trahere

1. laus, laudis, f., das Lob, die Anerkennung, Achtung, die der Verdienstvolle genießt, der Ruhm, die Verherrlichung (Ggstz. vituperatio, maledictum [üble Nachrede], reprehensio, crimen, culpa), Plur. laudes, Lob, Lobsprüche, Lobeserhebungen, Lobreden, Loblieder (Ggstz. vituperationes), I) eig. u. meton.: A) eig.: bellica laus, bellicae laudes, Cic.: blandae laudes magistri, Verg.: laus debita, Quint.: falsa, Cic.: imperatoria, Cic.: inanis et infructuosa, Tac. dial.: insignis, Quint.: insolita, Quint.: iucunda, Cic.: maior, Quint.: maxima, Cic.: laudes maximae, Cic.: laus modica, Quint.: nascens, Cic.: laus Pompeiana, Verherrlichung des Pompejus, Cic.: popularis, Quint.: praecipua, Nep.: pulcherrima, Quint.: laus solida, Val. Max.: laus summa, Quint.: laudes summae, Cic.: laus vera, Ter. u. Quint.: laudes funebres, Liv.: laudes meritae, Liv.: laudes verae, Cic. – abundans bellicis laudibus, Cic.: laudis avidus, Cic. u. Sall.: laudis cupidus, Cic.: lande dignus, Cic. u. Hor.: laudibus indignus, Hieron. – m. subj. Genet., laus doctorum, vulgi, Quint. – m. obj. Genet., laus Pompei, Quint.: iuris periti viri, militaris viri, Quint.: continentiae, Cic.: eloquentiae, Quint.: ingenii, Quint.: legum, Quint.: rei militaris, Nep.: virtutis, Quint.: liberatarum Thebarum, Nep.: patriae in libertatem vindicandae, Cic.: dicendi, Cic.: venandi et equitandi,

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Cic. – omnes tui ad laudem impetus, Cic. – te praepropera festinatio abducet a tantis laudibus, Cic.: cum et illi cives optimi sint et ego ab ista laude non absim, und auch mir dieser Ruhm nicht abgesprochen werden dürfte, Cic.: cum aliquantum ex provincia atque ex imperio laudis accesserit, Cic.: laudem patriae in libertatem vindicandae adamasse, Cic.: adhortari alqm ad certam laudem (Ggstz. a dimicatione deterrere), Cic.: adipisci laudem, Cic., in Sempronio (in der Sache des S.) maximam ab omnibus laudem, Cic.: afferre alci tantam laudem, Verg.: ceterorum laudibus obscuritatem afferre (v. jmds. Taten), Cic.: laude affici, Lob ernten, Cic.: affingere alci falsam laudem, Cic.: agere laudes, Naev. fr.: agere alci laudes gratesque, Plaut., laudes gratiasque, Liv. u. Eutr.: agnoscere Augusti laudes, darin des Au. Lob erkennen, Hor.: asciscendae laudis causā, Cic.: ascribere alqm socium alcis laudibus, Cic.: assequi (erreichen) alcis laudes (Ggstz. exsuperare), Liv.: tua laus pariter cum re publica cecĭdit (ist dahingesunken), Cic.: canere laudem victorum, Phaedr., laudes regum, Curt.: canere suas et imperatoris laudes (v. Soldaten beim Triumph), Liv.: canere ad tibiam clarorum virorum laudes, Cic., laudes heroum ac deorom ad citharam, Quint.: capere (ernten) ex hac una re maximam laudem, Cic. (u. so quantam et quam veram laudem capiet Parmeno! Ter.): loquendi laude carere, Cic.: lande suā non care-

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re (v. einer Sache), Quint.: celebrare alcis laudes, Cic.: celebrare alqd laudibus, Lact., alqd super omnia laudibus, aliquid miris laudibus, Plin.: quantis laudibus suum erum collaudavit, Plaut.: colligere undique omnium laudem, Cic.: communicare bellicas laudes cum multis, vielen einen Anteil am Kriegsruhm zugestehen, Cic.: concedere alci summam dicendi laudem, Cic.: conferre laudem in medium, alle an dem eigenen Ruhm teilnehmen lassen (Ggstz. laudem ex communi ad se trahere), Liv.: consequi laudem, s. consequor no. II, 2, a, α (Bd. I. S. 1517): cumulare alqm omni laude, Cic., alqm certatim laude, Plin. ep., alqm apud alqm tantis laudibus, Plin. ep.: dare alqd alci laudi, Cic., non laudi, sed vitio, Cic. (u. so si Fabio laudi datum esset, quod [daß er] pingeret, Cic.): debere alci laudem illam, Cic.: deesse alcis laudibus, sich jmds. Belobung entziehen, Cic.: delectari hāc laude dicendi (v. den Athenern), Cic.: non de laude alcis delibare quicquam, Cic.: deterrere alqm a laude, von der Bahn des Ruhmes zurückschrecken, Plin. pan.: vera laus detrahitur (wird geschmälert) alci oratione alcis, Cic.: alci dicere laudes, jmdm. lobsingen, jmds. Lob anstimmen, Ov.: dicere (besingen) laudes alcis, Verg. (vgl. quid prius dicam solitis Parentis laudibus, Hor.): dicere laudes de Caesare, Gell.: ista omnia numquam in culpam, sed in laudem dicuntur, Gell.: o Cn. Pompei sic late longeque diffusa laus, ut

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etc., Cic.: dolere alienā laude, Cic.: eam laudem hic ducit maximam, das hält er für das gr. L., Ter.: tu nunc id tibi laudi ducis, quod tum fecisti inopiā? Ter.: laudi ducitur (es gereicht zum L.) adulescentulis quam plurimos habuisse amatores, Nep.: efferre alqm laudibus u. summis laudibus ad caelum, Cic.: ferre alqm laudibus in caelum, Nep.: ferre alqd laudibus u. maximis laudibus, Cic., alqm summis laudibus, Nep.: eripere huius generis laudem iam languenti Graeciae et transferre in hanc urbem, Cic.: brevitas laus est interdum in aliqua parte dicendi, Cic.: est ea laus eloquentiae certe maxima, Cic.: principibus placuisse viris non ultima (geringste) laus est, Hor.: quos (pueros) laus formandos est tibi magna datos, Ov.: at illa laus est, magno in genere et in divitiis liberos hominem educare, Plaut.: id facere laus est quod decet, non quod licet, Sen. poët.: laudis est purum tenuisse ferrum, Sen. poët.: apud Graecos in summa laude esse, in hohen Ehren stehen (v. Pers.), Nep.: magnis in laudibus totā fere fuit Graeciā victorem Olympiae citari, wurde es für eine hohe Ehre gehalten, Nep.: haec in Graecia magnae laudi erant, Nep.: ut sempiternae laudi tibi sit iste tribunatus, Cic.: ut coniunctionem amicitiamque nostram utrique: nostrûm laudi sperem fore, Cic.: cum populo Romano et in laude et in gratia esse, bei dem röm. V. Ruhm und Gunst erlangen, Cic.: excellere eodem in genere laudis, Cic.,

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omni genere laudis, Cic.: excipere (ernten) laudem ex eo, quod (daß) etc., Cic.: laudes alcis od. alcis rei exsequi, sich über jmds. L. verbreiten, Liv. fr. u. Plin.: exsuperare alcis laudes (Ggstz. assequi), Liv.: bellicas laudes extenuare verbis easque detrahere ducibus, Cic.: extollere alqm in caelum suis laudibus, Cic.: laudi facere modum, seinem Ehrgeize ein Ziel setzen, Curt.: favere alcis laudi, alcis nascenti laudi, Cic.: faveo quoque laudibus istis, dein Lob ist mir selbst erfreulich, Ov.: ferre alqm laudibus in od. ad caelum, Cic. u. Liv.: ferre alqm od. alqd laudibus, Cic. u. Liv., alqm laudibus miris, Apul., alqm summis laudibus, Nep., alqm tantis laudibus, ut etc., Tac., alqd magnis laudibus, Plin.: ferri praecipuā laude (v. Pers.), Nep.: ferre carmine laudes Herculeas et facta, in Lobliedern die Taten des Herkules preisen, Verg.: florere laudibus, Cic. u. Lucr.: qua in familia laus aliqua forte floruerit, Cic.: brevitas in universa eloquentia laudem non habet, Cic.: quorum neuter summi oratoris habuit laudem, Cic.: Macrochir praecipuam habet laudem amplissimae pulcherrimaeque corporis formae, Nep.: quod omnes laudes habet, id est optimum, Cic.: laudem de me nullus adulter habet, kein Buhler hat noch Ruhm sich geholt an mir, Ov.: cotidianae assiduaeque laudes (Lobreden) ab alqo de nobis habentur, Cic.: alci laudes gratiasque habere maximas, Plaut.: eodem e fonte se hausturum intelle-

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git laudes suas, e quo sit aspersus, Cic.: suo maledicto laudem alcis illustrare, Cic.: imminuere alcis laudem, Cic.: alci tantum impertire laudis, quantum forti viro et sapienti homini debetur, Cic.: implere populares meritis laudibus, unter den Landsleuten das verdiente Lob verbreiten, Liv.: incumbere toto pectore ad laudem, Cic.: invidere laudi alcis, Cic.: ipse meritus est, ut laudetur laudibus, Plaut.: laudemus igitur prius legem ipsam veris et propriis generis sui laudibus, Cic.: libare suo nomini ex aliorum laboribus laudem, Cornif. rhet.: minuere laudem alcis, Cic. u. Liv.: etiam in vulneris dolore cum laude mori, Cic.: obterere invidiā laudem virtutis, Nep.: obteritur laus imperatoria criminibus avaritiae, Cic.: obtrectare alcis laudibus, Liv.: maledicto (üble Nachrede) quidem idcirco nihil in hisce rebus loci est, quod omnia laus occupavit, Cic.: onerare alqm multis laudibus, Phaedr., alqm eximiis laudibus, Liv.: alqm laudibus haud immeritis, Cic.: ornare alqm non solum suis laudibus, sed etiam alienis, Cic.: ornare alqm veris laudibus, Cic.: ornare res alcis divinis laudibus, Cic.: sibi parĕre maximam laudem ex illa accusatione nobili et gloriosa, Cic.: alcis laus perfertur ad nos nec obscuro nec vario sermone, sed et clarissimā et unā omnium voce, Cic.: petere laudes fucosas, Porcius poët. bei Suet.: quae est ista laus, quae possit e macello peti, Cic.: neque ego hoc in tua laude pono, rechne ich dir als

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Lob an, Cic.: ipsum Latine loqui est illud quidem in magna laude ponendum, Cic.: praedicare alqd miris laudibus, Plin.: praeripere aliis eam laudem, Cic.: alci praeripere desponsam iam et destinatam laudem, Cic.: dicendi non ita multum laude processisse, Cic.: quaeritur in re domestica continentiae laus, in publica dignitatis, Cic.: referre (erneuern) veterem Valeriae gentis in liberanda patria laudem, Cic.: scribere laudem victori cuidam pyctae, ein Lobgedicht schreiben, Phaedr.: scribere de Alexandri laudibus, Gell.: servire in eo magis suae quam vestrae laudi existimationique, Cic.: alqm aliqua ex parte in societatem laudum suarum venire pati, teilnehmen lassen an usw., Cic.: suffragari alcis laudi et in senatu et ceteris rebus, Cic.: subvenire alcis laudi, Cic.: omnes suas laudes transfundere ad alqm (Ggstz. exhaurire aliquam partem ex alcis laudibus), Cic.: tribuere alci laudem suam, Cic., alci rei summam laudem, Cic.: laudem ex communi ad se trahere (Ggstz. laudem conferre in medium), Liv.: venari laudem modestiae in ea re, Cic.: viget apud eos venandi et equitandi laus, Cic.: laudem eorum iam prope senescentem ab oblivione hominum atque a silentio vindicare, Cic.: vivere in laude, fort u. fort nichts als Lob ernten, Cic.

B) meton.: a) die löbliche Handlung od. Tat, das Verdienst, die ruhmvolle Wirksamkeit, laus Thesea, Ov.: hae tantae summis in rebus laudes. so r. W.,

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Cic.: aberat tertia laus, Cic.: cuius laudis ut memoria maneret, Nep.: sunt hic etiam sua praemia laudi, Verg. – b) Plur. laudes = löbliche, rühmliche Eigenschaften, Vorzüge, conferre se alcis laudibus, Phaedr. 4, 24 (23), 4: quarum laudum gloriam adamaris, quibus artibus eae laudes comparantur, in iis esse laborandum, Cic. ep. 2, 4, 2: Ggstz., est enim (signum Corinthium) nudum nec aut vitia, si qua sunt, celat aut laudes parum ostentat, Plin. ep. 3, 6, 2: quorum operum et laudes et culpae (Mängel, Gebrechen) aeternae solent permanere, Vitr. 3, 1, 4.

