vāpŭlo

vāpŭlo, āvi, 1, v. neutral pass. [perh. root vap-; cf. vappo; prop. to wriggle, flutter; hence], to get a cudgelling or flogging, to be flogged.

Lit.:

ego vapulando, ille verberando usque ambo defessi sumus,

Ter. Ad. 2, 2, 5;

so (opp. verberare),

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 178:

vapulo ego invitus,

id. Cas. 5, 3, 15: ergo istoc magis, Quia vaniloquus, vapulabis, [p. 1958] id. Am. 1, 1, 223:

cum corpus vapulet,

Lucr. 4, 936:

non ego, sed tenuis vapulat umbra mea,

Prop. 3, 3 (2, 12), 20:

qui illum viderant ab illo flagris vapulantem,

Sen. Lud. Mort. Claud. 15, 2:

testis in reum rogatus, an ab reo fustibus vapulasset,

Quint. 9, 2, 12; 1, 3, 16:

saepe territus quasi vapulaturus,

Dig. 47, 10, 15:

coctum ego, non vapulatum dudum conductus fui,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 3, 9.—

Vapula, vapulet, as an opprobrious expression, you be flogged! he be flogged! like the vulg. Engl., you be hanged! he be hanged! nunc profecto vapula ob mendacium, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 214; id. As. 2, 4, 72; id. Truc. 5, 53:

vapulet! Ne sibi me credat supplicem fore!

id. Pers. 2, 3, 17:

vapulare te vehementer jubeo,

id. Curc. 4, 4, 12.—Hence, prov.: vapula Papiria, of doubtful signif.; v. Fest. p. 372 Müll. —

Transf.

Of troops, like our to be beaten, i. e. to be conquered: septimam legionem vapulasse, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 1, 4.—

Of property, to be dissipated, squandered:

vapulat peculium,

Plaut. Stich. 5, 5, 10:

multa,

Sen. Q. N. 6, 7, 6.—

In gen., of inanim. things, to be struck, beaten:

(olea) quae vapulavit macescit,

Varr. R. R. 1, 55, 1:

turris pluvio,

Sen. Agam. 93.—

Trop., to be lashed, attacked:

omnium sermonibus vapulare,

Cic. Att. 2, 14, 1.—

To be in trouble, to be afflicted:

sub Veneris regno vapulo, non sub Jovis,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.

* * *

dŏlĕo, ŭi, ĭtum (doliturus, Liv. 39, 43 fin.; Prop. 1, 15, 27; Verg. A. 11, 732; Hor. Epod. 15, 11; id. S. 1, 2, 112; 1, 10, 89; Ov. M. 9, 257 al.; cf. also under

n. and a. [perh. root in Sansc. dar-, dal-, to tear apart; cf. Gr. derô, to flay; Ger. zehren, to consume; Eng. tear].

Corporeally, to feel pain, suffer pain, be in pain, to ache:

nequeo caput Tollere, ita dolui, itaque ego nunc doleo, etc.,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 45; id. Aul. 3, 1, 5:

doleo ab animo, doleo ab oculis, doleo ab aegritudine,

id. Cist. 1, 1, 62:

si cor dolet, et si jecur, aut pulmones, aut praecordia,

Cato R. R. 157, 7; cf.:

pes, oculi, caput, latera, pulmones,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 19, 44:

caput,

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 7; cf.:

caput a sole,

Plin. 24, 5, 10, § 15:

renes,

Plaut. Curc. 2, 1, 21:

hirae omnes,

id. ib. 23:

oculi,

id. Most. 4, 2, 10:

pes aegri,

Lucr. 3, 111:

dens,

Plin. 20, 21, 84, § 224:

uterum,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 7, 10 et saep.:

misero nunc malae dolent,

id. Am. 1, 1, 252; cf. Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 64:

non metuo, ne quid mihi doleat, quod ferias,

Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 54.—Esp., of the pangs of childbirth:

Lucina dolentibus Juno dicta puerperis,

Cat. 34, 13.—With acc. of part affected (late Lat.):

graviter oculos dolui,

Front. ad Amic. 16: doluisse te inguina cognosco, Marc. Aur. Ep. ad M. Caes. 5, 19, 34.— Impers.: mihi dolet, quom ego vapulo, Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 44; cf. id. Poen. 1, 1, 22:

si stimulos pugnis caedis, manibus plus dolet,

id. Truc. 4, 2, 55.

Mentally.

Of personal subjects, to grieve for, deplore, lament, be sorry for, be afflicted at or on account of any thing (so most freq. and class.).

