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61 peu
peu [pø]━━━━━━━━━1. adverb━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. <━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━a. ( = pas beaucoup) not muchb. ( = pas très) not veryc. ( = pas longtemps) shortlyd. ( = rarement) ils se voient peu they don't see each other very oftene. (locutions)• pour peu qu'il soit sorti sans sa clé... if he should have come out without his key...2. <3. <( = petite quantité) little━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► un peu se traduit souvent par l'expression a bit, qui est plus familière que a little ; de même, on peut dire a bit of au lieu de a little pour traduire un peu de.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• c'est un peu fort ! that's a bit much! (inf)• un peu de silence, s'il vous plaît ! can we have a bit of quiet please!► pour un peu• pour un peu, il m'aurait accusé he all but accused me* * *Note: Les emplois de peu avec avant, d'ici, depuis, sous sont traités respectivement sous chacun de ces motsIl sera également utile de se reporter à la note d'usage sur les quantitéspø
1.
1) ( modifiant un verbe) not muchil est aussi borné que son père et ce n'est pas peu dire! — (colloq) he's as narrow-minded as his father and that's saying a lot!
très peu pour moi! — (colloq) fig no thanks! (colloq)
2) ( modifiant un adjectif) not veryils se sentent très peu concernés par... — they feel quite unconcerned about...
2.
pronom indéfinipeu leur font confiance — few ou not many people trust them
3.
peu de déterminant indéfini1) ( avec un nom dénombrable)
4.
nom masculin1) ( petite quantité)le peu de — the little [confiance, liberté]; the few [livres, amis]
il a voulu montrer le peu d'importance qu'il attachait à l'affaire — he wanted to show how unimportant the matter was to him
2) ( manque)
5.
un peu locution adverbiale1) ( dans une mesure faible) a little, a bit‘elle aime le fromage?’ - ‘oui, pas qu'un peu (colloq)!’ — ‘does she like cheese?’ - ‘does she ever (colloq)!’
2) ( modifiant un adverbe) a little, a bitun peu moins de — slightly less [pluie]; slightly fewer [gens]
amène tes amis, un peu plus un peu moins... — bring your friends, another two or three people won't make much difference
‘il avait l'air un peu contrarié’ - ‘un peu beaucoup même (colloq)’ — ‘he looked a bit annoyed’ - ‘more than a bit’
3) ( emploi stylistique) justrépète un peu pour voir! — (colloq) you just try saying that again!
je vous demande un peu! — (colloq) I ask you!
il sait un peu (colloq) de quoi il parle — he does know what he's talking about
4) ( emploi par antiphrase) a little5) (colloq) ( pour renforcer une affirmation)il est un peu bien ton copain! — your boyfriend is a bit of all right (colloq) GB ou a good-looker! (colloq)
‘tu le ferais toi?’ - ‘un peu (que je le ferais)!’ — ‘would you do it?’ - ‘I sure would (colloq)!’
6.
peu à peu locution adverbiale gradually, little by little
7.
pour un peu locution adverbiale
8.
pour peu que locution conjonctive ifpour peu qu'il ait bu, il va nous raconter sa vie — if he's had anything at all to drink, he'll tell us his life story
* * *pø1. adv1) (modifiant un verbe) not muchIl boit peu. — He doesn't drink much.
Il voyage peu. — He doesn't travel much.
J'ai peu mangé à midi. — I didn't eat much for lunch.
2) (modifiant un adjectif) not veryIl est peu bavard. — He's not very talkative.
peu de (avec nom pluriel) — not many, few, (avec nom singulier) not a lot of, not much
peu de gens — not many people, few people
peu d'arbres — not many trees, few trees
Il y a peu de bons films au cinéma. — There aren't many good films on at the cinema.
Elle a peu d'amis. — She hasn't got many friends.
Il reste peu de lait. — There isn't much milk left., There isn't a lot of milk left.
Il a peu d'espoir. — He hasn't got much hope., He has little hope.
Il a peu d'espoir de réussir. — He doesn't have much hope of succeeding.
Il lui reste peu d'argent. — He hasn't got much money left.
c'est peu de chose — it's nothing, it's not much
à peu près — just about, more or less
J'ai à peu près fini. — I've just about finished., I've more or less finished.
à peu près 10 kg — about 10 kg, around 10 kg
à peu près deux heures — about two hours, around two hours
Le voyage prend à peu près deux heures. — The journey takes about two hours., The journey takes around two hours.
pour peu qu'il fasse — if he should do, if by any chance he does
depuis peu (au présent) — for a short while, for a little while
Je suis parisien depuis peu. — I've only been living in Paris for a short while., (au passé) a short while ago, a little while ago
Il est rentré depuis peu. — He came back a short while ago.
Chantal a manqué son train de peu. — Chantal only just missed her train.
Il est de peu mon cadet. — He's just a bit younger than me.
2. nm1)le peu de sable qui — what little sand, the little sand which
2)J'en voudrais un peu. — I'd like a little., (emploi adverbial, avec adjectif) a little, a bit
Elle est un peu timide. — She's a bit shy., She's a little shy.
un peu de — a little, a bit of
un peu de lait — a little milk, a bit of milk
un peu d'espoir — a little hope, a bit of hope
un peu plus de [vent, sucre, personnes, voitures] — slightly more
un peu moins de [vent, sucre] — slightly less, [personnes, voitures] slightly fewer
pour un peu il...; un peu plus et il... — he very nearly..., he all but...
3. pron* * *❢ Les emplois de peu avec avant, d'ici, depuis, sous sont traités respectivement sous chacun de ces mots. Il sera également utile de se reporter à la note d'usage sur les quantités ⇒ Les quantités.A adv1 ( modifiant un verbe) not much; il travaille/dort/parle peu he doesn't work/sleep/talk much; elle gagne assez peu she doesn't earn very much; elle gagne très/trop peu she earns very/too little; le radiateur chauffe peu the radiator doesn't give out much heat; je sors assez/très peu I don't go out very much/very much at all; je sais me contenter de peu I'm satisfied with very little; 40 euros/un demi-litre/1,50 m, c'est (bien) peu 40 euros/half a litreGB/1,50 m, that's not (very) much; 20 personnes, c'est peu 20 people, that's not many; dix minutes/deux mois ça fait peu ten minutes/two months, that's not long; deux semaines c'est trop peu two weeks isn't long enough; si peu que ce soit however little, no matter how little; tu ne vas pas t'en faire pour si peu you're not going to worry about such a little thing; je ne vais pas me casser la tête pour si peu I'm not going to rack my brains over such a little thing; il leur en faut peu pour pleurer/paniquer it doesn't take much to make them cry/panic; la catastrophe a été évitée de peu disaster was only just avoided; tu les as ratés de peu you've just missed them; il est mon aîné de peu he's slightly older than me; j'aime peu sa façon de dévisager les gens I don't much care for the way he stares at people; ça compte or importe peu it doesn't really matter; la cuisine n'est pas très bonne, et c'est peu dire the food isn't very good to say the least; il est aussi borné que son père et ce n'est pas peu dire○! he's as narrow-minded as his father and that's saying a lot!; un homme comme on en voit or fait○ peu the kind of man you don't often come across; très peu pour moi○! fig no thanks○!;2 ( modifiant un adjectif) not very; peu soigneux/ambitieux/fier not very tidy/ambitious/proud; il est très peu jaloux he's not at all jealous; c'est un endroit assez peu connu it's a relatively little-known spot; cet endroit trop peu connu des touristes this spot which is sadly little known to tourists; pour les personnes trop peu qualifiées for people who haven't got enough qualifications; ils se sentent très ou fort peu concernés par… they feel quite unconcerned about…; nous étions peu nombreux there weren't many of us; nous étions très/trop peu nombreux there were very/too few of us; un individu peu recommandable a disreputable character; elle n'est pas peu fière she's more than a little proud.B pron indéf peu lui font confiance few ou not many people trust him/her; il a écrit beaucoup de livres, peu lui survivront he has written many books, few will outlive him.C peu de dét indéf1 ( avec un nom dénombrable) peu de mots/d'occasions few words/opportunities;2 ( avec un nom non dénombrable) peu de temps/d'espoir little time/hope; en peu de temps in next to no time; j'ai peu de temps pour le faire I haven't got much time to do it; il y a peu de changement there's little change; il y a peu de bruit there's not much noise; il est tombé peu de neige/pluie cet hiver there hasn't been much snow/rain this winter; il a peu de patience he's not very patient; c'est peu de chose it's not much; cela représente peu de chose it stands for little; avec peu de chose elle a fait un repas délicieux with very little she made a delicious meal; on est bien peu de chose! we're so insignificant!; il y a peu de visiteurs/divergences there are few ou not many visitors/differences; très peu de personnes sont atteintes very few people are affected; en peu de mots/jours in a few words/days; je sais peu de choses sur lui I don't know much about him; il y a peu de chances qu'il accepte he's unlikely to accept; la proposition a peu de chances d'aboutir the proposal has little chance of getting through.D nm1 ( petite quantité) le peu de the little [importance, confiance, pluie, liberté]; the few [livres, souvenirs, amis]; il a oublié le peu d'anglais qu'il savait he's forgotten the ou what little English he knew; elle s'est fait voler le peu d'objets qu'il lui restait she was robbed of the few things she had left; je vais dépenser le peu d'argent qu'il me reste I'm going to spend the ou what little money I've got left; il a voulu montrer le peu d'importance qu'il attachait à l'affaire he wanted to show how unimportant the matter was to him; je leur ai dit le peu que je savais I told them the ou what little I knew; il a dépensé le peu qu'il lui restait he spent what little he had left;2 ( manque) le peu de the lack of; malgré le peu d'intérêt manifesté despite the lack of interest; j'ai remarqué ton peu d'enthousiasme I've noticed your lack of enthusiasm; ton peu d'appétit m'inquiète your lack of appetite is worrying me.E un peu loc adv1 ( dans une mesure faible) a little, a bit; mange un peu eat a little; cela m'inquiète/m'énerve/m'ennuie un peu it worries me/annoys me/bothers me a little ou a bit; ça m'agace plus qu'un peu○ it annoys me to say the least; le rôti est un peu brûlé the roast is a bit ou slightly burned; elle est un peu médium/poète○ she's a bit of a ou something of a medium/poet; tu ne serais pas un peu casse-cou? you're a bit of a daredevil, aren't you?; dors/attends/reste encore un peu sleep/wait/stay a little longer; ‘il a plu?’-‘pas qu'un peu○!’ ‘did it rain?’-‘did it ever○!’; ‘elle aime le fromage?’-‘oui, pas qu'un peu!’ ‘does she like cheese?’-‘does she ever○!’;2 ( modifiant un adverbe) a little, a bit; mange un peu plus/moins eat a bit more/less; parle un peu plus fort speak a little ou a bit louder; parle un peu moins fort keep your voice down; va un peu moins/plus vite go a bit slower/faster; il fait un peu moins froid qu'hier it's a little less cold than yesterday; il fait un peu plus froid qu'hier it's slightly ou a little colder than yesterday; un peu au-dessous/au-dessus de la moyenne slightly below/above average; elle se maquille un peu trop she wears a bit too much make-up; un peu plus de bruit/vent a bit more noise/wind; un peu plus de gens/problèmes a few more people/problems; un peu moins de slightly less [pluie, humour]; slightly fewer [gens, tableaux]; peux-tu me donner un tout petit peu plus de carottes can you give me just a few more carrots; amène tes amis, un peu plus un peu moins tu sais… bring your friends, another two or three people won't make much difference; donne-moi ton linge à laver, un peu plus un peu moins… give me your laundry, a bit more won't make any difference; ‘il avait l'air un peu contrarié’-‘un peu beaucoup même○’ ‘he looked a bit annoyed’-‘more than a bit’;3 ( emploi stylistique) just; arrête un peu de faire l'idiot! just stop behaving like an idiot!; répète un peu pour voir○! you just try saying that again!; vise un peu la perruque○! just look at the wig!; réfléchis un peu just think; je vous demande un peu○! I ask you!; il sait un peu de quoi il parle○ he does know what he's talking about;4 ( emploi par antiphrase) a little; tu ne serais pas un peu jaloux toi? aren't you just a little jealous?; ton histoire est un peu tirée par les cheveux your story is a little far-fetched to say the least; c'est un peu tard! it's a bit late!; tu exagères ou pousses○ un peu! you're pushing it a bit○!;5 ○( pour renforcer une affirmation) il est un peu bien ton copain! your boyfriend is a bit of all right○!; ‘tu le ferais toi?’-‘un peu (que je le ferais)!’ ‘would you do it?’-‘I sure would○!’; comme organisateur il se pose un peu là! as an organizer he's great!F peu à peu loc adv gradually, little by little; les nuages se dissiperont peu à peu the clouds will gradually clear.G pour un peu loc adv very nearly; pour un peu ils se seraient battus they very nearly had a fight; pour un peu il m'aurait insulté! he very nearly insulted me!H pour peu que loc conj if; pour peu qu'il ait bu, il va nous raconter sa vie if he's had anything at all to drink, he'll tell us his life story.[pø] adverbeA.[EMPLOYÉ SEUL]il mange/parle peu he doesn't eat/talk muchil vient très peu he comes very rarely, he very seldom comes2. [modifiant un adjectif, un adverbe etc] not verypeu après soon after, shortly ou not long afterB.[EMPLOI NOMINAL]1. (avec déterminant) [indiquant la faible quantité]il a raté son examen de peu (familier) he just failed his exam, he failed his exam by a hair's breadthc'est peu (que) de le dire, encore faut-il le faire! that's easier said than done!c'est peu dire that's an understatement, that's putting it mildly2. [dans le temps]ils sont partis il y a peu they left a short while ago, they haven't long leftd'ici peu very soon, before longje travaille ici depuis peu I've only been working here for a while, I haven't been working here long3. [quelques personnes] a few (people)C.[PRÉCÉDÉ DE 'UN']1. [modifiant un verbe]un peu a little, a bitje le connais un peu I know him a little ou a bitpose-lui un peu la question, et tu verras! just ask him, and you'll see!fais voir un peu... let me have a look...un peu que je vais lui dire ce que je pense! (familier) I'll give him a piece of my mind, don't you worry (about that)!2. [modifiant un adjectif, un adverbe etc]un peu a little, a bitun peu partout just about ou pretty much everywhereun peu plus a little ou bit morea. [suivi d'un nom comptable] a few moreb. [suivi d'un nom non comptable] a little (bit) moreun peu moins a little ou bit lessa. [suivi d'un nom comptable] slightly fewer, not so manyb. [suivi d'un nom non comptable] a little (bit) lessun peu trop a little ou bit too (much)un peu plus et on se serait cru au bord de la mer you could almost imagine that you were at the seasideun peu plus, et je partais I was just about to leavepeu à peu locution adverbialeon s'habitue, peu à peu you get used to things, bit by bit ou gradually————————peu de locution déterminantepeu de temps avant/après not long before/afterj'ai peu d'amis I have few friends, I don't have many friends2. [avec un déterminant]a. [suivi d'un nom comptable] the ou what fewb. [suivi d'un nom non comptable] the ou what littlele peu de connaissances que j'ai the ou what few acquaintances I havele peu de fois où je l'ai vu on the few ou rare occasions when I've seen himavec ce peu de matériel/d'idées with such limited material/ideaspeu ou prou locution adverbiale————————pour peu que locution conjonctivepour peu qu'il le veuille, il réussira if he wants to, he'll succeedpour un peu locution adverbialepour un peu, j'oubliais mes clés I nearly forgot my keys————————quelque peu locution adverbiale1. [modifiant un verbe] just a littleil était quelque peu éméché he was somewhat ou rather tipsy————————quelque peu de locution déterminante————————si peu que locution conjonctivesi peu que j'y aille, j'apprécie toujours beaucoup l'opéra although I don't go very often, I always like the opera very much————————si peu... que locution conjonctive————————sous peu locution adverbialevous recevrez sous peu les résultats de vos analyses you will receive the results of your tests in a short while————————un peu de locution déterminanteprends un peu de gâteau have a little ou some cakeavec un peu de chance... with a little luck...allons, un peu de patience! come on, let's be patient!avec un (tout) petit peu de bonne volonté... with (just) a little willingness...tu l'as quitté par dépit? — il y a un petit peu de ça so you left him in a fit of pique? — that was partly it ou that was part of the reason -
62 as
1 როგორც, ისე, ისევეdo as you please როგორც გენებოს, ისე მოიქეცი2 სანამ, მანამas I sat there, many ideas came to my mind სანამ იქ ვიჯექი, ბევრი აზრი მომივიდა თავში3 ვინაიდან, რადგანაც, რამეთუas you are free... რადგანაც თავისუფალი ხარ…4 როდესაც, როცაas I was leaving home, it began to rain როცა სახლიდან გავდიოდი, წვიმა დაიწყოas a child, I lived in Batumi ბავშვობისას ბათუმში ვცხოვრობდიit is as clear as daylight სავსებით ნათელია // აშკარააdo as you think best როგორც გიჯობს, ისე მოიქეციas it happens, I was there too მოხდა ისე, რომ მეც იქ ვიყავიas if / though თითქოსas for / to რაც შეეხებაas well აგრეთვე, -ცas to me I know nothing about it რაც შემეხება მე, ამის შესახებ არაფერი ვიციthis building is adapted for use as a school ეს შენობა სკოლისათვის გამოიყენესaccept this as a token of my appreciation მიიღეთ / ინებეთ ეს ჩემი მადლიერების ნიშნადdo as you please როგორც გენებოს, ისე მოიქეციdo as you are bid როგორც გიბრძანეს / გითხრეს ისე გააკეთეin my capacity as chairman, I must say... მე, როგორც თავმჯდომარემ, უნდა ვთქვა…so far as / as far as რამდენადაცas far as I'm concerned… რაც მე შემეხება…do as you choose როგორც გინდა, ისე მოიქეციI could just as well stayed at home მე ასევე შემეძლო სახლშიც დავრჩენილიყავიhis resignation came as a surprise მისი გადადგომა ყველასათვის მოულოდნელი იყოthis question came up as we talked ეს საკითხი ლაპარაკში წამოიჭრა / ჩვენმა საუბარმა მოიტანაher competence as a teacher is known to everybody ყველამ იცის, რომ გამოცდილი და მცოდნე მასწავლებელიაhe is as good as his word თავის სიტყვას ყოველთვის ასრულებს / თავისი სირყვის პატრონიაhe as good as said I was a thief თითქმის ქურდობა დამწამა / ქურდი მიწოდაhe as good as said it თქვა და ეგ არის // ჩათვალე, რომ თქვაI'm not so green as to believe that გუშინდელი დაბადებული კი არა ვარ, რომ ეს დავიჯეროyou needn’t ask him to come, he’ll come as a matter of course მისი დაძახება არ არის საჭირო, ისედაც მოვაI wouldn't take it as a gift მუქთად რომ მომცე, არ მინდაshe denounced him as a coward მან იგი ამხილა, როგორც მშიშარაthis room was designed as a sitting-room ეს ოთახი სასტუმრო ოთახად იყო დაგეგმილიI’ll tell her as soon as ever she comes თუკი მოვიდა, მაშინვე ვეტყვიit's just as well I came with you კარგია, რომ შენ გამოგყევიjust as soon მირჩევნია, უკეთესიაI'd just as soon stay at home მირჩევნია, შინ დავრჩეshe plays the piano as well as violin; ფორტეპიანოზეც უკრავს და ვიოლინოზეცI may as well stay at home სწორედ ასევე შინ დარჩენაც შემიძლია;she is a gossip and a liar as well ჭორიკანაა და თან მატყუარაც;try as he would… რაც უნდა ეცადოს...as far as I understand როგორც მე მესმის...;●●as vain as a peacock ინდაურივით გაფხორილიas soon as my back was turned… რა წამსაც ზურგი შევაქციე...●●she's the same age as me ჩემი ხნისააso as to // so that რომ, რათა●●as black as ink კუპრივით შავიhe's not nearly as stupid as he seems არც ისეთი სულელია, როგორც ჩანსthe letter reads as follows... წერილში შემდეგი წერია…as long as he is here… სანამ / რახან / რადგან აქ არის...as many as... იმდენივე, რამდენიც… -