II) übtr., der Wert einer Sache, coccum in laude est, Plin.: Cois amphoris laus maxima, Plin.: Creticae cotes diu maximam laudem habuere, Plin. – ⇒ Genet. Plur. gew. laudum; doch auch laudium, wie Cic. Phil. 2, 28 cod. Vat. Sidon. carm. 23, 31. Itin. Alex. 53 (119).

1. quiēs, ētis, f., die Ruhe, I) im allg., die Ruhe von der Arbeit, von Geschäften, Mühen, die Rast, die Erholung, 1) eig.: otii quietisque cupidissimus, Vell.: quietis impatientissimus, Vell.: locus quietis et tranquillitatis plenissimus, Cic.: quem non quies, non remissio delectarent, Cic.: ex diutino labore quieti se dare, Caes.: quieti se reddere, Apul.: quietem capere, Ruhe genießen, Caes.: velut tacitis indutiis quietem sumere, Liv.: si erit pugnandum... si quies dabitur, Cic.: reliquum noctis utrimque quieti datum, Liv.: tres horas exercitui ad quietem dare, Caes.: quartum iam diem eodem loco quietem militi dederat, Curt.: quietem praestare, ihnen zu Gefallen Ruhe halten, Liv.: vix quietem ferre (ertragen) in mari, Liv. – qu. senectutis, Cic.: mors laborum aut miseriarum quies est, ist ein Ausruhen von usw., Cic.: u. so per quod tempus ut quies certaminum erat, ita ab apparatu operum ac munitionum nihil cessatum, Liv. – m. ab u. Abl., nulla qu. ab armis dabatur a bellicoso rege, Liv.: a proeliis quietem habuerant, Liv. – m. Genet. der Zeitdauer, paucorum iis dierum quietem dedit, Liv. (s. Fabri Liv. 21, 58, 1). – Plur., somno et quietibus ceteris, Arten der Ruhe = Erholungen, Cic. de off. 1, 103. – 2) meton., der Ruheort, das Lager, intectae fronde quietes, Lucr. 1, 405. – II) insbes.: A) die Ruhe = die Nachtruhe, der Schlaf, 1) eig.: a) im

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allg.: quietem capere, schlafen, Ov.: ire ad quietem, schlafen gehen, Cic.: so auch tradere se quieti, Cic.: tum se quieti dedit et quievit verissimo quidem somno, Plin. ep.: iterum quieti et somno se dedit, Val. Max.: datus quieti, eingeschläfert, Arnob.: dare parva tempora quieti, Ov.: datur hora quieti, Verg.: secundum quietem oder in quiete, Cic., oder per quietem, Suet., im Schlafe. – Plur., neque vigiliis neque quietibus sedari, Sall. Cat. 15. 4. – b) insbes., die ewige Ruhe, der ewige Schlaf, der Todesschlaf, Tod, dura qu., Verg.: si forte tibi properarint fata quietem, Prop. – 2) meton.: a) der Traum, u. das einzelne Traumbild, Traumgesicht, Stat. Theb. 10, 205 u. 324. Vell. 2, 70, 1. Tac. ann. 1, 65. – b) die Schlafenszeit, die Nacht, opica quies, Stat.: trahere quietem, Prop. (= trahere noctem b. Verg.). – B) die Ruhe = das Schweigen, Stillschweigen, atrox clamor et repente quies, Tac. ann. 1, 25. – C) das Ruhehalten, 1) eig.: a) die Ruhe, das Verschontsein von Krieg, Aufruhr, der Friede, qu. diuturna, Sall.: ingrata qu. genti, Tac.: consuleret quieti urbis, Tac. – b) das ruhige Verhalten in politischer Beziehung, die Zurückgezogenheit vom Staatsleben, bes. von Parteinahme im Staate, die Neutralität, Nep. Att. 7, 3. Suet. Tib. 15, 1. Tac. ann. 14, 47 u. 56. – c) die Ruhe vom Amte, der Ruhestand, post indultam a pietate vestra quietem, Inc. (Eumen.) pan. Const. 1, 2. – d)

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die Ruhe des Gemütes, Ov. ex Pont. 4, 9, 91 u. (Ggstz. ira) Sen. de ira 2, 13, 2: qui cum summā quiete animi civitatis princeps esse posset, in aller Gemütsruhe, Vell. 2, 6. 2. – 2) übtr., v. Lebl., die Ruhe, Stille, ventorum, Plin.: si non tanta quies iret frigus caloremque inter, Frühlingsstille, Ruhe, Verg.: lenis quies materiae, Ebenheit, Plin. – ⇒ Archaist. Abl. quie, Afran. com. 77. Laev. fr. 10 M. ( bei Prisc. 6, 58).

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2. quiēs, ētis, Adi., vorklass. Nbf. v. quietus, ruhig, Licin. Macer b. Prisc. 6, 58. Naev. bell. Punic. lib. 2. fr. 1 (bei Prisc. 6, 58).

spīritus, ūs, m. (spiro), der Hauch, I) der Hauch = Lufthauch, Luftzug, die wehende bewegte Luft, 1) übh.: spiritus Boreae, Verg.: spiritus purior, Frontin. aqu.: semper aër spiritu aliquo movetur, Plin. ep.: quo spiritus non pervenit, Varro: circumfusus nobis spiritus, Quint.: alvus redditur cum multo spiritu, Winden, Blähungen, Cels.: u. so digerere spiritum, die Blähungen abtreiben, Cels. – 2) das Einatmen der Luft, das Atemholen, der Atem, caeli, Cic.: aër spiritu ductus, Cic. – und die Luft, insofern sie eingeatmet wird, quid tam est commune quam spiritus vivis? Cic.: noxius caeli spiritus, ungesunde Luft, Pallad. – 3) der Atem, Hauch, angustior, kurzer Atem, Cic.: uno spiritu, in einem Atem, Cic.: spiritum reddere, den Atem von sich geben, Cic.: spiritum movere, atmen, Cels.: spiritum trahere, Atem holen, Cels., Curt. u.a. (s. Mützell Curt. 3, 6 [15], 10): spiritum intercludere, Liv. u. Curt.: spiritum includere, Liv. u. Plin.: spiritum intercipere, Sen. rhet.: quos idem deus de suis spiritibus figuravit, Lact. epit. 42, 3. – insbes., der Lebenshauch, das Leben, spiritum auferre, Cic.: extremum spiritum effundere in victoria, Cic.: ultimum spiritum reddere, seinen Geist aufgeben, Vell.: u. so spiritum patriae reddere, Cic., u. spiritum ponere, deponere, dimittere, Eccl. (s. Bünem. Lact. 4, 26, 31): ultimum spiritum trahere, Sen.: sub acerbi-

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ssimi carnificis arbitrio spiritum ducere, hinschmachten, Liv.: reliquum spiritum exhaurire (v. einem Schlag), Cic.: filiorum suorum postremum spiritum ore excipere, Cic.: quorum usque ad extremum spiritum est provecta prudentia, Cic.: non effundere mihi spiritum videtur, sed tradere, Sen. – dah. a) das Seufzen, Hor. epod. 11, 10. Prop. 1, 16, 32. – b) das Zischen der Schlange, Ps. Verg. cul. 182 R. – c) als gramm. t.t., der Spiritus (asper od. lenis), Auson. edyll. 12. de litt. monos. 19. p. 138 Schenkl: sp. asper vel lenis, Prisc. 2, 12. – d) der Ton, Klang, die Stimme, Quint. – e) ein durch den Atem bestimmtes Zeitteilchen, Taktteilchen, Cic. de or. 3, 184. – 4) der Duft, Dunft, die Ausdünstung, Lucr. u. Cels.: sp. pestilens, Capit.: sp. florum, Gell.: aëris spiritus graves, böse Wetter, Schwaden in der Erde, Vitr. – II) prägn., der Geist, A) die Seele, 1) appell.: a) eig.: morte carens spiritus, Ov.: dum spiritus hos regit artus, Verg. – b) meton., der Geist, die Seele = Person, carissimi sibi spiritus, Vell. 2, 123, 2: religiosissimus spiritus tam crudeliter vexatus, Val. Max. 1, 1, 14. – 2) personif., der Geist, Sen. ep. 41, 2: Spiritus sanctus, Auson. ephem. 4. parecb. 18. p. 4 Schenkl. Cod. Iust. 1, 1, 1: u. so iurare per Deum et Christum et sanctum Spiritum (von den Soldaten, bei der Vereidigung), Veget. mil. 2, 5: nocens ille Spiritus, böse Geist, Lact. 4, 27, 12: Spiritus nigri, die bösen Gei-

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ster, Sedul. carm. 3, 41. – B) übtr.: 1) der hohe Geist, die hohen Gedanken, im Guten u. Bösen, hochstrebender, kühner, unternehmender Sinn, dah. auch Übermut, Trotz, Stolz usw., qui spiritus illi (Dat.), qui vultus etc., Geist, Majestät, Ansehen, Verg.: spiritus regius, Cic.: spiritus tribunicii, Cic.: spiritus patricii, Kastengeist, Adelstolz, Liv.: ingentis spiritus vir, Liv.: spir. Dolabellae, anmaßendes Benehmen, Cic.: res gestae mihi nescio quos spiritus attulerunt, Cic.: tantos sibi spiritus, tantam arrogantiam sumpserat, ut ferendus non videretur, Caes.: etiam minus barbaro atque impotenti animo spiritus facere, übermütig machen, Liv.: altiores spiritus sumere, höher hinauswollen, Tac.: remittere spiritus, comprimere animos suos, sedare arrogantiam, Cic.: multis saepe bellis fractos spiritus esse, Liv.: cetera maioris operis ac spiritus, von größerer Wichtigkeit und höherer Art, Quint. 1, 9, 6. – 2) die Gesinnung, hostiles, Liv. 2, 35, 6. – 3) der Unwille, die Erbitterung, der Zorn, spiritus alcis mitigare, Tac. ann. 13, 21. – 4) der Hauch der Begeisterung, der Geistesaufschwung, die Begeisterung, der Enthusiasmus, das Feuer, divinus, Liv.: poëticus, Quint.: mihi spiritum Graiae tenuem Camenae Parca dedit, Hor.: carent libri spiritu illo propter quem maiora eadem illa, cum aguntur, quam cum leguntur, videri solent, Cic. – ⇒ spĭrĭtus gemessen bei Prud. cath. 10, 8. Sedul. hymn.

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1, 100. – Genet. Plur. spirituum, Prisc. de vent. (Rose Anecd. 2. p. 53, 10): Dat. od. Abl. Plur. spiritibus, Vulg. Luc. 6, 18; 7, 21; 8, 2 u.a. Augustin. serm. 216, 11 extr. – Nbf. spiritum, ī, n., Ital. act. apost. 16, 7, wov. Abl. spirito, Corp. inscr. Lat. 13, 1898.

vexo, āvī, ātum, āre (Intens. v. veho), stark bewegen, schütteln, erschüttern, I) eig.: vis venti montes vexat, Lucr.: in turba vexatus, hin und her gestoßen, Suet.: venti vexant nubila, Ov., rates, Verg.: (rector) per confragosa vexabitur, wird hin und her gestoßen werden, Cic. de rep. 2, 68 (aus Lact. 6, 17, 13). – II) übtr., hart mitnehmen, heimsuchen, hudeln, mißhandeln, plagen, quälen, beschädigen, verletzen, agros, Caes.: Siciliam, Cic.: fana, Cic.: hostes, Cic.: uxorem, Cic.: omnibus modis pecuniam trahere, vexare, verschleudern u. verlottern, Sall.: immodicis imbribus terram vexari posse, könne Schaden leiden, Sen.: vexor tussi, Fronto: vexari difficultate viae, Liv.: vexata solo vestis, zerknittert, Petron.: rosae vexatae, zerdrückt, halb verwelkt, Petron.: comae vexatae, hin und her gezerrte, d.i. gekräuselte, Ov.: absol., rapere trahere vexare, rauben, plündern, bedrücken, Aur. Vict. de Caes. 6, 1. – parag. Infin. vexarier, Ps. Verg. Ciris 481. – Partiz. subst., vexāta, ōrum, n., Quetschungen, Cels. 7, 1 in. (Daremberg luxata; vgl. aber Celsus übers. v. Ed. Scheller Bd. 2. S. 233. A. 9).

bellum (ante-class. and poet. duel-lum), i, n. [Sanscr. dva, dvi, dus; cf. Germ. zwei; Engl. two, twice; for the change from initial du- to b-, cf. bis for duis, and v. the letter B, and Varr. L. L. 5, § 73 Mull.; 7, § 49 ib.], war.