With acc.:

meum casum luctumque doluerunt,

Cic. Sest. 69, 145; so,

casum,

id. Vatin. 13, 31; Sall. C. 40, 2:

Dionis mortem,

Cic. Cael. 10, 24:

vicem alicujus,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 44; id. Att. 6, 3, 4; 8, 2, 2; 8, 15 fin.; Tac. H. 1, 29 al.: injurias alicujus, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 12 fin.:

aliquid,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 32 fin.; id. Fl. 24; Verg. A. 1, 9; Hor. S. 1, 2, 112 et saep. —

With acc. and inf.:

inferiores non dolere (debent), se a suis superari,

Cic. Lael. 20; id. Att. 6, 3, 4; Caes. B. G. 3, 2, 5; id. B. C. 1, 64, 2; Suet. Aug. 16 al.; Lucr. 3, 900; Verg. A. 4, 434; Ov. M. 2, 352 et saep. —With simple inf.:

vinci,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 62. —

With abl.:

laetari bonis rebus et dolere contrariis,

Cic. Lael. 13, 47:

qua (epistola) lecta de Atticae febricula valde dolui,

id. Att. 12, 1, 2:

delicto (opp. gaudere correctione),

id. Lael. 24 fin.:

laude aliena,

id. Fam. 5, 8, 2:

clade accepta,

Liv. 5, 11:

injuriis civitatis suae,

id. 29, 21:

dolore alicujus,

Verg. A. 1, 669:

mea virtute,

Hor. Epod. 15, 11:

laeso Metello,

id. S. 2, 1, 67:

quibus negatis,

id. ib. 1, 1, 75:

successu,

Ov. M. 6, 130:

Hercule deo,

id. ib. 9, 257:

rapto Ganymede,

id. F. 6, 43 et saep.—

With de or ex:

de Hortensio te certo scio dolere,

Cic. Att. 6, 6, 2; Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 7; Ov. M. 7, 831; id. Tr. 4, 10, 84 al.:

quo gravius homines ex commutatione rerum doleant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 14, 5; cf.:

tum ex me doluisti,

Cic. Fam. 16, 21, 3; and:

EX QVO (sc. filio) NIHIL VNQVAM DOLVIT NISE CVM IS NON FVIT,

Inscr. Orell. 4609.—

With quod, quia, or si:

doluisse se, quod populi Romani beneficium sibi extorqueretur,

Caes. B. C. 1, 9, 2; Ov. M. 5, 24; cf. Cic. Brut. 1, 5: doleo, quia doles et angere, Luccei. ap. Cic. Fam. 5, 14, 2:

doliturus, si placeant spe deterius nostra,

Hor. S. 1, 10, 89; cf. Cic. Planc. 1.—

Absol.:

ah! nescis quam doleam,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 61:

et desperant et dolent et novissime oderunt,

Quint. 2, 4, 10; 9, 1, 23; 9, 2, 26; Verg. A. 6, 733; Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 12 et saep.:

pars dolere pro gloria imperi,

Sall. J. 39, 1 Kritz.; cf. Sen. Cons. ad Helv. 17.—So, dolentes, the mourners, Ov. M. 10, 142.—

Of subjects not personal, to pain one (rare and mostly ante-class.).

With dat.:

animus mihi dolet,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 54; Phr. Caput mihi condoluit. Str. Quid mihi futurum'st, quoi duae ancillae dolent, i. e. are a painful subject, id. Truc. 2, 8, 3:

dolet illud huic quod, etc.,

id. Capt. 1, 2, 49; id. Mil. 4, 8, 15; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 13; id. Ad. 2, 4, 8; Cic. de Or. 1, 53 fin.; Sall. J. 84, 1.— Impers., it pains me, I am grieved, I grieve.

With dat.: CONDISCES (i. e. condiscens = condiscipulus) CVI DOLET PRO AFRICANO, Corp. Inscr. L. 1, 2258 a:

mihi dolebit, non tibi, si quid ego stulte fecero,

Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 84; Ter. Phorm. 1, 3, 10; Caecil. ap. Cic. Cael. 16, 37; cf.

prov.: cui dolet meminit, Anglice,

the burnt child dreads the fire, Cic. Mur. 20, 42.—

With acc. personae:

frigida Eoo me dolet aura gelu,

Prop. 1, 16, 24.—

Absol.:

dolet (sc. mihi) dictum,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 40:

nec dolent prava,

Sen. Tranq. An. 2.—

► Pass. as deponent:

DE QVA NIHIL ALIVD DOLITVS EST (vir) NISI MORTEM,

Inscr. Grut. 793, 4, and 794, 2:

DOLEATVR,

ib. 676, 11.—Hence, dŏlens, entis, P. a., causing pain, painful:

nil dolentius,

Ov. M. 4, 246.—More freq., adv.: dŏlen-ter, painfully, with pain, with sorrow:

dolenter hoc dicam potius quam contumeliose,

Cic. Phil. 8, 7, 22; id. de Or. 2, 52, 211; id. Or. 38; id. Vatin. 4 fin.; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 24, 6; Plin. Ep. 1, 5, 4 al.— Comp., Cic. Sest. 6, 14.— Sup. does not occur.

et-si, conj. [et, II. H.], like etiamsi, a concessive conditional particle, though, although, albeit.

Prop.

With indic.:

gaudeo, etsi nihil scio, quod gaudeam,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 62:

etsi scio ego, Philumena, meum jus esse... ego tamen, etc.,

Ter. Hec. 2, 2, 1:

etsi abest maturitas aetatis, jam tamen personare aures ejus, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 6, 18, 3: ergo, etsi conferre manum pudor iraque monstrat, Obiciunt portas tamen, Verg. A. 9, 44 et saep.:

vapulo hercle ego invitus tamen, Etsi malum merui,

Plaut. Cas. 5, 3, 16; cf. id. Rud. 5, 2, 63;

so often followed by certe, saltem, verumtamen, etc.: etsi aliqua culpa tenemur, a scelere certe liberati sumus,

Cic. Marcell. 5, 13; Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 60 al.—

With subj.:

etsi taceas, palam id quidem est,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 2, 7; cf. id. Truc. 4, 3, 41:

etsi cupidissime expetitum a me sit, tamen, etc.,

Cic. Att. 7, 3:

etsi nihil aliud Sullae nisi consulatum abstulissetis, tamen eo vos contentos esse oportebat,

id. Sull. 32, 90; Liv. 3, 8 fin. et saep.—

Ellipt., without a verb:

ei, etsi nequaquam parem illius ingenio, ut meritam gratiam referamus,

Cic. de Or. 3, 4, 14:

superbiae crudelitatique etsi seras, non leves tamen venire poenas,

Liv. 3, 56; cf. id. 38, 41 (twice):

etsi non iniquum certe triste senatus consultum factum est,

id. 26, 6, 2; cf. Suet. Calig. 12; Tac. Or. 19.—

Transf., sometimes like quamquam, to restrict or correct a preceding proposition, although, and yet, but, kaiper, kaitoi:

vale atque salve: etsi aliter ut dicam meres,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 86:

utram (conditionem) malis vide: etsi hoc consilium rectum esse scio,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 85:

habet enim res deliberationem: etsi ex parte magna tibi assentior,

Cic. Att. 7, 3, 3; ib. 13, 41:

do, do poenas temeritatis meae. Etsi quae fuit illa temeritas?

id. ib. 9, 10, 2; cf. id. ib. 16, 7, 3:

lectis tuis litteris admiratus equidem sum, te, etc.: etsi, quamvis non fueris suasor et impulsor profectionis meae, approbator certe fuisti,

id. ib. § 2; cf.:

quamquam, etsi,

Liv. 21, 19, 4. Vid. Hand, Turs. II. pp. 600-609.

fĕrĭo, īre (archaic FERINVNT for feriunt; acc. to Fest. s. v. nequinunt, p. 162, 24 Müll.; part. fut. feriturus, Serv. Verg. A. 7, 498. The perf. forms are supplied by percutio, v. Varr. L. L. 9, 55, § 98 Müll.), 4, v. a. [perh. Sanscr. dhūr-, injure, destroy; Lat. ferus, ferox; Gr. thêr; Aeol. phêr; cf. Gr. thourios, impetuous, thorein, to leap; and Lat. furere, furia, etc.], to strike, smite, beat, knock, cut, thrust, hit (class.; syn.: icio, percutio, verbero, vapulo, pulso, tundo, pavio).

Lit.

