-
1 dikъ
dikъ Grammatical information: adj. o Proto-Slavic meaning: `wild'Page in Trubačev: V 29-30Church Slavic:Russian:díkij `wild' [adj o], diká [Nomsf], díko [Nomsn]Old Russian:Slovak:diký (Kott) `wild' [adj o]Polish:Upper Sorbian:dźiki `wild' [adj o]Lithuanian:dỹkas `empty, idle, for free, vacant' [adj o] 4Latvian:Comments: Perhaps cognate with Skt. dayi `fly (of birds, chariots, horses, gods)'. In view of the evidence for circumflex long i, the East Baltic forms, may be borrowings from Slavic, but the semantic difference (for which cf. Du. woest `desolate' -> `uncultivated, rough, wild') is conspicuous. Note that East Latv. dìeks2, if correctly interpreted, may reflect * deik-.Notes:\{1\} Both dîks2 and dìks2 are attested. In principle this combination points to dìks. In East Latvian, there are also forms reflecting dìeks2. -
2 žuriti
žuriti Grammatical information: v. Proto-Slavic meaning: `rage'Russian:žurít' (coll.) `reprove, scold' [verb], žurjú [1sg], žurít [3sg];žurít'sja (dial.) `grieve, quarrel' [verb], žurjús' [1sg], žurítsja [3sg]Czech:zuřiti `rage, be furious' [verb] \{1\}Slovak:zúrit' `rage, be furious' [verb] \{1\}Polish:żurzyć się (obs.) `be angry, rage' [verb]Lower Sorbian:zuriś `make sour, embitter' [verb]Serbo-Croatian:Slovene:žúriti se `hurry' [verb], žúrim se [1sg]Indo-European reconstruction: gʰeuro-Comments: According to Young (2002), the West Slavic forms continue a denominative verb based on an unattested adjective corresponding to Lith. žiaurùs `cruel, savage', which he assumes to have the same root as Lith. žvėrìs `wild animal' (*ǵʰeuh₁r-?). Like Vasmer and others, he connects the East and South Slavic forms with Skt. ghorá- `terrible, terrifying' [adj] and Go. gaurs `sad' [adj]. Since the meaning of the West Slavic forms may have been influenced by German sauer `sour, angry' (perhaps through association with West Slavic * žurъ `sour mass used for soup or bread', which is regarded as a borrowing), I wonder if it is necessary to assume a different origin for the West Slavic forms on the one hand and the East and South Slavic forms on the other.Other cognates:Skt. ghorá- (RV+) `terrible, terrifying' [adj];Notes:\{1\} With dissimilation of *žuř- to zuř- in Czech (Machek 1971: s.v.). The Slovak form may be a borrowing from Czech. -
3 evьja
evьja; evьn̨a Grammatical information: f. iā; f. jā Proto-Slavic meaning: `granary, drying shed'Page in Trubačev: -Russian:évnja (W. dial.) `granary, drying shed' [f jā];ëvnja (Psk.) `granary, drying shed' [f jā];evnjá (dial.) `drying shed without a ceiling' [f jā]Belorussian:ëŭnja `granary, drying shed' [f jā];éŭnja `granary, drying shed' [f jā];jaŭja (dial.) `granary, drying shed' [f jā] \{1\}Ukrainian:jévnja `granary, drying shed' [f jā]Polish:Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: iouiaHLithuanian:jáuja `granary, drying shed, threshing shed' [f ā] 1 \{3\}Latvian:jaũja `threshing floor' [f ā]Old Prussian:Indo-European reconstruction: ieu-iH-eh₂IE meaning: granaryCertainty: +Page in Pokorny: 512Comments: It is evident that *evьja is a borrowing from Baltic. The Baltic word is a derivative of the word for `grain', Lith. javaĩ, which lacks a Slavic counterpart. The resyllabification of *iau̯-iā to *iau-i̯ā may account for the metatonical acute tone of both the Lithuanian and the Latvian form, if we assume that the original form was *iau̯-ìā. The East Slavic word *ovinъ apparently underwent the e- > o- shift (I do not share Andersen's objections to Trubačëv's Proto-Slavic reconstruction *evinъ, theoretical though it is).Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} The form without -n- has been recorded from 1540 onwards in many different shapes, e.g. ev'ja, jav'ja, evga and javga. According to Anikin (2005: 143), only the form jaŭja is known in the living language. The other forms are limited to areas that were inhabited by Lithuanians.\{2\} Since 1554 many variants have been recorded, e.g. jawia, jawgia, jewia, jowia. \{3\} There are many variants, viz. jáujė, jáujis, jáujas, jáujus. \{4\} The oldest source (1604) has the spelling jawyge (Toporov II: 21). -
4 evьn̨a
evьja; evьn̨a Grammatical information: f. iā; f. jā Proto-Slavic meaning: `granary, drying shed'Page in Trubačev: -Russian:évnja (W. dial.) `granary, drying shed' [f jā];ëvnja (Psk.) `granary, drying shed' [f jā];evnjá (dial.) `drying shed without a ceiling' [f jā]Belorussian:ëŭnja `granary, drying shed' [f jā];éŭnja `granary, drying shed' [f jā];jaŭja (dial.) `granary, drying shed' [f jā] \{1\}Ukrainian:jévnja `granary, drying shed' [f jā]Polish:Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: iouiaHLithuanian:jáuja `granary, drying shed, threshing shed' [f ā] 1 \{3\}Latvian:jaũja `threshing floor' [f ā]Old Prussian:Indo-European reconstruction: ieu-iH-eh₂IE meaning: granaryCertainty: +Page in Pokorny: 512Comments: It is evident that *evьja is a borrowing from Baltic. The Baltic word is a derivative of the word for `grain', Lith. javaĩ, which lacks a Slavic counterpart. The resyllabification of *iau̯-iā to *iau-i̯ā may account for the metatonical acute tone of both the Lithuanian and the Latvian form, if we assume that the original form was *iau̯-ìā. The East Slavic word *ovinъ apparently underwent the e- > o- shift (I do not share Andersen's objections to Trubačëv's Proto-Slavic reconstruction *evinъ, theoretical though it is).Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} The form without -n- has been recorded from 1540 onwards in many different shapes, e.g. ev'ja, jav'ja, evga and javga. According to Anikin (2005: 143), only the form jaŭja is known in the living language. The other forms are limited to areas that were inhabited by Lithuanians.\{2\} Since 1554 many variants have been recorded, e.g. jawia, jawgia, jewia, jowia. \{3\} There are many variants, viz. jáujė, jáujis, jáujas, jáujus. \{4\} The oldest source (1604) has the spelling jawyge (Toporov II: 21). -
5 ȍlkъtь
ȍlkъtь; ȍlkъtъ Grammatical information: m. jo; m. o Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `elbow, ell'Page in Trubačev: XXXII 65-67Old Church Slavic:Russian:lókot' `elbow, ell' [m jo], lóktja [Gens]Czech:Slovak:Polish:ɫokieć `elbow, ell' [m jo]Upper Sorbian:ɫochć `elbow' [m jo];ɫóchć (dial.) `elbow' [m jo]Serbo-Croatian:lȃkat `elbow, ell' [m o], lākta [Gens];Čak. lȁkat (Vrgada) `elbow, ell' [m o], lȁhta [Gens];Čak. lȁkat (Novi) `elbow, ell' [m o], lȁhta [Gens];Čak. lȃkat (Orbanići) `elbow, armlength, yard (measure)' [m o], lȃhta [Gens]Slovene:lakȃt `elbow, ell' [m o/u], laktà [Gens], laktȗ [Gens], lahtà [Gens], lahtȗ [Gens];lakȃt `elbow, ell' [f i], laktȋ [Gens], lahtȋ [Gens];lahȃt `elbow, ell' [m o/u], lahtȗ [Gens];lakǝ̀t `elbow, ell' [m o], laktà [Gens];lákǝt `elbow, ell' [m o];lǝkȃt `elbow, ell' [f i], lǝhtȋ [Gens];lǝkȃt `elbow, ell' [m o/u], lǝhtȗ [Gens];lèhǝt `elbow' [m o], lǝ̀hta [Gens]Bulgarian:lákăt `elbow, ell' [m jo]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: Hol-k-Lithuanian:alkū́nė `elbow' [f ē] 1;elkū́nė (arch., dial.) `elbow' [f