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to+farm+out+taxes

  • 1 ■ farm out

    ■ farm out
    v. t. + avv.
    1 appaltare; dare in appalto; affidare lavoro a terzi; esternalizzare: to farm out taxes, affidare a terzi la riscossione delle imposte; Jobs are often farmed out to the private sector, i lavori sono spesso dati in appalto al settore privato
    2 affidare temporaneamente ad altri (un bambino, spesso dietro compenso).

    English-Italian dictionary > ■ farm out

  • 2 farm out

    1. phr v истощать землю,
    2. phr v сдавать в аренду
    3. phr v отдавать на откуп

    the work of producing many electrical components was farmed out to small manufacturers — производство многих компонентов электрооборудования было передано мелким предприятиям

    4. phr v отдавать детей на воспитание
    Синонимический ряд:
    contract out (verb) allot; award to a subcontractor; contract; contract out; distribute; lease; rent; subcontract

    English-Russian base dictionary > farm out

  • 3 farm

    fɑ:m
    1. сущ.
    1) а) ферма on a farm ≈ на ферме chicken farmптицеферма dairy farmмолочная ферма poultry farm ≈ птицеферма private farmчастная ферма sheep farmовцеферма stock farmскотный двор truck farmогородное хозяйство farm labourerсельскохозяйственный рабочий, батрак farm tenureусловия аренды земли Syn: hamlet, khutor б) крестьянское хозяйство to manage, operate, run, work a farm ≈ управлять хозяйством collective farmколхоз в) = farm-house
    2) питомник, рассадник Syn: nursery
    2. гл.
    1) возделывать земельные угодья Syn: cultivate, till III
    2) а) сдавать в аренду (участок земельной собственности) б) брать арендную плату
    3) а) нанимать рабочих б) брать на воспитание детей (за плату) ∙ farm out ферма;
    хозяйство - milk /dairy/ * молочная ферма, молочное хозяйство - poultry * птицеферма - * household (американизм) ферма с наделом более 3 акров - * labourer сельскохозяйственный рабочий;
    батрак - * layout планировка хозяйства - * management управление хозяйством;
    ведение хозяйства - * surpluses излишки продуктов сельского хозяйства;
    избыточная сельскохозяйственная продукция( крестьянское) хозяйство - collective * колхоз - state * совхоз - individual индивидуальное /единоличное/ хозяйство питомник - silver-fox * питомник черно-бурых лисиц;
    лисоферма жилой дом на ферме семья, которая берет на воспитание детей (за плату) > to buy a * (авиация) (жаргон) разбиться на самолете > to buy the * (военное) (жаргон) погибнуть заниматься сельским хозяйством - their younger son is *ing их младший сын фермер обрабатывать (землю) - he *ed his own land он обрабатывал свою собственную землю (часто * out) брать в аренду;
    сдавать в аренду;
    брать на откуп - to * lottery брать на откуп лотерею отдавать на откуп (тж. * out) - to * taxes отдавать на откуп сбор налогов брать на воспитание детей, присматривать за детьми (за плату) abandoned ~ заброшенная ферма ~ (крестьянское) хозяйство;
    collective farm колхоз;
    state farm совхоз;
    individual farm единоличное хозяйство collective ~ коллективное хозяйство collective ~ колхоз commercial value of ~ рыночная стоимость фермы cooperative ~ кооперативная ферма derelict ~ заброшенная ферма deserted ~ заброшенная ферма dilapidated ~ ветхая ферма escheated ~ имение без наследника experimental ~ экспериментальная ферма farm = farm-house ~ арендная плата ~ брать на воспитание детей (за плату) ~ брать на откуп ~ жилой дом на ферме ~ земельный надел ~ крестьянское хозяйство, ферма ~ крестьянское хозяйство ~ обрабатывать землю;
    he farmed in Australia он был фермером в Австралии ~ обрабатывать землю ~ питомник ~ сдавать в аренду, аренда, арендное право ~ сдавать в аренду (имение) ~ сельское хозяйство ~ сельскохозяйственное предприятие ~ ферма, хозяйство;
    хутор;
    milk farm молочная ферма ~ фермерское хозяйство ~ (крестьянское) хозяйство;
    collective farm колхоз;
    state farm совхоз;
    individual farm единоличное хозяйство ~ хозяйство ~ attr. сельскохозяйственный;
    farm labourer батрак;
    farm tenure условия аренды земли ~ attr. сельскохозяйственный;
    farm labourer батрак;
    farm tenure условия аренды земли ~ out брать в аренду ~ out отдавать, передоверять часть работы другому ~ out отдавать в аренду ~ out отдавать на откуп ~ out передавать в другую организацию ~ out сдавать в аренду ~ attr. сельскохозяйственный;
    farm labourer батрак;
    farm tenure условия аренды земли farm = farm-house farm-house: farm-house жилой дом на ферме ~ обрабатывать землю;
    he farmed in Australia он был фермером в Австралии heirless ~ юр. фирма, не имеющая наследника home ~ ферма при усадьбе ~ (крестьянское) хозяйство;
    collective farm колхоз;
    state farm совхоз;
    individual farm единоличное хозяйство ~ ферма, хозяйство;
    хутор;
    milk farm молочная ферма neglected ~ заброшенная ферма outlying ~ далекая ферма part-time ~ подсобное хозяйство ~ (крестьянское) хозяйство;
    collective farm колхоз;
    state farm совхоз;
    individual farm единоличное хозяйство stud ~ конный завод

