it belongs to the dental class andᅠ in sound corresponds to s in sin)
2) (in prosody) an anapest
3) (in music) an abbreviated term for shaḍ-ja
4) (only L.) m. a snake;
air, wind;
a bird;
N. of Vishṇu orᅠ Ṡiva;
(ā) f. N. of Lakshmi orᅠ Gaurī;
n. knowledge;
meditation;
a carriage road;
a fence
5) mfn. (fr. san) procuring, bestowing (only ifc.;
cf. palu-shá andᅠ priya-sá)
6) the actual base for the nom. case of the 3rd pers. pron. tád q.v. (occurring only in the nom. sg. mf. <sá orᅠ sás, sā>, andᅠ in the Ved. loc. < sásmin RV. I, 152, 6; I, 174, 4; X, 95, 11 >;
the final s of the nom. m. is dropped before all consonants
<except before p in RV. V, 2, 4, andᅠ before t in RV. VIII, 33, 16 >
andᅠ appears only at the end of a sentence in the form of Visarga;
sa occasionally blends with another vowel <as in saî ̱shaḥ>;
andᅠ it is often for emphasis connected with another pron. as with aham, tvam, esha, ayam etc. <e.g.. so'ham satvam, « I ( orᅠ thou) that very person» ;
cf. under tád>, the verb then following in the 1st andᅠ 2nd pers. even if aham orᅠ tvam be omitted <e.g.. sa tvāpṛicchāmi « I that very person ask you» BṛĀrUp. ;
sa vainobrūhi « do thou tell us» ṠBr. >;
similarly, to denote emphasis, with bhavān <e.g.. sabhavānvijayāyapratishṭhatām, « let your Highness set out for victory» Ṡak. >;
it sometimes < andᅠ frequently in the Brāhmaṇas> stands as the first word of a sentence preceding a rel. pronoun orᅠ adv. such as ya, yad, yadi, yathā, cêd;
in this position sa may be used pleonastically orᅠ as a kind of ind., even where another gender orᅠ number is required <e.g.. sayadi sthāvarāāpobhananti, « if those waters are stagnant» ṠBr. >;
in the Sāṃkhya sa, like esha, ka, andᅠ ya, is used to denote Purusha, « the Universal Soul») RV. etc. etc.
+ cf. Zd. hā, hā;
Gk., ἡ
7) ind. (connected with saha, sam, sama, andᅠ occasionally in BhP. standing for saha with instr.) an inseparable prefix expressing « junction», « conjunction», « possession» (as opp. to a priv.), « similarity», « equality» ;
andᅠ when compounded with nouns to form adjectives andᅠ adverbs it may be translated by « with», « together orᅠ along with», « accompanied by», « added to», « having», « possessing», « containing», « having the same»
<cf. sa-kopa, sâ̱gni, sa-bhāya, sa-droṇa, sa-dharman, sa-varṇa>;
orᅠ it may = « ly», as in sa-kopam, « angrily», sôpadhi, « fraudulently») RV. etc. etc.