ē] 1 \{3\}Latvian:ę̀lks `elbow, bend' [m o];ę̀lkuons `elbow, bend' [m o] \{4\}Old Prussian:alkunis (EV) `elbow'IE meaning: elbowComments: The e- of the East Baltic forms may be another instance of "Rozwadowski's change". The somewhat awkward reconstruction *HHol- (*HH₃el-) is required by the acute intonation of Lith. úolektis, Latv. uôlekts `ell' < *HoHl- (*HeH₃l-), cf. OPr. woaltis `forearm', woaltis `ell', ὠλένη `elbow, forearm'. If one subscribes to the view that a lengthened grade vowel yields an acute in Balto-Slavic, *(H)ōl- is the obvious reconstruction.Other cognates:Gk. ολέκρα̑νος `point of the elbow';Notes:\{1\} *HH₃elkuti seems also possible. \{2\} In some case forms OCS lakъtь is inflected as a consonant stem. In the modern languages *ȍlkъtь has adopted the pattern of the jo- or o-stems. \{3\} The LKŽ has elkū̃nė instead of elkū́nė, even though one of the sources mentioned - F. Kurschat's dictionary - actually has an acute. \{4\} Also ę̀lkuonis, ę̀lkuone, ę̀lkūne2. -
6 ȍlkъtъ
ȍlkъtь; ȍlkъtъ Grammatical information: m. jo; m. o Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `elbow, ell'Page in Trubačev: XXXII 65-67Old Church Slavic:Russian:lókot' `elbow, ell' [m jo], lóktja [Gens]Czech:Slovak:Polish:ɫokieć `elbow, ell' [m jo]Upper Sorbian:ɫochć `elbow' [m jo];ɫóchć (dial.) `elbow' [m jo]Serbo-Croatian:lȃkat `elbow, ell' [m o], lākta [Gens];Čak. lȁkat (Vrgada) `elbow, ell' [m o], lȁhta [Gens];Čak. lȁkat (Novi) `elbow, ell' [m o], lȁhta [Gens];Čak. lȃkat (Orbanići) `elbow, armlength, yard (measure)' [m o], lȃhta [Gens]Slovene:lakȃt `elbow, ell' [m o/u], laktà [Gens], laktȗ [Gens], lahtà [Gens], lahtȗ [Gens];lakȃt `elbow, ell' [f i], laktȋ [Gens], lahtȋ [Gens];lahȃt `elbow, ell' [m o/u], lahtȗ [Gens];lakǝ̀t `elbow, ell' [m o], laktà [Gens];lákǝt `elbow, ell' [m o];lǝkȃt `elbow, ell' [f i], lǝhtȋ [Gens];lǝkȃt `elbow, ell' [m o/u], lǝhtȗ [Gens];lèhǝt `elbow' [m o], lǝ̀hta [Gens]Bulgarian:lákăt `elbow, ell' [m jo]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: Hol-k-Lithuanian:alkū́nė `elbow' [f ē] 1;elkū́nė (arch., dial.) `elbow' [f ē] 1 \{3\}Latvian:ę̀lks `elbow, bend' [m o];ę̀lkuons `elbow, bend' [m o] \{4\}Old Prussian:alkunis (EV) `elbow'IE meaning: elbowComments: The e- of the East Baltic forms may be another instance of "Rozwadowski's change". The somewhat awkward reconstruction *HHol- (*HH₃el-) is required by the acute intonation of Lith. úolektis, Latv. uôlekts `ell' < *HoHl- (*HeH₃l-), cf. OPr. woaltis `forearm', woaltis `ell', ὠλένη `elbow, forearm'. If one subscribes to the view that a lengthened grade vowel yields an acute in Balto-Slavic, *(H)ōl- is the obvious reconstruction.Other cognates:Gk. ολέκρα̑νος `point of the elbow';Notes:\{1\} *HH₃elkuti seems also possible. \{2\} In some case forms OCS lakъtь is inflected as a consonant stem. In the modern languages *ȍlkъtь has adopted the pattern of the jo- or o-stems. \{3\} The LKŽ has elkū̃nė instead of elkū́nė, even though one of the sources mentioned - F. Kurschat's dictionary - actually has an acute. \{4\} Also ę̀lkuonis, ę̀lkuone, ę̀lkūne2. -
7 luska