Form duellum: duellum, bellum, videlicet quod duabus partibus de victoria contendentibus dimicatur. Inde est perduellis, qui pertinaciter retinet bellum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 17 Mull.:

bellum antea duellum vocatum eo quod duae sunt dimicantium partes... Postea mutata littera dictum bellum,

Isid. Orig. 18, 1, 9: hos pestis necuit, pars occidit illa duellis, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 9, 861 P. (Ann. v. 549 Vahl.):

legiones reveniunt domum Exstincto duello maximo atque internecatis hostibus,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:

quae domi duellique male fecisti,

id. As. 3, 2, 13.—So in archaic style, or in citations from ancient documents:

quique agent rem duelli,

Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21:

aes atque ferrum, duelli instrumenta,

id. ib. 2, 18, 45 (translated from the Platonic laws):

puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo,

Liv. 1, 32, 12 (quoted from ancient transactions); so,

quod duellum populo Romano cum Carthaginiensi est,

id. 22, 10, 2:

victoriaque duelli populi Romani erit,

id. 23, 11, 2:

si duellum quod cum rege Antiocho sumi populus jussit,

id. 36, 2, 2;

and from an ancient inscription' duello magno dirimendo, etc.,

id. 40, 52, 5.— Poet.:

hic... Pacem duello miscuit,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 38:

cadum Marsi memorem duelli,

id. ib. 3, 14, 18:

vacuum duellis Janum Quirini clausit,

id. ib. 4, 15, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 2, 7; 2, 1, 254; 2, 2, 98; Ov. F. 6, 201; Juv. 1, 169— [p. 227]

Form bellum.

War, warfare (abstr.), or a war, the war (concr.), i.e. hostilities between two nations (cf. tumultus).

Specifying the enemy.

By adjj. denoting the nation:

omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

aliquot annis ante secundum Punicum bellum,

id. Ac. 2, 5, 13:

Britannicum bellum,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

Gallicum,

id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35:

Germanicum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28:

Sabinum,

Liv. 1, 26, 4:

Parthicum,

Vell. 2, 46, 2;

similarly: bellum piraticum,

the war against the pirates, Vell. 2, 33, 1.—Sometimes the adj. refers to the leader or king of the enemy:

Sertorianum bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

Mithridaticum,

id. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7:

Jugurthinum,

Hor. Epod. 9, 23; Vell. 2, 11, 1;

similarly: bellum regium,

the war against kings, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50. —Or it refers to the theatre of the war:

bellum Africanum, Transalpinum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:

Asiaticum,

id. ib. 22, 64:

Africum,

Caes. B. C. 2, 32 fin.:

Actiacum,

Vell. 2, 86, 3:

Hispaniense,

id. 2, 55, 2.—

With gen. of the name of the nation or its leader: bellum Latinorum, the Latin war, i. e. against the Latins, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

Venetorum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16:

Helvetiorum,

id. ib. 1, 40 fin.;

1, 30: Ambiorigis,

id. ib. 6, 29, 4:

Pyrrhi, Philippi,

Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 17:

Samnitium,

Liv. 7, 29, 2.—

With cum and abl. of the name.

Attributively:

cum Jugurtha, cum Cimbris, cum Teutonis bellum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 60:

belli causa cum Samnitibus,

Liv. 7, 29, 3:

hunc finem bellum cum Philippo habuit,

id. 33, 35, 12:

novum cum Antiocho instabat bellum,

id. 36, 36, 7; cf. id. 35, 40, 1; 38, 58, 8; 39, 1, 8; 44, 14, 7.—

With cum dependent on the verb:

quia bellum Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 59:

novi consules... duo bella habuere... alterum cum Tiburtibus,

Liv. 7, 17, 2; esp. with gero, v. 2. b. a infra.—

With adversus and acc. of the name.

Attributively:

bellum adversus Philippum,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

bellum populus adversus Vestinos jussit,

id. 8, 29, 6.—

With adversus dependent on the verb: quod homines populi Hermunduli adversus populum Romanum bellum fecere, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: nos pro vobis bellum suscepimus adversus Philippum. Liv. 31, 31, 18:

ut multo acrius adversus duos quam adversus unum pararet bellum,

id. 45, 11, 8:

bellum quod rex adversus Datamem susceperat,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

With contra and acc.:

cum bellum nefarium contra aras et focos, contra vitam fortunasque nostras... non comparari, sed geri jam viderem,

Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

causam belli contra patriam inferendi,

id. ib. 2, 22, 53.—

With in and acc. (very rare):

Athenienses in Peloponnesios sexto et vicesimo anno bellum gerentes,

Nep. Lys. 1, 1.—

With inter and acc.:

hic finis belli inter Romanos ac Persea fuit,

Liv. 45, 9, 2.—

With apud and acc.:

secutum est bellum gestum apud Mutinam,

Nep. Att. 9, 1.—

With dat. of the enemy after inferre and facere, v. 2. a. k infra.—

With verbs.

Referring to the beginning of the war.

Bellum movere or commovere, to bring about, stir up a war:

summa erat observatio in bello movendo,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 37:

bellum commotum a Scapula,

id. Fam. 9, 13, 1:

nuntiabant alii... in Apulia servile bellum moveri,

Sall. C. 30, 2:

is primum Volscis bellum in ducentos amplius... annos movit,

Liv. 1, 53, 2:

insequenti anno Veiens bellum motum,

id. 4, 58, 6:

dii pium movere bellum,

id. 8, 6, 4; cf. Verg. A. 10, 627; id. G. 1, 509; so,

concitare,

Liv. 7, 27, 5; and ciere ( poet.), Verg. A. 1, 541; 6, 829; 12, 158.—

Bellum parare, comparare, apparare, or se praeparare bello, to prepare a war, or for a war:

cum tam pestiferum bellum pararet,

Cic. Att. 9, 13, 3:

bellum utrimque summopere parabatur,

Liv. 1, 23, 1; cf. id. 45, 11, 8 (v. II. A. 1. d. b supra); Nep. Hann. 2, 6; Quint. 12, 3, 5; Ov. M. 7, 456; so,

parare alicui,

Nep. Alcib. 9, 5:

bellum terra et mari comparat,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 3:

tantum bellum... Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit,

id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 3, 5:

bellum omnium consensu apparari coeptum,

Liv. 4, 55, 7:

numquam imperator ita paci credit, ut non se praeparet bello,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 2.—

Bellum differre, to postpone a war:

nec jam poterat bellum differri,

Liv. 2, 30, 7:

mors Hamilcaris et pueritia Hannibalis distulerunt bellum,

id. 21, 2, 3; cf. id. 5, 5, 3.—

Bellum sumere, to undertake, begin a war (not in Caesar):

omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

prius tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere,

id. ib. 20, 5:

de integro bellum sumit,

id. ib. 62, 9:

iis haec maxima ratio belli sumendi fuerat,

Liv. 38, 19, 3:

sumi bellum etiam ab ignavis, strenuissimi cujusque periculo geri,

Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. id. A. 2, 45; 13, 34; 15, 5; 15, 7; id. Agr. 16.—

Bellum suscipere (rarely inire), to undertake, commence a war, join in a war:

bellum ita suscipiatur ut nihil nisi pax quaesita videatur,

Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80:

suscipienda quidem bella sunt ob eam causam ut, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 11, 35:

judicavit a plerisque ignoratione... bellum esse susceptum,

join, id. Marcell. 5, 13; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35 (v. supra):

cum avertisset plebem a suscipiendo bello,

undertaking, Liv. 4, 58, 14:

senatui cum Camillo agi placuit ut bellum Etruscum susciperet,

id. 6, 9, 5:

bella non causis inita, sed ut eorum merces fuit,

Vell. 2, 3, 3.—

Bellum consentire = bellum consensu decernere, to decree a war by agreement, to ratify a declaration of war (rare):

consensit et senatus bellum,

Liv. 8, 6, 8:

bellum erat consensum,

id. 1, 32, 12.—

Bellum alicui mandare, committere, decernere, dare, gerendum dare, ad aliquem deferre, or aliquem bello praeficere, praeponere, to assign a war to one as a commander, to give one the chief command in a war:

sed ne tum quidem populus Romanus ad privatum detulit bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

populus Romanus consuli... bellum gerendum dedit,

id. ib.:

cur non... eidem... hoc quoque bellum regium committamus?

id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50:

Camillus cui id bellum mandatum erat,

Liv. 5, 26, 3:

Volscum bellum M. Furio extra ordinem decretum,

id. 6, 22, 6:

Gallicum bellum Popilio extra ordinem datum,

id. 7, 23, 2:

quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus est imperator,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44:

cum ei (bello) imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia,

id. ib. 16, 49:

hunc toti bello praefecerunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.:

alicui bellum suscipiendum dare,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58:

bellum administrandum permittere,

id. ib. 21, 61.—

Bellum indicere alicui, to declare war against (the regular expression; coupled with facere in the ancient formula of the pater patratus), also bellum denuntiare: ob eam rem ego... populo Hermundulo... bellum (in)dico facioque, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1:

ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus populis... Latinis bellum indico facioque,

Liv. 1, 32, 13:

Corinthiis bellum indicamus an non?

Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17:

ex quo intellegi potest, nullum bellum esse justum nisi quod aut rebus repetitis geratur, aut denuntiatum ante sit et indictum,

id. Off. 1, 11, 36; id. Rep. 3, 23, 35:

bellum indici posse existimabat,

Liv. 1, 22, 4:

ni reddantur (res) bellum indicere jussos,

id. 1, 22, 6:

ut... nec gererentur solum sed etiam indicerentur bella aliquo ritu, jus... descripsit quo res repetuntur,

id. 1, 32, 5; cf. id. 1, 32, 9; 2, 18, 11; 2, 38, 5; Verg. A. 7, 616.—

Bellum inferre alicui (cf. contra aliquem, 1. e. supra; also bellum facere; absol., with dat., or with cum and abl.), to begin a war against ( with), to make war on:

Denseletis nefarium bellum intulisti,

Cic. Pis. 34, 84:

ei civitati bellum indici atque inferri solere,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 16; Nep. Them. 2, 4; Verg. A. 3, 248:

bellumne populo Romano Lampsacena civitas facere conabatur?

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

bellum patriae faciet,

id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Cat. 3, 9, 22:

civitatem Eburonum populo Romano bellum facere ausam,

Caes. B. G. 5, 28; cf. id. ib. 7, 2;

3, 29: constituit bellum facere,

Sall. C. 26, 5; 24, 2:

occupant bellum facere,

they are the first to begin the war, Liv. 1, 14, 4:

ut bellum cum Priscis Latinis fieret,

id. 1, 32, 13:

populus Palaepolitanis bellum fieri jussit,

id. 8, 22, 8; cf. Nep. Dion, 4, 3; id. Ages. 2, 1.— Coupled with instruere, to sustain a war:

urbs quae bellum facere atque instruere possit,

Cic. Agr. 2, 28, 77.—Bellum facere had become obsolete at Seneca's time, Sen. Ep. 114, 17.—

Bellum oritur or exoritur, a war begins:

subito bellum in Gallia ex, ortum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7:

aliud multo propius bellum ortum,

Liv. 1, 14, 4:

Veiens bellum exortum,

id. 2, 53, 1.—

bellum

(ante-class. and poet.

duel-lum

), i, n. [Sanscr. dva, dvi, dus; cf. Germ. zwei; Engl. two, twice; for the change from initial du- to b-, cf. bis for duis, and v. the letter B, and Varr. L. L. 5, § 73 Mull.; 7, § 49 ib.], war.

Form duellum: duellum, bellum, videlicet quod duabus partibus de victoria contendentibus dimicatur. Inde est perduellis, qui pertinaciter retinet bellum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 17 Mull.:

bellum antea duellum vocatum eo quod duae sunt dimicantium partes... Postea mutata littera dictum bellum,

Isid. Orig. 18, 1, 9: hos pestis necuit, pars occidit illa duellis, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 9, 861 P. (Ann. v. 549 Vahl.):

legiones reveniunt domum Exstincto duello maximo atque internecatis hostibus,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:

quae domi duellique male fecisti,

id. As. 3, 2, 13.—So in archaic style, or in citations from ancient documents:

quique agent rem duelli,

Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21:

aes atque ferrum, duelli instrumenta,

id. ib. 2, 18, 45 (translated from the Platonic laws):

puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo,

Liv. 1, 32, 12 (quoted from ancient transactions); so,

quod duellum populo Romano cum Carthaginiensi est,

id. 22, 10, 2:

victoriaque duelli populi Romani erit,

id. 23, 11, 2:

si duellum quod cum rege Antiocho sumi populus jussit,

id. 36, 2, 2;

and from an ancient inscription' duello magno dirimendo, etc.,

id. 40, 52, 5.— Poet.:

hic... Pacem duello miscuit,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 38:

cadum Marsi memorem duelli,

id. ib. 3, 14, 18:

vacuum duellis Janum Quirini clausit,

id. ib. 4, 15, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 2, 7; 2, 1, 254; 2, 2, 98; Ov. F. 6, 201; Juv. 1, 169— [p. 227]

Form bellum.