63 good
§ კარგი, კეთილი, სიკეთე, ბედნიერება, სარგებლობა§(better, the best) 1 კარგი, კეთილი, სასიამოვნო(better, the best) 2 სასარგებლო, მარგებელი, მოსახდენი(better, the best) 3 შესაფერისი(better, the best) 4 კეთილსინდისიერიhe is good with his hands ყველაფერი ეხერხება // ოქროს ხელები აქვსgood God! / good gracious! / good heavens! ღმერთო ჩემო!he is as good as his word თავის სიტყვას ყოველთვის ასრულებს / თავისი სირყვის პატრონიაhe as good as said I was a thief თითქმის ქურდობა დამწამა / ქურდი მიწოდაmy battery is good for another year ჩემი აკუმულატორი კიდევ ერთ წელს ივარგებსa good deal of კარგა ბლომად // დიდი ოდენობით // საკმაოდ ბევრიhe as good as said it თქვა და ეგ არის // ჩათვალე, რომ თქვა5 სიკეთეhe's up to no good რაღაცა ცუდი ჩაიფიქრა / ცუდი აქვს განზრახული6 სარგებელი7 კეთილდღეობაI work for the good of my country ჩემი ქვეყნის საკეთილდღეოდ ვმუშაობ / ვიღწვიgood looks სასიამოვნო / ლამაზი გარეგნობაto put a good face on it ისეთი სახის მიღება, ვითომც აქ არაფერი მომხდარა●●she took criticism in good part კრიტიკა წყენის გარეშე მიიღოgood night! ღამე მშვიდობისა! // ძილი ნებისა!●●I wish you good speed წარმატებას გისურვებ●●it's a good step from here აქედან საკმაოდ შორსააhe is a good stand-by in a crisis გაჭირვებისას მას ყოველთვის შეიძლება დაეყრდნო●●this model is a good seller ეს მოდელი კარგად იყიდება / საღდებაit's a good thing that... კარგია, რომ...that's a good boy! აი, ყოჩაღ!to give smb. a good hiding ვისიმე მაგრად მიბეგვაhe has a good head on his shoulders გონიერი / ჭკვიანი კაციაby good fortune ბედნიერი შემთხვევის წყალობით // საბედნიეროდhis credit is good for $1.000 მისი გადხდისუნარიანობა ათას დოლარს არ აღემატებაI'm in his good grace მწყალობს // პატივში ვყავარmy / good God! ღმერთო ჩემო!hi is a good walker, espesially in the mountains კარგად დადის, განსაკუთრებით მთაშიa good bargain იაფად ყიდვა // ხელსაყრელი გარიგება -
64 AF
of* * *prep. w. dat.I. Of place:1) off, from;G. hljóp af hesti sínum, G. jumped off his horse;ganga af mótinu, to go away from the meeting;Flosi kastaði af sér skikkjunni, threw off his cloak;Gizzur gekk af útsuðri at gerðinu, from the south-west;hann hafði leyst af sér skúa sína, he had taken off his shoes;Steinarr vildi slíta hann af sér, throw him off;tók Gísli þá af sér vápnin, took off his arms;bréf af Magnúsi konungi, a letter from king Magnus;land af landi, from one land to the other;hverr af öðrum, one after another, in succession;vil ek þú vinnir af þér skuldina, work off the debt;muntu enga sætt af mér fá, no peace at my hand;rísa af dauða, to rise from the dead;vakna af draumi, to awaken from a dream;lúka upp af hrossi, to open a gate from off a horse;vindr stóð af landi, the wind blew from the land;2) out of;verða tekinn af heimi, to be taken out of the world;gruflar hón af læknum, she scrambles out of the brook;Otradalr var mjök af vegi, far out of the way.Connected with út; föstudaginn fór út herrinn af borginni, marched out of the town.II. Of time; past, beyond:af ómagaaldri, able to support oneself, of age;ek em nú af léttasta skeiði, no longer in the prime of life;þá er sjau vikur eru af sumri, when seven weeks of summer are past;var mikit af nótt, much of the night was past.III. In various other relations:1) þiggja lið af e-m, to receive help from one;hafa umboð af e-m, to be another’s deputy;vera góðs (ills) maklegr af e-m, to deserve good (bad) of one;féll þar lið mart af Eyvindi, many of Eyvind’s men fell there;þá eru þeir útlagir ok af goðorði sínu, have forfeited their goðorð;þá skalt þú af allri fjárheimtunni, forfeit all the claim;ek skal stefna þér af konunni, summon thee to give up;2) off, of;höggva fót, hönd, af e-m, to cut off one’s foot, hand;vil ek, at þú takir slíkt sem þér líkar af varningi, whatever you like of the stores;þar lá forkr einn ok brotit af endanum, with the point broken off;absol., beit hann höndina af, bit the hand off;fauk af höfuðit, the head flew off;3) of, among;hinn efniligasti maðr af ungum mönnum, the most promising of the young men;4) with;hláða, (ferma) skip af e-u, to load (freight) a ship with;fylla heiminn af sínu kyni, to fill the world with his offspring;5) of (= ór which is more frequent);húsit var gert af timbr stokkum, was built of trunks of trees;6) fig., eigi vita menn hvat af honum er orðit, what has become of him;hvat hefir þú gert af Gunnari, what hast thou done with Gunnar?;7) denoting parentage, descent, origin;ok eru af þeim komnir Gilsbekkingar, are descended from them;kominn af Trójumönnum, descended from the Trojans;8) by, of (after passive);ek em sendr hingat af Starkaði, sent hither by;ástsæll af landsmónnum, beloved of;9) on account of, by reason of, by;úbygðr at frosti ok kulda, because of frost and cold;ómáli af áverkum, speechless from wounds;af ástæld hans, by his popularity;af því, therefore;af hví, wherefor why;af því at, because;10) by means of, by;framfœra e-n af verkum sínum, by means of his own labour;af sínu fé, by one’s own means;absol., hann fekk af hina mestu sœmd, derived great honour from it;11) with adjectives, in regard to;mildr af fé, liberal of money;góðr af griðum, merciful;fastr af drykk, close (stingy) in regard to drink;12) used absol. with a verb, off away;hann bað hann þá róa af fjörðinn, to row the firth off;ok er þeir höfðu af fjörðung, when they had covered one forth of the way;sofa af nóttina, to sleep the night away.* * *prep. often used elliptically by dropping the case, or even merely adverbially, [Ulf. af; A. S. and Engl. of, off; Hel. ab; Germ. ab; Gr. άπό; Lat. a, ab.] With dat. denoting a motion a loco; one of the three prepp. af, ór, frá, corresponding to those in loco—á, í, við, and ad locum—á, í, at. It in general corresponds to the prepp. in loco—á, or in locum— til, whilst ór answers more to í; but it also frequently corresponds to yfir, um or í. It ranges between ór and frá, generally denoting the idea from the surface of, while ór means from the inner part, and frá from the outer part or border. The motion from a hill, plain, open place is thus denoted by af; by ór that from an enclosed space, depth, cavity, thus af fjalli, but ór of a valley, dale; af Englandi, but ór Danmörk, as mörk implies the notion of a deep wood, forest. The wind blows af landi, but a ship sets sail frá landi; frá landi also means a distance from: af hendi, of a glove, ring; ór hendi, of whatever has been kept in the hand (correl. to á hendi and í hendi). On the other hand af is more general, whilst frá and ór are of a more special character; frá denoting a departure, ór an impulse or force; a member goes home af þingi, whereas ór may denote an inmate of a district, or convey the notion of secession or exclusion from, Eb. 105 new Ed.; the traveller goes af landi, the exile ór landi: taka e-t af e-m is to take a thing out of one’s hand, that of taka frá e-m to remove out of one’s sight, etc. In general af answers to Engl. of, off, ór to out of, and frá to from: the Lat. prepp. ab, de, and ex do not exactly correspond to the Icelandic, yet as a rule ór may answer to ex, af sometimes to ab, sometimes to de. Of, off, from among; with, by; on account of by means of, because of concerning, in respect of.A. Loc.I. With motion, off, from:1. prop. corresp. to á,α. konungr dró gullhring af hendi sér (but á hendi), Ld. 32; Höskuldr lætr bera farm af skipi, unload the ship (but bera farm á skip), id.; var tekit af hestum þeirra, they were unsaddled, Nj. 4; Gunnarr hafði farit heiman af bæ sínum, he was away from home, 82; Gunnarr hljóp af hesti sínum, jumped off his horse (but hl. á hest), 83; hlaupa, stökkva af baki, id., 112, 264 ; Gunnarr skýtr til hans af boganum, from the bow, where af has a slight notion of instrumentality, 96; flýja af fundinum, to fly from off the battle-field, 102; ríða af Þríhyrningshálsum, 206; út af Langaholti, Eg. 744 ; sunnan ór Danmörk ok af Saxlandi, 560; ganga af mótinu, to go from the meeting, Fms. vii. 130; af þeirra fundi reis María upp ok fór, 625. 85 ; Flosi kastaði af ser skikkjunni, threw his cloak off him (but kasta á sik),Nj. 176; taka Hrungnis fót af honum, of a load, burden, Edda 58; land þat er hann fiskði af, from which he set off to fish, Grág. i. 151, is irregular, frá would suit better; slíta af baki e-s, from off one’s back, ii. 9 ; bera af borði, to clear the table, Nj. 75.β. where it more nearly answers to í; þeir koma af hafi, of sailors coming in (but leggja í haf), Nj. 128 ; fara til Noregs af Orkneyjum (but í or til O.), 131; þeim Agli fórst vel ok komu af hafi i Borgarfjörð, Eg. 392 ; hann var útlagi ( outlawed) af Noregi, where ór would be more regular, 344; af Islandi, of a traveller, Fms. x. 3; búa her af báðum ríkjunum, to take a levy from, 51; hinir beztu bændr ór Norðlendingafjórðungi ok af Sunnlendingafjórðungi, the most eminent Southerners and Northerners, 113; Gizzurr gékk af útsuðri at gerðinu, from south-west, Sturl. ii. 219; prestar af hvárutveggja biskupsdæmi, from either diocess, Dipl. ii. 11; verða tekinn af heimi, to be taken out of the world, 623. 21; gruflar hon af læknum, scrambles out of the brook, Ísl. ii. 340; Egill kneyfði af horninu í einum drykk, drained off the horn at one draught, literally squeezed every drop out of it, Eg. 557; brottuaf herbúðunurn, Fms. x. 343.γ. of things more or less surrounding the subject, corresp. to yfir or um; láta þeir þegar af sér tjöldin, break off, take down the tents in preparing for battle, Eg. 261; kyrtillinn rifnaði af honum, his coat burst, caused by the swollen body, 602; hann hafði leyst af sér skúa sína, he untied his shoes (but binda á sik), 716; Steinarr vildi slíta hann af sér, throw him off, of one clinging to one’s body, 747; tók Gísli þá af sér vápnin, took off his arms, Fms. vii. 39. Of putting off clothes; fara af kápu, Nj. 143; far þú eigi af brynjunni, Bs. i. 541; þá ætlaði Sigurðr at fara af brynjunni, id.; þá var Skarphéðinn flettr af klæðunum, Nj. 209: now more usually fara or klæðum, fötum, exuere, to undress.δ. connected with út; föstudaginn for út herrinn af borginni, marched out of the town, Nj. 274; ganga út af kirkjunni, to go out of the church, now út úr, Fms. vii. 107: drekki hann af þeirri jörðunni, of something impregnated with the earth, Laekn. 402.ε. more closely corresponding to frá, being in such cases a Latinism (now frá); bréf af páfa, a pope’s bull, Fms. x. 6; rit af hánum, letter from him, 623. 52; bréf af Magnúsi konungi, a letter from king Magnus, Bs. i. 712; farið þér á brautu af mér í eilífan eld, Hom. 143; brott af drottins augliti, Stj. 43.ζ. denoting an uninterrupted continuity, in such phrases as land aflandi, from land to land, Eg. 343, Fas. ii. 539; skip af skipl. from ship to ship, Fms. v. 10; brann hvat af öðru, one after another, of an increasing fire, destroying everything, i. 128; brandr af brandi brenn, funi kveykist af funa, one from another, Hm. 56; hverr af öðrum, one after another, in succession, also hverr at öðrum, Eb. 272, 280 (where at in both passages).2. metaph., at ganga af e-m dauðum, to go from, leave one dead on the spot, of two combatants; en hann segiz bani hins ef hann gekk af dauðum manni, Grág. ii. 88, Hkr. 1. 327; undr þykir mér er bróðir þinn vildi eigi taka af þér starf þetta, would not take this toil from thee, Nj. 77; þegnar hans glöddust af honum, were fain of him, Fms. x. 380; at koma þeim manni af sér er settr var á fé hans, to get rid of, Ld. 52; vil ek þú vinriir af þér skuldina, work off the debt, Njarð. 366; reka af sér, to repel, Sturl. ii. 219; hann á þá sonu er aldri munu af oss ganga, who will never leave us, whom we shall never get rid of, Fas. i. 280; leysa e-n af e-u, to relieve, 64; taka e-n af lífi, to kill, Eg. 48, 416, Nj. 126; af lífdögum, Fms. vii. 204; ek mun ná lögum af því máli, get the benefit of the law in this case, Eg. 468; muntu enga sætt af mér fá, no peace at my hand, 414; rísa af dauða, to rise from death, Fms. ii. 142; guð bætti honum þó af þessi sótt, healed him of this sickness, ix. 390; vakna af sýn, draumi, svefni, to awaken from a vision, dream, sleep, 655 xxxii. I, Gísl. 24, Eb. 192, Fas. i. 41. Rather with the notion out of, in the phrase af sér etc., e. g. sýna e-t af scr, to shew, exhibit a disposition for or against, Ld. 18; gera mikit af sér, to shew great prowess, Ísl. ii. 368; éf þú gerir eigi meira af þér um aðra leika, unless you make more of thyself, Edda 32; Svipdagr hafði mikit af sér gert, fought bravely, Fas. i. 41; góðr (illr) af sér, good ( bad) of oneself, by nature; mikill af sjálfum sér, proud, bold, stout, Nj. 15; ágætastr maðr af sjálfum sér, the greatest hero, Bret.: góðr af ser, excellent, Hrafn. 7; but, on the contrary, af sér kominn, ruinous, in decay; this phrase is used of old houses or buildings, as in Bs. i. 488 = Sturl. l. c.; af sér kominn af mæði can also be said of a man fallen off from what he used to be; kominn af fotum fram, off his legs from age, Sturl. i. 223, Korm. 154 (in a verse).II. WITHOUT MOTION:1. denoting direction from, but at the same time continuous connection with an object from which an act or thing proceeds, from; tengja skip hvárt fram af stafni annars, to tie the ships in a line, stem to stern, Fms. i. 157, xi. 111; svá at þeir tóku út af borðum, jutted out of the boards, of rafters or poles, iv. 49; stjarna ok af sem skaft, of a comet, ix. 482; lúka upp af hrossi, to open a gate from off a horse, Grág. ii. 264; hon svarar af sínu sæti sem álpt af baru, Fás. i. 186; þar er sjá mátti utau af firði, af þjóðleið, that might be seen from the fareway on the sea when sailing in the firth, Hkr. ii. 64; þá mun hringt af (better at) Burakirkju, of bells rung at the church, Fms. xi. 160; gengr þar af Meðalfellsströnd, projects from, juts out, of a promontory, Ld. 10.2. denoting direction alone; upp af víkinni stóð borg mikil, a burg inland from the inlet, Eg. 161; lokrekkja innar af seti, a shut bed inward from the benches in the hall, Ísl. ii. 262; kapella upp af konungs herbergjum, upwards from, Fms. x. 153; vindr stóð af landi, the wind stood off the land, Bárð. 166.β. metaph., stauda af e-u, vide VI. 4.γ. ellipt., hallaði af norðr, of the channel, north of a spot, Boll. 348; also, austr af, suðr af, vestr af, etc.3. denoting absence; þingheyendr skulu eigi vera um nótt af þingi ( away from the meeting), eðr lengr, þá eru þeir af þingi ( away from (be meeting) ef þeir eru or ( out of) þingmarki, Grág. i. 25; vera um nótt af várþingi, 115; meðan hann er af landi héðan, abroad, 150.β. metaph., gud hvíldi af öllum verkum sínum á sjaunda degi, rested from his labours, Ver. 3.4. denoting distance; þat er komit af þjóðleið, out of the high road, remote, Eg. 369; af þjóðbraut, Grág. ii. 264, i. 15; Otradalr (a farm) var mjök af vegi, far out of the way, Háv. 53.B. TEMP, past, from, out of, beyond:1. of a person’s age, in the sense of having past a period of life; af ómaga aldri, of age, able to support oneself, Grág. i. 243; af aeskualdri, stricken in years, having past the prime of life, Eg. 202; lítið af barnsaldri, still a child, Ld. 74; ek em nú af léttasia skeiði, no longer in the prime of life, Háv. 40.2. of a part or period of time, past; eigi síðar en nótt er af þingi, a night of the session past, Grág. i. 101; þá er sjau vikur eru af sumri, seven weeks past of the summer, 182; tíu vikur af sumri, Íb. 10; var mikit af nótt, much of the night was past, Háv. 41; mikið af vetri, much of the winter was past, Fas. ii. 186; þriðjungr af nótt, a third of the night past, Fms. x. 160; stund af degi, etc.; tveir mánoðr af sumri, Gþl. 103.3. in adverbial phrases such as, af stundu, soon; af bragði, at once; af tómi, at leisure, at ease; af nýju, again; af skyndingu, speedily; af bráðungu, in a hurry, etc.C. In various other relations:I. denoting the passage or transition of an object, concrete or abstract, of, from.1. where a thing is received, derived from, conferred by a person or object; þiggja lið af e-m, to derive help from, Edda 26; taka traust af e-m, to receive support, comfort from, Fms. xi. 243; taka mála af e-m, to be in one’s pay, of a soldier, Eg. 266; halda land af e-m, to hold land of any one, 282; verða viss af e-m, to get information from, 57, Nj. 130; taka við sök af manni (a law term), to undertake a case, suit, Grág. i. 142; hafa umboð af e-m, to be another’s deputy, ii. 374; vera góðs (ills) maklegr af e-m, to deserve good (bad) of, Vd. 88 (old Ed., the new reads frá), Fs. 45; afla matar af eyjum, to derive supplies from, Eb. 12.2. where an object is taken by force:α. prop. out of a person’s hand; þú skalt hnykkja smíðit af honum, wrest it out of his hand, Nj. 32; cp. taka, þrífa, svipta e-u (e-t) af e-m, to wrest from.β. metaph. of a person’s deprival of anything in general; hann tók af þér konuna, carried thy wife off, Nj. 33; tók Gunnarr af þér sáðland þitt, robbed thee of seedland, 103; taka af honum tignina, to depose, degrade him, Eg. 271; vinna e-t af e-m, to carry off by force of arms, conquer, Fms. iii. 29; drepa menn af e-m, for one, slay one’s man, Eg. 417; fell þar lið mart af Eyvindi, many of Eyvind’s people fell there, 261.γ. in such phrases as, hyggja af e-u (v. afhuga), hugsa af e-u, to forget; hyggja af harmi; sjá af e-u, to lose, miss; var svá ástúðigt með þeim, at livargi þóttist mega af öðrum sjá, neither of them could take his eyes off the other, Sturl. i. 194; svá er mörg við ver sinn vær, at varla um sér hon af hoiuun nær, Skálda 163.3. denoting forfeiture; þá eru þeir útlagir, ok af goðorði sínu, have forfeited their priesthood, Grág. i. 24; telja hann af ráðunum fjár síns alls, to oust one, on account of idiocy or madness, 176; verða af kaupi, to be off the bargain, Edda 26; þá skalt þú af allri fjárheimtunni, forfeit all the claim, Nj. 15; ek skal stefna þér af konunni, summon thee to forfeit, a case of divorce, id.; ella er hann af rettarfari um hana, has forfeited the suit, Grág. i. 381.