luska Grammatical information: f. ā Proto-Slavic meaning: `peel, shell, pod, scale'Page in Trubačev: XVI 188-191Russian:Czech:Old Czech:Polish:Upper Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:ljȕska `shell, pod, scale (of fish, reptiles)' [f ā];lȕska (arch.) `skin, shell, pod, scale (of fish), splinter' [f ā];Čak. lūskȁ (Orbanići) `splinter' [f ā], lūskȍ [Accs]Slovene:lȗska `scale, bran' [f ā]Latvian:làuskas2 `flake, dandruff' [Nompf ā]Comments: According to Vaillant, * luska is derived from the verb * luskati < * lup-sk-ati (< * loup-). Though the accentuation of several forms is in conflict with this etymology, its is nevertheless an attractive solution. The East Latvian form làuskas2 may very well differ etymologically from laûska `something broken, potsherd, splinter, the breaker (personification of frost)', which clearly derive from laûzt `break'. This raises the question to what extent *louǵ-sk- may be present in Slavic. -
8 orь̀lъ
orь̀lъ Grammatical information: m. o Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `eagle'Page in Trubačev: XXXII 232-234Old Church Slavic:Russian:orël `eagle' [m o], orlá [Gens]Czech:Slovak:Polish:Upper Sorbian:Lower Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:òrao `eagle' [m o]Slovene:órǝɫ `eagle' [m o], órla [Gens]Bulgarian:orél `eagle' [m o]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: or-il-o-;; er-el-io-Lithuanian:erẽlis `eagle' [m jo] 2 \{1\}Latvian:ḕrglis `eagle' [m jo]Old Prussian:arelie `eagle'Certainty: +Comments: The e- of the East Baltic forms is a good example of "Rozwadowski's change". It doesn't seem very plausible that within Slavic only the Low Sorbian forms would show the effect of this phenomenon.Other cognates:OIc. ǫrn `eagle';Notes:\{1\} The variant arẽlis is limited to the area where e- becomes a- (Būga RR II: 508). -
9 bydlo
bydlo Grammatical information: n. oPage in Trubačev: III 147Russian:býdlo `cattle' [n o]Old Russian:Belorussian:býdlo `cattle' [n o]Ukrainian:býdlo `cattle' [n o]Czech:Slovak:Polish:Old Polish:Slovincian:bï̂dlo `steer, young bull, bullock' [n o]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: bʔutlóLithuanian:bū́kla `residence, existence' [f ā]Indo-European reconstruction: bʰHu-tlomPage in Pokorny: 146 -
10 ūstà
ūstà Grammatical information: Nompn. o Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `mouth'Old Church Slavic:Russian:ustá (obs., poet.) `mouth' [Nompn o]Czech:ústa `mouth' [Nompn o]Slovak:ústa `mouth' [Nompn o]Polish:Serbo-Croatian:ústa `mouth' [Nompn o];Čak. ũstå̄ `mouth' [Nompn o];Čak. ũsta `mouth' [Nompn o]Slovene:ústa `mouth' [Nompn o]Bulgarian:ustá `mouth, opening' [Nompn o];ustá `mouth, opening' [f ā]Lithuanian:úostas `port, harbour, (dial., arch.) mouth of a river' [m o] 1 \{1\}Latvian:uõsta `port, harbour, mouth of a river' [f ā] \{1\}Old Prussian:austo `mouth';Indo-European reconstruction: Hous-t- (h₂/₃eus-t-??)Other cognates:Skt. óṣṭha- (RV+) `(upper) lip'Notes:\{1\} The vocalism of the East Baltic forms may have been adopted from *h₃oh₁-(e/o)s- `mouth', cf. Lat. ōstium `mouth of a river' (EIEC 387, Derksen 2002: 40-41). -
11 olьxa
olьxa; elьxa Grammatical information: f. ā Proto-Slavic meaning: `alder'Page in Trubačev: VI 23-25; XXXII 81-82Russian:ol'xá `alder' [f ā];ëlxa (dial.), elxá (dial.) `alder, spruce' [f ā] \{1\}Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:Bulgarian:elxá `alder, spruce' [f ā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: a/elisaH;; a/el(i)snio-Lithuanian:al̃ksnis, el̃ksnis `alder' [m io] 2;alìksnis (E. dial.) `alder' [m io] 2;álksna, élksna (dial.) `alder thicket, place where alders grow, marsh, dale' [f ā] 1Latvian:àlksnis, èlksnis (dial.) `alder' [m io];àlksna, ęlksna (E. dial.) `alder thicket, swampy place' \{2\}Indo-European reconstruction: h₂eliseh₂IE meaning: alderCertainty: -Page in Pokorny: 302-303Comments: As Schrijver observes (1991: 40), this etymon presents two problems. The first