In gen.:

fores,

to knock, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 63; cf.

parietem,

Cic. Cael. 24, 59:

murum arietibus,

to batter, shake, Sall. J. 76, 6:

pugiles adversarium,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 23 fin.: jacere telum, voluntatis est;

ferire quem nolueris, fortunae,

to strike, id. Top. 17, 64:

partem corporis sibi,

Lucr. 2, 441:

frontem,

Cic. Att. 1, 1, 1:

femur,

Quint. 11, 3, 123:

pectora solito plangore,

Ov. M. 4, 554; cf.:

calce feritur aselli,

id. F. 3, 755: uvas pede (rusticus), to stamp or tread, Tib. 2, 5, 85:

feriri a serpente,

to be stung, Plin. 29, 4, 22, § 71; cf. Ov. Ib. 481:

cetera (venenata animalia) singulos feriunt,

id. ib. 23:

tabulam malleo,

Cels. 6, 7 fin.: stricto ferit retinacula ferro, cuts to pieces (shortly before:

incidere funes),

Verg. A. 4, 580: certatim socii feriunt mare et aequora verrunt, strike, lash (in rowing), id. ib. 3, 290: ut frontem ferias, that you may beat your brow, i. e. be provoked, Cic. Att. 1, 1, 1.— Poet.:

sublimi feriam sidera vertice,

hit, touch, Hor. C. 1, 1, 36; cf. in the foll. 2.— Absol.:

pugno ferire vel calce,

Quint. 2, 8, 13; cf. Hor. S. 2, 7, 99:

occursare capro, cornu ferit ille, caveto,

pushes, butts, Verg. E. 9, 25.—

Of inanim. and abstr. subjects:

principio omnibus a rebus, quascumque videmus, Perpetuo fluere ac mitti spargique necesse est Corpora, quae feriant oculos visumque lacessant,

strike, touch, Lucr. 6, 923:

oculos (corpora, simulacra),

id. 4, 217; 257:

oculorum acies (res),

id. 4, 691:

speciem colore (res),

id. 4, 243; cf.:

his spectris etiam si oculi possent feriri, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 15, 16, 2:

feriuntque summos fulmina montes,

Hor. C. 2, 10, 11:

nec semper feriet, quodcumque minabitur, arous,

id. A. P. 350; cf.:

si fractus illabatur orbis, Impavidum ferient ruinae,

id. C. 3, 3, 8:

nec levius tabulae laterum feriuntur ab undis, Quam, etc.,

Ov. Tr. 2, 47.— Poet.: ferientia terram corpora, smiting (in falling), Luc. 4, 786:

sole fere radiis foriente cacumina primis,

hitting, touching, Ov. M. 7, 804:

palla imos ferit alba pedes,

touches, reaches to, Val. Fl. 1, 385:

ferit aethera clamor,

Verg. A. 5, 140:

feriat dum maesta remotas Fama procul terras,

extends to, Luc. 5, 774.—

In partic.

To kill by striking, to give a deathblow, to slay, kill: hostem, Enn. ap. Cic. Balb. 22, 51 (Ann. v. 284 ed. Vahl.); Sall. C. 7, 6; 60, 4; id. J. 85, 33; cf.:

aliquem securi feriri,

to be beheaded, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 75:

aliquem telo trabali,

Verg. A. 12, 295:

retiarium (mirmillo),

Quint. 6, 3, 61:

te (maritum),

Hor. C. 3, 11, 43:

leonem atque alias feras primus aut in primis ferire,

Sall. J. 6, 1:

aprum,

Ov. M. 3, 715.—

Of the animals for sacrifice, to kill, slaughter; and hence, to offer, sacrifice:

nos humilem feriemus agnam,

Hor. C. 2, 17, 32:

vaccam Proserpinae,

Verg. A. 6, 251; cf. the form of oath in making a compact (when a swine was sacrificed): SI PRIOR DEFEXIT [p. 737] (populus Romanus) PVBLICO CONSILIO DOLO MALO, TV ILLO DIE IVPPITER, POPVLVM ROMANVM SIC FERITO, VT EGO HVNC PORCVM HIC HODIE FERIAM:

TANTOQVE MAGIS FERITO, QVANTO MAGIS POTES POLLESQVE,

Liv. 1, 24, 8:

Quid aut sponsoribus in foedere opus esset aut obsidibus, ubi precatione res transigitur? per quem populum fiat, quo minus legibus dictis stetur, ut eum ita Juppiter feriat, quemadmodum a Fetialibus porcus feriatur,

id. 9, 5, 3. (Cf. also:

Jovis ante aram Stabant et caesā jungebant foedera porcă,

Verg. A. 8, 641).— Hence,

Transf., foedus ferire, to make a compact, covenant, or treaty (in Hebrew in precisely the same manner,): accipe daque fidem, foedusque feri bene firmum, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 33 ed. Vahl.):

is, quicum foedus feriri in Capitolio viderat,

Cic. Rab. Post. 3, 6:

videret ut satis honestum foedus feriretur,

id. Inv. 2, 30, 92:

amorum turpissimorum foedera ferire,

to form illicit connections, id. Cael. 14, 34:

Tarchon jungit opes foedusque ferit,

Verg. A. 10, 154 al. —

Of money, to strike, stamp, coin:

asses sextantario pondere,

Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 44. Thus the designation of a triumvir monetalis is III. VIR. A. A. A. F. F., i. e. Triumvir auro argento aeri flando feriundo, Inscr. Orell. 569.