β. ellipt., af ferr eindagi ef, is forfeited, Grág. i. 140.II. denoting relation of a part to a whole, off, of, Lat. de; höggva hönd, höfuð, fót af e-um, to cut one’s hand, head, foot off, Nj. 97, 92, Bs. i. 674; höggva spjót af skapti, to sever the blade from the shaft, 264; hann lét þá ekki hafa af föðurarfi sínum, nothing of their patrimony, Eg. 25; vil ek at þú takir slíkt sem þér líkar af varningi, take what you like of the stores, Nj. 4; at þú eignist slíkt af fé okkru sem þú vili, 94.β. ellipt., en nú höfum vér kjörit, en þat er af krossinum, a slice of, Fms. vii. 89; Þórðr gaf Skólm frænda sínum af landnámi sínu, a part of, Landn. 211; hafði hann þat af hans eigu er hann vildi, Sturl. ii. 169; þar lá forkr einn ok brotið af endanum, the point broken off, Háv. 24, Sturl. i. 169.γ. absol. off; beit hann höndina af, þar sem nú heitir úlfliðr, bit the hand off, Edda 17; fauk af höfuðit, the head flew off, Nj. 97; jafnt er sem þér synist, af er fótrinn, the foot is off, id.; af bæði eyru, both ears off, Vm. 29.2. with the notion of—among; mestr skörungr af konum á Norðrlöndum, the greatest heroine in the North, Fms. i. 116; hinn efniligasti maðr af ungum mönnum í Austfjörðum, the most hopeful of youths in the Eastfirths, Njarð. 364; af ( among) öllurn hirðmönnuni virði konungr mest skáld sín, Eg. 27; ef hann vildi nokkura kaupa af þessum konum, Ld. 30; ör liggr þar útiá vegginum, ok er sú af þeirra örum, one of their own arrows, Nj. 115.β. from, among, belonging to; guð kaus hana af ollum konum sér til móður, of the Virgin Mary, Mar. A. i. 27.γ. metaph., kunna mikit (lítið) af e-u, to know much, little of, Bragi kann mest af skáldskap, is more cunning of poetry than any one else, Edda 17.δ. absol. out of, before, in preference to all others; Gunnarr bauð þér góð boð, en þú vildir eingi af taka, you would choose none of them, Nj. 77; ráða e-t af, to decide; þó mun faðir minn mestu af ráða, all depends upon him, Ld. 22; konungr kveðst því mundu heldr af trúa, preferred believing that of the two, Eg. 55; var honum ekki vildara af ván, he could expect nothing better, 364.3. with the additional sense of instrumentality, with; ferma skip af e-u, to freight a ship with, Eg. 364; hlaða mörg skip af korni, load many ships with corn, Fms. xi. 8; klyfja tvá hesta af mat, Nj. 74; var vágrinn skipaðr af herskipum, the bay was covered with war ships, 124; fylla ker af glóðum, fill it with embers, Stj. 319; fylla heiminn af sínu kyni, to fill the world with his offspring, Ver. 3.III. denoting the substance of which a thing is made, of; used indifferently with ór, though ór be more frequent; þeir gerðu af honum jörðina, af blóði hans sæinn ok vötnin, of the creation of the world from the corpse of the giant Ymir; the poem Gm. 40, 41, constantly uses ór in this sense, just as in modern Icelandic, Edda 5; svá skildu þeir, at allir hlutir væri smíðaðir af nokkru efni, 147 (pref.); húsit var gert af timbrstokkum, built of trunks of timber, Eg. 233; hjöhin vóru af gulli, of gold, golden, Fms. i. 17; af osti, of cheese, but in the verse 1. c. ór osti, Fms. vi. 253; línklæði af lérepti, linen, Sks. 287.2. metaph. in the phrases, göra e-t af e-n ( to dispose of), verða af ( become of), hvat hefir þú gört af Gunnari, what hast thou done with Gunnar? Njarð. 376; hvat af motrinuni er orðit, what has become of it? of a lost thing, Ld. 208; hverfr Óspakr á burt, svá eigi vita menn hvat af honum er orðit, what has become of him? Band. 5.IV. denoting parentage, descent, origin, domicile, abode:1. parentage, of, from, used indifferently with frá; ok eru af þeim komnir Gilsbekkingar, descend from them, but a little below—frá honum eru konmir Sturlungar, Eb. 338, cp. afkvæmi; af ætt Hörðakára, Fms. i. 287; kominn af Trojumönnum, xi. 416; af Ása-ætt (Kb. wrongly at), Edda I.β. metaph., vera af Guði (theol.), of God, = righteous, 686 B. 9; illr ávöxtr af íllri rót, Fms. ii. 48; Asia er kölluð af nafni nokkurar konu, derives her name from, Stj. 67; af honum er bragr kallaðr skáldskapr, called after his name, Edda 17.2. of domicile; af danskri tungu, of Danish or Scandinavian origin, speaking the Danish tongue, Grág. ii. 73; hvaðan af löndum, whence, native of what country? Ísl.β. especially denoting a man’s abode, and answering to á and í, the name of the farm (or country) being added to proper names, (as in Scotland,) to distinguish persons of the same name; Hallr af Síðu, Nj. 189; Erlingr af Straumey, 273; Ástríðr af Djúpárbakka, 39; Gunnarr af Hlíðarenda (more usual frá); þorir haklangr konungr af Ögðum, king of Agdir, Eg. 35, etc.; cp. ór and frá.V. denoting a person with whom an act, feeling, etc. originates, for the most part with a periphrastic passive:1. by, the Old Engl. of; as, ek em sendr hingað af Starkaði ok sonum hans, sent hither by, Nj. 94; inna e-t af hendi, to perform, 257; þó at alþýða væri skírð af kennimönnum, baptized of, Fms. ii. 158; meira virðr af mönnum, higher esteemed, Ld. 158; ástsæll af landsmönnum, beloved, íb. 16; vinsæll af mönnum, Nj. 102; í allgóðu yfirlæti af þeim feðgum, hospitably treated by them, Eg. 170; var þá nokkut drukkið af alþjóð, there was somewhat hard drinking of the people, Sturl. iii. 229; mun þat ekki upp tekið af þeim sükudólgum mínum, they will not clutch at that, Nj. 257; ef svá væri í hendr þér búit af mér, if í had so made everything ready to thy hands, Ld. 130; þá varð fárætt um af föður hans, his father said little about it, Fms. ii. 154.2. it is now also sometimes used as a periphrase of a nom., e. g. ritað, þýtt af e-m, written, translated, edited by, but such phrases scarcely occur in old writers.VI. denoting cause, ground, reason:1. originating from, on account of, by reason of; af frændsemis sökum, for kinship’s sake, Grág. ii. 72; ómáli af áverkum, speechless from wounds, 27; af manna völdum, by violence, not by natural accident, of a crime, Nj. 76; af fortölum Halls, through his pleading, 255; af ástsæld hans ok af tölum þeirra Sæmundar, by his popularity and the eloquence of S., Íb. 16; af ráðum Haralds konungs, by his contriving, Landn. 157; úbygðr af frosti ok kulda, because of frost and cold, Hkr. i. 5.β. adverbially, af því, therefore, Nj. 78; af hví, why? 686 B. 9; þá verðr bóndi heiðinn af barni sínu, viz. if he does not cause his child to be christened, K. Þ. K. 20.2. denoting instrumentality, by means of; af sinu fé, by one’s own means, Grág. i. 293; framfæra e-n af verkum sinum, by means of one’s own labour, K. Þ. K. 142; draga saman auð af sökum, ok vælum ok kaupum, make money by, 623. I; af sínum kostnaði, at hi s own expense, Hkr. i. 217.β. absol., hún fellir á mik dropa svá heita at ek brenn af öll, Ld. 328; hann fékk af hina mestu sæmd, derived great honotur from it, Nj. 88; elli sótti á hendr honum svá at hann lagðist í rekkju af, he grew bedridden from age, Ld. 54; komast undan af hlaupi, escape by running, Fms. viii. 58; spinna garn af rokki, spin off a wheel (now, spinna á rokk), from a notion of instrumentality, or because of the thread being spun out (?), Eb. 92.3. denoting proceeding, originating from; lýsti af höndum hennar, her hands spread beams of light, Edda 22; allir heimar lýstust ( were illuminated) af henni, id.; en er lýsti af degi, when the day broke forth, Fms. ii. 16; lítt var lýst af degi, the day was just beginning to break, Ld. 46; þá tók at myrkja af nótt, the ‘mirk-time’ of night began to set in, Eg. 230; tók þá brátt at myrkva af nótt, the night grew dark, Hkr. ii. 230.4. metaph., standa, leiða, hljótast af, to be caused by, result from; opt hlýtst íllt af kvenna hjali, great mischief is wrought by women’s gossip (a proverb), Gísl. 15, 98; at af þeim mundi mikit mein ok úhapp standa, be caused by, Edda 18; kenna kulda af ráðum e-s, to feel sore from, Eb. 42; þó mun her hljótast af margs manns bani, Nj, 90.5. in adverbial phrases, denoting state of mind; af mikilli æði, in fury, Nj. 116; af móð, in great emotion, Fms. xi. 221; af áhyggju, with concern, i. 186; af létta, frankly, iii. 91; af viti, collectedly, Grág. ii. 27; af heilu, sincerely, Eg. 46; áf fári, in rage; af æðru, timidly, Nj. (in a verse); af setning, composedly, in tune, Fms. iii. 187; af mikilli frægð, gallantly, Fas. i. 261; af öllu afli, with all might, Grág. ii. 41; af riki, violently, Fbr. (in a verse); af trúnaði, confidently, Grág. i. 400.VII. denoting regard to, of, concerning, in respect of, as regards:1. with verbs, denoting to tell of, be informed, inquire about, Lat. de; Dioscorides segir af grasi því, speaks of, 655 xxx. 5; er menn spurðu af landinu, inquired about it, Landn. 30; halda njósn af e-u, Nj. 104; er þat skjótast þar af at segja, Eg. 546, Band. 8.β. absol., hann mun spyrja, hvárt þér sé nokkut af kunnigt hversu for með okkr, whether you know anything about, how, Nj. 33; halda skóla af, to hold a school in a science, 656 A. i. 19 (sounds like a Latinism); en ek gerða þik sera mestan mann af öllu, in respect of all, that you should get all the honour of it, Nj. 78.2. with adjectives such as mildr, illr, góðrafe-u, denoting disposition or character in respect to; alira manna mildastr af fo, very liberal, often-banded, Fms. vii. 197; mildr af gulli, i. 33; góðr af griðum, merciful, Al. 33; íllr af mat en mildr af gulli, Fms. i. 53; fastr af drykk, close, stingy in regard to, Sturl. ii. 125; gat þess Hildigunnr at þú mundir góðr af hestinum, that you would be good about the horse, Nj. 90, cp. auðigr at, v. at, which corresponds to the above phrases; cp. also the phrase af sér above, p. 4, col. I, ll. 50 sqq.VIII. periphrasis of a genitive (rare); provincialis af öllum Predikaraklaustrum, Fms. x. 76; vera af hinum mesta fjandskap, to breathe deep hatred to, be on bad terms with, ix. 220; af hendi, af hálfu e-s, on one’s behalf, v. those words.IX. in adverbial phrases; as, af launungu, secretly; af hljóði, silently; v. those words.β. also used absolutely with a verb, almost adverbially, nearly in the signification off, away; hann bað þá róa af fjörðinn, pass the firth swiftly by rowing, row the firth off, Fms. ix. 502; var pá af farit þat seni skerjóttast var, was past, sailed past, Ld. 142; ok er þeir höfðu af fjórðung, past one fourth of the way, Dropl. 10: skína af, to clear up, of the skv, Eb. 152; hence in common language, skína af sér, when the sun breaks forth: sofa af nóttina, to sleep it away, Fms. ii. 98; leið af nóttin, the night past away, Nj. 53; dvelja af stundir, to kill the time, Band. 8; drepa af, to kill; láta af, to slaughter, kill off;γ. in exclamations; af tjöldin, off with the awnings, Bs. i. 420, Fins, ix. 49.δ. in the phrases, þar af, thence; hér af, hence, Fms. ii. 102; af fram, straight on, Nj. 144; now, á fram, on, advance.X. it often refers to a whole sentence or to an adverb, not only like other prepp. to hér, hvar, þar, but also redundantly to hvaðan, héðan, þaðan, whence, hence, thence.2. the preposition may sometimes be repeated, once elliptically or adverbially, and once properly, e. g. en er af var borit at borðinu, the cloth was taken off from the table, Nj. 176; Guð þerrir af (off, away) hvert tár af ( from) augum heilagra manna, God wipes off every tear from the eyes of his saints, 655 xx. vii. 17; skal þó fyrst bætr af lúka af fé vegaiula, pay off, from, Gþl. 160, the last af may be omitted—var þá af borið borðinu—and the prep. thus be separated from its case, or it may refer to some of the indecl. relatives er or sem, the prep. hvar, hér, þar being placed behind them without a case, and referring to the preceding relative, e. g. oss er þar mikit af sagt auð þeim, we have been told much about these riches, Band. 24; er þat skjótast þar af at segja, in short, shortly. Eg. 546; þaðan af veit ek, thence í infer, know, Fms. i. 97.XI. it is moreover connected with a great many verbs besides those mentioned above, e. g. bera af, to excel, whence afbragð, afbrigði; draga af, to detract, deduct, hence afdráttr; veita ekki af, to be hard with; ganga at, to be left, hence afgangr; standast af um e-t, to stand, how matters stand; sem af tekr, at a furious rate; vita af, to be conscious, know about (vide VII).D. As a prefix to compounds distinction is to be made between:I. af privativum, denoting diminution, want, deduction, loss, separation, negation of, etc., answering indifferently to Lat. ab-, de-, ex-, dis-, and rarely to re- and se-, v. the following COMPDS, such as segja, dicere, but afsegja, negare; rækja, colere, but afrækja, negligere; aflaga, contra legem; skapligr, normalis, afskapligr, deformis; afvik, recessus; afhús, afhellir, afdalr, etc.II. af intensivum, etymologically different, and akin to of, afr-, e. g. afdrykkja = ofdrykkja, inebrietas; afbrýði, jealously; afbendi, tenesmus; afglapi, vir fatuus, etc. etc. Both the privative and the intensive af may be contracted into á, esp. before a labial f, m, v, e. g. á fram = af fram; ábrýði = afbrýði; ávöxtr = afvöxtr; áburðr = afburðr; ávíta = afvíta (?). In some cases dubious. With extenuated and changed vowel; auvirðiligr or övirðiligr, depreciated, = afv- etc., v. those words. -
65 HAFA
* * *(hefi; hafða, höfðum; hafðr), v.1) to have (þeir höfðu sjau skip ok flest stór);hafa elda, to keep up a five;2) to hold, celebrate (hafa vinaboð, blót, þing);3) to keep, retain (rifu þær vefinn í sundr, ok hafði hverr þat er hélt á);4) to use (tvau net eru rý, ok hafa eigi höfð verit);orð þau sem hann hafði um haft, which he had made use of;hafa fagrmæli við e-n, to flatter one;hafa hljóðmæli við e-n, to speak secretly to one;hafa tvimæli á e-u, to speak doubtfully of a thing;hafa viðrmæli um e-t, to use mocking words;hann var mjök hafðr við mál manna, much used to, versed in, lawsuits;5) to have, hold, maintain;hafa vináttu við e-n, to maintain friendship with one;hafa hættumikit, to run a great risk;hafa heilindi, to have good health;6) to bring, carry;hafa e-n heim með sér, to bring one home;hann hafði lög, út hingat ór Noregi, he brought laws hither from Norway;hafa sik (to betake oneself) til annara landa;7) to take, carry off;troll hafi þik, the trolls take thee;8) to get, gain, win;hann hafði eigi svefn, he got no sleep;hefir sá jafnan, er hættir, he wins that ventures;hafa gagn, sigr, to gain victor;hafa meira hlut, to get the upper hand, gain the day;hafa betr (verr), to get the better (worse) of it;hafa sitt mál, to win one’s suit;hafa tafl, to win the game;hafa erendi, to do one’s errand, succeed;hafa bana, to suffer death, to die;hafa sigr, to be worsted;hafa góðar viðtökur, to be well received;hafa tíðindi af e-m, to get tidings of, or from, one;hafa sœmd, óvirðing af e-m, to get honour, disgrace from one;with gen., hafa e-s ekki, to fail to catch one (hann kemst á skóg undan, ok höfðu þeir hans ekki);ekki munu vér hans hafa at sinni, we shall not catch him at present;9) to wear carry (clothes, weapons);hann hafði blán kyrtil, he wore a blue kirtle;hafa kylfu í hendi sér, to have a club in one’s hand;10) to behave, do, or fare, so an so esp. with an adv.;hafa vel, illa, vetr, to behave (do) well, badly, be worse;hafa sik vel, to behave;hafa vel, to be well off or happy;hafa hart, to be in a wretched plight;11) with infin., hafa at varðveita, to have in keeping at selja, to have on sale;lög hafið þér at mæla, you are right;12) hafa e-n nær e-u, to expose one to (þú hafðir svá nær haft oss úfœru);hafa nær e-u, to come near to, esp. impers.;nær hafði okkr nú, it was a narrow escape;svá nær hafði hausinum, at, the shot so nearly touched the head, that;ok er nær hafði, skipit mundi fljóta, when the ship was on the point of flloating;13) as an auxiliary verb, in the earliest time with the pp. of transitive verbs in acc.;hefir þú hamar um fólginn, hast thou hidden the hammer?;ek hefi sendan mann, I have sent a man;later with indecl. neut. pp.;hefir þú eigi sét mik, hast thou not seen me?;14) with preps.:hafa e-t at, to do, act;hann tók af þér konuna, en þú hafðir ekki at, but thou didst not stir, didst take it tamely;absol., viltu þess freista, ok vita hvat at hafi, wilt thou try and see what happens?;hafa e-t at hlífiskildi (skotspœni), to use as a shield (as a target);hafa e-n háði, hlátri, to mock, laugh at;hafa e-t at engu, vettugi, to hold for naught, take no notice of;hafa sakir á e-n have charges against one;hafa á rás, to take to one’s heels, run off;hafa e-t eptir, to do or repeat a thing after one;hafa e-t fram, to produce (vápn þorgils vóru fram höfð); to carry out, hold forth;hafa mál fram, to proceed with a suit;var um búit, ekki fram haft, all was made ready but nothing done;hafa e-t frammi, í frammi, to use, make use of (hafa í frammi kúgan);ok öll lögmæt skil frammi hafa, and discharge all on official duties;hafa e-t fyrir satt, to hold for true;eigi em ek þar fyrir sönnu hafðr, I am not truly aimed for that, it is a false charge;hafa e-n fyrir sökum um e-t, to charge one with;hafa í hótum við e-n, to threaten one;hafa e-t með höndum, to have in hand;höfum eiai sigrinn ór hendi, let not victory slip out of our hands;hafa ór við e-n, to behave so and so towards one (hefir þú illa ór haft við mik);hafa e-t til e-s to use for (höfðu þeir til varnar skot ok spjót); to be a reason or ground for;vér hyggjum þat til þess haft vera, at þar hafi menn sézt, we believe the foundation of the story is that men have been seen there;hafa mikit (lítit) til síns máls, to have much (little) in support of one’s case;hafa e-t til, to have at hand, possess;orð þau, sem hann hafði um haft, the words which he had used;keisari hafði fátt um, did not say much;hafa e-n undir, to get one under, subdue one;hafa e-t uppi, to take (heave) up (hafa uppi fœri, net);Skarpheðinn hafði uppi øxina, S. heaved up the axe;hafa flokk uppi, to raise a party, to rebel;hafa uppi tafl, to play at a game;hafa e-n uppi, to bring one to light;hafa uppi rœður, to begin a discussion;hafa e-t úti, to have done, finished (hafa úti sitt dagsverk);hafa við e-m, to be a match for one;hafa sik við, to exert oneself;hafa mikit (lítit) við, to make a great (little) display;hann söng messu ok bafði mikit við, and made much of it;hann bad jarl leita, bann hafði lítit við þat, he did it lightly;haf ekki slíkt við, do not say so;haf þú lítit við at eggja sonu þina, refrain from egging on thy sons;15) refl., hafast.* * *pret. hafði; subj. hefði; pres. sing. hefi (less correctly hefir), hefir, hefir; plur. höfum, hafit, hafa: the mod. pres. sing. is monosyllabic hefr or hefur, and is used so in rhymes—andvara engan hefur | … við glys heims gálaus sefur, Pass. 15. 