+ cf. Gk. ἁ in ἁπλοῦς;
Lat. sim in simplex; sem in semel, semper
Eng. same
seeᅠ 5. sa
(to be similarly prefixed to the following):
- सकार
- सकर
-
70 are
I [ forma debole ə] [ forma forte ɑː(r)]2 a persona sing. pres., 1 a, 2 a, 3 a persona pl. pres. beII [ɑː(r)]nome (unit of area) ara f.* * ** * *[ɒː(r), ə(r)] ISee:II [ɒː(r)] n* * *I [ forma debole ə] [ forma forte ɑː(r)]2 a persona sing. pres., 1 a, 2 a, 3 a persona pl. pres. beII [ɑː(r)]nome (unit of area) ara f. -
71 were
-
72 ἑαυτοῦ
ἑαυτοῦ, ῆς, οῦ, ἑαυτῷ, ῇ, ῷ, ἑαυτόν, ήν, ό, pl. ἑαυτῶν, ἑαυτοῖς, ἑαυτούς άς, ά: [dialect] Ion. [full] ἑωυτοῦ SIG57.44 (Milet., v B. C.), etc.; alsoAωὑτῆς Herod. 6.84
,ωὑτέου Aret.SA1.7
([dialect] Ion. ἑωυ- by contraction of ἕο αὐ-, from which also [dialect] Att. ἑᾱυ-, freq. written ἑατοῦ in Pap. and Inscrr., as SIG 774.2 (Delph., i B.C.): [dialect] Att. [var] contr. [full] αὑτοῦ, etc., which is the usual form in Trag., though ἑαυτοῦ, etc., are used (though rarely) when the metre requires, A.Pr. 188 (anap.), al.; in [dialect] Att. Inscrr. αὑτοῦ prevails after B.C. 300; Cret. [full] ϝιαυτοῦ Kohler-Ziebarth Stadtrecht von Gortyn p.34; [dialect] Dor. [full] αὐταυτοῦ, [full] αὐσαυτοῦ (q. v.); Thess. [full] εὑτοῦ (dat.), IG9(2).517.16: gen.pl. [full] ηὑτῶν Schwyzer 251 A 44 ([place name] Cos):—reflex. Pron. of [ per.] 3rd pers., of himself, herself, itself, etc.; first in Alc.78, Hdt., and [dialect] Att. (Hom. has ἕο αὐτοῦ, οἷ αὐτῷ, ἑ αὐτόν): αὐτὸ ἐφ' ἑαυτό (v.l. - τοῦ ) itself by itself, absolutely, Pl.Tht. 152b; αὐτὸ ἐφ' αὑτοῦ ib. 160b;ὅταν τὸ ἐφ' ἑαυτὸν ἕκαστος σπεύδῃ Th.1.141
;αὐτὸ καθ' αὑτό Pl.Tht. 157a
; αὐτὰ πρὸς αὑτά ib. 154e; ἀφ' ἑαυτῶν, ἑαυτοῦ, of themselves, himself, Th. 5.60, X.Mem.2.10.3; ἐφ' ἑαυτοῦ, v. ἐπί; ἐν ἑαυτῷ γίγνεσθαι, ἐντὸς ἑαυτοῦ γ., v. ἐν, ἐντός; παρ' ἑαυτῷ at his own house, ib.3.13.3, etc.: esp. with [comp] Comp. and [comp] Sup., ἐγένοντο ἀμείνονες αὐτοὶ ἑωυτῶν they surpassed themselves, Hdt.8.86; πλουσιώτεροι ἑαυτῶν continually richer, Th.1.8;θαρραλεώτεροι αὐτοὶ ἑαυτῶν Pl.Prt. 350a
, cf. d; τῇ αὐτὸ ἑωυτοῦ ἐστι μακρότατον at its very greatest length, Hdt.2.8, cf. 149, 4.85, 198.II in [dialect] Att., Trag., and later, αὑτοῦ, etc., is used for the [ per.] 1st or [ per.] 2nd pers., as forἐμαυτοῦ, αὐτὸς καθ' αὑτοῦ τἄρα μηχανορραφῶ A.Ch. 221
, cf. S.OT 138, etc.; forσεαυτοῦ, μόρον τὸν αὑτῆς οἶσθα A.Ag. 1297
, cf. 1141, Pl.Phd. 101c (v.l.), Ph.Bel.59.16, etc.: so in pl., τὰ αὑτῶν ( = ἡμῶν αὐτῶν)ἐκποριζώμεθα Th.1.82
;δώσομεν ἑαυτούς Epicur.Sent.Vat.47
; ἐφ' ἑαυτοῖς by ourselves, LXX 1 Ki.14.9, cf. PPar.47.26 (ii B. C.), 2 Ep.Cor.7.1, etc.; ἑαυτῶν, = ὑμῶν αὐτῶν, PPar. 63.128 (ii B. C.).III pl., ἑαυτῶν, ἑαυτοῖς, etc., is sts. used for ἀλλήλων, ἀλλήλοις, one another,διάφοροι ἑωυτοῖσι Hdt.3.49
;παρακελευόμενοι ἐν ἑαυτοῖς Th.4.25
, etc.; καθ' αὑτοῖν one against the other, S. Ant. 144 (anap.);πρὸς αὑτούς D.18.19
;περιιόντες αὑτῶν πυνθάνονται Id.4.10
, cf. Pl.Ly. 215b. -
73 tul-
vb. "come" WJ:368, 1st pers. aorist tulin "I come" TUL, 3rd pers. sg. tulis she comes VT49:19, perfect utúlië "has come" utúlien "I am come", EO, utúlie'n aurë "Day has come" the function of the 'n is unclear; it may be a variant of the article "the", hence literally "the Day has come". Past tense túlë "came" in LR:47 and SD:246, though an alternative form *tullë has also been theorized. Túlë in VT43:14 seems to be an abnormal aorist stem, later abandoned; tula in the same source would be an imperative. Prefixed future tense entuluva "shall come again" in the Silmarillion, future tuluva also in the phrase aranielya na tuluva "may thy kingdom come" VT44:32/34, literally apparently *"thy kingdom, be-it-that it will come". In early "Qenya" we have the perfects tulielto "they have come" LT1:114, 270, VT49:57 and tulier "have come", pl., in the phrase I·Eldar tulier "the Eldar have come"LT1:114, 270. Read probably *utúlieltë, *Eldar utúlier in LotR-style Quenya. -