Trop.

In gen.:

quae faciliora sunt philosophis, quo minus multa patent in eorum vita, quae fortuna feriat,

reaches, affects, Cic. Off. 1, 21, 73:

accidit, ut ictu simili (i. e. morte propinqui) ferirer,

was struck with a similar blow, Quint. 6 praef. §

3: verba palato,

to bring out, utter, speak, Hor. S. 2, 3, 274; cf.:

sonat vox, ut feritur,

Quint. 11, 3, 61:

feriunt animum (sententiae),

id. 12, 10, 48:

ut omnis sensus in fine sermonis feriat aurem,

id. 8, 5, 13; cf. id. 9, 3, 4.— Absol.:

binis aut ternis ferire verbis,

Cic. Or. 67, 226:

videtur Chrysippus medium ferire voluisse,

i. e. to avoid extremes, id. Fat. 17, 39.—

In partic., to cozen, cheat, gull, trick (mostly in vulg. lang.;

not in Cic.): ubi illa pendentem ferit, jam amplius orat,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 19; Ter. Ph. 1, 1, 13:

cum ferit astutos comica moecha Getas,

Prop. 4 (5), 5, 44:

austeros arte ferire viros,

id. 3, 3 (4, 2), 50.—

To punish, inflict punishment: aliquem condemnatione centum librarum auri, Cod. 11, 11, 1.

pulso, āvi, ātum ( inf. parag. pulsarier, Lucr. 4, 931), 1, v. freq. a. [id.], to push, strike, beat (cf.: tundo, ferio, pello).

Lit.:

cum pulsetur agiteturque incursione atomorum sempiternā,

Cic. N. D. 1, 41, 114:

semine in pila pulsato,

Plin. 19, 8, 45, § 158:

lictores ad pulsandos verberandosque homines exercitatissimi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 54, § 142; cf.:

pulsari alios et verberari,

id. ib. 2, 3, 26, §

66: pulsatus parens,

Verg. A. 6, 609:

legatos pulsasse dicebantur,

Liv. 38, 42; Tac. H. 4, 45:

ubi tu pulsas, ego vapulo tantum,

Juv. 3, 289:

ostium,

to knock, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 1, 7:

ostia,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 10; cf.

ostiatim,

Quint. 5, 10, 122:

fores,

Ov. M. 5, 448; so,

pulso alone: pulsate, et aperietur vobis,

Vulg. Matt. 7, 7:

humum ter pede,

to stamp upon the ground, Ov. F. 6, 330:

gyrum pulsat equis,

Prop. 4, 13, 11; cf.:

tellurem pede libero,

Hor. C. 1, 37, 1:

prata choreis,

Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 381.—Of military engines:

ariete muros,

Verg. A. 12, 706:

ariete turres,

Sil. 16, 696:

moenia Romae,

id. 6, 643:

cuspide portas,

id. 12, 565:

pulsabant turrim ariete,

Amm. 20, 11, 21:

moenia Leptitana,

id. 28, 6, 15.—Of musical instruments:

chordas digitis et pectine eburno,

to strike, play upon, Verg. A. 6, 647:

chelyn,

Val. Fl. 1, 139:

pectine nervos,

Sil. 5, 463:

cymbala,

Juv. 9, 62.—Of things:

pulsant arva ligones,

Ov. Am. 3, 10, 31; id. M. 11, 529:

nervo pulsante sagittae,

Verg. G. 4, 313.—

Transf., to strike against, to strike, touch any thing ( poet.):

ipse arduus altaque pulsat Sidera,

Verg. A. 3, 619; 10, 216; Sil. 9, 450:

vasto qui vertice nubila pulsat,

Val. Fl. 4, 149.—Of abstract subjects:

ululatus pulsat aures,

Claud. B. Get. 625.—

Trop.