6, but in print the true old form hefir is still retained; the monosyllabic present is used even by old writers in the 1st pers. before the personal or negative suffix, e. g. hef-k and hef-k-a ek for hefi-g and hefig-a ek, see e. g. Grág. (Kb.) 79, 82, in the old oath formula, hef-k eigi, Hallfred; hef ek, Fms. iii. 10 (in a verse); but not so in 3rd pers., e. g. hefir-a or hefir-at, Grág. l. c.: imperat. haf, hafðu: part. pass. hafðr, neut. haft;—hafat is an απ. λεγ., Vsp. 16, and is prob. qs. hafit from hefja, to heave, lift: [Ulf. haban; A. S. habban; Engl. have; Hel. hebben; Germ. haben; Dutch hebben; Dan. have, Swed. hafva: it is curious the Lat. form habere retains the consonant unchanged, cp. the Romance forms, Ital. avere, Fr. avoir, Span. haber, etc. ☞ Hafa is a weak verb, and thus distinguished from hefja (to lift, begin), which is a strong verb, answering to Lat. capere, incipere; but in sundry cases, as will be seen below, it passes into the sense of this latter word; as also in some instances into that of another lost strong verb, hafa, hóf, to behave, and hœfa, to hit]:—to have.A. To have; hann hafði með sér ekki meira lið, Fms. i. 39; hafði hverr hirð um sik, 52; höfðu þeir áttján skip, viii. 42; Sverrir hafði tvau hundrað manna, … þeir höfðu annan samnað á landi, 328; hann hafði mikit lið ok frítt, x. 36; þeir höfðu sjau skip ok flest stór, 102; hafa fjölmennar setur, Eb. 22; hann hafði menn sína í síldveri, Eg. 42; mun ek naut hafa þar sem mér þykkir hagi beztr, 716.II. to hold:1. to keep, celebrate; hafa ok halda, Dipl. i. 6; hafa átrúnað, 10; hafa dóma, 12; hafa blót, Fms. iv. 254; hafa vina-veizlu, id.; hafa vina-boð, Nj. 2; hafa Jóla-boð, Eg. 516; hafa þing, Fms. ix. 449; hafa haust-boð, Gísl. 27; hafa drykkju, Eb. 154; hafa leik, Fms. x. 201, passim.2. to hold, observe; hlýðir þat hvergi at hafa eigi lög í landi, Nj. 149; skal þat hafa, er stendr …, Grág. i. 7; skal þat allt hafa er finsk á skrá þeirri …, id.; en hvatki es mis-sagt es í fræðum þessum, þá es skylt at hafa þat (to keep, hold to be true) es sannara reynisk, Íb. 3; ok hafða ek (I kept, selected) þat ór hvárri er framarr greindi, Landn. 320, v. l.3. to hold, keep, retain; ef hann vill hafa hann til fardaga, Grág. i. 155; skal búandinn hafa hann hálfan mánuð, 154; ok hafði hvárr þat er hélt á, Nj. 279; hitt skal hafa er um fram er, Rb. 56; kasta í burt þrjátigi ok haf þat sem eptir verðr, 494.4. to hold an office; hafa lögsögu, to hold the office of lögsaga, Íb. passim; hafa jarldóm, konungdóm, passim; þat höfðu haft at fornu Dana-konungar, Eg. 267; þér berit konunga-nöfn svá sem fyrr hafa haft ( have had) forfeðr yðrir, en hafit lítið af ríki, Fms. i. 52; hafa ríki, to reign, Hkr. pref.5. phrases, hafa elda, to keep a fire, cook, Fms. xi. 129; hafa fjárgæzlu, to tend sheep, Eg. 740; hafa embætti með höndum, Stj. 204; hafa gæzlur á e-u, Fms. ix. 313; hafa … vetr, to have so many winters, be of such an age (cp. Fr. avoir … ans), Íb. 15; margir höfðu lítið fátt þúsund ára, Ver. 7: hafa vörn í máli, Nj. 93; hafa e-t með höndum, to have in hand, Fms. viii. 280, ix. 239; hafa e-t á höndum, Grág. i. 38; hafa fyrir satt, to hold for true, Fms. xi. 10; hafa við orð, to intimate, suggest, Nj. 160; hafa e-t at engu, vettugi, to hold for naught, take no notice of, Fas. i. 318.6. with prepp. or infin.,α. with prep.; hafa til, to have, possess; ef annarr þeirra hefir til enn annarr eigi, þá er sá skyldr til at fá honum er til hefir, Grág. i. 33; ef annarr hefir til …, id.; þér ætlið at ek muna eigi afl til hafa, Ld. 28.β. with infin.; hafa at varðveita, to have in keeping, Eg. 500; lög hafit þér at mæla, you have the law on your tongue, i. e. you are right, Nj. 101; hörð tíðindi hefi ek at segja þér, 64; sá er gripinn hefir at halda, Grág. i. 438; hafa at selja, to have on sale, Ld. 28.III. to use; var haft til þess sker eitt, Eb. 12; þá höfðu þeir til varnar skot ok spjót, Fms. vii. 193; er þín ráð vóru höfð, that thy advice was taken, Fs. 57; Gríss hafði þessi ráð, Fms. iii. 21; ek vil at þat sé haft er ek legg til, x. 249; þykki mér þú vel hafa ( make good use of) þau tillög er ek legg fyrir þik, xi. 61; til þess alls er jarli þótti skipta, þá hafði hann þessa hluti, 129; tvau ný (net), ok hafa eigi höfð verit ( which have not been used), haf þú ( take) hvárt er þú vilt, Háv. 46; þær vil ek hafa enar nýju, en ek vil ekki hætta til at hafa enar fornu, id.; önnur er ný ok mikil ok hefir ( has) til einskis höfð ( used) verið, id.; buðkr er fyrir húslker er hafðr, Vm. 171; gjalda vápn þau er höfð eru, N. G. L. i. 75; þat hafði hann haft ( used) fyrir skála, Edda 29; þeir vóru hafðir til at festa með hús jafnan, Nj. 118; sá hólmr var hafðr til at …, Fms. i. 218; hann skyldi hafa hinn sama eið, x. 7; orð þau sem hann hafði ( had) um haft ( used), Nj. 56; orð þau er hann hafði ( made use of) í barnskírn, K. Þ. K. 14.2. more special phrases; hafa fagrmæli við e-n, to flatter one, Nj. 224; hafa hljóðmæli við e-n, to speak secretly to one, 223; allmikil fjölkyngi mun vera við höfð áðr svá fái gört, Edda 27; hafa mörg orð um e-t, Ld. 268; hafa tvímæli á e-u, to discuss, doubt, speak diffidently of a thing, Lv. 52; hafa viðrmæli um e-t, to use mocking words, Nj. 89; hafa nafn Drottins í hégóma, to take the Lord’s name in vain, Fms. i. 310; (hann var) mjök hafðr við mál manna, much used to, versed in lawsuits, Dropl. 8: hafa sik til e-s, to use oneself to a thing, i. e. to do a mean, paltry thing; þeir er til þess vilja hafa sik, at ganga í samkundur manna úboðit, Gþl. 200; ef hann vill sik til þessa hafa, Fms. i. 99: hafa sik við, to exert oneself; skaltú ok verða þik við at hafa um þetta mál, ef þú getr þat af þér fært, Grett. 160: hafa e-n at skotspæni, to use one as a target, Nj. 222; hafa e-n at hlífi-skildi sér, to use one as a shield, 262; hafa e-n at ginningar-fifli, auga-bragði, háði, hlátri, Hm. 133, Nj. 224, passim.IV. to have, hold, maintain, of a state or condition; hafa vináttu við e-n, to maintain friendship with one, Sks. 662; hafa vanmátt, to continue sick, Eg. 565; hafa hættu-mikit, to run a great risk, Nj. 149; hafa vitfirring, to be insane, Grág. i. 154; hafa heilindi, to have good health, 26, Hm. 67; hafa burði til e-s, to have the birthright to a thing. Eg. 479; hafa hug, áræði, hyggindi, to have the courage …, Hom. 28; hafa vit ( to know), skyn, greind … á e-u, to have understanding of a thing; hafa gaman, gleði, skemtun, ánægju af e-u, to have interest or pleasure in a thing; hafa leiða, ógeð, andstygð, hatr, óbeit á e-u, to dislike, be disgusted with, hate a thing; hafa elsku, mætr, virðing á e-u, to love, esteeem … a thing; hafa allan hug á e-u, to bend the mind to a thing; hafa grun á e-m, to suspect one; hafa ótta, beyg af e-u, to fear a thing; and in numberless other phrases.2. with prepp.:α. hafa e-t frammi (fram), to carry out, hold forth; hafa frammi róg, Nj. 166; hafa mál fram, to proceed with a suit, 101; stefnu-för, 78; heitstrengingar, Fms. xi. 103; ok öll lögmælt skil frammi hafa, and discharge all one’s official duties, 232; var um búit en ekki fram haft, all was made ready, but nothing done, viii. 113; beini má varla verða betri en hér er frammi hafðr, xi. 52; hafðú í frammi ( use) kúgan við þá uppi við fjöllin, Ísl. ii. 215; margir hlutir, þó at hann hafi í frammi, Sks. 276.β. hafa mikit, lítið fyrir e-u, to have much, little trouble about a thing; (hence fyrir-höfn, trouble.)γ. hafa við e-m (afl or the like understood), to be a match for one, Fms. vii. 170, Lv. 109, Nj. 89, Eg. 474, Anal. 176; hafa mikit, lítið við, to make a great, little display; (hence við-höfn, display, pomp); hann söng messu ok hafði mikit við, he sang mass and made a great thing of it, Nj. 157; þú hefir mikit við, thou makest a great show of it, Boll. 351; hann bað jarl leita, hann hafði lítið við þat, he did it lightly, Nj. 141; haf ekki slíkt við, do not say so, Ld. 182.B. To take, carry off, win, wield, [closely akin to Lat. capere]:I. to catch, take, esp. in the phrase, hafa ekki e-s, to miss one; hann kemsk á skóg undan, ok höfðu þeir hans ekki, he took to the forest and they missed him, Nj. 130; ekki munu vér hans hafa at sinni, we sha’nt catch him at present, Fms. vi. 278; hafða ek þess vætki vífs, Hm. 101; þeygi ek hana at heldr hefik, 95: in swearing, tröll, herr, gramir hafi þik, the trolls, ghosts, etc. take thee! tröll hafi líf, ef …, Kormak; tröll hafi Trefót allan! Grett. (in a verse); tröll hafi þína vini, tröll hafi hól þitt, Nj.; herr hafi Þóri til slægan, confound the wily Thorir! Fms. vi. 278, v. l. (emended, as the phrase is wrongly explained in Fms. xii. Gloss.); gramir hafi þik! vide gramr.II. to carry, carry off, bring; hafði einn hjartað í munni sér, one carried the heart off in his mouth, Nj. 95; hann hafði þat ( brought it) norðan með sér, Eg. 42; hafði Þórólfr heim marga dýrgripi, 4; hann hafði með sér skatt allan, 62; skaltú biðja hennar ok hafa hana heim hingat, Edda 22; fé þat er hann hafði ( had) út haft ( carried from abroad), Gullþ. 13; á fimm hestum höfðu þeir mat, Nj. 74; bókina er hann hafði ( had) út haft, Fms. vii. 156; konungr hafði biskup norðr til Björgynjar með sér, viii. 296; biskup lét hann hafa með sér kirkju-við ok járn-klukku, Landn. 42; hann hafði með sér skulda-lið sitt ok búferli, Eb. 8; hann tók ofan hofit, ok hafði með sér flesta viðu, id.; ok hafa hana í brott, Fms. i. 3; tekr upp barnit, ok hefir heim með sér, Ísl. ii. 20; hann hafði lög út hingat ór Noregi, he brought laws hither from Norway, Íb. 5; haf þú heim hvali til bæjar, Hým. 26; ok hafa hann til Valhallar, Nj. 119.III. to take, get; hann hafði þá engan mat né drykk, he took no food nor drink, Eg. 602; hann hafði eigi svefn, he got no sleep, Bs. i. 139.2. to get, gain, win; öfluðu sér fjár, ok höfðu hlutskipti mikit, Eg. 4; eigi þarftú at biðja viðsmjörs þess, þvíat hann mun þat alls ekki hafa, né þú, for neither he nor thou shall get it, Blas. 28; jarl vill hafa minn fund, he will have a meeting with me, 40, Skv. 1. 4: the sayings, hefir sá jafnan er hættir, he wins that risks, ‘nothing venture, nothing have,’ Hrafn. 16; sá hefir krás er krefr, Sl. 29.3. phrases, hafa meira hlut, to get the better lot, gain the day, Nj. 90, Fms. xi. 93; hafa gagn, sigr, to gain victory, ix. 132, Eg. 7, Hkr. i. 215, Ver. 38; hafa betr, to get the better; hafa verr, miðr, to have the worst of it, Fms. v. 86, Þorst. S. St. 48, passim; hafa mál sitt, to win one’s suit, Grág. i. 7, Fms. vii. 34; hafa kaup öll, to get all the bargain, Eg. 71; hafa tafl, to win the game, Fms. vii. 219; hafa erendi, to do one’s errand, succeed, Þkv. 10, 11, Fas. ii. 517: hafa bana, to have one’s bane, to die, Nj. 8; hafa úsigr, to be worsted, passim; hafa úfrið, to have no peace; hafa gagn, sóma, heiðr, neisu, óvirðing, skömm, etc. af e-u, to get profit, gain, honour, disgrace, etc. from a thing; hafa e-n í helju, to put one to death, Al. 123; hafa e-n undir, to get one under, subdue him, Nj. 95, 128; höfum eigi, sigrinn ór hendi, let not victory slip out of our hands, Fms. v. 294.4. to get, receive; hann hafði góðar viðtökur, Nj. 4; hón skal hafa sex-tigi hundraða, 3; skyldi Högni hafa land, 118; selja skipit, ef hann hafði þat fyrir ( if he could get for it) sem hann vildi; Flosi spurði í hverjum aurum hann vildi fyrir hafa, hann kvaðsk vildu fyrir hafa land, 259; hafa tíðindi, sögur af e-m, to have, get tidings of or from one, Ld. 28; hafa sæmd, metorð óvirðing, to get honour, disgrace from one’s hands, Nj. 101; hafa bætr, to get compensation, Grág. i. 188; hafa innstæðuna eina, id.; hafa af e-m, to have the best of one, cheat one.IV. to carry, wear, of clothes, ornaments, weapons:1. of clothes, [cp. Lat. habitus and Icel. höfn = gear]; hafa hatt á höfði, Ld. 28; hafa váskufl yztan klæða, … þú skalt hafa undir ( wear beneath) hin góðu klæði þín, Nj. 32; hann hafði blán kyrtil, … hann hafði svartan kyrtil, Boll. 358; hafa fald á höfði, to wear a hood; hón hafði gaddan rautt á höfði, Orkn. 304; hann hafði um sik breitt belti, he wore a broad belt, Nj. 91; hafa fingr-gull á hendi, 146: to have about one’s person, vefja saman ok hafa í pungi sínum, Edda 27; hlutir sem mönnum var títt at hafa, Fms. xi. 128.2. of weapons, to wield, carry; spjót þat er þú hefir í hendi, Boll. 350; hafa kylfu í hendi sér, to have a club in one’s hand, Fms. xi. 129; hafa staf í hendi, to have a stick in the hand, Bárð.; Gunnarr hafði atgeirinn ok sverðit, Kolskeggr hafði saxit, Hjörtr hafði alvæpni, Nj. 93; hann hafdi öxi snaghyrnda, Boll. 358; hann hafði kesjuna fyrir sér, he held the lance in rest, Eg. 532.V. here may be added a few special phrases; hafa hendr fyrir sér, to grope, feel with the hands (as in darkness); hafa vit fyrir sér, to act wisely; hafa at sér hendina, to draw one’s hand back, Stj. 198; hafa e-t eptir, to do or repeat a thing after one, Konr.; hafa e-t yfir, to repeat (of a lesson): hafa sik, to betake oneself; hafa sik til annarra landa, Grett. 9 new Ed.; hann vissi varla hvar hann átti at hafa sik, he knew not where ( whither) to betake himself, Bs. i. 807; hefir hann sik aptr á stað til munklífisins, Mar.C. Passing into the sense of hefja (see at the beginning); hafa e-t uppi, to heave up, raise; hafa flokk uppi, to raise a party, to rebel, Fb. ii. 89: hafa uppi færi, net, a fisherman’s term, to heave up, take up the net or line, Háv. 46; Skarphéðinn hafði uppi ( heaved up) öxina, Nj. 144: hafa uppi tafl, to play at a game, Vápn. 29; þar vóru mjök töfl uppi höfð ok sagna-skemtan, Þorf. Karl. 406, v. l.: hafa e-n uppi, to hold one up, bring him to light; svá máttu oss skjótast uppi hafa, Fær. 42: metaph. to reveal, vándr riddari hafði allt þegar uppi, Str. 10.2. with the notion to begin; Bárðr hafði uppi orð sín ( began his suit) ok bað Sigríðar, Eg. 26, Eb. 142; hafa upp stefnu, to begin the summons, Boll. 350; hafa upp ræður, to begin a discussion; ræður þær er hann hafði uppi haft við Ingigerði, Fms. iv. 144, where the older text in Ó. H. reads umræður þær er hann hafði upp hafit (from hefja), 59; cp. also Vsp., þat langniðja-tal mun uppi hafat (i. e. hafit) meðan öld lifir, 16, (cp. upp-haf, beginning); þó at ek hafa síðarr um-ræðu um hann, better þó at ek hafa (i. e. hefja) síðarr upp ræðu um hann, though I shall below treat of, discuss that, Skálda (Thorodd) 168; er lengi hefir uppi verit haft síðan (of a song), Nj. 135; cp. also phrases such as, hafa á rás, to begin running, take to one’s heels, Fms. iv. 120, ix. 490; næsta morgin hefir út fjörðinn, the next morning a breeze off land arose, Bs. ii. 48: opp. is the phrase, hafa e-t úti, to have done, finished; hafa úti sitt dags-verk, Fms. xi. 431; hafa úti sekt sína, Grett. 149.D. Passing into the sense of a lost strong verb, hafa, hóf (see at the beginning), to behave, do, act:I. with an adverb, hafa vel, ílla, or the like, to behave, and in some instances to do well or badly, be happy or unhappy,α. to behave; en nú vil ek eigi verr hafa en þú, Fms. iv. 342; þeir sögðu at konungr vildi verr hafa en þeir, 313; hefir þú ílla ór (málum or the like understood) haft við mik, Fs. 140; ólikr er Gísli öðrum í þolinmæði, ok hefir hann betr en vér, Gísl. 28.β. to do so and so (to be happy, unhappy); verr hafa þeir er trygðum slitu, Mkv. 3; ílla hefir sá er annan svíkr, 18; vel hefir sá er þat líða lætr, 6; vel hefir sá ( he is happy) er eigi bíðr slíkt íllt þessa heims, Fms. v. 145; hvílíkt hefir þú, how dost thou? Mar.; hafa hart, to do badly, to be wretched; at sál Þorgils mætti fyrir þær sakir eigi hart hafa, Sturl. iii. 292, Mar.; Ólafr hafði þá hölzti ílla, O. was very poorly, D. N. ii. 156; þykisk sá bezt hafa ( happiest) er fyrstr kemr heim, Fms. xi. 248; þá hefir hann bazt af hann þegir, i. e. that is the best he can do if he holds his tongue, Hm. 19; þess get ek at sá hafi verr ( he will make a bad bargain) er þik flytr, Nj. 128; úlfgi hefir ok vel, the wolf is in a bad plight, Ls. 39; mun sá betr hafa er eigi tekr við þér, id.; betr hefðir þú, ef …, thou wouldest do better, if …, Akv. 16.γ. adding sik; hafa sik vel, to behave well, Fms. x. 415, Stj. 436.II. with the prep. at, to do, act, (hence at-höfn, at-hæfi, act, doing); hann lét ekki til búa vígs-málit ok engan hlut at hafa, Nj. 71; en ef þeim þykkir of lítið féit tekit, þá skulu þeir hafa at hit sama, to act in the same way, Grág. ii. 267; hvatki es þeir hafa at, Fms. xi. 132; hann tók af þér konuna, en þú hafðir ekki at, but thou didst not stir, didst take it tamely, Nj. 33; bæði munu menn þetta kalla stórvirki ok íllvirki, en þó má nú ekki at hafa, but there is no help for it, 202; eigi sýnisk mér meðal-atferðar-leysi, at vér höfum eigi at um kvámur hans, i. e. that we submit tamely to his coming, Fs. 32: absol., viltú þess freista, ok vita þá hvat at hafi, wilt thou try and see how it will do? Bjarn. 27; en nú skaltú fara fyrir, ok vita hvat at hafi, Bs. i. 712.III. phrases, hafa hátt, to be noisy, talk loud, Fms. i. 66; við skulum ekki hafa hátt ( do not cry loud) hér er maðr á glugganum, a lullaby song; hafa lágt, to keep silent; hafa hægt, to keep quiet; hafa sik á (í) hófi, to compose oneself, Ls. 36; hafa í hótum við e-n, to use threatening ( foul) language, Fb. i. 312; hafa í glett við e-n, to banter one, Fms. viii. 289; hafa íllt at verki, to do a bad deed, Ísl. ii. 184.E. Passing into the sense of the verb hæfa (see at the beginning), to aim at, hit, with dat.:I. to hit; svá nær hafði hausinum, at …, the shot so nearly hit the head, that …, Fms. ii. 272; þat sama forað, sem henni hafði næst váða, those very precipices from which she had so narrow an escape, Bs. i. 200, Fms. ix. 357; nær hafði nú, at skjótr mundi verða okkarr skilnaðr, Al. 124; nær hafði okkr nú, it struck near us, it was a narrow escape, Fms. viii. 281; kvaðsk svá dreymt hafa ( have dreamed), at þeim mundi nær hafa, ix. 387, v. l.; ok er nær hafði at skipit mundi fljóta, when the ship was on the point of floating, Ld. 58; ok hafði svá nær (it was within a hair’s breadth), at frændr Þorvalds mundu ganga at honum, Nj. 160; ok hafði svá nær at þeir mundi berjask, Íb. 11, cp. Bs. i. 21: the phrase, fjarri hefir, far from it! Edda (in a verse).2. to charge; eigi em ek þar fyrir sönnu hafðr, I am not truly aimed at for that, ‘tis a false charge, Eg. 64; þeim manni er fyrir sökum er hafðr, i. e. the culprit, Grág. i. 29; cp. the mod. phrase, hafa á e-u, to make a charge of a thing; það varð ekki á því haft, they could not make a case for a charge of it.II. metaph. to be the ground or reason for, (hence til-hæfa, reason, fact, foundation); til þess ætla vitrir menn þat haft at Ísland sé Tile (i. e. Thule) kallað, at …, learned men suppose that is the reason that Iceland is called Thule, that …, Landn. (pref.); mikit mun til haft, er einmæli er um (there must be some reason for it, because all people say so), Þorgils segir, eigi er fyrir haft ( there is no ground whatever for it), at ek mæla betr fyrir griðum en aðrir menn, Ísl. ii. 379; vér hyggjum þat til þess haft vera, at þar hafi menn sésk, we believe the substance of the story is that men have been seen there, Fms. xi. 158; hvat er til þess haft um þat (what is the truth of the matter?), hefir sundr-þykki orðit með ykkr? Boll. 364: in the saying, hefir hverr til síns ágætis nokkut, every one gets his reputation for something, Nj. 115.2. to happen, coincide; hefir svá til, at hann var þar sjálfr, Fms. xi. 138, v. l.