74 З-146
КАК ЗНАЕШЬ coll usu. indep. sent 2nd or 3rd pers only fixed WOdo as you want, he (she etc) can do as he (she etc) wants: (in direct address) (do) as you wish (please, like, choose)(you can) do as (what) you like suit yourself you know (whatfs) best do as (what) you think best (in limited contexts) if you're sure (in refer, to a 3rd party) X can do (let X do) as (what) he wishespleases, likes, chooses, thinks best)X can suit himself X knows best X knows whatfs best for him (in limited contexts) if X is sure....Сойдясь в упор с недвижным взглядом хозяина, (Золотарев) понял, что тот заранее отказывался долее слушать гостя. «Как знаешь, - выходя, замкнулся Золотарев, - вольному воля!» (Максимов 1)....Catching Matvei's motionless gaze he (Zolotarev) realized that he had already decided not to listen to him any longer. "As you wish," he thought sullenly as he went out, "nobody's forcing you" (1a).(Бусыгин:) Ты как знаешь, а я пока останусь. Ненадолго (Вампилов 4). (В.:) You can do as you like, but I'm staying for a while. Not for long (4a).Ладно, пойду», - сказала Нюра, поднимаясь. «Ну, как знаете. Люди для вас стараются, хотят сделать, как лучше, а вы...» (Войнович 4). "All right, I'm leaving," said Nyura, rising. "Well, suit yourself. People are trying to help you. They want to make the best of it, but you..." (4a).(Большое:) Да ты бы посидел немножко. (Рисположенский:) Нет, ей-богу, Самсон Силыч, не время. Я уж к вам завтра пораньше зайду. (Большое:) Ну, как знаешь! (Островский 10). (В.:) Why don't you stay a bit longer? (R.:) No, really and truly, Samson Silych, I haven't time. I'll drop by tomorrow as soon as possible. (B.:) Well, you know best (10a)....Поешь с нами хотя бы мамалыгу с кислым молоком...» — «Нет-нет, - отвечает Лилиша, - я совсем не хочу есть». — «Ну ладно, как знаешь», - говорит тётушка... (Искандер4). "At least have some mush and yogurt with us..." "No, no," Lilisha answers. "I'm not hungry at all." "Well, all right, if you're sure," Auntie says... (4a).Пётр Ильич встал и объявил, что пойдёт теперь прямо к исправнику и всё ему расскажет, а там уж как тот сам знает (Достоевский 1). Pyotr Ilyich stood up and announced that he would now go directly to the police commissioner and tell him everything, and let him do as he thinks best (1a). -
75 как знаешь
• КАК ЗНАЕШЬ coll[usu. indep. sent; 2nd or 3rd pers only; fixed WO]=====⇒ do as you want, he (she etc) can do as he (she etc) wants:- [in direct address](do) as you wish (please, like, choose);- [in limited contexts] if you're sure;- [in refer, to a 3rd party] X can do (let X do) as (what) he wishes ( pleases, likes, chooses, thinks best);- X knows best;- [in limited contexts] if X is sure.♦...Сойдясь в упор с недвижным взглядом хозяина, [Золотарев] понял, что тот заранее отказывался долее слушать гостя. "Как знаешь, - выходя, замкнулся Золотарев, - вольному воля!" (Максимов 1)....Catching Matvei's motionless gaze he [Zolotarev] realized that he had already decided not to listen to him any longer. "As you wish," he thought sullenly as he went out, "nobody's forcing you" (1a).♦ [Бусыгин:] Ты как знаешь, а я пока останусь. Ненадолго (Вампилов 4). [В.:] You can do as you like, but I'm staying for a while. Not for long (4a).