War, warfare (abstr.), or a war, the war (concr.), i.e. hostilities between two nations (cf. tumultus).

Specifying the enemy.

By adjj. denoting the nation:

omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

aliquot annis ante secundum Punicum bellum,

id. Ac. 2, 5, 13:

Britannicum bellum,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

Gallicum,

id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35:

Germanicum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28:

Sabinum,

Liv. 1, 26, 4:

Parthicum,

Vell. 2, 46, 2;

similarly: bellum piraticum,

the war against the pirates, Vell. 2, 33, 1.—Sometimes the adj. refers to the leader or king of the enemy:

Sertorianum bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

Mithridaticum,

id. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7:

Jugurthinum,

Hor. Epod. 9, 23; Vell. 2, 11, 1;

similarly: bellum regium,

the war against kings, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50. —Or it refers to the theatre of the war:

bellum Africanum, Transalpinum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:

Asiaticum,

id. ib. 22, 64:

Africum,

Caes. B. C. 2, 32 fin.:

Actiacum,

Vell. 2, 86, 3:

Hispaniense,

id. 2, 55, 2.—

With gen. of the name of the nation or its leader: bellum Latinorum, the Latin war, i. e. against the Latins, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

Venetorum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16:

Helvetiorum,

id. ib. 1, 40 fin.;

1, 30: Ambiorigis,

id. ib. 6, 29, 4:

Pyrrhi, Philippi,

Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 17:

Samnitium,

Liv. 7, 29, 2.—

With cum and abl. of the name.

Attributively:

cum Jugurtha, cum Cimbris, cum Teutonis bellum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 60:

belli causa cum Samnitibus,

Liv. 7, 29, 3:

hunc finem bellum cum Philippo habuit,

id. 33, 35, 12:

novum cum Antiocho instabat bellum,

id. 36, 36, 7; cf. id. 35, 40, 1; 38, 58, 8; 39, 1, 8; 44, 14, 7.—

With cum dependent on the verb:

quia bellum Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 59:

novi consules... duo bella habuere... alterum cum Tiburtibus,

Liv. 7, 17, 2; esp. with gero, v. 2. b. a infra.—

With adversus and acc. of the name.

Attributively:

bellum adversus Philippum,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

bellum populus adversus Vestinos jussit,

id. 8, 29, 6.—

With adversus dependent on the verb: quod homines populi Hermunduli adversus populum Romanum bellum fecere, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: nos pro vobis bellum suscepimus adversus Philippum. Liv. 31, 31, 18:

ut multo acrius adversus duos quam adversus unum pararet bellum,

id. 45, 11, 8:

bellum quod rex adversus Datamem susceperat,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

With contra and acc.:

cum bellum nefarium contra aras et focos, contra vitam fortunasque nostras... non comparari, sed geri jam viderem,

Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

causam belli contra patriam inferendi,

id. ib. 2, 22, 53.—

With in and acc. (very rare):

Athenienses in Peloponnesios sexto et vicesimo anno bellum gerentes,

Nep. Lys. 1, 1.—

With inter and acc.:

hic finis belli inter Romanos ac Persea fuit,

Liv. 45, 9, 2.—

With apud and acc.:

secutum est bellum gestum apud Mutinam,

Nep. Att. 9, 1.—

With dat. of the enemy after inferre and facere, v. 2. a. k infra.—

With verbs.

Referring to the beginning of the war.

Bellum movere or commovere, to bring about, stir up a war:

summa erat observatio in bello movendo,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 37:

bellum commotum a Scapula,

id. Fam. 9, 13, 1:

nuntiabant alii... in Apulia servile bellum moveri,

Sall. C. 30, 2:

is primum Volscis bellum in ducentos amplius... annos movit,

Liv. 1, 53, 2:

insequenti anno Veiens bellum motum,

id. 4, 58, 6:

dii pium movere bellum,

id. 8, 6, 4; cf. Verg. A. 10, 627; id. G. 1, 509; so,

concitare,

Liv. 7, 27, 5; and ciere ( poet.), Verg. A. 1, 541; 6, 829; 12, 158.—

Bellum parare, comparare, apparare, or se praeparare bello, to prepare a war, or for a war:

cum tam pestiferum bellum pararet,

Cic. Att. 9, 13, 3:

bellum utrimque summopere parabatur,

Liv. 1, 23, 1; cf. id. 45, 11, 8 (v. II. A. 1. d. b supra); Nep. Hann. 2, 6; Quint. 12, 3, 5; Ov. M. 7, 456; so,

parare alicui,

Nep. Alcib. 9, 5:

bellum terra et mari comparat,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 3:

tantum bellum... Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit,

id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 3, 5:

bellum omnium consensu apparari coeptum,

Liv. 4, 55, 7:

numquam imperator ita paci credit, ut non se praeparet bello,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 2.—

Bellum differre, to postpone a war:

nec jam poterat bellum differri,

Liv. 2, 30, 7:

mors Hamilcaris et pueritia Hannibalis distulerunt bellum,

id. 21, 2, 3; cf. id. 5, 5, 3.—

Bellum sumere, to undertake, begin a war (not in Caesar):

omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

prius tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere,

id. ib. 20, 5:

de integro bellum sumit,

id. ib. 62, 9:

iis haec maxima ratio belli sumendi fuerat,

Liv. 38, 19, 3:

sumi bellum etiam ab ignavis, strenuissimi cujusque periculo geri,

Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. id. A. 2, 45; 13, 34; 15, 5; 15, 7; id. Agr. 16.—

Bellum suscipere (rarely inire), to undertake, commence a war, join in a war:

bellum ita suscipiatur ut nihil nisi pax quaesita videatur,

Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80:

suscipienda quidem bella sunt ob eam causam ut, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 11, 35:

judicavit a plerisque ignoratione... bellum esse susceptum,

join, id. Marcell. 5, 13; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35 (v. supra):

cum avertisset plebem a suscipiendo bello,

undertaking, Liv. 4, 58, 14:

senatui cum Camillo agi placuit ut bellum Etruscum susciperet,

id. 6, 9, 5:

bella non causis inita, sed ut eorum merces fuit,

Vell. 2, 3, 3.—

Bellum consentire = bellum consensu decernere, to decree a war by agreement, to ratify a declaration of war (rare):

consensit et senatus bellum,

Liv. 8, 6, 8:

bellum erat consensum,

id. 1, 32, 12.—

Bellum alicui mandare, committere, decernere, dare, gerendum dare, ad aliquem deferre, or aliquem bello praeficere, praeponere, to assign a war to one as a commander, to give one the chief command in a war:

sed ne tum quidem populus Romanus ad privatum detulit bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

populus Romanus consuli... bellum gerendum dedit,

id. ib.:

cur non... eidem... hoc quoque bellum regium committamus?

id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50:

Camillus cui id bellum mandatum erat,

Liv. 5, 26, 3:

Volscum bellum M. Furio extra ordinem decretum,

id. 6, 22, 6:

Gallicum bellum Popilio extra ordinem datum,

id. 7, 23, 2:

quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus est imperator,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44:

cum ei (bello) imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia,

id. ib. 16, 49:

hunc toti bello praefecerunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.:

alicui bellum suscipiendum dare,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58:

bellum administrandum permittere,

id. ib. 21, 61.—

Bellum indicere alicui, to declare war against (the regular expression; coupled with facere in the ancient formula of the pater patratus), also bellum denuntiare: ob eam rem ego... populo Hermundulo... bellum (in)dico facioque, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1:

ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus populis... Latinis bellum indico facioque,

Liv. 1, 32, 13:

Corinthiis bellum indicamus an non?

Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17:

ex quo intellegi potest, nullum bellum esse justum nisi quod aut rebus repetitis geratur, aut denuntiatum ante sit et indictum,

id. Off. 1, 11, 36; id. Rep. 3, 23, 35:

bellum indici posse existimabat,

Liv. 1, 22, 4:

ni reddantur (res) bellum indicere jussos,

id. 1, 22, 6:

ut... nec gererentur solum sed etiam indicerentur bella aliquo ritu, jus... descripsit quo res repetuntur,

id. 1, 32, 5; cf. id. 1, 32, 9; 2, 18, 11; 2, 38, 5; Verg. A. 7, 616.—

Bellum inferre alicui (cf. contra aliquem, 1. e. supra; also bellum facere; absol., with dat., or with cum and abl.), to begin a war against ( with), to make war on:

Denseletis nefarium bellum intulisti,

Cic. Pis. 34, 84:

ei civitati bellum indici atque inferri solere,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 16; Nep. Them. 2, 4; Verg. A. 3, 248:

bellumne populo Romano Lampsacena civitas facere conabatur?

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

bellum patriae faciet,

id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Cat. 3, 9, 22:

civitatem Eburonum populo Romano bellum facere ausam,

Caes. B. G. 5, 28; cf. id. ib. 7, 2;

3, 29: constituit bellum facere,

Sall. C. 26, 5; 24, 2:

occupant bellum facere,

they are the first to begin the war, Liv. 1, 14, 4:

ut bellum cum Priscis Latinis fieret,

id. 1, 32, 13:

populus Palaepolitanis bellum fieri jussit,

id. 8, 22, 8; cf. Nep. Dion, 4, 3; id. Ages. 2, 1.— Coupled with instruere, to sustain a war:

urbs quae bellum facere atque instruere possit,

Cic. Agr. 2, 28, 77.—Bellum facere had become obsolete at Seneca's time, Sen. Ep. 114, 17.—

Bellum oritur or exoritur, a war begins:

subito bellum in Gallia ex, ortum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7:

aliud multo propius bellum ortum,

Liv. 1, 14, 4:

Veiens bellum exortum,

id. 2, 53, 1.—

Referring to the carrying on of the war: bellum gerere, to carry on a war; absol., with cum and abl., per and acc., or in and abl. (cf.:

bellum gerere in aliquem, 1. a. and f. supra): nisi forte ego vobis... cessare nunc videor cum bella non gero,

Cic. Sen. 6, 18:

cum Celtiberis, cum Cimbris bellum ut cum inimicis gerebatur,

id. Off. 1, 12, 38:

cum ei bellum ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset,

id. Div. 1, 46, 103:

erant hae difficultates belli gerendi,

Caes. B. G. 3, 10:

bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit,

id. ib. 4, 6:

Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat,

Sall. C. 16, 5:

bellum quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere,

Liv. 21, 1, 1:

alter consul in Sabinis bellum gessit,

id. 2, 62, 3:

de exercitibus per quos id bellum gereretur,

id. 23, 25, 5:

Chabrias bella in Aegypto sua sponte gessit,

Nep. Chabr, 2, 1.—Sometimes bellum administrare only of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 43; Nep. Chabr. 2, 1. —Also (very rare):

bellum bellare,

Liv. 8, 40, 1 (but belligerantes is absol., Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; Ann. v. 201 Vahl.);

in the same sense: bellum agere,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3. —As a synonym:

bello persequi aliquem,

Nep. Con. 4, 1; cf. Liv. 3, 25, 3.—

Trahere or ducere bellum, to protract a war:

necesse est enim aut trahi id bellum, aut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2:

bellum trahi non posse,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

belli trahendi causa,

Liv. 5, 11, 8:

morae qua trahebant bellum paenitebat,

id. 9, 27, 5:

suadere institui ut bellum duceret,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2:

bellum enim ducetur,

id. ad Brut. 1, 18, 6; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; id. Dat. 8, 4;

similarly: cum his molliter et per dilationes bellum geri oportet?

Liv. 5, 5, 1.—

Bellum repellere, defendere, or propulsare, to ward off, defend one ' s self against a war:

bellum Gallicum C. Caesare imperatore gestum est, antea tantummodo repulsum,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32:

quod bellum non intulerit sed defenderit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 44:

Samnitium vix a se ipsis eo tempore propulsantium bellum,

Liv. 8, 37, 5.—

Referring to the end of a war.