β. the phrase, hafa mikit (lítið) til síns máls, to have much ( little) reason for one’s tale, i. e. to be much, little, in the right, Fms. vii. 221, xi. 138 (v. l.), Nj. 88: um þenna hefir svá stórum, it matters so much with this man, (v. l. for mun stórum skipta), Fms. xi. 311.F. REFLEX. to keep, dwell, abide, but only of a temporary shelter or abode, cp. Lat. habitare, (cp. also höfn, a haven); hann hefsk á náttartíma niðri í vötnum, at night-time he keeps down in the water, Stj. 77: to live, þeir höfðusk mjök í kaupferðum, they spent much of their life in travelling, Hkr. i. 276; hann hafðisk löngum í bænum, Bs. i. 353.β. with prep. við; hér mun ek við hafask ( I will stay here) en þú far til konungs, Fb. ii. 125; hafðisk hann við á skógum eðr í öðrum fylgsnum, 302; því at hann hafðisk þá á skipum við, Fms. viii. 44; hvílsk heldr ok hafsk við í því landi, rest and stay in that land, Stj. 162; Ásgeirr hafðisk við uppi í dalnum, Sd. 154; hafask lind fyrir, to cover oneself with a shield (?), Vsp. 50; hafask hlífar fyrir, to be mailed in armour, Hkm. 11.2. hafask at, to do, behave (cp. D. above); vóru þeir þá svá móðir, at þeir máttu ekki at hafask, Fms. ii. 149; en síðan skulut þér at hafa slíkt sem ek kann fyrir segja, i. 158; þat eitt munu við at hafask, at ek mun betr göra en þú, Nj. 19; Lambi sá hvat Steinarr hafðisk at, Eg. 747.3. hafask vel, to do well, thrive; vaxa ok vel hafask, to wax and do well, Hm. 142; nú er þat bæn mín, at þér hafisk við vel, that you bear yourself well up, Fms. ix. 497; Jungfrúin hafðisk vel við í ferðinni, x. 86; at fé hans mundi eigi hafask at betr at meðal-vetri, Grág. ii. 326.4. recipr., hafask orð við, to speak to one another; ok er þat ósiðlegt, at menn hafisk eigi orð við, Fs. 14; þar til er þeir hafask réttar tölur við, N. G. L. i. 182.II. part. hafandi is used in the sense of having conceived, being with child; þá verit hann varr við at hón var hafandi, 656 B. 14; hón skyldi verða hafandi at Guðs syni, id.; generally, allt þat er hafanda var lét burð sinn ok ærðisk, Fms. vii. 187; svá sem hón verðr at honum hafandi, Stj. 178; (hence barns-hafandi, being with child.)G. The word hafa is in the Icel., as in other Teut. languages, used as an auxiliary verb with a part. pass. of another verb, whereby a compound preterite and pluperfect are formed as follows:I. in transitive verbs with acc. the participle also was put in acc., agreeing in gender, number, and case with the objective noun or pronoun; this seems to have been a fixed rule in the earliest time, and is used so in all old poems down at least to the middle of the 11th century, to the time of Sighvat (circ. A. D. 990–1040), who constantly used the old form,—átt is an apostrophe for átta in the verse Ó. H. 81:1. references from poets, Gm. 5, 12, 16; þá er forðum mik fædda höfðu, Vsp. 2; hverr hefði lopt lævi blandit eðr ætt jötuns Óðs mey gefna, 29; þær’s í árdaga áttar höfðu, 60: ek hafða fengna konungs reiði, Ad. 3; en Grjótbjörn um gnegðan hefir, 18; mik hefir marr miklu ræntan, Stor. 10; þó hefir Míms-vinr mér um fengnar bölva bætr, 22: gaupur er Haraldr hafi sveltar, Hornklofi: Loka mær hefir leikinn allvald, Ýt. 7; sá hafði borinn brúna-hörg, 14; jarlar höfðu veginn hann, 15: ek hef orðinn ( found) þann guðföðr (verða is here used as trans.), Hallfred; höfum kera framðan, id.: hann hefir litnar, sénar, hár bárur, Ísl. ii. 223, thus twice in a verse of A. D. 1002; göngu hefik of gengna, Korm. (in a verse); hann hafði farna för, Hkr. i. (Glum Geirason); ek hefi talðar níu orustur, Sighvat; þú hefir vanðan þik, id.; ér hafit rekna þá braut, Ó. H. 63 (Óttar Svarti); hann hefir búnar okkr hendr skrautliga, Sighvat (Ó. H. 13); þeir hafa færð sín höfuð Knúti, id.; hvar hafit ér hugðan mér sess, id.; hafa sér kenndan enn nørðra heims enda, id.; Sighvatr hefir lattan gram, id.; hefir þú hamar um fólginn, Þkv. 7, 8; þú hefir hvatta okkr, Gkv. 6; ek hefi yðr brennda, Am. 39, cp. 56; hefi ek þik minntan, 81; hefir þú hjörtu tuggin, Akv. 36; hefir þú mik dvalðan, Hbl. 51; ek hefi hafðar þrár, I have had throes, Fsm. 51; en ek hann görvan hef-k, svá hefi ek studdan, 12 (verse 13 is corrupt); hann hefir dvalða þik, Hkv. Hjörv. 29; lostna, 30; mik hefir sóttan meiri glæpr, 32; ek hefi brúði kerna, id.; þú hefir etnar úlfa krásir, opt sár sogin, Hkv. 1. 36; sá er opt hefir örnu sadda, 35; hefir þú kannaða koni óneisa, 23; þá er mik svikna höfðut, Skv. 3. 55; hann hafði getna sonu, Bkv. 8; þann sal hafa halir um görvan, Fm. 42; bróður minn hefir þú benjaðan, 25; er hann ráðinn hefir, 37; sjaldan hefir þú gefnar vargi bráðir, Eg. (in a verse).2. references from prose; this old form has since been turned into an indecl. neut. sing. part. -it. The old form was first lost in the strong verbs and the weak verbs of the first conjugation: in the earliest prose both forms are used, although the indecl. is more freq. even in the prose writers, as Íb., the Heiðarv. S., the Miracle-book in Bs., Njála, Ó. H., (Thorodd seems only to use the old form,) as may be seen from the following references, Björn hafði særða þrjá menn, Nj. 262; hann mundi hana hafa gipta honum, 47; hann hafði þá leidda saman hestana, 264: ek hefi sendan mann, Ísl. (Heiðarv. S.) ii. 333; ek nefi senda menn, id.: hafa son sinn ór helju heimtan, Bs. (Miracle-book) i. 337; en er þeir höfðu niðr settan sveininn, 349; hann hafði veidda fimm tegu fiska, 350: er þér hefir ílla neisu gorva, Ó. H. 107: þá hefi ek fyrri setta þá í stafrófi, Skálda (Thorodd) 161; þar hefi ek við görva þessa stafi fjóra, id.; hafa hann samsettan, 167: góða fylgd hefir þú mér veitta, Þorst Síðu H. 2: sagði, at Ólafr konungr hafði sendan hann, Bs. i. 11: Þyri, er hertogi hafði festa nauðga, Fms. x. 393 (Ágrip): hefi ek þá svá signaða ok magnaða, v. 236: hefir sólin gengna tvá hluti, en einn úgenginn, K. Þ. K. 92 (Lund’s Syntax, p. 12).β. again, neut. indecl., hana hafði átt fyrr Þoróddr, Ísl. ii. 192: hón hafði heimt húskarl sinn …, Ísl. (Heiðarv. S.) ii. 339; hann hefir ekki svá vel gyrt hest minn, 340; hefir þú eigi séð mik, 341; hve hann hafði lokkat hann. id.; gistingar hefi ek yðr fengit, 343: þeir höfðu haft úfrið ok orrostur, Íb. 12; hann hafði tekið lögsögu, 14: stafr er átt hafði Þorlákr, Bs. (Miracle-book) i. 340; er þær höfðu upp tekit ketilinn ok hafit …, 342; göngu es hann hafði gingit, 344; es sleggjuna hafði niðr fellt, 346; sem maðr hefði nýsett (hana) niðr, id.; jartein þá er hann þóttisk fingit hafa, 347; hafði prestrinn fært fram sveininn, 349: hjálm er Hreiðmarr hafði átt, Edda 73: hafa efnt sína heitstrenging, Fms. (Jómsv. S.) xi. 141: slíkan dóm sem hann hafði mér hugat, Ó. H. 176, etc. passim:—at last the inflexion disappeared altogether, and so at the present time the indecl. neut. sing. is used throughout; yet it remains in peculiar instances, e. g. konu hefi eg mér festa, Luke xiv. 20, cp. Vídal. ii. 21. ☞ This use of the inflexive part. pass. may often serve as a test of the age of a poem, e. g. that Sólarljóð was composed at a later date may thus be seen from verses 27, 64, 72, 73, 75, 79; but this test is to be applied with caution, as the MSS. have in some cases changed the true forms (-inn, -ann, and -it, -an being freq. abbreviated in the MSS. so as to render the reading dubious). In many cases the old form is no doubt to be restored, e. g. in vegit to veginn, Fm. 4, 23; búit to búinn, Hkv. Hjörv. 15; borit to borinn, Hkv. 1. 1; beðit to beðinn, Fsm. 48; orðit to orðin, Og. 23; roðit to roðinn, Em. 5; brotið to brotinn, Vkv. 24, etc.: but are we to infer from Ls. 23, 26, 33, that this poem is of a comparatively late age?II. the indecl. neut. sing. is, both in the earliest poems and down to the present day, used in the following cases:1. with trans. verbs requiring the dat. or gen.; ek hefi fengit e-s, hann hafði fengit konu; hafa hefnt e-s, Fms. xi. 25; sú er hafði beðit fjár, Þkv. 32; stillir hefir stefnt mér, Hkv. Hjörv. 33, and so in endless cases.2. in the reflex. part. pass.; þeir (hann) hafa (hefir) látisk, farisk, sagsk, etc.3. in part. of intrans. neut. verbs, e. g. þeir þær (hann, hón), hafa (hefir) setið, staðit, gengit, legit, farit, komit, verit, orðit, lifað, dáit, heitið …, also almost in every line both of prose and poetry.4. in trans. verbs with a neut. sing. in objective case the difference cannot be seen.☞ The compound preterite is common to both the Romance and Teutonic languages, and seems to be older in the former than in the latter; Grimm suggests that it originated with the French, and thence spread to the Teutons. That it was not natural to the latter is shewn by the facts, thatα. no traces of it are found in Gothic, nor in the earliest Old High German glossaries to Latin words.β. in the earliest Scandinavian poetry we can trace its passage from declinable to indeclinable.γ. remains are left in poetry of a primitive uncompounded preterite infinitive, e. g. stóðu = hafa staðit, mundu, skyldu, vildu, etc., see Gramm. p. xxv, col. 2. ☞ We may here note a curious dropping of the verb hefir, at ek em kominn hingat til lands, ok verit áðr ( having been) langa hríð utan-lands, Ó. H. 31, cp. Am. 52; barn at aldri, en vegit slíka hetju sem Þorvaldr var, Glúm. 382. On this interesting matter see Grimm’s remarks in his Gramm. iv. 146 sqq. -
66 and
[ændˌ ənd]cjсоюзы сочинительные и подчинительные;1) иThey sang and danced. — Они пели и танцевали.
- you and IThey talked, sang and joked. — Они болтали, пели и шутили.
- apples, pears and plums2) сAll men and women — все люди;
- ham and eggsfish and chips is good supper. — Рыба с хрустящим картофелем - хороший ужин.
- knife and fork
- whisky and soda
- father and mother
- man and wife3) и, с- five and three quarters4) всё... и...They talked and talked. — Они говорили и говорили. /Они говорили безумолку.
- on and onHe walked miles and miles. — Он все шел и шел.
- worse and worse
- for hours and hours5) взял да и...The patient went and died on me. — А больной взял да и умер.
His wife went and had another baby. — Его жена взяла да и родила еще одного ребенка.
6) и к тому же, при этомIt is a mere joke, and a poor one. — Это просто шутка, к тому же/при этом глупая.
7) попробуй и..., только... и, и тогда...Say it again and I'll give it to you. — А ну скажи это еще раз и я тебя вздую.
Ask any policeman and he will tell you. — Спроси, и тебе любой полицейский скажет.
Water the seeds and they will grow. — Поливайте семена, и они тогда прорастут.
8) а, ноThey stayed at home and we left. — Они остались дома, а мы ушли.
You are wrong and you insist on being right. — Ты ошибаешься, а настаиваешь, что прав/а упорствуешь на своей правоте.
9) итак, какAnd our talk being exhausted for the time, and there being nothing further for us to do, we spread our blankets on in such a manner as to shut out most of the moonlight, wished each other good-night, and almost immediately fell asleep. — И так, как тема разговора на время была исчерпана, и делать нам было больше нечего, мы расстелили свои одеяла так, чтобы нам не мешал свет луны, пожелали друг другу спокойной ночи и мгновенно заснули.
10) и, неужели•USAGE:(1.) Союз and употребляется в утвердительных и вопросительных предложениях. В отрицательных предложениях для объединения отдельных его частей употребляется сочетание never... or: She never writes or reads in the evening. По вечерам она и не пишет и не читает. (2.) Союз and реализует свои разные значения в зависимости от типов предложений и конкретных членов предложения, которые он соединяет: 1. Союз and 1.1 соединяет однородные члены предложения и целые предложения: (а.) если соединяемых частей больше двух, то and употребляется только перед последней, все остальные друг от друга отделяются запятой. Части сложносочиненных предложений, соединяемых союзом and, так же отделяются друг от друга запятой: We went into the mountains, and we stayed there for a few weeks. Если соединяемые сочетания содержат в своем составе одно и то же слово, то в последующих частях оно может быть опущено: In towns and (in) villages. В городах и деревнях. I really must try and (must) see him to-morrow. Мне совершенно необходимо попытаться повидаться завтра с ним. Однородные подлежащие, соединяемые союзом and, как правило, согласуются с глаголом-сказуемым в форме множественного числа: My friend and his sister are not on holiday; (б) союз and 1.2, соединяя однородные члены предложения, может образовывать сочетания, составляющие единое целое. Такие комплексные сочетания состоят часто из названий предметов питания и быта: подлежащие, состоящие из таких сочетаний, в отличие от общего правила (1 а.) согласуются с глаголом в единственном числе: Ham and eggs is his favorite breakfast. Яичница с ветчиной - его любимый завтрак. Подлежащие, состоящие из однородных существительных, соединенных союзом and и образующие единый комплекс, согласуются с глаголом в единственном числе так же в следующих случаях: • после наречий here, there, которые стоят в начале предложения и при инвертированном порядке слов: Here comes the old man and his son. Вот идут старик со своим внуком. Here is your hat and gloves. Вот они - ваши шляпа и перчатки. ср. Where are my hat and gloves? Где же мои шляпа и перчатки?; •• если однородные подлежащие, выражены инфинитивами (но не герундиями!): To travel and see other countries was what he dreamt of. Он мечтал путешествовать и повидать другие страны.; ••• если соединяемые союзом and слова относятся к одному и тому же лицу (тому же предмету, той же идее): The great scientist and social leader begins a new campaign. Этот великий ученый и общественный деятель начинает новую кампанию.; •••• два однородных определения, соединенные союзом and, могут относиться к одному и тому же существительному, образуя единую характеристику и в этом случае существительное стоит в форме единственного числа, а артикль употребляется только один раз: The black and white dress she had on was very becoming. На ней было черно-белое платье, которое ей очень шло. The famous composer and singer is going to give a series of concerts. Известный композитор и певец дает серию концертов. Однородные определения, относящиеся к разным лицам (предметам) употребляются с существительными во множественном числе и при повторении артикля перед каждым определением: The black and the white dresses were very becoming. Ей шли черные и белые платья. The famous composer and the famous singer are taking part in the contest. Известный композитор и известный певец участвуют в конкурсе.; (в) союз and 1.3 образует составные названия чисел и в этих случаях на русский язык не переводится: two hundred and twenty five двести двадцать пять. And также присоединяет дроби к целым числам и соответствует русским предлогам с, и: two and three quarters - 23/4 два и три четверти; four and a half 41/2 четыре с половиной. 2. Союз and, объединяя два инфинитива, используется вместо частицы to второго инфинитива: I decided to call him and warn him against going there. Я решил позвонить ему и предостеречь его от поездки. (3.) В разговорной речи с рядом глаголов, таких как to try, to go, to come, to stay, to stop, to watch союз and с последующим инфинитивом без частицы to образует императивные сочетания, которые обычно используются для выражения приглашения, предложения, увещевания. При этом такие сочетания описывают только одно действие и имеют значение цели. В большинстве случаев эти глаголы употребляются в данной конструкции в форме повелительного наклонения: Go and look at the timetable. Пойди, взгляни на расписание. Come and see us more often. Заходите к нам почаще. Let's go and play chess. Пойдемте, поиграем в шахматы. Let's wait and see. Поживем, увидим. Mind and bring the book. Не забудь принести книгу. Глаголы to try и to wait в данной конструкции обычно употребляются в форме Future: I'll try and answer the question. Я попытаюсь ответить на этот вопрос. I'll wait (I would rather wait) and see how things go. Я (лучше) посмотрю, как пойдут дела. I'll try and get some unsalted butter. Я попытаюсь раздобыть несоленое масло. (4.) Союз and в соединении с рядом слов образует сочетания с усилительным и эмоциональным значением: (а.) and 1.5 в сочетании с предшествующим глаголом to go в разговорной речи привносит в высказывание элемент неожиданности, внезапности, непредвиденности: The patient went and died on me. Мой пациент взял да и умер. When things seemed settled he went and left the country. Когда казалось, все было улажено, он вдруг взял и уехал из страны.; (б) присоединяет прилагательные nice и good к другим прилагательным, делает все высказывание усилительным: I'll go when I'm good and ready. Я поеду, когда буду совершенно готов. He was good and angry. Он был взбешен. The room was nice and cool. В комнате была приятная прохлада.; (в) соединяет два одинаковых слова, подчеркивает различие качества соединяемых слов: There are friends and friends. Есть друзья и друзья. /Друзья разные бывают. There are dogs and dogs, some mean, some friendly. Собаки разные бывают - одни злые, другие добры.; (г) соединяя два одинаковых слова, and 1.4 подчеркивает нарастающую степень качества (в случае прилагательных), длительности или повторности действий: They went on and on. Они шли все дальше и дальше. better and better все лучше и лучше; colder and colder все холоднее; hours and hours часами; He talked and talked. Он говорил безумолку. /Он вес говорил и говорил.; (д) в начале вопросительных предложений привносит элемент удивления (6.): And what of it? Что из этого? And did you say so? И неужели ты так сказал? (5.) Союз and присоединяет к высказанному положению слово или предложение логически непосредственно не связанное с предыдущим: She was cold and angry. Она замерзла и к тому же была сердита. (6.) Союз and присоединяет к предшествующему высказыванию слово или предложение, обозначающее результаты, причины, следствия: He ate the fish and was sick. Он съел рыбу, и у него началась рвота. She felt unwell and took some medicine. Она себя неважно почувствовала и приняла лекарство. (7.) Союз and (7.) присоединяет к глаголам в форме повелительного наклонения предложение, выражающее непосредственное следствие: Stir and I fire. Не шевелись, а то - стреляю. (8.) Идею соединения могут передавать разнообразные союзы и словосочетания, весьма близкие по значению к союзу and: also, as well, too, not only... but also, besides, likewise, in addition to, moreover, furthermore: We went to the circus. We visited the museum as well. We went to the circus. We went to the museum too. We went to the circus as well as the zoo. We went to the circus. We also visited the zoo. Not only did we go to the circus, we also went to the zoo. Besides going to the zoo, we went to the circus. In addition to visiting the zoo, we went to the circus. Paul went to the circus. So did Peter. Конструкция not only... (but) also требует инвертированного порядка слов. Если часть сложного предложения, вводимая besides, in addition to, not only, стоит в начале сложного предложения, то она отделяется запятой: Besides buying these books, we bought a few pictures. In addition to visiting the zoo, we went to the circus. Not only did we go to the circus, we went to the zoo -