In gen., to urge or drive on, to impel, to set in violent motion, to move, agitate, disturb, disquiet:

dormientium animos,

Cic. Div. 2, 58, 120:

multa in unum locum confluunt, quae meum pectus pulsant,

Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 3:

quae te vecordia pulsat,

Ov. M. 12, 228:

corda pavor pulsans,

Verg. G, 3, 105; cf.:

curru Phoebe medium pulsabat Olympum,

id. A. 10, 216:

variā meritos formidine pulsant,

Val. Fl. 3, 390:

urbes rumoribus,

to disturb, Petr. p. 679:

invidia pulsat pectus,

Sen. Agam. 134:

aliquem querelis,

Stat. Th. 8, 249; cf.: astra querelis, Claud. in Eutr. 2, prooem. §

51: superos vocibus,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 1671.—

In partic.

To attack before a tribunal, i. e. to arraign, accuse:

ex contractu ejus obligatus, pro quo pulsabatur,

Dig. 11, 1, 11:

non imponitur necessitas aliis pulsantibus respondere,

ib. 5, 1, 2 med. —

Transf., in gen., to accuse, defame:

pulsari crimine falso,

Claud. B. Gild. 170:

injusta Tartara,

to accuse, charge, Stat. S. 5, 5, 77:

apud principis aures existimationem viri fortis invidiā gravi pulsarent,

Amm. 18, 4, 4.—

To drive away, remove, put out of the way, Dig. 19, 2, 15, § 1:

pericula,

Claud. VI. Cons. Hon. 465.—

To injure, insult:

pulsatos infecto foedere divos,

Verg. A. 12, 286:

pulsatae majestatis imperii reus,

of treason, Amm. 14, 7, 7.

sŭb (on the form sus from subs v. infra, III.), prep. with acc. and abl. [perh. for es-ub, ens-ub, = ens (eis) and hupo; Sanscr. upa; cf. Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 290], under.

With abl., to point out the object under which a thing is situated or takes place (Gr. hupo, with dat. or gen.), under, below, beneath, underneath.

Of space:

si essent, qui sub terrā semper habitavissent... nec tamen exissent umquam supra terram,

Cic. N. D. 2, 37, 95; Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 72:

sub aquā,

id. Cas. 2, 6, 28:

sub vestimentis,

id. Ep. 2, 2, 32; Liv. 1, 58; cf.: saepe est sub palliolo sordido sapientia, Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 23, 56:

ingenium ingens Inculto latet hoc sub corpore,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 34:

sub pellibus hiemare,

Caes. B. C. 3, 13, 5; cf. Liv. 23, 18, 15:

manet sub Jove frigido Venator,

Hor. C. 1, 1, 25:

sub divo moreris,

id. ib. 2, 3, 23:

vitam sub divo agat,

id. ib. 3, 2, 5 (v. divus, II.):

sub terrā vivi demissi sunt,

Liv. 22, 57:

sub hoc jugo dictator Aequos misit,

id. 3, 28, 11:

pone (me) sub curru nimium propinqui Solis,

Hor. C. 1, 22, 21 et saep.— Trop.:

non parvum sub hoc verbo furtum latet,

Cic. Agr. 3, 3, 12.—

Transf., of lofty objects, at the foot of which, or in whose immediate neighborhood, any thing is situated, under, below, beneath, at the foot of, at, by, near, before:

sub monte consedit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 48; so,

sub monte considere,

id. ib. 1, 21:

sub colle constituere,

id. ib. 7, 49:

sub montis radicibus esse,

id. ib. 7, 36 al.:

sub ipsis Numantiae moenibus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 11, 17:

est ager sub urbe,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 107; so,

sub urbe,

Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 26; Varr. R. R. 1, 50, 2; Hor. C. 3, 19, 4:

sub Veteribus,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 19:

sub Novis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 66, 266 Orell. N. cr.; id. Ac. 2, 22, 70 Goer. N. cr.; cf. Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.:

sub basilicā,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 11 et saep.— Trop.:

sub oculis domini suam probare operam studebant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 57 fin.:

omnia sub oculis erant,

Liv. 4, 28; cf. Vell. 2, 21, 3:

classem sub ipso ore urbis incendit,

Flor. 2, 15.—

Of time, in, within, during, at, by:

ne sub ipsā profectione milites oppidum irrumperent,

Caes. B. C. 1, 27:

sub decessu suo,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 49:

sub luce,

Ov. M. 1, 494; Hor. A. P. 363; Liv. 25, 24:

sub eodem tempore,

Ov. F. 5, 491:

sub somno,

Cels. 3, 18 med. al.—

In other relations, where existence under or in the immediate vicinity of any thing may be conceived.