Bellum deponere, ponere, or omittere, to give up, discontinue a war:

in quo (i.e. bello) et gerendo et deponendo jus ut plurimum valeret lege sanximus,

Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 34:

(bellum) cum deponi victores velint,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

bellum decem ferme annis ante depositum erat,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

nos depositum a vobis bellum et ipsi omisimus,

id. 31, 31, 19:

dicit posse condicionibus bellum poni,

Sall. J. 112, 1:

bellum grave cum Etruria positum est,

id. H. Fragm. 1, 9 Dietsch:

velut posito bello,

Liv. 1, 53, 5:

manere bellum quod positum simuletur,

id. 1, 53, 7:

posito ubique bello,

Tac. H. 2, 52; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 93; Verg. A. 1, 291:

omisso Romano bello Porsinna filium Arruntem Ariciam... mittit,

Liv. 2, 14, 5.—

Bellum componere, to end a war by agreement, make peace:

timerent ne bellum componeretur,

Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 3:

si bellum compositum foret,

Sall. J. 97, 2:

belli componendi licentiam,

id. ib. 103, 3; cf. Nep. Ham. 1, 5; id. Hann. 6, 2; id. Alcib. 8, 3; Verg. A. 12, 109;

similarly: bellum sedare,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

Bellum conficere, perficere, finire, to finish, end a war; conficere (the most usual term) and perficere, = to finish a war by conquering; finire (rare), without implying success:

is bellum confecerit qui Antonium oppresserit,

Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 2:

bellumque maximum conficies,

id. Rep. 6, 11, 11:

confecto Mithridatico bello,

id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 5, 10, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 14, 42:

quo proelio... bellum Venetorum confectum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. id. ib. 1, 30; 1, 44; 1, 54; 3, 28;

4, 16: bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est,

Sall. C. 51, 5; cf. id. J. 36, 1; 114, 3:

neminem nisi bello confecto pecuniam petiturum esse,

Liv. 24, 18, 11; cf. id. 21, 40, 11; 23, 6, 2; 31, 47, 4; 32, 32, 6;

36, 2, 3: bello perfecto,

Caes. B. C. 3, 18, 5; Liv. 1, 38, 3:

se quo die hostem vidisset perfecturum (i. e. bellum),

id. 22, 38, 7; 31, 4, 2; cf. id. 3, 24, 1; 34, 6, 12; Just. 5, 2, 11:

neque desiturum ante... quam finitum aliqua tolerabili condicione bellum videro,

Liv. 23, 12, 10: finito ex maxima parte.. [p. 228] italico bello, Vell. 2, 17, 1; Curt. 3, 1, 9; Tac. A. 15, 17; Just. 16, 2, 6; 24, 1, 8; Verg. A. 11, 116.—

Less usual connections:

bellum delere: non modo praesentia sed etiam futura bella delevit,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11; cf. Nep. Alcib. 8, 4:

alere ac fovere bellum,

Liv. 42, 11, 5:

bellum navare alicui,

Tac. H. 5, 25:

spargere,

id. A. 3, 21; id. Agr. 38; Luc. 2, 682:

serere,

Liv. 21, 10, 4:

circumferre,

Tac. A. 13, 37:

exercere,

id. ib. 6, 31:

quam celeriter belli impetus navigavit ( = quam celeriter navale bellum gestum est),

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34; so Flor. 2, 2, 17:

bellum ascendit in rupes,

id. 4, 12, 4:

bellum serpit in proximos,

id. 2, 9, 4; cf. id. 2, 2, 15:

bella narrare,

Cic. Or. 9, 30:

canere bella,

Quint. 10, 1, 91:

bella legere,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28.—

As object denoting place or time.

Proficisci ad bellum, to depart for the war.

Of the commander:

consul sortitu ad bellum profectus,

Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 4; cf. id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:

ipse ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus,

Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 4:

ut duo ex tribunis ad bellum proficiscerentur,

Liv. 4, 45, 7; cf. id. 6, 2, 9: Nep. Alcib. 4, 1; Sall. H. 2, 96 Dietsch. —Post-class.:

in bellum,

Just. 2, 11, 9; Gell. 17, 9, 8.—

Of persons partaking in a war:

si proficiscerer ad bellum,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1. —

Ad bellum mittere, of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; 21, 62.—

In bella ruere, Verg. A. 7, 782; 9, 182:

in bella sequi,

id. ib. 8, 547.—

Of time.

In the locative case belli, in war, during war; generally with domi ( = domi militiaeque):

valete, judices justissimi, domi bellique duellatores,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 68; so,

domi duellique,

id. As. 3, 2, 13 (v. I. supra):

quibuscunque rebus vel belli vel domi poterunt rem publicam augeant,

Cic. Off. 2, 24, 85:

paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur,

Sall. J. 41, 7:

animus belli ingens, domi modicus,

id. ib. 63, 2; Liv. 2, 50, 11; 1, 36, 6; so id. 3, 43, 1; cf.:

bello domique,

id. 1, 34, 12:

domi belloque,

id. 9, 26, 21; and:

neque bello, neque domi,

id. 4, 35, 3.—Without domi:

simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60 (where belli may be taken with gloriam; cf.

Wagn. ad loc.): magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris... belli gerebantur,

Cic. Rep. 2, 32, 86.—

In bello or in bellis, during war or wars, in the war, in the wars; with adj.:

ad haec quae in civili bello fecerit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 47; cf. id. ib. 14, 8, 22:

in ipso bello eadem sensi,

id. Marcell. 5, 14:

in Volsco bello virtus enituit,

Liv. 2, 24, 8:

in eo bello,

id. 23, 46, 6:

in Punicis bellis, Plin.8, 14, 14, § 37: in bello Trojano,

id. 30, 1, 2, § 5.—Without adj.:

ut fit in bello, capitur alter filius,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 25:

qui in bello occiderunt,

Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, etc.,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

non in bello solum, sed etiam in pace,

Liv. 1, 15, 8; 2, 23, 2:

in bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 42; 12, 1, 28.—

Abl. bello or bellis = in bello or in bellis (freq.); with adjj.: nos semper omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

bello Italico,

id. Pis. 36, 87:

Veienti bello,

id. Div. 1, 44, 100:

domestico bello,

id. Planc. 29, 70:

qui Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militassent bello,

Liv. 23, 12, 11:

victor tot intra paucos dies bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1:

nullo bello, multis tamen proeliis victus,

id. 9, 18, 9:

bello civili,

Quint. 11, 1, 36.—With gen.:

praesentiam saepe divi suam declarant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

suam felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40.—Without attrib.:

qui etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit,

Cic. Sest. 26, 57:

res pace belloque gestas,

Liv. 2, 1, 1:

egregieque rebus bello gestis,

id. 1, 33, 9; so id. 23, 12, 11:

ludi bello voti,

id. 4, 35. 3:

princeps pace belloque,

id. 7, 1, 9:

Cotyn bello juvisse Persea,

id. 45, 42, 7:

bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 15; cf. id. 7, 4, 22; Ov. M. 8, 19.—

Inter bellum (rare):

cujus originis morem necesse est... inter bellum natum esse,

Liv. 2, 14, 2:

inter haec bella consules... facti,

id. 2, 63, 1.—

Bellum in attributive connection.

Justum bellum.

A righteous war, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (v. II. A. 2. a. th supra):

justum piumque bellum,

Liv. 1, 23, 4:

non loquor apud recusantem justa bella populum,

id. 7, 30, 17; so Ov. M. 8, 58; cf.: illa injusta sunt bella quae sine causa suscepta sunt, Cic. Rep. 3, 23, 35.—

A regular war (opp. a raid, etc.):

in fines Romanos excucurrerunt, populabundi magis quam justi more belli,

Liv. 1, 15, 1.—

For the different kinds of war: domesticum, civile, intestinum, externum, navale, maritimum, terra marique gestum, servile, sociale; v. hh. vv.—

Belli eventus or exitus, the result of a war:

quicunque belli eventus fuisset,

Cic. Marcell. 8, 24:

haud sane alio animo belli eventum exspectabant,

Sall. C. 37, 9:

eventus tamen belli minus miserabilem dimicationem fecit,

Liv. 1, 23, 2; cf. id. 7, 11, 1:

exitus hujus calamitosissimi belli,

Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1:

cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli,

id. Marcell. 5, 15; so id. Off. 2, 8,:

Britannici belli exitus exspectatur,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

cetera bella maximeque Veiens incerti exitus erant,

Liv. 5, 16, 8.—

Fortuna belli, the chances of war:

adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit ut,

Liv. 21, 1, 2; cf. Cic. Marcell. 5, 15 (v. c. supra).—

Belli artes, military skill:

cuilibet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloria par,

Liv. 1, 35, 1:

haud ignotas belli artes,

id. 21, 1, 2:

temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat civitas,

id. 1, 21, 6.—

Jus belli, the law of war: jura belli, the rights ( law) of war:

in re publica maxime servanda sunt jura belli,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 34:

sunt et belli sicut pacis jura,

Liv. 5, 27, 6:

jure belli res vindicatur,

Gai. Inst. 3, 94.—

Belli duces praestantissimos, the most excellent captains, generals, Cic. Or. 1, 2, 7:

trium simul bellorum victor,

a victor in three wars, Liv. 6, 4, 1 (cf.:

victor tot bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1). —

Belli vulnera, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24.—

Transf.

Of things concr. and abstr.:

qui parietibus, qui tectis, qui columnis ac postibus meis... bellum intulistis,

Cic. Dom. 23, 60:

bellum contra aras et focos,

id. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

miror cur philosophiae... bellum indixeris,

id. Or. 2, 37, 155:

ventri Indico bellum,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 8.—

Of animals:

milvo est quoddam bellum quasi naturale cum corvo,

Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125:

hanc Juno Esse jussit gruem, populisque suis indicere bellum,

Ov. M. 6, 92.—

With individuals:

quid mihi opu'st... cum eis gerere bellum, etc.,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 14:

nihil turpius quam cum eo bellum gerere quicum familiariter vixeris,

Cic. Lael. 21, 77:

cum mihi uni cum improbis aeternum videam bellum susceptum,

id. Sull. 9, 28:

hoc tibi juventus Romana indicimus bellum,

Liv. 2, 12, 11:

falsum testem justo ac pio bello persequebatur,

id. 3, 25, 3:

tribunicium domi bellum patres territat,

id. 3, 24, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 57.—Ironically:

equus Trojanus qui tot invictos viros muliebre bellum gerentes tulerit ac texerit,

Cic. Cael. 28, 67.—

In mal. part., Hor. C. 3, 26, 3; 4, 1, 2.—

Personified as god of war ( = Janus):

tabulas duas quae Belli faciem pictam habent,

Plin. 35, 4, 10, § 27:

sunt geminae Belli portae, etc.,

Verg. A. 7, 607:

mortiferumque averso in limine Bellum,

id. ib. 6, 279.—

Plur.: bella, army ( poet.):

permanet Aonius Nereus violentus in undis, Bellaque non transfert (i.e. Graecorum exercitum),

Ov. M. 12, 24:

sed victae fera bella deae vexere per aequora,

Sil. 7, 472:

quid faciat bellis obsessus et undis?

Stat. Th. 9, 490.—

Battle, = proelium:

rorarii dicti a rore: qui bellum committebant ante,

Varr. L. L. 7, 3, 92:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum in eos qui... tardius, revocati, bello excesserant,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

praecipua laus ejus belli penes consules fuit,

Liv. 8, 10, 7:

commisso statim bello,

Front. Strat. 1, 11, 2:

Actia bella,

Verg. A. 8, 675:

ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam Bella forent,

id. ib. 2, 439; cf. Flor. 3, 5, 11; Just. 2, 12; 18, 1 fin.; 24, 8; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 98 (form duellum); Ov. H. 1, 1, 69; Verg. A. 8, 547; 12, 390; 12, 633; Stat. Th. 3, 666. —

Bellum = liber de bello:

quam gaudebat Bello suo Punico Naevius!

Cic. Sen. 14, 50.