67 adprehendo
ap-prĕhendo ( adp-, Fleck., Baiter, Halm; app-, Kayser) ( poet. sometimes apprendo: adprendas, Caecil. ap. Gell. 15, 9;I.apprensus,
Tac. A. 4, 8; Stat. S. 3, 4, 43;apprendere,
Sil. 13, 653), di, sum, 3, v. a., to lay hold upon, to seize, take hold of (class., esp. in prose; syn.: prehendo, comprehendo, cupio, arripio, corripio).In gen.A.Lit.:B.Alterum alterā adprehendit eos manu,
Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 64, where Fleck. reads prehendit: Pone (me) apprendit pallio, * Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 23:adprehendens pallium suum,
Vulg. 3 Reg. 11, 30:atomi aliae alias adprehendentes continuantur,
Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 54:adprehendit cornu altaris,
Vulg. 3 Reg. 2, 28:vites sic claviculis adminicula tamquam manibus adprehendunt,
Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 120:morsu,
Plin. 11, 24, 28, § 84:quantum adprehenderint tres digiti,
Quint. 1, 2, 26.—So of seizing hold of the hand, or embracing the person:manum osculandi causā,
Suet. Tib. 72 (prehendere manum is found in Cic. Quint. 31, and id. de Or. 1, 56, 240):manum adprehendere,
Vulg. Gen. 19, 16; id. Isa. 41, 13; ib. Marc. 1, 31; ib. Act. 3, 7:quibus adprensis,
Tac. A. 4, 8 al.:adprehensum deosculatur,
Vulg. Prov. 7, 13.—Also in entreaty:conscientiā exter ritus adprehendit Caecilium, etc.,
Plin. Ep. 1, 5, 8.—Trop.1.Of discourse:2.quidquid ego apprehenderam statim accusator extorquebat e manibus,
whatever I had brought forward, alleged, Cic. Clu. 19, 52:nisi caute adprehenditur,
is laid hold of, employed, Quint. 10, 2, 3.—To grasp with the mind, to understand, comprehend:3.passio apprehensa,
Cael. Aur. Tard. 3, 5, 70; Tert. adv. Val. 11.—For complector, to embrace, include:II.casum testamento,
Dig. 28, 2, 10:personam filii (sc. in stipulatione),
ib. 45, 1, 56.—Esp., to seize, to take, or lay hold of, to apprehend:A. * In milit.a militibus adprehensus,
Gell. 5, 14, 26:furem adprehendere,
Dig. 13, 7, 11:fugitivum,
ib. 11, 4, 1.—Hence,lang., to take possession of:B.adprehendere Hispanias,
Cic. Att. 10, 8 init. (cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 112: Pharon prehendit); and in gen. to lay hold of, to get, secure, obtain (eccl. Lat.):adprehende vitam aeternam,
Vulg. 1 Tim. 6, 12;6, 19: justitiam,
righteousness, ib. Rom. 9, 30.—As med. t., of disease, to seize:Ubi libido veniet nauseae eumque adprehendit, decumbat etc.,
Cato, R. R. 156, 4.—So in gen. of fear, pain, trouble (eccl. Lat.):tremor adprehendit eam,
Vulg. Jer. 49, 24:dolor,
ib. 2 Macc. 9, 5:angustia,
ib. Jer. 50, 43:stupor,
ib. Luc. 5, 26:tentatio,
ib. 1 Cor. 10, 13. -
68 aestuatio
aestŭātĭo, ōnis, f. [aestuo], a boiling up, foaming; trop., trouble or agitation of mind, Plin. 18, 1, 1, § 5, where Jan reads aestimatione. -
69 angustum
angustus, a, um. adj. [v. ango], narrow, strait, esp. of local relations, close, contracted, small, not spacious (syn.: artus, brevis, contractus;I.opp. latus,
Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 92). [p. 120]Lit.:II.fretus,
Lucr. 1, 720:Angustum per iter,
id. 5, 1132; so Sall. J. 92, 7, and Vulg. Judith, 4, 6; 7, 5:pontes angusti,
Cic. Leg. 3, 17:domus,
id. Fin. 1, 20, 65:fauces portūs angustissimae,
Caes. B. C. 1, 25:fines,
id. B. G. 1, 2 Herz.:cellae,
Hor. S. 1, 8, 8:rima,
id. Ep. 1, 7, 29:Principis angustā Caprearum in rupe sedentis,
on the narrow rock, Juv. 10, 93 Herm., where Jahn reads augusta, both readings yielding an apposite sense:porta,
Vulg. Matt. 7, 13; ib. Luc. 13, 24 al.— Subst.: angustum, i, n., narrowness:per angustum,
Lucr. 4, 530:angusta viarum,
Verg. A. 2, 332:pontes et viarum angusta,
Tac. H. 4, 35.—Trop.A.In angustum concludere, adducere, deducere, etc., to reduce to a strait, i. e. to restrain, confine, etc.:B.ab illā immensā societate humani generis in exiguum angustumque concluditur,
Cic. Off. 1, 17:amicitia ex infinitā societate generis humani ita contracta est et adducta in angustum, ut, etc.,
id. Am. 5.—Of the passions, to curb, restrain, moderate:perturbationes animi contrahere et in angustum deducere,
Cic. Ac. 1, 10.—Of other things: clavus angustus, the narrow purple stripe upon the tunic, v. clavus:C.spiritus,
short, difficult, Cic. de Or. 1, 61:odor rosae,
not diffused far, Plin. 21, 4, 10, § 14.—Once also of the point of an arrow = acutus, Cels. 7, 5, n. 2.—Of time, short, brief:D.angustus dies,
Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 8; Stat. Th. 1, 442:nox,
Ov. Am. 3, 7, 25:tempus,
Luc. 4, 447.—Of means of living, and the like, pinching, scanty, needy:E.pauperies,
Hor. C. 3, 2, 1:res angusta domi,
Juv. 3, 164:mensa,
Sen. Thyest. 452: domus, poor, i. e. built without much expense, Tac. A. 2, 33.—Of other external relations of life, difficult, critical, uncertain:F.rebus angustis animosus atque Fortis adpare,
Hor. C. 2, 10, 21:cum fides totā Italiā esset angustior,
was weakened, Caes. B. C. 3, 1.— Subst.: angustum, i, n., a difficult, critical, condition, danger: in angustum cogi, * Ter. Heaut. 4, 2, 2:res est in angusto,
the condition is perilous, Caes. B. G. 2, 25:spes est in angusto,
hope is feeble, Cels. 8, 4.—Of mind or character, narrow, base, low, mean-spirited:G.nihil est tam angusti animi, tam parvi, quam amare divitias,
Cic. Off. 1, 20, 68:animi angusti et demissi,
id. Pis. 24, 57:ecce autem alii minuti et angusti, aut omnia semper desperantes, aut malevoli, invidi, etc.,
id. Fin. 1, 18, 61.—Of learned investigations that lay too much stress upon little things, subtle, hair-splitting:H.minutae angustaeque concertationes,
Cic. de Or. 3, 31:pungunt (Stoici) quasi aculeis, interrogatiunculis angustis,
id. Fin. 4, 3, 7.—Of discourse, brief, simple:I.et angusta quaedam et concisa, et alia est dilatata et fusa oratio,
Cic. Or. 56, 187:Intonet angusto pectore Callimachus,
i.e. in simple style, Prop. 2, 1, 40.— Adv.: angustē.Lit., of space, quantity, or number, within narrow limits, closely, hardly: recepissem te, nisi anguste sederem, if I were not in close quarters, Cic. ap. Macr. S. 2, 3:II.anguste putare vitem,
to prune close, Col. 4, 16, 1; so,anguste aliquid deputare,
id. 4, 22, 3:quā (re frumentariā) anguste utebatur,
in small quantity, Caes. B. C. 3, 16:tantum navium repperit, ut anguste quindecim milia militum, quingentos equites transportare possent, = vix,
scarcely fifteen thousand, id. ib. 3, 2.— Comp.:angustius pabulabantur,
within narrower range, Caes. B. C. 1, 59:aliae (arbores) radices angustius diffundunt,
Varr. R. R. 1, 37, 5:quanto sit angustius imperitatum,
Tac. A. 4, 4:eo anno frumentum propter siccitates angustius provenerat,
more scantily, Caes. B. G. 5, 24.— Sup.:Caesar (nitebatur) ut quam angustissime Pompeium contineret,
Caes. B. C. 3, 45:furunculus angustissime praecisus,
Col. 4, 24, 17. —Trop.A.In gen., within narrow limits:B.anguste intraque civiles actiones coërcere rhetoricam,
Quint. 2, 15, 36.— Comp.: haud scio an recte ea virtus frugalitas appellari possit, quod angustius apud Graecos valet, qui frugi homines chrêsimous appellant, id est tantum modo utiles, has a narrower meaning, Cic. Tusc. 3, 8, 16:Reliqui habere se videntur angustius, enatant tamen etc.,
seem to be more hampered, id. ib. 5, 31, 87.—Esp. of speaking or writing, closely, briefly, concisely, without diffuseness: anguste scribere, Cic. Mur. 13, 28:anguste et exiliter dicere,
id. Brut. 84, 289:anguste disserere,
id. Part. Or. 41, 139:presse et anguste rem definire,
id. Or. 33, 117:anguste materiem terminare,
Quint. 7, 4, 40.— Comp.:Pergit idem et urget angustius,
Cic. N. D. 2, 8, 22:concludere brevius angustiusque,
id. ib. 2, 7, 20. -
70 angustus
angustus, a, um. adj. [v. ango], narrow, strait, esp. of local relations, close, contracted, small, not spacious (syn.: artus, brevis, contractus;I.opp. latus,
Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 92). [p. 120]Lit.:II.fretus,
Lucr. 1, 720:Angustum per iter,
id. 5, 1132; so Sall. J. 92, 7, and Vulg. Judith, 4, 6; 7, 5:pontes angusti,
Cic. Leg. 3, 17:domus,
id. Fin. 1, 20, 65:fauces portūs angustissimae,
Caes. B. C. 1, 25:fines,
id. B. G. 1, 2 Herz.:cellae,
Hor. S. 1, 8, 8:rima,
id. Ep. 1, 7, 29:Principis angustā Caprearum in rupe sedentis,
on the narrow rock, Juv. 10, 93 Herm., where Jahn reads augusta, both readings yielding an apposite sense:porta,
Vulg. Matt. 7, 13; ib. Luc. 13, 24 al.— Subst.: angustum, i, n., narrowness:per angustum,
Lucr. 4, 530:angusta viarum,
Verg. A. 2, 332:pontes et viarum angusta,
Tac. H. 4, 35.—Trop.A.In angustum concludere, adducere, deducere, etc., to reduce to a strait, i. e. to restrain, confine, etc.:B.ab illā immensā societate humani generis in exiguum angustumque concluditur,
Cic. Off. 1, 17:amicitia ex infinitā societate generis humani ita contracta est et adducta in angustum, ut, etc.,
id. Am. 5.—Of the passions, to curb, restrain, moderate:perturbationes animi contrahere et in angustum deducere,
Cic. Ac. 1, 10.—Of other things: clavus angustus, the narrow purple stripe upon the tunic, v. clavus:C.spiritus,
short, difficult, Cic. de Or. 1, 61:odor rosae,
not diffused far, Plin. 21, 4, 10, § 14.—Once also of the point of an arrow = acutus, Cels. 7, 5, n. 2.—Of time, short, brief:D.angustus dies,
Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 8; Stat. Th. 1, 442:nox,
Ov. Am. 3, 7, 25:tempus,
Luc. 4, 447.—Of means of living, and the like, pinching, scanty, needy:E.pauperies,
Hor. C. 3, 2, 1:res angusta domi,
Juv. 3, 164:mensa,
Sen. Thyest. 452: domus, poor, i. e. built without much expense, Tac. A. 2, 33.—Of other external relations of life, difficult, critical, uncertain:F.rebus angustis animosus atque Fortis adpare,
Hor. C. 2, 10, 21:cum fides totā Italiā esset angustior,
was weakened, Caes. B. C. 3, 1.— Subst.: angustum, i, n., a difficult, critical, condition, danger: in angustum cogi, * Ter. Heaut. 4, 2, 2:res est in angusto,
the condition is perilous, Caes. B. G. 2, 25:spes est in angusto,
hope is feeble, Cels. 8, 4.—Of mind or character, narrow, base, low, mean-spirited:G.nihil est tam angusti animi, tam parvi, quam amare divitias,
Cic. Off. 1, 20, 68:animi angusti et demissi,
id. Pis. 24, 57:ecce autem alii minuti et angusti, aut omnia semper desperantes, aut malevoli, invidi, etc.,
id. Fin. 1, 18, 61.—Of learned investigations that lay too much stress upon little things, subtle, hair-splitting:H.minutae angustaeque concertationes,
Cic. de Or. 3, 31:pungunt (Stoici) quasi aculeis, interrogatiunculis angustis,
id. Fin. 4, 3, 7.—Of discourse, brief, simple:I.et angusta quaedam et concisa, et alia est dilatata et fusa oratio,
Cic. Or. 56, 187:Intonet angusto pectore Callimachus,
i.e. in simple style, Prop. 2, 1, 40.— Adv.: angustē.Lit., of space, quantity, or number, within narrow limits, closely, hardly: recepissem te, nisi anguste sederem, if I were not in close quarters, Cic. ap. Macr. S. 2, 3:II.anguste putare vitem,
to prune close, Col. 4, 16, 1; so,anguste aliquid deputare,
id. 4, 22, 3:quā (re frumentariā) anguste utebatur,
in small quantity, Caes. B. C. 3, 16:tantum navium repperit, ut anguste quindecim milia militum, quingentos equites transportare possent, = vix,
scarcely fifteen thousand, id. ib. 3, 2.— Comp.:angustius pabulabantur,
within narrower range, Caes. B. C. 1, 59:aliae (arbores) radices angustius diffundunt,
Varr. R. R. 1, 37, 5:quanto sit angustius imperitatum,
Tac. A. 4, 4:eo anno frumentum propter siccitates angustius provenerat,
more scantily, Caes. B. G. 5, 24.— Sup.:Caesar (nitebatur) ut quam angustissime Pompeium contineret,
Caes. B. C. 3, 45:furunculus angustissime praecisus,
Col. 4, 24, 17. —Trop.A.In gen., within narrow limits:B.anguste intraque civiles actiones coërcere rhetoricam,
Quint. 2, 15, 36.— Comp.: haud scio an recte ea virtus frugalitas appellari possit, quod angustius apud Graecos valet, qui frugi homines chrêsimous appellant, id est tantum modo utiles, has a narrower meaning, Cic. Tusc. 3, 8, 16:Reliqui habere se videntur angustius, enatant tamen etc.,
seem to be more hampered, id. ib. 5, 31, 87.—Esp. of speaking or writing, closely, briefly, concisely, without diffuseness: anguste scribere, Cic. Mur. 13, 28:anguste et exiliter dicere,
id. Brut. 84, 289:anguste disserere,
id. Part. Or. 41, 139:presse et anguste rem definire,
id. Or. 33, 117:anguste materiem terminare,
Quint. 7, 4, 40.— Comp.:Pergit idem et urget angustius,
Cic. N. D. 2, 8, 22:concludere brevius angustiusque,
id. ib. 2, 7, 20. -
71 anxius
anxĭus, a, um, adj. [v. ango], distressed, solicitous, uneasy, troubled, anxious (as a permanent state of mind).I.Lit.:(α).neque omnes anxii, qui anguntur aliquando, nec qui anxii semper anguntur,
Cic. Tusc. 4, 12, 27; cf.:anxietas and angor.—But frequently momentary' anxiae aegritudines et acerbae,
Cic. Tusc. 4, 15, 34:anxio animo aut sollicito esse,
id. Fin. 2, 17, 55:spiritus anxius,
Vulg. Bar. 3, 1:senes morosi et anxii,
Cic. Sen. 18, 65:Oratio pauperis, cum anxius fuerit,
Vulg. Psa. 101, 1:anxius curis,
Ov. M. 9, 275: mentes, * Hor. C. 3, 21, 17:anxius angor,
Lucr. 3, 993; 6, 1158: anxium habere aliquem, to bring one into trouble, to make anxious or solicitous, Auct. B. Afr. 71; Tac. A. 2, 65.—With gen. animi or mentis:animi anxius,
Sall. J. 55, 4 Cort., where Dietsch reads animo, and Gerl. omits it altogether:anxius mentis,
Albin. 1, 398 (for this gen. v. animus, II. B. 1.).—The object on account of which one is anxious or solicitous is put,In abl.:(β).gloriā ejus,
Liv. 25, 40:omine adverso,
Suet. Vit. 8:venturis,
Luc. 7, 20.—In gen. (diff. from [p. 135] the preced. gen. animi and mentis):(γ).inopiae,
Liv. 21, 48:furti (i. e. ne furtum fiat),
Ov. M. 1, 623:vitae,
id. H. 20, 198:securitatis,
Plin. 15, 18, 20, § 74:potentiae,
Tac. A. 4, 12:sui,
id. H. 3, 38; in acc. vicem, Liv. 8, 35.—With de:(δ).de famā ingenii,
Quint. 11, 1, 50:de successore,
Suet. Calig. 19:de instantibus curis,
Curt. 3, 2; with pro, Plin. Ep. 4, 21.—With ad:(ε).ad eventum alicujus rei,
Luc. 8, 592.—With in and abl.:(ζ).noli anxius esse in divitiis,
Vulg. Eccli. 5, 10.—With ne and an:II.anxius, ne bellum oriatur,
Sall. J. 6, 6:anxius, an obsequium senatūs an studia plebis reperiret,
Tac. A. 14, 13.—Transf.A.In an act. sense, that makes anxious, troubles, awakens solicitude, troublesome:B.curae,
Liv. 1, 56 (cf.:anxius curis,
Ov. M. 9, 275):timor,
Verg. A. 9, 89:accessu propter aculeos anxio,
Plin. 12, 8, 18, § 33.—Prepared with anxious care:elegantia orationis neque morosa neque anxia,
Gell. 15, 7, 3; cf. anxietas, II.—Hence, adv.: anxĭē, anxiously, with anxiety (not in Cic.):aliquid ferre,
Sall. J. 82, 3:auguria quaerere,
Plin. 11, 52, 114, § 273:certare,
Suet. Ner. 23:aliquam prosequi, Justin. 1, 4: loqui,
Gell. 20, 1:anxie doctus,
Macr. S. 5, 18; 7, 7.— Comp.: anxius, Gargil. Mart. p. 395 Mai;and formed by magis: magis anxie,
Sall. ad Caes. Ord. Re Publ. 2 fin. -
72 apprehendo
ap-prĕhendo ( adp-, Fleck., Baiter, Halm; app-, Kayser) ( poet. sometimes apprendo: adprendas, Caecil. ap. Gell. 15, 9;I.apprensus,
Tac. A. 4, 8; Stat. S. 3, 4, 43;apprendere,
Sil. 13, 653), di, sum, 3, v. a., to lay hold upon, to seize, take hold of (class., esp. in prose; syn.: prehendo, comprehendo, cupio, arripio, corripio).In gen.A.Lit.:B.Alterum alterā adprehendit eos manu,
Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 64, where Fleck. reads prehendit: Pone (me) apprendit pallio, * Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 23:adprehendens pallium suum,
Vulg. 3 Reg. 11, 30:atomi aliae alias adprehendentes continuantur,
Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 54:adprehendit cornu altaris,
Vulg. 3 Reg. 2, 28:vites sic claviculis adminicula tamquam manibus adprehendunt,
Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 120:morsu,
Plin. 11, 24, 28, § 84:quantum adprehenderint tres digiti,
Quint. 1, 2, 26.—So of seizing hold of the hand, or embracing the person:manum osculandi causā,
Suet. Tib. 72 (prehendere manum is found in Cic. Quint. 31, and id. de Or. 1, 56, 240):manum adprehendere,
Vulg. Gen. 19, 16; id. Isa. 41, 13; ib. Marc. 1, 31; ib. Act. 3, 7:quibus adprensis,
Tac. A. 4, 8 al.:adprehensum deosculatur,
Vulg. Prov. 7, 13.—Also in entreaty:conscientiā exter ritus adprehendit Caecilium, etc.,
Plin. Ep. 1, 5, 8.—Trop.1.Of discourse:2.quidquid ego apprehenderam statim accusator extorquebat e manibus,
whatever I had brought forward, alleged, Cic. Clu. 19, 52:nisi caute adprehenditur,
is laid hold of, employed, Quint. 10, 2, 3.—To grasp with the mind, to understand, comprehend:3.passio apprehensa,
Cael. Aur. Tard. 3, 5, 70; Tert. adv. Val. 11.—For complector, to embrace, include:II.casum testamento,
Dig. 28, 2, 10:personam filii (sc. in stipulatione),
ib. 45, 1, 56.—Esp., to seize, to take, or lay hold of, to apprehend:A. * In milit.a militibus adprehensus,
Gell. 5, 14, 26:furem adprehendere,
Dig. 13, 7, 11:fugitivum,
ib. 11, 4, 1.—Hence,lang., to take possession of:B.adprehendere Hispanias,
Cic. Att. 10, 8 init. (cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 112: Pharon prehendit); and in gen. to lay hold of, to get, secure, obtain (eccl. Lat.):adprehende vitam aeternam,
Vulg. 1 Tim. 6, 12;6, 19: justitiam,
righteousness, ib. Rom. 9, 30.—As med. t., of disease, to seize:Ubi libido veniet nauseae eumque adprehendit, decumbat etc.,
Cato, R. R. 156, 4.—So in gen. of fear, pain, trouble (eccl. Lat.):tremor adprehendit eam,
Vulg. Jer. 49, 24:dolor,
ib. 2 Macc. 9, 5:angustia,
ib. Jer. 50, 43:stupor,
ib. Luc. 5, 26:tentatio,
ib. 1 Cor. 10, 13. -
73 σῴζω
σῴζω, with ι wherever ζ follows ω, as σῴζω, EM741.27, and so (written σωιζ-) in Inscrr. and Papyri down to iii B.C., e.g. IG12.625.4, 22.687.35, 1611.378, Isyll.75 (lapis), PCair.Zen.482.17, 532.23 (iii B.C.), Test.Epict. 1.6 (iii/ii B.C.), ([etym.] ἀνα-) IG22.492.13, also in cod. Laur. of S.El. 993, al., but otherwise without it, e.g.Aἔσωσε IG9(2).257.11
(Thess., v B.C.); but Didym. (and many Hellenistic and later Inscrr. and Papyri) rejected the ι everywhere, v. EMl.c., and on the other hand Inscrr. show σῳς- (always written σωις- ) from v B.C.,ἔσῳσεν IG12.1085.5
, 22.1236.6,συνδιασῴσαντες GDI1612.9
(Dyme, iii B.C.), σῴσαι ([ per.] 3sg. opt.) IG5(2).357.152 (Stymphalus, iii B.C.), (Canopus, iii B.C.), cf. PPetr.3p.72 (iii B.C.); σοζ[, i.e. σωζ[, occurs in IG12.590: [tense] fut. , Th.1.137, etc.; early [dialect] Att.σωῶ IG12.188.30
: [tense] pf. σέσωκα, also σέσῳκα, v. ἀνασῴζω:— [voice] Med., [tense] fut. , ([etym.] ἐκ-) A.Pers. 360, ([etym.] δια-) X.Cyr.4.2.28: [tense] aor. :—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut.σωθήσομαι Th.5.111
, Ar.Nu.77, Hp.Prog.1, etc.: [tense] aor.ἐσώθην Th.1.110
, al., SIG167.37 (Mylasa, iv B.C. ) ( ἐσώσθην only in Hsch.): [tense] pf.σέσωσμαι A.Th.