problem is the anlaut. The Slavic forms with je- cannot be explained away by assuming analogy after the word for `spruce': je- also occurs in West Slavic, where `spruce' is jedl-, not jel- (pace Kortlandt apud Schrijver: o.c. 41). The a-: e- variation in Germanic suggests that the variation in Baltic and Slavic does not result from "Rozwadowski's change" alone (cf. Andersen 1996: 130). The second problem is the alternation between i and zero in the second syllable. It is true that the *i and *u (cf. the Latvian toponym Aluksne?) of the Germanic forms may continue the regular ablaut of an s-stem (Schrijver: l.c.), but the fact that we find *i of in Slavic and East Lithuanian as well indicates that it should be taken at face value. The above-mentioned peculiarities of the etymon strongly suggest that we are dealing with a word of non-Indo-European origin. The fact that there are North Slavic forms with s alongside the expected x must be connected with the Baltic presence in the area (cf. Anikin 2005: 85-86).Other cognates:OIc. ǫlr `alder', jǫlstr `alder' [f] \{3\}Notes:\{1\} In Russian dialects there are apparently also forms with a vocalized medial jer, e.g. elóxa (Kostr.), alëx (Voron.), olëx (Rjaz.) `alder' (cf. Popowska-Taborska 1984: 39). \{2\} The form with e- is actually reflected as àlksna (Bersohn, E. Latvia) (M-E: s.v.). \{3\} From * aluz- and * elustrō (< * elastrō?), respectively. -
12 elьxa
olьxa; elьxa Grammatical information: f. ā Proto-Slavic meaning: `alder'Page in Trubačev: VI 23-25; XXXII 81-82Russian:ol'xá `alder' [f ā];ëlxa (dial.), elxá (dial.) `alder, spruce' [f ā] \{1\}Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:Bulgarian:elxá `alder, spruce' [f ā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: a/elisaH;; a/el(i)snio-Lithuanian:al̃ksnis, el̃ksnis `alder' [m io] 2;alìksnis (E. dial.) `alder' [m io] 2;álksna, élksna (dial.) `alder thicket, place where alders grow, marsh, dale' [f ā] 1Latvian:àlksnis, èlksnis (dial.) `alder' [m io];àlksna, ęlksna (E. dial.) `alder thicket, swampy place' \{2\}Indo-European reconstruction: h₂eliseh₂IE meaning: alderCertainty: -Page in Pokorny: 302-303Comments: As Schrijver observes (1991: 40), this etymon presents two problems. The first problem is the anlaut. The Slavic forms with je- cannot be explained away by assuming analogy after the word for `spruce': je- also occurs in West Slavic, where `spruce' is jedl-, not jel- (pace Kortlandt apud Schrijver: o.c. 41). The a-: e- variation in Germanic suggests that the variation in Baltic and Slavic does not result from "Rozwadowski's change" alone (cf. Andersen 1996: 130). The second problem is the alternation between i and zero in the second syllable. It is true that the *i and *u (cf. the Latvian toponym Aluksne?) of the Germanic forms may continue the regular ablaut of an s-stem (Schrijver: l.c.), but the fact that we find *i of in Slavic and East Lithuanian as well indicates that it should be taken at face value. The above-mentioned peculiarities of the etymon strongly suggest that we are dealing with a word of non-Indo-European origin. The fact that there are North Slavic forms with s alongside the expected x must be connected with the Baltic presence in the area (cf. Anikin 2005: 85-86).Other cognates:OIc. ǫlr `alder', jǫlstr `alder' [f] \{3\}Notes:\{1\} In Russian dialects there are apparently also forms with a vocalized medial jer, e.g. elóxa (Kostr.), alëx (Voron.), olëx (Rjaz.) `alder' (cf. Popowska-Taborska 1984: 39). \{2\} The form with e- is actually reflected as àlksna (Bersohn, E. Latvia) (M-E: s.v.). \{3\} From * aluz- and * elustrō (< * elastrō?), respectively. -