Referring to the carrying on of the war: bellum gerere, to carry on a war; absol., with cum and abl., per and acc., or in and abl. (cf.:

bellum gerere in aliquem, 1. a. and f. supra): nisi forte ego vobis... cessare nunc videor cum bella non gero,

Cic. Sen. 6, 18:

cum Celtiberis, cum Cimbris bellum ut cum inimicis gerebatur,

id. Off. 1, 12, 38:

cum ei bellum ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset,

id. Div. 1, 46, 103:

erant hae difficultates belli gerendi,

Caes. B. G. 3, 10:

bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit,

id. ib. 4, 6:

Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat,

Sall. C. 16, 5:

bellum quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere,

Liv. 21, 1, 1:

alter consul in Sabinis bellum gessit,

id. 2, 62, 3:

de exercitibus per quos id bellum gereretur,

id. 23, 25, 5:

Chabrias bella in Aegypto sua sponte gessit,

Nep. Chabr, 2, 1.—Sometimes bellum administrare only of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 43; Nep. Chabr. 2, 1. —Also (very rare):

bellum bellare,

Liv. 8, 40, 1 (but belligerantes is absol., Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; Ann. v. 201 Vahl.);

in the same sense: bellum agere,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3. —As a synonym:

bello persequi aliquem,

Nep. Con. 4, 1; cf. Liv. 3, 25, 3.—

Trahere or ducere bellum, to protract a war:

necesse est enim aut trahi id bellum, aut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2:

bellum trahi non posse,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

belli trahendi causa,

Liv. 5, 11, 8:

morae qua trahebant bellum paenitebat,

id. 9, 27, 5:

suadere institui ut bellum duceret,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2:

bellum enim ducetur,

id. ad Brut. 1, 18, 6; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; id. Dat. 8, 4;

similarly: cum his molliter et per dilationes bellum geri oportet?

Liv. 5, 5, 1.—

Bellum repellere, defendere, or propulsare, to ward off, defend one ' s self against a war:

bellum Gallicum C. Caesare imperatore gestum est, antea tantummodo repulsum,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32:

quod bellum non intulerit sed defenderit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 44:

Samnitium vix a se ipsis eo tempore propulsantium bellum,

Liv. 8, 37, 5.—

Referring to the end of a war.

Bellum deponere, ponere, or omittere, to give up, discontinue a war:

in quo (i.e. bello) et gerendo et deponendo jus ut plurimum valeret lege sanximus,

Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 34:

(bellum) cum deponi victores velint,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

bellum decem ferme annis ante depositum erat,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

nos depositum a vobis bellum et ipsi omisimus,

id. 31, 31, 19:

dicit posse condicionibus bellum poni,

Sall. J. 112, 1:

bellum grave cum Etruria positum est,

id. H. Fragm. 1, 9 Dietsch:

velut posito bello,

Liv. 1, 53, 5:

manere bellum quod positum simuletur,

id. 1, 53, 7:

posito ubique bello,

Tac. H. 2, 52; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 93; Verg. A. 1, 291:

omisso Romano bello Porsinna filium Arruntem Ariciam... mittit,

Liv. 2, 14, 5.—

Bellum componere, to end a war by agreement, make peace:

timerent ne bellum componeretur,

Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 3:

si bellum compositum foret,

Sall. J. 97, 2:

belli componendi licentiam,

id. ib. 103, 3; cf. Nep. Ham. 1, 5; id. Hann. 6, 2; id. Alcib. 8, 3; Verg. A. 12, 109;

similarly: bellum sedare,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

Bellum conficere, perficere, finire, to finish, end a war; conficere (the most usual term) and perficere, = to finish a war by conquering; finire (rare), without implying success:

is bellum confecerit qui Antonium oppresserit,

Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 2:

bellumque maximum conficies,

id. Rep. 6, 11, 11:

confecto Mithridatico bello,

id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 5, 10, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 14, 42:

quo proelio... bellum Venetorum confectum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. id. ib. 1, 30; 1, 44; 1, 54; 3, 28;

4, 16: bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est,

Sall. C. 51, 5; cf. id. J. 36, 1; 114, 3:

neminem nisi bello confecto pecuniam petiturum esse,

Liv. 24, 18, 11; cf. id. 21, 40, 11; 23, 6, 2; 31, 47, 4; 32, 32, 6;

36, 2, 3: bello perfecto,

Caes. B. C. 3, 18, 5; Liv. 1, 38, 3:

se quo die hostem vidisset perfecturum (i. e. bellum),

id. 22, 38, 7; 31, 4, 2; cf. id. 3, 24, 1; 34, 6, 12; Just. 5, 2, 11:

neque desiturum ante... quam finitum aliqua tolerabili condicione bellum videro,

Liv. 23, 12, 10: finito ex maxima parte.. [p. 228] italico bello, Vell. 2, 17, 1; Curt. 3, 1, 9; Tac. A. 15, 17; Just. 16, 2, 6; 24, 1, 8; Verg. A. 11, 116.—

Less usual connections:

bellum delere: non modo praesentia sed etiam futura bella delevit,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11; cf. Nep. Alcib. 8, 4:

alere ac fovere bellum,

Liv. 42, 11, 5:

bellum navare alicui,

Tac. H. 5, 25:

spargere,

id. A. 3, 21; id. Agr. 38; Luc. 2, 682:

serere,

Liv. 21, 10, 4:

circumferre,

Tac. A. 13, 37:

exercere,

id. ib. 6, 31:

quam celeriter belli impetus navigavit ( = quam celeriter navale bellum gestum est),

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34; so Flor. 2, 2, 17:

bellum ascendit in rupes,

id. 4, 12, 4:

bellum serpit in proximos,

id. 2, 9, 4; cf. id. 2, 2, 15:

bella narrare,

Cic. Or. 9, 30:

canere bella,

Quint. 10, 1, 91:

bella legere,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28.—

As object denoting place or time.

Proficisci ad bellum, to depart for the war.

Of the commander:

consul sortitu ad bellum profectus,

Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 4; cf. id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:

ipse ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus,

Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 4:

ut duo ex tribunis ad bellum proficiscerentur,

Liv. 4, 45, 7; cf. id. 6, 2, 9: Nep. Alcib. 4, 1; Sall. H. 2, 96 Dietsch. —Post-class.:

in bellum,

Just. 2, 11, 9; Gell. 17, 9, 8.—

Of persons partaking in a war:

si proficiscerer ad bellum,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1. —

Ad bellum mittere, of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; 21, 62.—

In bella ruere, Verg. A. 7, 782; 9, 182:

in bella sequi,

id. ib. 8, 547.—

Of time.

In the locative case belli, in war, during war; generally with domi ( = domi militiaeque):

valete, judices justissimi, domi bellique duellatores,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 68; so,

domi duellique,

id. As. 3, 2, 13 (v. I. supra):

quibuscunque rebus vel belli vel domi poterunt rem publicam augeant,

Cic. Off. 2, 24, 85:

paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur,

Sall. J. 41, 7:

animus belli ingens, domi modicus,

id. ib. 63, 2; Liv. 2, 50, 11; 1, 36, 6; so id. 3, 43, 1; cf.:

bello domique,

id. 1, 34, 12:

domi belloque,

id. 9, 26, 21; and:

neque bello, neque domi,

id. 4, 35, 3.—Without domi:

simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60 (where belli may be taken with gloriam; cf.

Wagn. ad loc.): magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris... belli gerebantur,

Cic. Rep. 2, 32, 86.—

In bello or in bellis, during war or wars, in the war, in the wars; with adj.:

ad haec quae in civili bello fecerit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 47; cf. id. ib. 14, 8, 22:

in ipso bello eadem sensi,

id. Marcell. 5, 14:

in Volsco bello virtus enituit,

Liv. 2, 24, 8:

in eo bello,

id. 23, 46, 6:

in Punicis bellis, Plin.8, 14, 14, § 37: in bello Trojano,

id. 30, 1, 2, § 5.—Without adj.:

ut fit in bello, capitur alter filius,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 25:

qui in bello occiderunt,

Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, etc.,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

non in bello solum, sed etiam in pace,

Liv. 1, 15, 8; 2, 23, 2:

in bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 42; 12, 1, 28.—

Abl. bello or bellis = in bello or in bellis (freq.); with adjj.: nos semper omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

bello Italico,

id. Pis. 36, 87:

Veienti bello,

id. Div. 1, 44, 100:

domestico bello,

id. Planc. 29, 70:

qui Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militassent bello,

Liv. 23, 12, 11:

victor tot intra paucos dies bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1:

nullo bello, multis tamen proeliis victus,

id. 9, 18, 9:

bello civili,

Quint. 11, 1, 36.—With gen.:

praesentiam saepe divi suam declarant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

suam felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40.—Without attrib.:

qui etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit,

Cic. Sest. 26, 57:

res pace belloque gestas,

Liv. 2, 1, 1:

egregieque rebus bello gestis,

id. 1, 33, 9; so id. 23, 12, 11:

ludi bello voti,

id. 4, 35. 3:

princeps pace belloque,

id. 7, 1, 9:

Cotyn bello juvisse Persea,

id. 45, 42, 7:

bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 15; cf. id. 7, 4, 22; Ov. M. 8, 19.—

Inter bellum (rare):

cujus originis morem necesse est... inter bellum natum esse,

Liv. 2, 14, 2:

inter haec bella consules... facti,

id. 2, 63, 1.—

Bellum in attributive connection.

Justum bellum.

A righteous war, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (v. II. A. 2. a. th supra):

justum piumque bellum,

Liv. 1, 23, 4:

non loquor apud recusantem justa bella populum,

id. 7, 30, 17; so Ov. M. 8, 58; cf.: illa injusta sunt bella quae sine causa suscepta sunt, Cic. Rep. 3, 23, 35.—

A regular war (opp. a raid, etc.):

in fines Romanos excucurrerunt, populabundi magis quam justi more belli,

Liv. 1, 15, 1.—

For the different kinds of war: domesticum, civile, intestinum, externum, navale, maritimum, terra marique gestum, servile, sociale; v. hh. vv.—

Belli eventus or exitus, the result of a war:

quicunque belli eventus fuisset,

Cic. Marcell. 8, 24:

haud sane alio animo belli eventum exspectabant,

Sall. C. 37, 9:

eventus tamen belli minus miserabilem dimicationem fecit,

Liv. 1, 23, 2; cf. id. 7, 11, 1:

exitus hujus calamitosissimi belli,

Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1:

cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli,

id. Marcell. 5, 15; so id. Off. 2, 8,:

Britannici belli exitus exspectatur,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

cetera bella maximeque Veiens incerti exitus erant,

Liv. 5, 16, 8.—

Fortuna belli, the chances of war:

adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit ut,

Liv. 21, 1, 2; cf. Cic. Marcell. 5, 15 (v. c. supra).—

Belli artes, military skill:

cuilibet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloria par,

Liv. 1, 35, 1:

haud ignotas belli artes,

id. 21, 1, 2:

temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat civitas,

id. 1, 21, 6.—

Jus belli, the law of war: jura belli, the rights ( law) of war:

in re publica maxime servanda sunt jura belli,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 34:

sunt et belli sicut pacis jura,

Liv. 5, 27, 6:

jure belli res vindicatur,

Gai. Inst. 3, 94.—

Belli duces praestantissimos, the most excellent captains, generals, Cic. Or. 1, 2, 7:

trium simul bellorum victor,

a victor in three wars, Liv. 6, 4, 1 (cf.:

victor tot bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1). —

Belli vulnera, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24.—

Transf.

Of things concr. and abstr.:

qui parietibus, qui tectis, qui columnis ac postibus meis... bellum intulistis,

Cic. Dom. 23, 60:

bellum contra aras et focos,

id. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

miror cur philosophiae... bellum indixeris,

id. Or. 2, 37, 155:

ventri Indico bellum,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 8.—

Of animals:

milvo est quoddam bellum quasi naturale cum corvo,

Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125:

hanc Juno Esse jussit gruem, populisque suis indicere bellum,

Ov. M. 6, 92.—

With individuals:

quid mihi opu'st... cum eis gerere bellum, etc.,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 14:

nihil turpius quam cum eo bellum gerere quicum familiariter vixeris,

Cic. Lael. 21, 77:

cum mihi uni cum improbis aeternum videam bellum susceptum,

id. Sull. 9, 28:

hoc tibi juventus Romana indicimus bellum,

Liv. 2, 12, 11:

falsum testem justo ac pio bello persequebatur,

id. 3, 25, 3:

tribunicium domi bellum patres territat,

id. 3, 24, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 57.—Ironically:

equus Trojanus qui tot invictos viros muliebre bellum gerentes tulerit ac texerit,

Cic. Cael. 28, 67.—

In mal. part., Hor. C. 3, 26, 3; 4, 1, 2.—

Personified as god of war ( = Janus):

tabulas duas quae Belli faciem pictam habent,

Plin. 35, 4, 10, § 27:

sunt geminae Belli portae, etc.,

Verg. A. 7, 607:

mortiferumque averso in limine Bellum,

id. ib. 6, 279.—

Plur.: bella, army ( poet.):

permanet Aonius Nereus violentus in undis, Bellaque non transfert (i.e. Graecorum exercitum),

Ov. M. 12, 24:

sed victae fera bella deae vexere per aequora,

Sil. 7, 472:

quid faciat bellis obsessus et undis?