[ 821 ( 820) ], , D.56.33,σεσώσμεθα S.Tr.83
, etc.; but , cf. 110a,σεσωμένος PCair.Zen.331.8
(iii B.C.); said to be [dialect] Att. by Phot.; διασεσῳμένους is found in IG22.435.11 (after 336 B.C.) and διασεσῳμένοι in PCair.Zen.240.11 (iii B.C.); laterσέσῳσται IG12(7).386.25
(Amorgos, iii B.C.).--The foll. forms are found in Hom. and dialects,1 [tense] pres. part.σώζων Od.5.490
; [ per.] 3sg. ind. or opt. σώζει ([etym.] - οι) Hes.Op. 376 (v.l. for εἴη): [tense] pres. part. [voice] Pass. σωζόμενοι ([etym.] - ομένοισι) Thgn.68, 235 (s.v.l.).2 from [full] σᾰόω, [ per.] 3sg.σαοῖ Thgn. 868
, Call.Del.22, etc.; [ per.] 3pl.σαοῦσι Tyrt.11.13
; [ per.] 2sg. imper.σάου h.Hom.13.3
, Call.Epigr.35 (as v.l.), etc.: [tense] fut.σαώσω Il.10.44
: [tense] aor.ἐσάωσα 21.611
, Pi.Fr. 231: [tense] aor. inf. [voice] Pass.σαωθῆναι Il.15.503
, Od.10.473; imper.σαωθήτω Il.17.228
; [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3pl.ἐσάωθεν Od.3.185
: [tense] fut. [voice] Med.σαώσομαι 21.309
.3 from [full] σάωμι, [dialect] Aeol. [ per.] 2sg.σάως Alc.73
(fort. σάῳς); [ per.] 2sg. imper.σάω Od.13.230
, 17.595, Call. l.c., etc.: σάω as [ per.] 3sg.[tense] impf., Il.16.363, 21.238.4 from [full] σώω, part.σώοντες Od.9.430
; [dialect] Ion. [tense] impf.σώεσκον Il.8.363
; σώετε, σώεσθαι, A.R.4.197, 2.610.5 from [full] σόω, subj. σόῃς, -ῃ, -ωσι, Il.9.681, 424, 393 vulg., where Tyrannio ap.Hdn.Gr.2.66 reads σοῷς, σοῷ, σοῶσι; in 9.681 Aristarch. read both σαῷς and σοῷς; the forms σοῷς, σοῷ perh. arise from σαόω, by contraction and 'distraction': but σόωσι from σώωσι acc. to Hdn.Gr.l.c.; Hsch. cites also σόεις, σοῦται as = σώζεις, σώζεται.6 [dialect] Lacon. [full] σωάδδει· παρατηρεῖ, Hsch.: but also [suff] σχολι-σοΐδδω, [tense] aor. ἀπέσοιξεν· ἀπέσωσεν, Λάκωνες, Id.7 σωννύω, Dinol.5:—save, keep,1 of persons, save from death, keep alive,σώοντες ἑταίρους Od.9.430
;ζωοὺς σάω Il.21.238
;ὄτ' ἄσφ' ἀπολλυμένοις σάως Alc.73
, cf. Th.1.91, X.An.3.1.38;πόδες καὶ γοῦνα σ. τινά Il.21.611
; νὺξ στρατὸν ς. 9.78; spare, Od.22.357:—[voice] Pass., to be saved, kept alive, preserved, opp. ἀπολέσθαι, Il.15.503, Od.3.185, etc.;ἀγαπητῶς σεσωσμένους Lys.16.16
; keep a whole skin, escape destruction,οἱ σωθησόμενοι Pl.Tht. 176d
; so in [tense] pres. σωζόμενος, Thgn.68, 235 (s.v.l.); to be healed, recover from sickness, Hp.Coac. 136, Is.1.10 (dub. l.);ὑγιαίνοντες καὶ σωζόμενοι IG22.1028.89
(i B.C.); σώζεο, as a wish, God bless you, farewell, Call.Del. 150, AP5.240 (Paul. Sil.), 9.372; σώζοισθε ib.171 (Pall.); also, save oneself, escape, ; μόγις or μόλις σῴζεσθαι escape with difficulty, Id.Ep. 332c, D.S.2.48, etc.; χαλεπῶς ς. Thgn.675.b esp. in NT, of God or Christ, 1 Ep.Cor.1.21, etc.;σ. τὸ ἀπολωλός Ev.Luc.19.10
;σ. τὸν κόσμον Ev.Jo.12.47
:—freq. in [voice] Pass., to be saved or in a state of salvation, Ev.Matt.19.25, etc.;οἱ σῳζόμενοι Ev.Luc.13.23
, Act.Ap.2.47.2 of things, keep safe, preserve, rare in Hom.,σάω μὲν ταῦτα, σάω δ' ἐμέ Od.13.230
;σπέρμα πυρὸς σώζων 5.490
; πόλιν καὶ ἄστυ ς. Il.17.144;σαώσει Ἀργείους καὶ νῆας 10.44
, cf. 9.230: freq. in Trag. and [dialect] Att.,σ. φάρμακον S.Tr. 686
; ; τὰ σκεύη, παῖδας οἶκον χρήματα, καρπούς, Ar. Pax 730 (anap.), Av. 380 (troch.), 1062 (lyr.); τὰ πατρῷα, τὰ ὑπάρχοντα, Id.Th. 820 (lyr.), Th.1.70; σ. πόλιν preserve the city or the state, Hdt.8.34, A. Th. 749 (lyr.), S.Ant. 1058, Pl.R. 417a, cf. Grg. 512b, etc.;τὰ πράγματα Th.1.74
;τὴν Ἑλλάδα Ar.Lys. 525
(lyr.); τὰς πολιτείας, τὴν δημοκρατίαν, etc., Arist.Pol. 1309b15,36; τόνδε γὰρ [λόγον] σῴζων keeping it secret, A.Pr. 524, cf. S.OC 1530; σ. καιρόν save or recover an opportunity, D.19.6, cf. 23.4:—[voice] Med., keep or preserve for oneself,τὴν εὐλάβειαν S.El. 993
, cf. E.Alc. 146, etc.;αὐτὸς αὑτῷ σ. τι Ar.Ec. 402
, cf.Eq. 1017 (hex.):—[voice] Pass., τὸ ἄπραγμον οὐ σῴζεται is not secure, Th.2.63; ἡ.. πόλις οὐκ ἂν ἐσῴζετο; Ar.Ec. 219; to be preserved or extant, of books, Longin. ap. Porph.Plot.20, Gal.15.705, D.C.70.2.3 keep, observe, maintain laws, etc.,σ. ἐφετμάς A.Eu. 241
;τὸν παρόντα νοῦν Id.Pr. 394
;τοὺς καθεστῶτας νόμους S.Ant. 1114
, cf. Arist.VV 1250b17;τοὺς σοὺς λόγους E.Hel. 1552
; τὸ μόρσιμον ib. 613; (ii A.D.); confirm,τὸ τοῦ ποιήσαντος Arist.Mu. 400b24
, cf. Antig.Mir.45 ([voice] Pass.); πρὸς τὸ τὰ φαινόμενα σῴζειν to retain the observed facts, Procl.Hyp.5.10; κατὰ ποσὸν σῴζει τὴν πρὸς τὸ μῶλυ ἐμφέρειαν retains, i.e. does not lack, a certain resemblance to.., Dsc.3.46, cf. 98, Sor.Fasc.8:—[voice] Pass., to be maintained,τοῦ μήκους σῳζομένου Arist.Mete. 386a2
;ἐφ' ᾧ τοῖς θεοῖς τὰ ἱερὰ σωθήσεσθαι PHib.1.77.7
(iii B.C.).4 keep in mind, remember, E.Hel. 266, Pl. R. 486c: more freq. in [voice] Med.,παρῆκα θεσμῶν οὐδέν, ἀλλ' ἐσῳζόμην.. ὅπως δύσνιπτον ἐκ δέλτου γραφήν S.Tr. 682
, cf. El. 1257;μηδ' ἂ ἔμαθε σῴζοιτο Pl.R. 455b
; in full, (lyr.), cf. Pl.Grg. 501a, Tht. 163d.II Constr.:1 simply c. acc., v. supr.2 with a sense of motion to a place, bring one safe to,τὸν δ' ἐσάωσεν ἐς ποταμοῦ προχοάς Od.5.452
;ἐς ὅμιλον Il.19.401
;πόλινδε 5.224
, etc.; ;εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τὴν ἐπουράνιον 2 Ep.Ti.4.18
:—[voice] Pass., come safe to a place,σωθέντος ἐμεῦ ὀπίσω ἐς οἶκον Hdt.4.97
, cf. 9.104;πρὸς ἤπειρον σεσῶσθαι A.Pers. 737
; ;οἴκαδε X.HG1.6.7
; σῴζεσθαι ἐπὶ τὴν ὑμετέρην [χώρην] Hdt.5.98;ἐς δόμους σωθέντ' S.Tr. 611
;σωθῶμεν ἐπὶ θάλατταν X.An. 6.5.20
: c. dat. pers.,μόλις ὔμμιν ἐσώθην Theoc.15.4
.3 σ. τινὰ ἐκ φλοίσβοιο, ἐκ πολέμου, carry off safe, rescue from.., Il.5.469, 11.752;ἐκ ποταμοῖο 21.274
;ἐκ θανάτοιο Od.4.753
;ἐκ πολλῶν πόνων S.El. 1356
;ἀπὸ στρατείας A.Ag. 603
;διὰ δεινῶν πραγμάτων σεσωσμένοι X. An.5.5.8
: c. gen., σώσας ἐχθρῶν χθόνα having rescued it from them, S.Ant. 1162;σῶσαί τινα κακοῦ Id.Ph. 919
;σεαυτὸν νούσου Ath.Mitt. 56.124
([place name] Smyrna);σωθῆναι κακῶν E.Or. 779
.--Both constructions may be combined,σ. τινὰ ἐκ πολέμοιο νῆας ἔπι Il.17.452
;ἐκ π. μετὰ νῆας 12.123
;ἐξ Αἰγίνης δεῦρο Pl.Grg. 511d
.4 c. acc. et dat. pers., save for another,υἷά τινι Od.4.765
;ἡμῖν τὸν βίον Pl.Prt. 356e
, etc.:— [voice] Pass.,σῴζεταί τί τινι Ar. Pax 1022
, X.An.7.7.56.6 c. part., σῴζεσθαι φεύγοντες by flight, X.Cyr.3.3.51.7 abs., τὰ σώσοντα what is likely to save, D.6.5; ἡ σῴζουσα [ψῆφος] Luc.Harm.3.b σώζων, ὁ, Saviour, of a god, JRS14.28 ([place name] Iconium); epith. of Apollo, CR19.368 ([place name] Sizma).c σῴζουσα, ἡ, = ἀρτεμισία, Ps.-Dsc.3.113. -
74 move
move [mu:v]mouvement ⇒ 1 (a) déménagement ⇒ 1 (b) changement d'emploi ⇒ 1 (c) pas ⇒ 1 (d) tour ⇒ 1 (e) déplacer ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (c) bouger ⇒ 2 (a), 3 (a) transférer ⇒ 2 (b) déménager ⇒ 2 (d), 3 (f) émouvoir ⇒ 2 (e) pousser ⇒ 2 (f) céder ⇒ 2 (g) partir ⇒ 3 (d) jouer ⇒ 3 (e) se déplacer ⇒ 3 (e) avancer ⇒ 3 (h)1 noun(a) (movement) mouvement m;∎ with one move she was by his side en un éclair, elle fut à ses côtés;∎ one move out of you and you're dead! un seul geste et tu es mort!;∎ he made a move to take out his wallet il s'apprêta à sortir son portefeuille;∎ the police were watching her every move la police surveillait ses moindres gestes;∎ to make a move (leave) y aller, bouger;∎ it's late, I ought to be making a move il se fait tard, il faut que j'y aille ou que je parte;∎ she made a move to leave elle se leva pour partir;∎ familiar to get a move on se grouiller;∎ familiar get a move on! grouille-toi!, active!(b) (change of home, premises) déménagement m;∎ how did the move go? comment s'est passé le déménagement?;∎ we're considering a move to bigger premises nous envisageons d'emménager dans des locaux plus spacieux(c) (change of job) changement m d'emploi;∎ after ten years in the same firm she felt it was time for a move après dix ans dans la même société elle avait le sentiment qu'il était temps de changer d'air ou d'horizon(d) (step, measure) pas m, démarche f;∎ she made the first move elle a fait le premier pas;∎ she wondered when he would make his move elle se demandait quand il allait se décider;∎ don't make a move without contacting me ne fais rien sans me contacter;∎ familiar to make a move on sb faire des avances à qn;∎ the new management's first move was to increase all salaries la première mesure de la nouvelle direction a été de relever tous les salaires;∎ at one time there was a move to expand à un moment, on avait envisagé de s'agrandir;∎ what do you think their next move will be? selon vous, que vont-ils faire maintenant?;∎ they made an unsuccessful move to stop the war ils firent une tentative infructueuse pour arrêter la guerre;∎ the government has made moves towards resolving the problem le gouvernement a pris des mesures pour résoudre le problème∎ it's my move c'est à moi (de jouer);∎ Chess white mates in two moves les blancs font mat en deux coups;∎ white always has first move c'est toujours les blancs qui commencent;∎ in chess the first thing to learn is the moves la première chose à apprendre aux échecs, c'est la façon dont les pièces se déplacent sur l'échiquier ou le déplacement des pièces sur l'échiquier∎ this key moves the cursor towards the right cette touche déplace le curseur vers la droite;∎ move the lever to the left poussez le levier vers la gauche;∎ we moved all the chairs indoors/outdoors nous avons rentré/sorti toutes les chaises;∎ move your chair closer to the table rapproche ta chaise de la table;∎ we've moved the couch into the spare room nous avons mis le canapé dans la chambre d'amis;∎ move all those papers off the table! enlève tous ces papiers de la table!, débarrasse la table de tous ces papiers!;∎ don't move anything on my desk ne touche à rien sur mon bureau;∎ I can't move my leg je n'arrive pas à bouger la jambe;∎ can you move your leg (out of the way), please est-ce que tu peux pousser ta jambe, s'il te plaît?;∎ move your head to the left inclinez la tête vers la gauche;∎ he moves his lips when he reads il remue les lèvres en lisant;∎ Chess she moved a pawn elle a joué un pion;∎ familiar move it! grouille-toi!(b) (send elsewhere → prisoner, troops etc) transférer;∎ move all these people out of the courtyard faites sortir tous ces gens de la cour;∎ she's been moved to the New York office/to accounts elle a été mutée au bureau de New York/affectée à la comptabilité;∎ he asked to be moved to a room with a sea view il a demandé qu'on lui donne une chambre avec vue sur la mer;∎ troops are being moved into the area des troupes sont envoyées dans la région;∎ he's decided to move his family to England (he is in England) il a décidé de faire venir sa famille en Angleterre; (he is elsewhere) il a décidé d'envoyer sa famille en Angleterre(c) (change time or date of) déplacer;∎ the meeting has been moved to Friday (postponed) la réunion a été remise à vendredi; (brought forward) la réunion a été avancée à vendredi(d) (to new premises, location)∎ the company that moved us la firme qui s'est chargée de ou qui a effectué notre déménagement;∎ to move house déménager(e) (affect, touch) émouvoir;∎ I was deeply moved j'ai été profondément ému ou touché;∎ to move sb to anger provoquer la colère de qn;∎ to move sb to tears émouvoir qn (jusqu')aux larmes;∎ to move sb to pity exciter la pitié de qn(f) (motivate, prompt) pousser, inciter;∎ to move sb to do sth pousser ou inciter qn à faire qch;∎ what moved you to change your mind? qu'est-ce qui vous a fait changer d'avis?∎ nothing will move him il est inflexible;∎ the Prime Minister will not be moved le Premier ministre ne cédera pas d'un pouce;∎ we shall not be moved! nous ne céderons pas!∎ to move an amendment proposer un amendement;∎ I move that we vote on it je propose que nous procédions au vote∎ we must move these goods quickly nous devons vendre ces marchandises rapidement∎ to move one's bowels aller à la selle(a) (shift, change position) bouger;∎ don't move! ne bougez pas!;∎ I'm sure the curtains moved je suis sûr d'avoir vu les rideaux bouger;∎ something moved in the bushes quelque chose a bougé dans les buissons;∎ I was so scared I couldn't move j'étais pétrifié (de terreur);∎ the train was so crowded, I could barely move le train était tellement bondé que je pouvais à peine bouger ou faire un mouvement;∎ you can't move for furniture in their flat il y a tellement de meubles dans leur appartement qu'il n'y a pas la place de se retourner;∎ the handle won't move la poignée ne bouge pas;∎ she wouldn't move out of my way elle ne voulait pas s'écarter de mon chemin;∎ could you move so that we can get in? pourriez-vous vous pousser que nous puissions entrer?;∎ the dancers move so elegantly les danceurs évoluent avec beaucoup de grâce(b) (be in motion → vehicle)∎ the line of cars was moving slowly down the road la file de voitures avançait lentement le long de la route;∎ wait till the car stops moving attends que la voiture soit arrêtée;∎ I jumped off while the train was still moving j'ai sauté avant l'arrêt du train;∎ the truck started moving backwards le camion a commencé à reculer∎ the guests moved into/out of the dining room les invités passèrent dans/sortirent de la salle à manger;∎ the depression is moving westwards la dépression se déplace vers l'ouest;∎ the demonstrators were moving towards the embassy les manifestants se dirigeaient vers l'ambassade;∎ the hands of the clock moved inexorably towards midnight les aiguilles de l'horloge s'approchaient inexorablement de minuit;∎ small clouds moved across the sky de petits nuages traversaient le ciel;∎ the earth moves round the sun la Terre tourne autour du Soleil;∎ figurative public opinion is moving to the left/right l'opinion publique évolue vers la gauche/droite;∎ to move in high circles fréquenter la haute société∎ it's getting late, I ought to be or get moving il se fait tard, il faut que j'y aille ou que je parte∎ you can't move until you've thrown a six on ne peut pas jouer avant d'avoir fait sortir ou d'avoir amené un six;∎ Chess white to move and mate in three les blancs jouent et font mat en trois coups;∎ Chess pawns can't move backwards les pions ne peuvent pas reculer(f) (to new premises, location) déménager;∎ when are you moving? quand est-ce que vous déménagez?;∎ when are you moving to your new apartment? quand est-ce que vous emménagez dans votre nouvel appartement?;∎ she's moving to San Francisco elle va habiter (à) San Francisco;∎ the company has moved to more modern premises la société s'est installée dans des locaux plus modernes(g) (change job, profession)∎ he's moved to a job in publishing il travaille maintenant dans l'édition(h) (develop, progress) avancer, progresser;∎ things have started moving now les choses ont commencé à avancer;∎ to get things moving faire avancer les choses∎ that car can really move! cette voiture a quelque chose dans le ventre!;∎ she's really moving now maintenant elle fonce vraiment(j) (take action) agir;∎ if you want to succeed now is the time to move si vous voulez réussir, il vous faut agir maintenant ou dès à présent;∎ the town council moved to have the school closed down la municipalité a pris des mesures pour faire fermer l'école;∎ I'll get moving on it first thing tomorrow je m'en occuperai demain à la première heure∎ they won't move on the question of compensation ils ne céderont ou ne fléchiront pas sur la question des compensations∎ the new model isn't moving very quickly le nouveau modèle ne se vend pas très vite∎ have your bowels moved today? êtes-vous allé à la selle aujourd'hui?