13 ȁsenь
ȁsenь; ȁsenъ Grammatical information: m. jo; m. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `ash-tree'Page in Trubačev: I 79-80Russian:jásen' `ash-tree' [m jo]Czech:jasaň (dial.) `ash-tree' [m jo];jeseň (dial.) `ash-tree' [m jo]Slovak:jaseň `ash-tree' [m jo]Polish:jasień (arch., S. dial.) `ash-tree' [m jo];jesień (arch.) `ash-tree' [m jo];Old Polish:jasień `ash-tree' [m jo]Slovincian:jȧ̃sȯu̯n `ash-tree' [m o]Upper Sorbian:jaseń `ash-tree' [m jo]Serbo-Croatian:jȁsēn `ash-tree' [m o], jȁsena [Gens];Čak. jȁsen (Vrgada) `ash-tree' [m o], jȁsena [Gens];Čak. jȅsēn (Novi) `ash-tree' [m o];Čak. jȅsen (Orbanići) `(European) ash (tree)' [m o], jȅsena [Gens]Slovene:jásen `ash-tree' [m o], jasẹ́na [Gens];jésen `ash-tree' [m o], jesẹ́na [Gens]Bulgarian:jásen `ash-tree' [m o];ósen (N.) `ash-tree' [m o]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: oʔs-en-; oʔs-i-o-Lithuanian:úosis `ash-tree' [m io] 1Latvian:Old Prussian:woasis (EV) `ash-tree'Indo-European reconstruction: Heh₃-s-IE meaning: ash-treeComments: In view of the Baltic forms as well as Ru. ja- ( je- > ja- is common in West Slavic and western South Slavic but not in East Slavic), we must reconstruct *oʔs- < *Heh₃-s- for Balto-Slavic. Unless the West and South Slavic forms with je-/o- continue ja- (cf. Sɫawski SP I: 159), Slavic also offers evidence for the elsewhere in Indo-European widely attested stem shape *Hh₃es. The e-vocalism could be considered an example of Rozwadowski's change (see Andersen 1996).Other cognates:Alb. ah `beech'Notes:\{1\} The Standard Polish form jesion originates from the Mazowian dialect area (Bańkowski 2000: 588). -
14 ȁsenъ
ȁsenь; ȁsenъ Grammatical information: m. jo; m. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `ash-tree'Page in Trubačev: I 79-80Russian:jásen' `ash-tree' [m jo]Czech:jasaň (dial.) `ash-tree' [m jo];jeseň (dial.) `ash-tree' [m jo]Slovak:jaseň `ash-tree' [m jo]Polish:jasień (arch., S. dial.) `ash-tree' [m jo];jesień (arch.) `ash-tree' [m jo];Old Polish:jasień `ash-tree' [m jo]Slovincian:jȧ̃sȯu̯n `ash-tree' [m o]Upper Sorbian:jaseń `ash-tree' [m jo]Serbo-Croatian:jȁsēn `ash-tree' [m o], jȁsena [Gens];Čak. jȁsen (Vrgada) `ash-tree' [m o], jȁsena [Gens];Čak. jȅsēn (Novi) `ash-tree' [m o];Čak. jȅsen (Orbanići) `(European) ash (tree)' [m o], jȅsena [Gens]Slovene:jásen `ash-tree' [m o], jasẹ́na [Gens];jésen `ash-tree' [m o], jesẹ́na [Gens]Bulgarian:jásen `ash-tree' [m o];ósen (N.) `ash-tree' [m o]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: oʔs-en-; oʔs-i-o-Lithuanian:úosis `ash-tree' [m io] 1Latvian:Old Prussian:woasis (EV) `ash-tree'Indo-European reconstruction: Heh₃-s-IE meaning: ash-treeComments: In view of the Baltic forms as well as Ru. ja- ( je- > ja- is common in West Slavic and western South Slavic but not in East Slavic), we must reconstruct *oʔs- < *Heh₃-s- for Balto-Slavic. Unless the West and South Slavic forms with je-/o- continue ja- (cf. Sɫawski SP I: 159), Slavic also offers evidence for the elsewhere in Indo-European widely attested stem shape *Hh₃es. The e-vocalism could be considered an example of Rozwadowski's change (see Andersen 1996).Other cognates:Alb. ah `beech'Notes:\{1\} The Standard Polish form jesion originates from the Mazowian dialect area (Bańkowski 2000: 588). -
15 brestì