♦ "Ладно, пойду", - сказала Нюра, поднимаясь. "Ну, как знаете. Люди для вас стараются, хотят сделать, как лучше, а вы..." (Войнович 4). "All right, I'm leaving," said Nyura, rising. "Well, suit yourself. People are trying to help you. They want to make the best of it, but you..." (4a).♦ [Большов:] Да ты бы посидел немножко. [Рисположенский:] Нет, ей-богу, Самсон Силыч, не время. Я уж к вам завтра пораньше зайду. [Большов:] Ну, как знаешь! (Островский 10). [В.:] Why don't you stay a bit longer? [R.:] No, really and truly, Samson Silych, I haven't time. I'll drop by tomorrow as soon as possible. [B.:] Well, you know best (10a).♦ "...Поешь с нами хотя бы мамалыгу с кислым молоком..." - "Нет-нет, - отвечает Лилиша, - я совсем не хочу есть". - "Ну ладно, как знаешь", - говорит тётушка... (Искандер 4). "At least have some mush and yogurt with us..." "No, no," Lilisha answers. "I'm not hungry at all." "Well, all right, if you're sure," Auntie says... (4a).♦ Пётр Ильич встал и объявил, что пойдёт теперь прямо к исправнику и всё ему расскажет, а там уж как тот сам знает (Достоевский 1). Pyotr Ilyich stood up and announced that he would now go directly to the police commissioner and tell him everything, and let him do as he thinks best (1a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > как знаешь
-
76 goes
-
77 А-28
ПРЕДАВАТЬ/ПРЕДАТЬ АНАФЕМЕ кого-что VP subj: human1. special ( subj: a noun denoting an ecclesiastical authorityoften 3rd pers pl with indef. refer.) to pronounce s.o. excommunicatedX предал Y-a анафеме - X anathematized Y.2. lit to condemn, stigmatize s.o.: X предал Y-a анафеме -X anathematized (execrated) YС нашей стороны было невозможно заарканить Белинского он слал нам грозные грамоты из Петербурга, отлучал нас, предавал анафеме и писал ещё злее в «Отечественных записках» (Герцен 2). On our side it was impossible to rope in Belinsky, he sent us threatening epistles from Petersburg, excommunicated and anathematised us, and wrote more angrily than ever in the Notes of the Fatherland (2a). -
78 А-41
СДАВАТЬ/СДАТЬ В АРХИВ VP subj: human often 3rd pers pl with indef. refer., infin with надо, пора, рано etc, or short-form past passive Part)1. \А-41 кого to dismiss s.o., regarding him as unfit for some activity ( usu. of a person unfit to fulfill his responsibilities at work because of his age, lack of abilities etc)X-a сдали в архив - X was put (turned, sent) out to pastureX was put on the shelf X was written off as a has-been X was sent to the glue factory (in limited contexts) X is a back number.В то время, когда Козлику исполнилось тридцать лет, князь ещё не совсем был сдан в архив... (Салтыков-Щедрин 2). At the time Kozelkov reached the age of thirty, the prince had not been put on the shelf altogether... (2a).«Я хоть теперь сдан в архив, а... я психолог по-своему и физиогномист» (Тургенев 2). "Though I'm a back number now...1 am something of a psychologist...in my own fashion, and a physiognomist" (2c).2. - что to stop using sth. forever, consign sth. to oblivion as outdated, uselessX сдал Y в архив - X scrapped (shelved) YX put Y away for good X relegated Y to the archives.«Увы! - с сожалением ответил Берлиоз, - ни одно из этих доказательств ничего не стоит, и человечество давно сдало их в архив» (Булгаков 9). "Alas!" Berlioz answered with regret. "None of these proofs is worth a thing, and humanity has long since scrapped them" (9a). -
79 Б-230