∎ to be on the move être en déplacement;∎ he's a travelling salesman, so he's always on the move c'est un représentant de commerce, voilà pourquoi il est toujours en déplacement ou il est toujours par monts et par vaux;∎ the enemy forces on the move les colonnes ennemies en marche ou en mouvement;∎ I've been on the move all day je n'ai pas arrêté de la journée;∎ we're a firm on the move nous sommes une entreprise dynamiquese déplacer, bouger;∎ I can hear somebody moving about upstairs j'entends des bruits de pas là-haut;∎ it's hard to move about on crutches c'est dur de se déplacer avec des béquillesdéplacer;∎ they keep moving her around from one department to another ils n'arrêtent pas de la faire passer d'un service à l'autre(a) (to make room) se déplacer, se pousser;∎ move along and let the old lady sit down poussez-vous un peu pour laisser la vieille dame s'asseoir∎ I ought to be moving along il faut que je m'en aille;∎ the policeman told us to move along le policier nous a dit de circuler;∎ move along please! circulez, s'il vous plaît!∎ moving along to my next question pour passer à ma question suivante;∎ the procession moved along painfully slowly le cortège avançait ou progressait terriblement lentement(bystanders, busker) faire circuler(a) (go in opposite direction) s'éloigner, partir;∎ he held out his arms to her but she moved away il lui tendit les bras mais elle s'éloigna;∎ the train moved slowly away le train partit lentement(b) (change address) déménager;∎ her best friend moved away sa meilleure amie a déménagééloigner(a) (back away) reculer(b) (return to original position) retourner;∎ they've moved back to the States ils sont retournés habiter ou ils sont rentrés aux États-Unis(b) (return to original position) remettre;∎ you can change the furniture around as long as you move it back afterwards vous pouvez déplacer les meubles à condition de les remettre ensuite à leur place ou là où ils étaient(a) (from higher level, floor, position) descendre;∎ School he moved down a class on l'a fait descendre d'une classe;∎ the team moved down to the fourth division l'équipe est descendue en quatrième division(b) (make room) se pousser;∎ move down, there's plenty of room inside poussez-vous, il y a de la place à l'intérieur∎ move down the bus, please avancez jusqu'au fond de l'autobus, s'il vous plaît(from higher level, floor, position) descendre;∎ School he was moved down a class on l'a fait passer dans la classe inférieure;∎ move this section down mettez cette section plus basavanceravancer;∎ she moved the clock forward one hour elle a avancé l'horloge d'une heure➲ move in(a) (into new home, premises) emménager;∎ his mother-in-law has moved in with them sa belle-mère s'est installée ou est venue habiter chez eux(b) (close in, approach) avancer, s'approcher;∎ the police began to move in on the demonstrators la police a commencé à avancer ou à se diriger vers les manifestants;∎ the camera then moves in on the bed la caméra s'approche ensuite du lit∎ another gang is trying to move in un autre gang essaie de mettre la main sur l'affaire;∎ the unions moved in and stopped the strike les syndicats prirent les choses en main et mirent un terme à la grève;∎ the market changed when the multinationals moved in le marché a changé quand les multinationales ont fait leur apparition(a) (install → furniture) installer;∎ the landlord moved another family in le propriétaire a loué à une autre famille(b) (send → troops) envoyer;∎ troops were moved in by helicopter les troupes ont été transportées par hélicoptères'éloigner, partir;∎ the train finally moved off le train partit ou s'ébranla enfin➲ move on(a) (proceed on one's way) poursuivre son chemin;∎ we spent a week in Athens, then we moved on to Crete on a passé une semaine à Athènes avant de partir pour la Crète;∎ a policeman told me to move on un policier m'a dit de circuler(b) (progress → to new job, new subject etc)∎ she's moved on to better things elle a trouvé une meilleure situation;∎ after five years in the same job I feel like moving on après avoir occupé le même emploi pendant cinq ans, j'ai envie de changer d'air;∎ technology has moved on since then la technologie a évolué depuis;∎ can we move on to the second point? pouvons-nous passer au deuxième point?(bystanders, busker) faire circuler➲ move out(a) (of home, premises) déménager;∎ when are you moving out of your room? quand est-ce que tu déménages de ou tu quittes ta chambre?;∎ his girlfriend has moved out sa petite amie ne vit plus avec lui∎ the troops will be moved out les troupes se retireront;∎ people were moved out of their homes to make way for the new road les gens ont dû quitter leur maison pour permettre la construction de la nouvelle route(a) (make room) se pousser;∎ move over and let me sit down pousse-toi pour que je puisse m'asseoir(b) (stand down → politician) se désister;∎ it's time he moved over to make way for a younger man il serait temps qu'il laisse la place à un homme plus jeune∎ we're moving over to mass production nous passons à la fabrication en série➲ move up(a) (to make room) se pousser;∎ move up and let me sit down pousse-toi pour que je puisse m'asseoir∎ School to move up a class passer dans la classe supérieure;∎ you've moved up in the world! tu en as fait du chemin!∎ our battalion's moving up to the front notre bataillon monte au front∎ shares moved up three points today les actions ont gagné trois points aujourd'hui(a) (to make room) pousser, écarter(b) (to higher level, floor, position) faire monter;∎ School he's been moved up a class on l'a fait passer dans la classe supérieure;∎ move this section up mettez cette section plus haut∎ another division has been moved up une autre division a été envoyée sur place -
75 وقع
وَقْع \ effect: the feeling that sth. gives to those who see or hear it: The colours of the sunset produced a wonderful effect. impression: an effect on the mind: I formed a bad impression of his work. She made a good impression on me. sound: the feeling that one gets when one reads or learns about sth.: I don’t like the sound of these new plans. \ See Also انطباع (انْطِباع) \ أَحْدَثَ وَقْعًا في النفس \ impress: to have a strong effect on (sb.); fill (sb.) with admiration: His honesty impressed me. \ وَقْع أقدام \ footstep: a step of sb. who is walking; the sound of a step. -
76 effect
وَقْع \ effect: the feeling that sth. gives to those who see or hear it: The colours of the sunset produced a wonderful effect. impression: an effect on the mind: I formed a bad impression of his work. She made a good impression on me. sound: the feeling that one gets when one reads or learns about sth.: I don’t like the sound of these new plans. \ See Also انطباع (انْطِباع) -
77 impression
وَقْع \ effect: the feeling that sth. gives to those who see or hear it: The colours of the sunset produced a wonderful effect. impression: an effect on the mind: I formed a bad impression of his work. She made a good impression on me. sound: the feeling that one gets when one reads or learns about sth.: I don’t like the sound of these new plans. \ See Also انطباع (انْطِباع) -
78 sound
وَقْع \ effect: the feeling that sth. gives to those who see or hear it: The colours of the sunset produced a wonderful effect. impression: an effect on the mind: I formed a bad impression of his work. She made a good impression on me. sound: the feeling that one gets when one reads or learns about sth.: I don’t like the sound of these new plans. \ See Also انطباع (انْطِباع) -
79 ἐγώ
ἐγώ (Hom.+) pers. pron. of the first pers. ἐμοῦ (μου), ἐμοί (μοι), ἐμέ (με); pl. ἡμεῖς, ἡμῶν, ἡμῖν, ἡμᾶς: I, used w. a verb to emphasize the pers.: ἐγὼ ἀποστέλλω Mt 10:16; ἐγὼ λέγω 21:27; ἐγὼ ἐπιτάσσω σοι Mk 9:25; ἐγὼ καταλύσω 14:58. Esp. in the antitheses of the Sermon on the Mount Mt 5:22–44 (s. ELohse, JJeremias Festschr. ’70, 189–203 [rabb.]). ἐγώ εἰμι it is I (in contrast to others) Mt 14:27; Lk 24:39; J 6:20; I am the man 9:9; w. strong emphasis: I am the one (i.e. the Messiah) Mk 13:6; Lk 21:8; J 8:24, 28; cp. vs. 58.—For the solemn I-style in J, esp. 10:7–14, cp. the Isis ins in Diod S 1, 27, 4; IG XII/5, 14 (SIG 1267) passim; PGM 5, 145ff (all three in Dssm., LO 109–12 [LAE 134ff]; further material there 109, 3 and in Hdb., excur. on J 8:12. See IAndrosIsis; GWetter, ‘Ich bin es’: StKr 88, 1915, 224–38; KZickendraht, ibid. 94, 1922, 162–68; ESchweizer, Ego Eimi ’39; WManson, JTS 48, ’47, 137–45; HSahlin, Zur Typologie des Joh-evangeliums ’50, 63–71; Bultmann 167, 2; GMacRae, CMoule Festschr., ’70, 122–34 [Gnostics]; JBergman, Ich bin Isis, 1968; RMerkelbach, Isis Regina—Zeus Sarapis ’95).—On J 8:58 s. EFreed, JSNT 17, ’83, 52–59 (esp. p. 57f, n. 3, lit.).—ἰδοὺ ἐγώ (oft. LXX; s. PKatz, Philo’s Bible ’50, 75ff) Mt 23:34; 28:20; Mk 1:2 v.l. (Mal 3:1); Lk 24:49. ἰδοὺ ἐγώ, κύριε here I am, Lord Ac 9:10 (cp. Gen 22:1; 27:1 al.).—ἐγώ I (will), or yes (Judg 13:11; cp. Epict. 2, 12, 18 ἔγωγε) Mt 21:30.—In gospel mss. ἐ. is also found without special emphasis, either as a Hebraism, Mk 12:26 (Ex 3:6); J 10:34 (Ps 81:6), or as a copyist’s addition (B-D-F §277, 2).—On the interchange of pl. and sg. (cp. Apollon. Rhod. 3, 784 ἄμμι [=ἡμῖν], on which the scholion reads: ἀντὶ ἑνικοῦ [=singular] τοῦ ἐμοὶ κεῖται τὸ ἄμμι. 3, 1111; Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 18 §67 ἡμῖν=to me. Likew. 3, 48 §196 ἡμῖν in the words of Octavian; 3, 38 §152 μετεβάλομεν=I; Jos., Ant. 2, 68; Just., D. 1, 4) s. Mlt. 86f, esp. in Paul s. B-D-F §280; Rob. 406f; KDick, D. schriftstellerische Pl. b. Pls. 1900; EAskwith, Exp. 8th Ser., 1, 1911, 149–59; EvDobschütz, Wir u. Ich b. Pls: ZST 10, ’33, 251–77; WLofthouse, ET 64, ’52/53, 241–45; ARogers, ibid. 77, ’66, 339f. For J, s. AvHarnack, Das ‘Wir’ in den joh. Schriften: SBBerlAk 1923, 96–113.—FSlotty, Der sog. Pl. modestiae: IndogF 44, 1927, 155–90; on the pl. in Ac 27f s. Hemer, Acts 312–34 (lit.); UHolzmeister, De ‘plurali categoriae’ in NT a Patribus adhibito: Biblica 14, ’33, 68–95.—In the oblique cases the longer forms ἐμοῦ, ἐμοί, ἐμέ are used as a rule where the main emphasis lies on the pron. ὁ ἀκούων ὑμῶν, ἐμοῦ ἀκούει Lk 10:16; τῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν τε καὶ ἐμοῦ Ro 1:12 al., where the emphasis is suggested by the position of the pron.—The enclit. forms occur where the main emphasis lies on the noun or verb οὐκ ἔστιν μου ἄξιος Mt 10:37; τίς μου ἥψατο; Mk 5:31; ἀπαγγείλατέ μοι Mt 2:8 al. With prep. (Mayser 302f) the enclit. forms are used only in the case of ἔμπροσθεν and ὀπίσω, somet. ἐνώπιον (Ac 10:30; but cp. Lk 4:7 ἐ. ἐμοῦ), as well as w. πρός w. acc. after verbs of motion (δεῦτε πρός με Mt 11:28; cp. 3:14; J 6:37 v.l.; ἐρχέσθω πρός με 7:37; ἀπεσταλμένοι πρός με Ac 11:11 al.). Only the enclit. forms are used as substitutes for the possessive adj. ὁ λαός μου my people Mt 2:6; μενεῖτε ἐν τῇ ἀγάπῃ μου you will remain in my love, i.e. make it possible for me to continue to love you J 15:10. μου stands as objective gen. μιμηταί μου γίνεσθε become imitators of me 1 Cor 4:16.—The expr. τί ἐμοὶ καὶ σοί; is Hebraistic (=מַה־לִּי וָלָךְ), but it also made its way into vernac. Gk. (cp. Epict. 1, 22, 15; 1, 27, 13; 2, 19, 19; 1, 1, 16; ESchwartz, GGN 1908, p. 511, 3; DHesseling: Donum natalicium Schrijnen 1929, 665–68; FBurkitt, JTS 13, 1912, 594f; CLattey, ibid. 20, 1919, 335f); it may be rendered what have I to do w. you? what have we in common? leave me alone! never mind! It serves to refuse a request or invitation (2 Km 16:10; 19:23; 4 Km 3:13) J 2:4 (s. PGächter, ZKT 55, ’31, 351–402. Difft. JDerrett, Law in the NT, ’70, 238–42.—Apparent indifference toward close relatives compared with the things of God, as Epict. 3, 3, 5 οὐδὲν ἐμοὶ καὶ τῷ πατρί, ἀλλὰ τῷ ἀγαθῷ) and as a protest against hostile measures (Judg 11:12; 3 Km 17:18; 2 Ch 35:21; 1 Esdr 1:24) Mk 5:7; Lk 8:28; likew. τὶ ἡμῖν κ. σοί; (s. τίς 1 aβה) Mt 8:29; Mk 1:24; Lk 4:34 (cp. OBauernfeind, D. Worte d. Dämonen im Mk 1927).—On the ‘I’ Ro 7:7ff s. WKümmel, Rö 7 u. d. Bekehrung des Pls 1929; RBultmann: Imago Dei ’32, 53–62; BMartin, SJT 34, ’81, 39–47 (in support of Kümmel for pre-Christian identity). Also s. οἴμοι.—DELG. M-M. TW. -
80 טוף
טוּףch. = h. צוּף, 1) ( to shine, to come to the surface, float, bubble up. Part. טָאֵיף, טָיֵיף. Targ. Y. Deut. 21:1. Targ. Y. Gen. 28:10; a. e.Koh. R. to V, 8 (mixed diction) וטָפַת בארה שלוכ׳ Miriams well came up.Ab. II, 6; Succ.53a, v. infra.Y.Shebi.IX, 38d; Pesik. Bshall. p. 89b> הוה טָיֵיף the corpse came up to the surface. Gen. R. s. 81 (in Hebr. dict.) וטָפַת רוחיוכ׳ and my mind in me was swimming (I became proud, v. טָפַח); a. fr. 2) (denom. of טיף) to drip; to be inundated. Targ. O. Gen. 49:12; a. e.Keth.111b חלבא טייףוכ׳ milk was dripping Y.Taan.III, end, 67a הוה עלמא ט׳ the world would have been flooded. Gen. R. s. 32; Yalk. ib. 57 דלא טףוכ׳ it (the mount Gerizim) was not flooded by the waters of the flood; a. e.Targ. Y. Deut. 21:23 תטופון, v. טְנַף a. נְטַף. Pa. טַיֵּיף, טָאֵף 1) to direct the overflow, to assign channels. Targ. Job 38:24, v. טְיָפָא.Gitt.69b top ונִיטַּיְיפֵיהוכ׳ and let it (the milk) run over 2) to cause to glisten, to turn in all directions. Keth.60b מְטַיְּפֵי עינא Ar. (ed. מציצי, v. infra) with restless eyes. 3) to cause to float, v. infra. Af. אָטֵיף, אַטֵּיף (fr. נְטַף 1) to make flow. Targ. Deut. 11:4.(Keth. l. c. מְטִיפֵי עינא Ar. s. v. טף I ‘with dripping eyes, v. supra. 2) to cause to float. Ab. II, 6 על דאֲטֵפְתְּ אֲטִיפוּךְ וסוף מְטִיפָיךְ יְטוּפוּן ed. Strack (oth. eds. אַטְפוּךְ. Strack reads מְטַיְפָיךְ Pa.; oth. pointed eds. מְטיְּפָיִךְ h. form) because thou (the person whose skull was seen to float) hast caused (a corpse) to float, they made thee float, and those who made thee float, shall also float. Ithpa. אִיטַּיֵּיף to be glittering, to be turned in all directions. B. Kam.92b; Meg.14b ועיניה מִטַּיְּיפֵי and its eyes look all around (for food).
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Never Mind the Buzzcocks — title card (Series 25 present) Genre Comedy Format Panel game … Wikipedia
Confessions of the Mind — Studio album by The Hollies Released November 1 … Wikipedia
Coney Island of the Mind, A — by Lawrence Ferlinghetti (1958) A Coney Island of the Mind is a three part poetry collection by lawrence ferlinghetti, publisher of City Lights Books and owner of City Lights Bookstore in San Francisco. The book’s enduring popularity has led… … Encyclopedia of Beat Literature
The Mind of the Maker — (1941) is a Christian theological book, written by Dorothy L. Sayers (who was better known for her crime and mystery novels and other fiction, particularly for the character Lord Peter Wimsey). It treated the subject of creativity in the light of … Wikipedia
The Mind and the Matter — Infobox Television episode Title = The Mind and the Matter Series = The Twilight Zone Caption = Shelley Berman in The Mind and the Matter Season = 2 Episode = 63 Airdate =May 12, 1961 Production = 173 3659 Writer =Rod Serling Director =Buzz Kulik … Wikipedia
Piece of Mind — Infobox Album Name = Piece of Mind Type = studio Artist = Iron Maiden Released = May 16 1983 Recorded = Compass Point Studios, Nassau, Bahamas, January March 1983 Genre = Heavy metal Length = 45:50 Label = EMI Producer = Martin Birch Reviews =… … Wikipedia
Dangerous Mind (drama) — Infobox television show name = Dangerous Mind caption = format = Fiction Campus camera = Chen Da Pu picture format = DV runtime = approx. 48 minutes creator = Hou Wen Yun director = Yee Chin yen developer = Blue Productions executive producer =… … Wikipedia
Dangerous Mind (TV series) — Dangerous Mind Format Fiction Campus Created by Hou Wen Yun Developed by Blue Productions Directed by … Wikipedia
A Change of Mind — Infobox Television episode Title = A Change of Mind Series = The Prisoner Season = 1 Episode = 12 Guests = Number Two John Sharp Number Eighty Six Angela Browne Writer = Roger Parkes Director = Patrick McGoohan Production = Airdate = 31 December… … Wikipedia