brestì Grammatical information: v. Accent paradigm: c? Proto-Slavic meaning: `wade'Page in Trubačev: III 14-15Old Church Slavic:\{1\}Church Slavic:Russian:brestí `drag oneself along, stroll pensively' [verb], bredú [1sg], bredët [3sg]Ukrainian:brestý `drag oneself along, wade' [verb], bredú [1sg], bredët [3sg]Old Czech:Slovak:Slovincian:brȧ̃sc `wade' [verb], brȧ̃dą [1sg]Polabian:bradĕ `wade' [1sg]Slovene:brésti `wade' [verb], brédem `wade' [1sg]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: bred-Lithuanian:brìsti `wade' [verb], breñda [3sg], brìdo [3sgprt] \{2\}Latvian:IE meaning: wadePage in Pokorny: 164Comments: The root must be reconstructed as * bʰredʰ-.Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} The forms neprěbredomъ and neprěbredimъ `infinite', which are mentioned in the SSJ, do not occur in texts belonging to the canon. \{2\} Proto-East Baltic *bristi must have ousted *birsti < *bʰrdʰ-ti on the analogy of forms with full grade. -
16 brьdnǫti
brьdnǫti Grammatical information: v. Proto-Slavic meaning: `wade'Page in Trubačev: III 67Czech:břednouti `melt, (obs.) wade' [verb]Slovak:bŕdnut' `wade, roam' [verb]Polish:brnąć `wade' [verb]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: bird-Lithuanian:brìsti `wade' [verb], breñda [3sg], brìdo [3sgprt]Latvian:Indo-European reconstruction: bʰrdʰ-IE meaning: wadePage in Pokorny: 164Comments: One would have suspected *bьrdnǫti, but Cz. břednouti points to *brьd. Apparently the zero grade of the root was influenced by the full grade of other forms. Likewise, Proto-East Baltic *bristi must have ousted *birsti < *bʰrdʰ-ti on the analogy of forms with full grade. How old the metathesis actually is, cannot be determined. -
17 dъnò
dъnò Grammatical information: n. o Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `bottom'Page in Trubačev: V 174-175Old Church Slavic:Russian:Czech:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:dnȍ `bottom' [n o];Čak. dnȍ (Vrgada, Orbanići) `bottom' [n o]Slovene:dnọ̀ `bottom' [n o]Bulgarian:dắno `bottom, floor' [n o]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: dubnoLithuanian:dùgnas `bottom' [m o] 4Indo-European reconstruction: dʰubʰ-no-Certainty: -Comments: The Slavic vacillation between root-final *b and *p does not have a Baltic counterpart. In East Baltic, however, the full grade * daub- occurs both with acute and circumflex tone, e.g. Latv. duôbjš `deep'. The acute variant could be attributed to Winter's law, which would be in accordance with PGm. * deupa- `deep'< * dʰeub-, but this would leave us without an explanation for the other forms. The many formal problems connected with this root have made it a prime example of a borrowing from a substratum language (cf. Kuiper 1995). -
18 mamiti
mamiti; maniti \{1\} Grammatical information: v. Proto-Slavic meaning: `deceive'Page in Trubačev: XVII 189-190, 197-199Church Slavic:Russian:manít' `beckon, attract, lure;(dial.) `deceive, lie, linger, loiter' [verb], manjú [1sg], manít [3sg]Czech:mámiti `stun, deceive, seduce' [verb]Slovak:Polish:mamić `deceive, seduce, lead astray' [verb];manić (dial.) `deceive, seduce, lead astray' [verb]Slovincian:mańic `attract, lure, deceive' [verb]Lower Sorbian:mamiś `deceive, enchant' [verb];maniś `deceive, enchant' [verb]Serbo-Croatian:mámiti `attract, lure, seduce' [verb];Čak. m̊āmȉti (Vrgada) `attract, lure, seduce' [verb];mániti (dial.) `lure' [verb]Slovene:mámiti `stun, deceive, seduce, fool' [verb], mȃmim [1sg]Bulgarian:mámja `deceive, seduce, lead astray' [verb];mánja (dial.) `deceive' [verb]Lithuanian:mõnyti `practise