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > farm

  • 4 farm

    1. [fɑ:m] n
    1. ферма, хозяйство

    milk /dairy/ farm - молочная ферма, молочное хозяйство

    farm household - амер. ферма с наделом более 3 акров

    farm labourer - сельскохозяйственный рабочий; батрак

    farm management - управление хозяйством; ведение хозяйства

    farm surpluses - излишки продуктов сельского хозяйства; избыточная сельскохозяйственная продукция

    2. (крестьянское) хозяйство

    individual farm - индивидуальное /единоличное/ хозяйство

    3. питомник

    silver fox farm - питомник чёрно-бурых лисиц; лисоферма

    4. жилой дом на ферме
    5. семья, которая берёт на воспитание детей ( за плату)

    to buy a farm - ав. жарг. разбиться на самолёте

    to buy the farm - воен. жарг. погибнуть

    2. [fɑ:m] v
    1. заниматься сельским хозяйством
    2. обрабатывать ( землю)
    3. ( часто farm out)
    1) брать в аренду
    2) сдавать в аренду
    4. 1) брать на откуп
    2) отдавать на откуп (тж. farm out)

    to farm taxes [tithes] - отдавать на откуп сбор налогов [церковной десятины]

    5. брать на воспитание детей, присматривать за детьми ( за плату)

    НБАРС > farm

  • 5 farm

    1) оренда; орендна плата; орендне право; селянське господарство; сім'я, яка бере дітей на виховання ( за плату); ферма
    2) брати в оренду; здавати в оренду ( маєток або в сільськогосподарську оренду); брати на відкуп; віддавати на відкуп
    - farmhold
    - farming
    - farmstead
    - farm job
    - farm laborer
    - farm labourer
    - farm land
    - farm let
    - farm out
    - farm taxes
    - farm tithes

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > farm

  • 6 farm

    1) крестьянское хозяйство, ферма
    2) аренда; арендное право; арендная плата | брать в аренду; сдавать в аренду
    3) семья, берущая ( за плату) детей на воспитание
    4) брать на откуп; отдавать на откуп

    to farm let — сдавать в аренду на условиях оплаты натурой;

    to farm out — 1. сдавать в аренду 2. отдавать на откуп;

    to farm taxes — отдать на откуп сбор налогов;