Stat. Th. 9, 490.—

Battle, = proelium:

rorarii dicti a rore: qui bellum committebant ante,

Varr. L. L. 7, 3, 92:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum in eos qui... tardius, revocati, bello excesserant,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

praecipua laus ejus belli penes consules fuit,

Liv. 8, 10, 7:

commisso statim bello,

Front. Strat. 1, 11, 2:

Actia bella,

Verg. A. 8, 675:

ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam Bella forent,

id. ib. 2, 439; cf. Flor. 3, 5, 11; Just. 2, 12; 18, 1 fin.; 24, 8; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 98 (form duellum); Ov. H. 1, 1, 69; Verg. A. 8, 547; 12, 390; 12, 633; Stat. Th. 3, 666. —

Bellum = liber de bello:

quam gaudebat Bello suo Punico Naevius!

Cic. Sen. 14, 50.

dūco, xi, ctum, 3 ( imp. duc;

but duce,

Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 18; id. Most. 1, 4, 11; id. Poen. 5, 4, 59; id. Rud. 2, 3, 55; id. Trin. 2, 2, 103; id. Truc. 2, 5, 26.— Perf. sync.: duxti, Varr. ap. Non. 283, 32; Cat. 91, 9; Prop. 1, 3, 27), v. a. [cf. Goth. tiuh-an; O. H. Germ. zieh-an, to draw; Germ. -zog, in Herzog, commander, duke], to lead, conduct, draw, bring forward, in all senses; very freq. passing over into the signif. of the compounds abducere, deducere, adducere, producere, etc., and of the synonyms agere, trahere, movere, etc. (very freq.).

Lit.

In gen.:

quo sequar? quo ducis nunc me?

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 2: duc hos intro, id. Am. 2, 2, 224; id. Aul. 2, 6, 13:

duc ac demonstra mihi,

id. Cist. 2, 3, 36:

suas secum mulierculas sunt in castra ducturi,

Cic. Cat. 2, 10 fin.; cf. Caes. B. G. 5, 5 fin. et saep.:

(difficile iter) vix qua singuli carri ducerentur,

id. ib. 1, 6, 1; cf.

plaustra,

Ov. Tr. 3, 10, 34: aquam ducere, Cato ap. Charis. p. 192 P.; so,

aquam per fundum ejus,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 2, § 4:

spiritum naribus,

Varr. R. R. 2, 3, 5: so,

spiritum per siccas fauces,

Sen. Ben. 3, 8; cf.:

aërem spiritu,

Cic. N. D. 2, 6 fin.:

animam spiritu,

id. ib. 2, 54, 136; and in gen.: spiritum, for to live, id. Fam. 10, 1; cf.:

vitam et spiritum,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 33:

tura naribus,

to inhale, Hor. C. 4, 1, 22:

sucos nectaris,

to drink in full draughts, to quaff, id. ib. 3, 3, 34; cf.

pocula,

id. ib. 1, 17, 22; and:

Liberum,

id. ib. 4, 12, 14.— Poet.:

jucunda oblivia vitae (referring to the waters of Lethe),

Hor. S. 2, 6, 62 (cf. Verg. A. 6, 714 sq.) et saep.:

mucronem,

to draw from the scabbard, Verg. A. 12, 378; cf.:

ferrum vaginā,

Ov. F. 4, 929:

ensem vagina,

Sil. 8, 342;

but: ensem duxerat faber,

had beaten out, forged, Tib. 1, 3, 48:

sortem,

Cic. Div. 2, 33; Verg. A. 6, 22;

hence, also transf. of that which is drawn by lot,

Cic. Div. 1, 18, 34; id. Rep. 1, 34; Suet. Caes. 12; Tac. A. 1, 54; 3, 28 al.:

pondus aratri,

to draw, Ov. M. 7, 119:

remos,

to row, id. ib. 1, 294; cf. id. ib. 4, 353:

numerosa brachia,

in dancing, id. Am. 2, 4, 29:

lanas,

to spin, id. ib. 4, 34; cf.

stamina,

id. ib. 4, 221:

ubera,

to milk, id. ib. 9, 358:

frena manu,

to guide, govern, id. ib. 15, 518: vela, to haul (= navigare), Prop. 1, 6, 2:

manus, of swimming,

id. 3, 20, 2:

ilia,

to draw the flanks together, become broken-winded, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 9:

os,

to draw awry, to make wry faces, Cic. Or. 25 fin.; Quint. 9, 3, 101; cf.

vultum,

Ov. M. 2, 774; id. P. 4, 8, 13; Mart. 1, 41 et saep.:

non equus impiger Curru ducet Achaico Victorem,

to draw along, Hor. C. 4, 3, 5; cf. id. Ep. 1, 1, 93.— Absol.:

sibi quisque ducere, trahere, rapere,

to take to one's self, appropriate, Sall. J. 41, 5.—

Esp.

To lead, conduct, as a way or road:

via ducit (te), in urbem?

Verg. E. 9, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 7, 5; Verg. A. 1, 401; Ov. F. 2, 679:

Brundisium Minuci melius via ducat an Appi,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 20:

via ad undas,

Ov. M. 3, 602:

via ad infernas sedes,

id. ib. 4, 433; cf.:

iter ad urbem,

id. ib. 437; Curt. 3, 28, 19; Sen. Prov. 6, 7; id. Vit. Beat. 1; Plin. 18, 11, 29, § 111; Quint. 5, 9, 14; Liv. 5, 40, 8 al.—

Se, in colloq. lang., to betake one's self, go:

jam me ad regem recta ducam,

Plaut. Am. 4, 3, 8; id. Aul. 4, 8, 8; id. Bacch. 4, 2, 11; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 7: Balbus duxit se a Gadibus, Asin. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 32, 1.—

A legal t. t., to take, lead away, drag, carry off a person before court, to prison, to punishment, etc.: POST. DEINDE. MANVS. INIECTIO. ESTO. IN. IVS. DVCITO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 45; so,

in jus,

Liv. 2, 27:

illos duci in carcerem jubent,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 30:

aliquem in carcerem,

Suet. Caes. 20:

in vincula,

id. ib. 79:

ad mortem,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 1; Nep. Phoc. 4, 3; and absol.:

ducite, ubi capiat, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 65; Sen. de Ira, 1, 16, 14; Suet. Calig. 27; Plin. Ep. 10, 97, 3 al.: NI. IVDICATVM. FACIT. AVT. QVIS. ENDO. EM. IVRE. VINDICIT. SECVM. DVCITO. VINCITO, etc., XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 45:

decreta ejus modi: SI PETIT DUCAS. C. Fuficium duci jussit petitorem,

to be imprisoned, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 12, § 31; so of a debtor (addictus) who is led off as a slave, Novat. ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 63, 255; Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 87; Cic. Fl. 20 fin.; Liv. 6, 14 sq.; cf. id. 2, 23 med.; cf.

prov.: stultitiast venatum ducere invitas canes,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 83. —

Uxorem, to lead a wife home, i. e. to marry:

bona uxor si ea deducta est, etc.... Verum egon eam ducam domum, Quae, etc.?

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 91:

uxorem domum,

id. Aul. 2, 1, 40; Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 68:

filiam Orgetorigis in matrimonium,

Caes. B. G. 1, 9, 3; cf. Liv. 4, 4:

eum uxorem ducturum esse aliam,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 105:

uxorem (or aliquam, filiam alicujus, etc.),

id. Aul. 2, 1, 48; id. Cas. prol. 69 et saep.; Ter. And. 1, 1, 128; 2, 1, 21 et saep.; Cic. Sest. 3; Caes. B. G. 1, 53, 4; id. B. C. 3, 110, 2; Verg. E. 8, 29; Vulg. Marc. 10, 11 et saep.— Absol.:

si tu negaris ducere,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 5; 2, 3, 9; id. Phorm. 2, 3, 76; Liv. 4, 4 al.: jugum ducere cum infidelibus, i. e. to be yoked in marriage, Vulg. 2 Cor. 6, 14.—Rarely for nubere: si ignorans statum Erotis ut liberum duxisti, isque postea servus est judicatus, etc., Imp. Antonin. ap. Cod. Just. 5, 18, 3.—In the comic poets, of taking home prostitutes, Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 35; 4, 2, 44; id. Men. 1, 2, 15; id. Stich. 5, 4, 48; id. Truc. 3, 2, 10 et saep.—

In milit. lang.

Said of a commander, to lead, to cause to move, to march his army in any direction:

locis apertis exercitum ducere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 41, 4; cf. id. B. C. 1, 64 fin.; 1, 68, 1:

exercitum ab Allobrogibus in Segusianos,

id. B. G. 1, 10 fin.:

exercitum in fines Suessionum,

id. ib. 2, 12, 1; cf. id. ib. 4, 38, 3;

5, 18, 1: exercitum (legiones, etc.) in Bellovacos,

id. ib. 2, 13, 1; 5, 24, 2 et saep.; cf. Tac. A. 2, 57:

cohortes ad eam partem munitionum, quae, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 3, 62, 2:

exercitum Uticam,

id. ib. 2, 26, 1:

reliquas copias contra Labienum,

id. B. G. 7, 61 fin. et saep.—In pass., of the soldiers, to march, move:

quam in partem aut quo consilio ducerentur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40, 2.—And in act., absol., of the general himself, to march, move (a favorite expression of Liv.;

not in Caes. or Sall.): (Mettus) ducit, quam proxime ad hostem potest,

Liv. 1, 23; 1, 27; 9, 35; 22, 18 et saep.—Hence,

In gen., to lead, command an army or (more freq.) a division:

qua in legatione duxit exercitum,

Cic. Mur. 9, 20; so,

exercitum,

Nep. Eum. 13, 1; id. Epam. 7, 3:

qui superiore anno primum pilum duxerat,

Caes. B. G. 5, 35, 6; 6, 38, 1; id. B. C. 3, 91, 1:

ordinem,

id. ib. 1, 13, 4; 3, 104, 3; Suet. Vesp. 1:

partem exercitūs,

Sall. J. 55, 4 et saep.—Rarely, to lead a division in front, in advance:

consuetudine sua Caesar sex legiones expeditas ducebat: post eas... inde, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 2, 19, 2; hence also, to march in front, take the lead, said of the division that forms the van:

pars equitum et auxiliariae cohortes ducebant, mox prima legio, etc.,

Tac. A. 1, 51; cf. id. ib. 1, 64 fin. —

Transf. beyond the milit. sphere, to lead, to be leader, head, chief, first in any thing:

accedit etiam, quod familiam ducit,

Cic. Fam. 7, 5 fin. Manut.; so,

familiam,

id. Phil. 5, 11, 30; id. Fin. 4, 16, 45:

ordines,

id. Phil. 1, 8, 20:

classem (discipulorum),

Quint. 1, 2, 24 Spald.:

funus,

Hor. Epod. 8, 12:

toros,

Ov. F. 6, 668 et saep.—

To conduct as prisoners in a triumph:

per triumphum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 26, § 67:

in triumpho,

Plin. 7, 43, 45, § 139, v. triumphus.—

With the accessory idea of creation, formation, to produce, form, construct, make, fashion, shape, dispose (cf.:

struo, pono, condo, fundo): parietem per vestibulum alicujus,

to erect, Cic. Mil. 27 fin.; cf.

muros,

Hor. C. 4, 6, 23:

vallum ex castris ad aquam,

Caes. B. C. 1, 73, 2:

fossam,

id. B. G. 7, 72, 1; 7, 73, 2:

arcum,

Ov. M. 3, 160:

lateres de terra,

Vitr. 2, 3:

vivos vultus de marmore (with excudere spirantia aera),

Verg. A. 6, 849; cf. id. ib. 7, 634; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 240; Varr. ap. Non. 283, 32; Plin. 7, 37, 38, § 125; Quint. 10, 3, 18 Spald.; Juv. 7, 237; hence, poet. also:

epos,

Hor. S. 1, 10, 44:

carmen,

Ov. Tr. 1, 11, 18; 3, 14, 32:

versus,

id. ib. 5, 12, 63 et saep.:

liniam ex colore,

Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 81; Quint. 2, 6, 2; cf.

orbem,

id. 11, 3, 118:

alvum,

to bring forth by clysters, Cels. 2, 12; 4, 4 et saep.: alapam alicui, qs. to fetch one a box on the ear, Phaedr. 5, 3, 2; cf.

colaphum,

Quint. 6, 3, 83 Spald.:

pugnum,

Dig. 47, 10, 4 et saep.;

so esp. of processions, dances, etc.: funus,

Cic. Quint. 15 fin.; Ov. M. 14, 746; Verg. G. 4, 256; cf.

exsequias,

Plin. 8, 42, 64, § 154:

pompam,

Ov. H. 12, 152; id. F. 6, 405; id. M. 13, 699:

choros,

Tib. 2, 1, 56; Hor. C. 1, 4, 5; 4, 7, 6 et saep.; cf.

choreas,

Ov. M. 8, 582; 14, 520.—

To receive, admit, take any thing (not ante-Aug.):

cicatricem,

Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 66; Liv. 29, 32, 12:

rimam,

Ov. M. 4, 65:

situm,

to grow rusty, Quint. 1, 2, 18:

formam,

Ov. M. 1, 402:

colorem,

id. ib. 3, 485; cf.

pallorem,

to grow pale, id. ib. 8, 760:

nomina,

Hor. C. 3, 27, 76:

notam,

id. ib. 4, 2, 59 et saep.