sorcery' [verb] \{1\}Latvian:mãnît `mislead, deceiveIndo-European reconstruction: meh₂m-iH-Page in Pokorny: 693Comments: According to Van Wijk (1934: 73), *mamiti is the original denominative verb, while *maniti arose through dissimilation, which was probably favoured by the existence of *manǫti. Van Wijk's hypothesis is supported by the fact that there is more a less a geographical distribution. The form *mamiti occurs in West and South Slavic, whereas *maniti occurs in East Slavic and in certain West and South Slavic regions.Notes:\{1\} I consider both the Latvian and the Lithuanian forms to be borrowings from Slavic. Endzelīns is inclined to regard Latv. mãnît as an inherited word. -
19 maniti
mamiti; maniti \{1\} Grammatical information: v. Proto-Slavic meaning: `deceive'Page in Trubačev: XVII 189-190, 197-199Church Slavic:Russian:manít' `beckon, attract, lure;(dial.) `deceive, lie, linger, loiter' [verb], manjú [1sg], manít [3sg]Czech:mámiti `stun, deceive, seduce' [verb]Slovak:Polish:mamić `deceive, seduce, lead astray' [verb];manić (dial.) `deceive, seduce, lead astray' [verb]Slovincian:mańic `attract, lure, deceive' [verb]Lower Sorbian:mamiś `deceive, enchant' [verb];maniś `deceive, enchant' [verb]Serbo-Croatian:mámiti `attract, lure, seduce' [verb];Čak. m̊āmȉti (Vrgada) `attract, lure, seduce' [verb];mániti (dial.) `lure' [verb]Slovene:mámiti `stun, deceive, seduce, fool' [verb], mȃmim [1sg]Bulgarian:mámja `deceive, seduce, lead astray' [verb];mánja (dial.) `deceive' [verb]Lithuanian:mõnyti `practise sorcery' [verb] \{1\}Latvian:mãnît `mislead, deceiveIndo-European reconstruction: meh₂m-iH-Page in Pokorny: 693Comments: According to Van Wijk (1934: 73), *mamiti is the original denominative verb, while *maniti arose through dissimilation, which was probably favoured by the existence of *manǫti. Van Wijk's hypothesis is supported by the fact that there is more a less a geographical distribution. The form *mamiti occurs in West and South Slavic, whereas *maniti occurs in East Slavic and in certain West and South Slavic regions.Notes:\{1\} I consider both the Latvian and the Lithuanian forms to be borrowings from Slavic. Endzelīns is inclined to regard Latv. mãnît as an inherited word. -
20 slàbъ
slàbъ Grammatical information: adj. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `weak'Old Church Slavic:Russian:slábyj `weak' [adj o]Czech:slabý `weak' [adj o]Slovak:slabý `weak' [adj o]Polish:Serbo-Croatian:slȁb `weak' [adj o], slȁba [Nomsf];slȁb `weak, bad' [adj o], slàba [Nomsf];Čak. slȁb (Vrgada) `weak' [adj o], slabȁ [Nomsf], slȁbo [Nomsn];Čak. slȁp (Orbanići) `weak, bad' [adj o], slȁba [Nomsf], slȁbo [Nomsn]Slovene:slàb `weak, bad' [adj o], slába [Nomsf]Bulgarian:Lithuanian:slãbnas (Žem.) `weak' [adj o];slõbnas (E. Lith.) `weak' [adj o] \{1\}Latvian:slãbs `weak' [adj o]Indo-European reconstruction: slob-o-Comments: Though Latv. slãbs matches the Slavic etymon perfectly, I am inclined to regard the Baltic forms as borrowings. Rasmussen (1992: 72) mentions slãbnas as an example of his blocking rule, according to which Winter's law, did not operate for resonants. Since he also claims that Winter's law applied exclusively to the syllable immediately preceding the stress, his version of Winter's law cannot account for PSl. *slàbъ.Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} According to Fraenkel (151), the vocalism of slõbnas may be due to an East Lithuanian development (cf. Zinkevičius 1966: 103).
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