    * * *
    /vt/ сдавать в аренду

    Англо-русский юридический словарь > farm

  • 7 Steuer

    Steuer f 1. IMP/EXP levy; 2. STEUER tax, duty, imposition; 3. WIWI tax jmdm. eine Steuer auferlegen STEUER impose a tax on sb von der Steuer befreit sein STEUER be exempt from taxes, be not subject to taxation von der Steuer freistellen STEUER exempt sb from tax
    * * *
    f 1. <Imp/Exp> levy; 2. < Steuer> tax, duty, imposition; 3. <Vw> tax ■ jmdm. eine Steuer auferlegen < Steuer> impose a tax on sb ■ von der Steuer freistellen < Steuer> exempt sb from tax
    * * *
    Steuer
    tax, (Abgabe) impost, imposition, assessment, lot (Br.), rate (Br.), (Auto) [steering] wheel, (Zoll) customs duty;
    Steuern und Kosten abgezogen clear;
    abzüglich Steuern less taxes;
    einschließlich Steuer tax included;
    frei von Steuern tax-exempt (-free);
    mit Steuern überladen tax-ridden;
    nach Abzug der Steuern after [deduction for] taxes, tax[es] paid;
    von Steuern erdrückt crushed by (burdened with) taxation;
    vor Steuern pretax, less taxes, grossed;
    vor Berücksichtigung (Abzug) der Steuern prior to deduction of taxes, less taxes;
    zuzüglich Steuer plus tax;
    auf den Verbraucher abgewälzte Steuer tax shifted onto the consumer;
    abzuziehende Steuer tax to be deducted;
    allgemeine Steuern general taxes;
    angefallene Steuern accrued taxes;
    angeglichene Steuer (EU) harmonized tax;
    anteilmäßige Steuer pro-rata (proportional) tax;
    aufgehobene Steuer obsolete tax;
    ausgewiesene Steuern declared taxes;
    mit einem höheren Satz berechnete Steuer higher-rate tax;
    im Abzugswege zu bezahlende Steuer tax payable by deduction;
    zu viel bezahlte Steuer excess tax;
    degressive Steuer degressive tax;
    direkte Steuern tax payable direct, assessed (direct) taxes;
    doppelte Steuer double tax;
    drückende Steuern oppressive taxes;
    einbehaltene Steuern taxes withheld;
    vom Parlament eingeführte (beschlossene) Steuern parliamentary taxes;
    nicht eingegangene Steuern tax-collection shortage;
    einheitliche Steuer uniform tax;
    einmalige Steuer non-recurring tax;
    entstandene Steuern taxes incurred;
    erhobene Steuern taxes levied;
    fortlaufend erhobene Steuer tax by stages;
    jährlich erhobene Steuer annual tax;
    im Veranlagungswege erhobene Steuern assessed taxes;
    erträgliche Steuern reasonable taxation;
    fällige Steuern matured taxes, (Bilanz) accrued taxes payable;
    geschätzte Steuer estimated tax;
    gesparte Steuer duty saved;
    gestaffelte Steuer progressive (graduated) tax;
    nach oben gestaffelte Steuer progressive tax;
    gestundete Steuer deferred tax;
    zu viel gezahlte Steuer excess tax;
    harmonisierte Steuern (EU) harmonized taxes;
    harte Steuern grievous taxes;
    hinterzogene Steuer defrauded (evaded) tax;
    hohe Steuern heavy taxes;
    indirekte Steuern expenditure (indirect, outlay, excise) taxes, excise [duty];
    innerstaatliche Steuern internal taxes;
    kommunale Steuern county rates (Br.), local (municipal) taxes (US);
    latente Steuern (Bilanz) deferred taxes;
    laufende Steuern U.K. taxation (Br.);
    negative Steuern negative taxes;
    örtliche Steuern local rates (taxes, US);
    pauschalierte Steuer composition (lump-sum) tax, all-in-one rate;
    progressive Steuer progressive (graduated) tax;
    prohibitive Steuer prohibitive tax;
    regressive Steuer tax on a descending scale;
    rückständige Steuern tax [in] arrears, arrears of taxes, delinquent (US) (back) taxes;
    rückwirkende Steuer regressive tax;
    sonstige Steuern taxes other than federal income (US);
    städtische Steuern rates (Br.), local (municipal, US) taxes;
    vom Pächter zu tragende Steuern taxes payable by the tenant;
    überfällige Steuern back taxes;
    überhöhte (übermäßige) Steuern excessive taxes;
    überzahlte Steuer excess (overpaid) duty;
    umfassende Steuer blanket tax;
    unerhobene Steuer unlevied tax;
    unwirtschaftliche Steuer nuisance tax;
    veranlagte Steuer assessment, assessed (scheduled) tax;
    verdeckte Steuer stealth tax;
    vereinnahmte Steuer tax suffered;
    verschleierte (versteckte) Steuer hidden tax;
    völkerrechtswidrige Steuer illegal tax;
    im Abzugswege zahlbare Steuern tax payable by deduction;
    in Raten zahlbare Steuer duty payable on instalment;
    zu zahlende Steuer assessment, rating (Br.);
    in Naturalien zu zahlende Steuer tax in kind;
    zurückvergütete Steuer refunded tax;
    zusätzliche Steuer additional tax;
    zweckgebundene Steuern apportioned taxes;
    Steuer auf Abfindungen bei vorzeitiger Pensionierung tax on individual retirement arrangement;
    Steuern und Abgaben taxes and dues;
    inländische Steuern und Abgaben internal revenue taxes (US);
    indirekte Steuern auf die Ansammlung von Kapital indirect taxes on the raising of capital;
    Steuern für Ausgaben im privaten Bereich private expenditure taxes;
    Steuer für Devisenausländer non-resident tax;
    Steuern vom Einkommen, vom Ertrag und vom Vermögen taxes on income and property;
    Steuern auf im Ausland angefallene Einkünfte (Erträge) tax on foreign earnings;
    Steuern und sonstige Einkünfte general fund;
    Steuern auf Einkünfte aus selbstständiger Arbeit tax on income or profits from trade, profession or vocation;
    Steuern der EU-Bediensteten tax paid by European civil servants;
    Steuern und Gebühren taxes and fees
    Steuer auf alkoholische Getränke alcoholic beverage tax (Br.), liquor excise tax (US), liquor excise tax (US);