Trop.

In gen., to lead, guide, draw, conduct:

progredimur quo ducit quemque voluntas,

Lucr. 2, 258; cf. Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 27; 1, 6, 57:

ad strepitum citharae cessatum ducere curam,

id. ib. 1, 2, 31:

Liber vota bonos ducit ad exitus,

id. C. 4, 8, 34; cf. Quint. 12, 1, 26:

per quaedam parva sane ducant (futurum oratorem),

id. 1, 10, 5; cf. id. 1, 1, 27; 1, 5, 58.—Prov.:

ducunt volentem fata, nolentem trahunt,

Sen. Ep. 107.—

In partic.

To draw, deduce, [p. 616] derive its origin or beginning from, any thing:

ab aliqua re totius vitae ducere exordium,

Cic. Fin. 5, 7, 18; cf.:

exordium a nostra persona,

Quint. 3, 8, 8; 4, 1, 7:

principium disputationis a principe investigandae veritatis,

Cic. N. D. 2, 21 fin.:

belli initium a fame,

id. Att. 9, 9, 2; cf. Quint. 1, 1, 21:

initia causasque omnium ex quatuor temporum mutationibus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 19, 49:

originem ab Isocrate,

Quint. 2, 15, 4; 1, 6, 38; Hor. C. 3, 17, 5 al.:

ingressionem non ex oratoriis disputationibus, sed, etc.,

Cic. Or. 3, 11:

honestum ab iis rebus,

id. Off. 1, 18, 60; id. Or. 39, 135:

nomen ex quo,

id. Ac. 11, 41; cf.:

nomen a Graeco,

Quint. 1, 6, 3; 3, 7, 1; Hor. S. 2, 1, 66 et saep.; cf.

also: utrumque (sc. amor et amicitia) ductum (al. dictum) est ab amando,

Cic. Lael. 27; id. Fin. 2, 24, 78.—

To lead a person, as regards his will or opinions, in any direction; to move, incite, induce, allure, in a good or bad sense (most freq. in the pass.):

ita me ad credendum tua ducit oratio,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 18:

nos ducit scholarum consuetudo,

Quint. 4, 2, 28; 5, 11, 19; cf. id. 9, 1, 21:

ducit te species,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 35 et saep.:

declamatores quosdam perversa ducit ambitio, ut, etc.,

Quint. 10, 7, 21.—In the pass.:

si quis statuarum honore aut gloria ducitur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 58 fin.:

eloquentiae laude,

id. Or. 32, 115:

quaestu et lucro,

id. Tusc. 5, 3, 9:

hoc errore ut, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 41; cf.:

litteris eorum et urbanitate, ut, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 41, 120:

omnes trahimur et ducimur ad cognitionis et scientiae cupiditatem,

id. Off. 1, 6 et saep.—

In a bad sense, to cheat, deceive, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 26; id. Capt. 4, 2, 7; Ter. And. 4, 1, 20; id. Ph. 3, 2, 15; Prop. 2, 17, 1 (3, 8, 1 M.); Ov. H. 19, 13; id. M. 3, 587 (with decipere).—

With regard to time, to draw out, extend, protract, prolong:

bellum,

Caes. B. G. 1, 38, 4; id. B. C. 2, 18, 6; 2, 37, 5 sq.; Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2; Liv. 22, 25 et saep.; cf.:

bellum longius,

Caes. B. C. 1, 64, 2; 3, 42, 3:

bellum in hiemem,

id. ib. 1, 61, 3:

eam rem longius,

id. B. G. 7, 11, 4; cf.:

rem prope in noctem,

id. B. C. 3, 51, 7:

rem leniter,

Liv. 3, 41 et saep. Also transf., of time itself:

tempus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 11; Nep. Them. 7:

diem ex die,

Caes. B. G. 1, 16, 4; and of persons who are put off, delayed:

ubi se diutius duci intellexit,

id. ib. 1, 16, 5.—Less freq. (mostly poet.),

In gen., of time, to pass, spend, enjoy:

aetatem in litteris,

Cic. Fin. 5, 19, 50; so,

aetatem,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 202:

vitam,

id. Epod. 17, 63; Sen. Ep. 45, 10; cf. Verg. A. 2, 641 (where, shortly before, vitam producere):

noctes,

Prop. 1, 11, 5; Plin. Ep. 6, 31, 13:

somnos,

Verg. A. 4, 560.—

In mercant. lang., to calculate, compute, reckon: age nunc summam sumptus duc, Lucil. ap. Non. 283, 30:

minimum ut sequamur, quoniam XC. medimnūm milia duximus, accedant eo, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 49; id. Att. 6, 1, 5 and 16; 6, 2, 7; Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 11; Gell. 1, 20, 5.—

Transf. beyond the mercant. sphere.

Rationem alicujus, to consider, calculate, care for one's advantage or interest (a favorite expression of Cicero):

duxi meam rationem, quam tibi facile me probaturum arbitrabar,

Cic. Att. 8, 11 D, § 7; so,

suam quoque rationem,

to have respect to one's own advantage, id. Verr. 2, 1, 48; and:

non minorem aratorum quam populi rationem,

Suet. Aug. 42 fin.:

salutis meae rationem,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3:

rationem officii, non commodi,

id. Sest. 10, 23; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 44, 128:

unius cujusque temporis ducta ratio est,

id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 16:

rationem officii atque existimationis,

id. Quint. 16, 53.—

In gen., to reckon, consider, hold, account, esteem as any thing (cf. aestimo and existimo;

very freq. in prose and poetry): parvi id ducebat,

Cic. Fin. 2, 8, 24:

pro nihilo aliquid,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 85; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 16 fin.; id. Tusc. 5, 32, 90; cf. Auct. Her. 4, 20, 28:

ea pro falsis ducit,

Sall. C. 3, 2; cf.:

innocentiam pro malevolentia,

id. ib. 12, 1:

vos eritis judices, Laudin' an vitio duci id factum oportuit,

Ter. Ad. prol. 5; so,

aliquid honori,

Sall. J. 11, 3:

aliquid laudi, Nep. praef. § 4: aliquem despicatui,

Cic. Fl. 27, 65: nihil praeter virtutem in bonis ducere (for which, shortly after, in bonis habere = numerare), Cic. Fin. 3, 3;

aliquem in numero hostium,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 25 fin.; Caes. B. G. 6, 32, 1; cf. ib. 6, 23, 8; without in, ib. 6, 21, 2; cf.:

aliquem loco affinium,

Sall. J. 14, 1 Kritz. N. cr.: aliquid testimonii loco, Quint. 5, 9, 10:

tutelae nostrae duximus, cum Africo bello urgerentur,

Liv. 21, 41; cf.:

officii duxit exorare filiae patrem, etc.,

Suet. Tib. 11:

faceret, quod e republica fideque sua duceret,

id. ib. 25, 7 et saep.:

malum cum amici tuum ducis malum,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 48; cf.:

Archytas iracundiam seditionem quandam animi vere ducebat,

Cic. Rep. 1, 38:

eorum, quos idoneos ducebat, consilium habet,

Sall. J. 62, 4:

nil rectum nisi quod placuit sibi ducunt,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 83.— With acc. and inf.:

sic equidem ducebam animo rebarque futurum,

Verg. A. 6, 690:

ut omnia tua in te posita esse ducas humanosque casus virtute inferiores putes,

Cic. Lael. 2, 7, 19 fin.; id. Rep. 1, 2; 1, 17; 1, 38; 3, 9 (three times); Sall. J. 93, 5; Liv. 22, 14, 6; 22, 59, 5; Caes. B. G. 1, 3, 2; 4, 30, 2; 6, 18 et saep.—Here too probably belongs the much disputed passage: ludos et inania honoris medio rationis atque abundantiae duxit (= ludos publicos cum aliis rebus quae ad inania honoris pertinent, duxit, i. e. existimavit habendos et ponendos in medio rationis atque abundantiae, ut inter rationem, quae plane spernit inania, et abundantiam, quae eadem ostentat, media via incederet), he thought right to manage them in a middle course between reason and profusion, Tac. Agr. 6 fin., v. Dübner and Orell. ad h. l.

1)

а) воздух (ignis atque a. C)

б) дуновение, дыхание; поэт. ветер

2)

а) жизненное начало, жизнь

б) поэт. кровь ( как носительница жизни)

3) (живое) существо, создание, тж. характер, натура (egregia a. V)

4) душа ( иногда в смысле animus)

5) тень умершего (душа в царстве теней) ( indefletae vagantur animae O)

6) ласк. душа, жизнь (моя) (vos, meae carissimae animae C)

7) испарения, дух, запах ( amphorae Ph)

1) привесок (appendicem parvulum trahere Ap)

2) прибавление, добавление, тж. придаток, приложение Vr, C etc.

3) бот. барбарис (Berberis vulgaris, L)

1) война (domesticum, intestinum, externum, civile, navale C; terrestre, justum piumque L)

2) борьба

3) поэт. бой, сражение Sl, V etc.

4) pl. войска (bella transferre O; ingentia bella transportare PJ)

1) хвост (leonis, pavonis C; equi PM)

2) H = membrum virīle

1) рубец (recens, vetus CC)

2) рана

3) зарубка, надрез ( in arbore PM); царапина или трещина ( cicatrices operis atque concisurae PM)

4) ( на одежде или обуви) след починки, шов J

1) решать (aliquid или de aliquā re C etc.); разрешать ( rem dubiam L)

2) уразуметь, понять (nequeo satis d. Ter)

3) юр. постановлять в судебном порядке, выносить приговор

4) постановлять в законодательном порядке (senatus decrevit L; consules decreverunt C)

5) присуждать (alicui praemium Sl); назначать (alicui triumphum C, VM; alicui provinciam Cs, Su); выделять ( tempus ad aliquam rem Sl); ассигновать ( pecunias ad ludos C)

6) решаться, принимать решение

pf. decrevi Ter, Sl, C etc. — я полагаю, убеждён, думается мне

7) судиться, тягаться, спорить на суде ( pro suā famā fortunisque C)

8) решать оружием, сражаться, бороться (d. pugnam L; d. equestri proelio QC)

1) в разные стороны, в противоположных направлениях (d. discedere Nep; tendere Su; animum trahere Ter)

2) в разных местах, там и сям (corpora d. jacebant bAfr)

3) по-разному, различным образом, то так, то этак ( dicere C)

4) иначе

1) пьяный, опьянённый, хмельной (homo Pl, C etc.)

2) напоённый, напитанный

3) перен. упоённый, преисполненный ( dulci fortunā H)

1) происхождение (nobĭle, plebejum L etc.)

2) знатное происхождение, родовитость (g. jactare H)

3) род, племя, народ (Graecorum, Romanum Sl; bellicosum L)

4) род, дом (Corneliorum Su; Fabium L)

5) потомство ( nepōtum H); потомок, отпрыск, тж. сын или внук

6) пол (virile, muliebre Lcr, C)

7) грам. род ( in nominibus tria genera Q)

8) категория, класс, слой, круг (g. irritabile vatum H)

9)

а) порода ( equorum Cato); вид, разновидность (cibi Cs; arborum atque frugum Just)

б) отрасль ( artium Q)

10) литературный жанр (Aesopi g. Ph)

11) архитектурный стиль (Doricum g. Vtr)

12) способ, манера, характер (g. pugnandi и pugnae Cs etc.; g. scribendi H или scripturae Nep)

13) отношение

14) лог., филос. род (g. etspecies cujusquerei C)

1) круг

2) круговорот, течение ( angustissimum habet dies gyrum Sen)

3) скаковой круг, площадка для выездки коней ( gyrum pulsare equo Prp)

1) там же, в том же месте, как раз там (тж. i. loci Pl)

2) (редко = eodem) туда же ( trahere Pl)

3) в то же время; тут же

1) дурная молва, бесславие, бесчестье Ter, Nep, C, Cs etc.

2) срам, позор (i. nostri saeculi O)