Under, in rank or order; hence, next to, immediately after: Euryalumque Helymus sequitur;

quo deinde sub ipso Ecce volat calcemque terit jam calce Diores,

Verg. A. 5, 322.—

In gen., of subjection, domination, stipulation, influence, effect, reason, etc., under, beneath, with:

omnes ordine sub signis ducam legiones meas,

under my standards, Plaut. Ps. 2, 4, 71: sub armis vitam cernere, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 6, § 81 Müll. (Trag. v. 297 Vahl.); so,

sub armis,

Caes. B. C. 1, 41; 1, 42:

sub sarcinis,

id. B. G. 2, 17; 3, 24:

sub onere,

id. B. C. 1, 66 et saep.—

Trop., under, subject to, in the power of; during, in the time of, upon, etc.:

sub Veneris regno vapulo, non sub Jovis,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 13:

sub regno esse,

Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 60:

sub imperio alicujus esse,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 4:

sub dicione atque imperio alicujus esse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31; Auct. B. Alex. 66, 6; Sall. J. 13, 1; Nep. Con. 4, 4; id. Eum. 7, 1; cf.:

sub Corbulone Armenios pellere,

Tac. H. 3, 24: sub manu alicujus esse, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23, 2;

sub rege,

Cic. Rep. 2, 23, 43; Hor. C. 3, 5, 9:

sub Hannibale,

Liv. 25, 40:

sub dominā meretrice,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 25:

sub nutrice,

id. ib. 2, 1, 99:

sub judice lis est,

id. A. P. 78:

praecipua sub Domitiano miseriarum pars erat,

during the reign of, Tac. Agr. 45:

scripsit sub Nerone novissimis annis,

Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 5:

gnarus sub Nerone temporum,

Tac. Agr. 6; Suet. Tit. 8 et saep.:

sub vulnere,

from the effects of the wound, Ov. M. 5, 62; cf.:

sub judice,

under, id. ib. 13, 190:

nullo sub indice,

forced by no betrayer, id. ib. 13, 34.—So in certain phrases where the simple abl. is more freq.:

sub pacto abolitionis dominationem deponere,

Quint. 9, 2, 97:

sub condicione,

Liv. 6, 40, 8 Weissenb. ad loc.:

sub condicionibus,

id. 21, 12, 4:

sub eā condicione, ne cui fidem meam obstringam,

Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 11:

sub eā condicione, si esset, etc.,

id. ib. 8, 18, 4; so,

sub condicione, ut (ne, si, etc.),

Suet. Tib. 44; 13; id. Caes. 68; id. Claud. 24; id. Vit. 6:

sub specie (= specie, or per speciem): sub specie infidae pacis quieti,

Liv. 9, 45, 5; 36, 7, 12; 44, 24, 4:

sub tutelae specie,

Curt. 10, 6, 21; Sen. Ben. 1, 4, 2; cf.:

sub nomine pacis bellum latet,

Cic. Phil. 12, 7, 17:

sub alienis auspiciis rem gerere,

Val. Max. 3, 2, 6:

sub lege, ne,

Suet. Aug. 21:

sub exceptione, si,

id. Caes. 78:

sub poenā mortis,

id. Calig. 48:

servitutis,

id. Tib. 36 et saep.:

sub frigido sudore mori,

Cels. 5, 26, 31 fin. —

With acc., to point out the object under which a thing comes, goes, extends, etc. (Gr. hupo, with acc.), under, below, beneath.

Of space, usually with verbs of motion:

et datores et factores omnes subdam sub solum,

Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 18:

manum sub vestimenta deferre,

id. Bacch. 3, 3, 78:

cum tota se luna sub orbem solis subjecisset,

Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:

exercitum sub jugum mittere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 7; 1, 12; Sall. J. 38, 9 Dietsch ad loc.:

sub furcam ire,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 66:

sub divum rapere,

id. C. 1, 18, 13:

sub terras ire,

Verg. A. 4, 654. — Trop.:

sub judicium sapientis et delectum cadunt,

Cic. Fin. 3, 18, 61:

quae sub sensus subjecta sunt,

id. Ac. 2, 23, 74:

quod sub aurium mensuram aliquam cadat,

id. Or. 20, 67:

columbae Ipsa sub ora viri venere,

Verg. A. 6, 191:

quod sub oculos venit,

Sen. Ben. 1, 5, 6.—Rarely with verb of rest:

quidquid sub Noton et Borean hominum sumus,

Luc. 7, 364.—

Transf. (cf. supra, I. A. 2.), of lofty objects, to the foot of which, or into whose immediate neighborhood, any thing comes, or near to which it extends, under, below, beneath, to, near to, close to, up to, towards, etc.:

sub montem succedunt milites,

Caes. B. C. 1, 45:

sub ipsum murum fons aquae prorumpebat,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 41:

missi sunt sub muros,

Liv. 44, 45:

Judaei sub ipsos muros struxere aciem,

Tac. H. 5, 11; 3, 21:

aedes suas detulit sub Veliam,

Cic. Rep. 2, 31, 54:

arat finem sub utrumque colonus,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 35:

jactatus amnis Ostia sub Tusci,

id. ib. 2, 2, 33:

(hostem) mediam ferit ense sub alvum,

Ov. M. 12, 389:

sub orientem secutus Armenios,

Flor. 3, 5.—

Of time, denoting a close approximation.

Before, towards, about, shortly before, up to, until:

Pompeius sub noctem naves solvit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 28; so,

sub noctem,

Verg. A. 1, 662; Hor. C. 1, 9, 19; id. S. 2, 1, 9; 2, 7, 109; id. Ep. 2, 2, 169:

sub vesperum,

Caes. B. G. 2, 33; id. B. C. 1, 42:

sub lucem,

id. B. G. 7, 83; Verg. G. 1, 445:

sub lumina prima,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 33:

sub tempus edendi,

id. Ep. 1, 16, 22:

sub dies festos,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1, 1:

sub galli cantum,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 10:

usque sub extremum brumae intractabilis imbrem,

Verg. G. 1, 211:

simulacra Visa sub obscurum noctis,

id. ib. 1, 478:

prima vel autumni sub frigora,

id. ib. 2, 321:

quod (bellum) fuit sub recentem pacem,

Liv. 21, 2, 1.—

After, immediately after, just after, immediately upon:

sub eas (litteras) statim recitatae sunt tuae,

Cic. Fam. 10, 16, 1; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 4, 4:

sub haec dicta omnes procubuerunt,

Liv. 7, 31:

sub adventum praetoris,

id. 23, 15, 1; 23, 16, 3; 45, 10, 10:

sub hanc vocem fremitus variantis multitudinis fuit,

id. 35, 31:

sub hoc erus inquit,

hereupon, Hor. S. 2, 8, 43.—

In other relations, in which a coming under any thing may be conceived:

lepide hoc succedit sub manus negotium,

comes to hand, convenient, Plaut. Mil. 3, 2, 59:

sub manus succedere,

id. ib. 4, 4, 7; id. Pers. 4, 1, 2: sub manum submittere, at hand, convenient, Auct. B. Afr. 36, 1:

sub ictum venire,

Liv. 27, 18:

sub manum annuntiari,

Suet. Aug. 49 (al. sub manu; cf.

supra, I. C.): sub legum et judiciorum potestatem cadere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 55, § 144:

sub populi Romani imperium dicionemque cadere,

id. Font. 5, 12 (1, 2):

incolas sub potestatem Atheniensium redigere,

Nep. Milt. 1:

matrimonium vos sub legis superbissimae vincula conicitis,

Liv. 4, 4:

sub unum fortunae ictum totas vires regni cadere pati,

Curt. 3, 8, 2.—

In composition, the b remains unchanged before vowels and before b, d, j, l, n, s, t, v. Before m and r it is frequently, and before the remaining consonants, c, f, g, p, it is regularly assimilated. Yet here the MSS. vary, as in ob, ad, in, etc. Before some words commencing with c. p, t, it assumes the form sus, by the rejection of the b from a collateral form subs (analog. to abs); e. g. suscipio, suscito, suspendo, sustineo, sustuli, sustollo. Before s, with a following consonant, there remains merely su in the words suspicio, suspicor, suspiro; cf., however: substerno, substituo, substo, substruo al.; v. esp. Neue, Formenl. 2, 775 sqq.—

In composition, sub denotes,

Lit., a being situated or contained under, a putting or bringing under, or a going in under any thing: subaeratus, subcavus; subdo, subigo, subicio; subhaereo, subaperio; subedo.—

Hence, also, a concealing or being concealed behind something; a secret action: subnoto, surripio, suffuror, subausculto, suborno. —

Transf., a being placed or ranked under: subcenturio, subcurator, subcustos, etc.; or a being or doing any thing in a lower or inferior degree, a little, somewhat, rather, slightly: subabsurdus, subagrestis, subalbus, etc.; subaccusare, subirascor, etc.