    Steuer auf nicht ausgeschüttete Gewinne undistributed profits tax, accumulated earnings tax (US);
    Steuer auf Grundbesitz general property tax (US);
    Steuer auf kurzfristige Kursgewinne short-term capital gains tax;
    Steuer mit höherem Satz higher-rate tax;
    Steuer mit normalem Steuertarif basic tax rate;
    Steuer auf selbstständige Tätigkeit tax in respect of any profession or vocation;
    Steuern und Umlagen rates and taxes;
    Steuern vom Vermögen tax on capital;
    Steuer auf das bewegliche (persönliche) Vermögen personal tax (US);
    Steuern auf den Wertzuwachs (Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen) taxes on capital appreciation;
    Steuer auf Wettgewinne tax on racing bets;
    Zölle und Steuern customs and excise entries;
    Steuern, Zölle und Abgaben taxes, duties, imposts and excises (US);
    Steuern abführen to pay taxes;
    Steuer gleich vom Ertrag abführen to pay a tax at the source;
    Steuern an die Finanzverwaltung abführen to hand over a tax to the commissioners of the Inland Revenue (Br.);
    Steuer abschaffen to abolish a tax;
    Steuer in Etappen abschaffen to phase out a tax;
    von der Steuer absetzen to deduct from the tax;
    Steuer auf den Kunden abwälzen to pass on (shift) a tax to the customer;
    Steuer anrechnen to impute a tax, (Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen) to credit taxes;
    in USA gezahlte Steuer in der Bundesrepublik anrechnen to allow United States taxes as credit against Federal Republic taxes;
    neue Steuer auferlegen to impose a new tax on the people;
    Steuer wieder aufheben to withdraw (abandon, back down, eliminate) a tax;
    Steuer aufschlüsseln to break down a tax;
    Steuern ausschreiben to levy taxes, to tax (US);
    von der Steuer befreien to frank (exempt, relieve) from a tax;
    Steuern einfach als Geschäftskosten behandeln to treat taxes simply as business expense;
    mit Steuern belasten (belegen) to lay (impose, burden) taxes upon;
    Höhe einer Steuer berechnen to assess (fix, compute the amount of) a tax;
    Steuern bereitstellen to allow (make provisions) for taxation;
    sich über zu hohe Steuern beschweren to grumble at high taxation;
    Steuer beseitigen to abolish a tax;
    Steuern bezahlen to return taxes to the treasury, to pay one’s taxes;
    Steuern nach dem Vermögen bezahlen to pay scot and lot (Br.);
    bei der Steuer in Abzug bringen to relieve;
    Steuer zum Normalsatz in Abzug bringen to deduct income tax at the standard rate from payment;
    Steuer einbehalten to retain a tax;
    Steuer bei der Lohnzahlung einbehalten to withhold a tax from wage payment (US);
    Steuer an der Quelle einbehalten to deduct a tax at source;
    Steuer einführen to impose a tax on the people;
    sich für niedrigere Steuern einsetzen to fight for lower taxes;
    Steuern eintreiben to collect (exact) taxes;
    Steuern einziehen to collect taxes;
    Steuern erheben to raise revenue, to levy (lay) taxes;
    Steuer an der Quelle erheben to levy a tax at the source;
    Steuern erhöhen to increase (raise) the taxes, to raise tax rates;
    Steuer erlassen to remit (abate) a tax;
    Steuer ermäßigen to reduce (lower, cut down) a tax;
    Steuer erstatten to repay (refund) a tax;
    überzahlte Steuer erstatten to refund an excess of tax;
    Steuern festsetzen to assess (graduate) taxes upon;
    Steuer herabsetzen to reduce (lower, abate, cut down) a tax;
    j. zu einer Steuer heranziehen to assess (tax, US) s. o.;
    Steuern hereinholen to get in taxes;
    Steuern hinterziehen to evade [paying] a tax, to defraud the revenue [authorities];
    Steuer auf etw. legen to impose (levy) a tax on s. th., to put (lay) a duty [up]on s. th.;
    größere Geldbeträge für die Steuer aufbringen müssen to have to fork out a lot of money to the collector of taxes;
    Steuer niederschlagen to drop a tax;
    Steuer pauschalieren to compound for a tax;
    Steuer rückvergüten to refund a tax;
    von Steuern befreit sein to be exempt from taxes;
    von der Steuer erfasst sein to be in the tax net;
    von der Steuer schon erfasst sein to have suffered tax;
    mit Steuern verbunden sein to involve taxes;
    Steuern senken to lighten (lower, cut [down]) the taxes;
    Steuern sparen to save on [income] taxes;
    Steuer stunden to defer payment of taxes;
    Steuer überwälzen to shift (pass on) a tax;
    Steuer umgehen to dodge a tax, to avoid payment of a tax;
    Steuern umlegen to apportion taxes;
    der Steuer unterliegen to be taxable (liable to a tax);
    nicht der Steuer unterliegen to be tax-exempt;
    der Steuer unterwerfen to fiscalize;
    nur in der Stadt selbst getätigte Umsätze der Steuer unterwerfen to allocate only receipts from sales within the city for tax purpose;
    Steuer veranlagen to assess a tax;
    Steuer verlangen to charge duty;
    Steuer vermeiden to avoid (dodge) taxes;
    Steuern verpachten to farm out taxes;
    500 Euro an Steuern zahlen to pay euro 500 in taxes;
    höhere Steuern zahlen to write bigger tax cheques (Br.) (checks, US);
    zu niedrige Steuern zahlen to underpay taxes;
    für Steuern zurückstellen to allow (make provisions) for taxation;
    in Amerika fällige Steuern auf ausländische Einkünfte bis zur Transfermöglichkeit zurückstellen to defer American tax on income from abroad until it is repatriated;
    gezahlte Steuer zurückverlangen to claim tax back;
    Steuer-ABC taxation primer;
    Steuerabgabe levy.