БУДЬ ТЫ (он и т. п.) НЕЛАДЕН highly coll VPimpcr 2nd and 3rd pers only indep. clause or sent adv (parenth) fixed WO(used to express dissatisfaction, disapprov al, displeasure etc) s.o. or sth. (mentioned in the preceding context) is extremely irritating, deserves to be rejected, scornedblastcurse, damn) you ( him etc)the devil take youhim etc)to (the) hell with you (him etc) (this) damn NP. После массажей Картучихи, будь она неладна, и осмотра ремонтных мастерских кормление пеликанов было третьим по силе воздействия успокаивающим средством Александра Петровича (Искандер 3). Next to being massaged by Kartuchikha, blast her, and inspecting the repair shops, feeding the pelicans was third in its power to soothe Alexander Petrovich (3a).Собираясь прибить лису, (Едигей) вспомнил вдруг, как кто-то рассказывал, то ли кто из тех приезжих типов, то ли фотограф, с которым о боге беседовал, то ли ещё кто-то, да нет же, Сабитжан рассказывал, будь он неладен... о посмертном переселении душ (Айтматов 2). As he had prepared to throw the stone at the fox, he had remembered something that someone had once told him-either a visitor, or a photographer with whom he had talked about God, or someone else - no, it had been Sabitzhan, the devil take him....It had been about the transmigration of souls after death (2a). -
80 Б-231
БУДЬ ТЫ (он и т. п.) (ТРИЖДЫ) ПРОКЛЯТ highly coll VPimpcr 2nd and 3rd pers only indep. clause or sent adv (parenth) fixed WO(used to express strong dissatisfaction, disapprov al, displeasure etc) s.o. or sth. (mentioned in the preceding context) is abhorrent, deserves to be harshly rejected, cursed: будь X (трижды) проклят \Б-231 (God) damn X (to hell)to X can go to (bloody) hellmay X be (thrice) damned!...(Скопенко) сморщился, словно от зубной боли, сорвавшись почти на крик. «Да будь они (женщины) все прокляты, всем им одна цена, любая ни за грош продаст!» (Максимов 2)....Hе (Skopenko) grimaced, as though from toothache, and his next words were almost shouted: "Damn them (women), they're all the same—they'll all cheat on you as soon as look at you!" (2a).Иосиф Джугашвили... въезжает в раскрытые ворота своего двора... Мать... выглядывает из кухни и улыбается сыну. Добрая, старая мать с морщинистым лицом... Добрая... Будь ты проклята!!! (Искандер 3). Iosif Dzhugashvili...drives through the open gates of his yard....His mother...glances out of the kitchen and smiles at her son. His kind old mother with her wrinkled face....His kind old...Damn her to hell! (3a).Саяпин:) Он (показывает на дверь кабинета Кушака) требует статью. Что будем делать? Так он этого не оставит... (Зилов:) Опять статья! Будь она проклята! (Вампилов 5). (S. (indicating the door to Kushaks office):) He's yelling for the article. What are we going to do? He won't let it drop... (Z.:) The hell with the article (5b).«... По мне, его кобыла и с матерью - да будь они прокляты! - а я жеребца не дам обскакать!» (Шолохов 2). "...His mare and its mother can go to bloody hell for all I care, but I won't let him beat the stallion!" (2a)..В трагических ролях он (Мольер) имел в лучшем случае средний успех... Но лишь только после трагедии давали фарс и Мольер, переодевшись, превращался из Цезаря в Сганареля, дело менялось в ту же минуту: публика начинала хохотать, публика аплодировала, происходили овации... Разгримировываясь после спектакля или снимая маску, Мольер, заикаясь, говорил в уборной: «Что это за народец, будь он трижды проклят!.. Я не понимаю...» (Булгаков 5). In tragic roles he (Moliere) had at best a fair to middling success....But as soon as farce followed tragedy, and Moliere transformed himself from Caesar into Sganarelle, there was an immediate change: the audience roared with laughter, applauded, and gave him ovations....Removing his makeup after the show, or taking off his mask, Moliere would stutter in his dressing room: "Idiots, may they be thrice damned! I can't understand it..." (5a).
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