    Business german-english dictionary > Steuer

  • 8 locō

        locō āvī (locāssint, for locāverint, C.), ātus, āre    [locus], to place, put, lay, set, dispose, arrange: cohortes in fronte, S.: cadavera in arcā, N.: crates adversas locari iubet, Cs.: cum sol ita locatus fuisset, ut, etc.: Fundamenta (urbis), V.: litore Moenia, V.: vicos, Ta.: stipendium, S.—Fig., to place, put, set, lay, fix, establish, constitute: inter recte factum atque peccatum media locabat quaedam: eo loco locati sumus, ut, etc.: prudentia est locata in delectu bonorum et malorum, consists in.—To place in marriage, give away, give in marriage, marry: filiam suam, T.: nuptum virginem adulescenti, T.— To let, lease, hire, farm out: vectigalia: agrum frumento, L.: fundum: vocem, i. e. rant for pay (on the stage), Iu.: disciplina (histrionis) locabat se non minus HS CCCI[C ][C ][C ], yielded.—To give out on contract, contract for making, have done by contract: statuam faciendam: anseribus cibaria publice locantur (sc. praebenda): Iunoni templum (sc. exstruendum), L.: secanda marmora, H. — To put out, place profitably: beneficia apud gratos, L.: Bene facta male locata male facta arbitror, Enn. ap. C.
    * * *
    I
    for, in the place of, instead of
    II
    locare, additional forms V
    place, put, station; arrange; contract (for); farm out (taxes) on contract
    III
    locare, locavi, locatus V
    place, put, station; arrange; contract (for); farm out (taxes) on contract

    Latin-English dictionary > locō

  • 9 Steuern verpachten

    Steuern verpachten
    to farm out taxes

    Business german-english dictionary > Steuern verpachten

  • 10 отдавать на откуп

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > отдавать на откуп

  • 11 сдавать в аренду

    1) General subject: farm (имение), lease, re-let-, re-let-re-lease, rent, demise, rent sth. out (rent out warehouse and industrial space; rent out an apartment; rent out a basement to some students), (что-л.) grant by lease (внаём), let out on lease
    2) Engineering: let
    3) Agriculture: hack
    5) Economy: give in rent
    6) Oil: sublet
    8) Real estate: rent out (напр., Are there any other taxes I must pay if I rent out my house? - Есть ли какие-либо другие налоги, которые мне необходимо уплачивать в случае сдачи дома в аренду?)
    9) Cables: let on a lease
    10) leg.N.P. lend

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > сдавать в аренду

  • 12 πωλέω

    πωλ-έω, [dialect] Ion.[tense] impf.
    A

    πωλέεσκε Hdt.1.196

    : [tense] fut.

    - ήσω Ar.Fr. 543

    , X. Cyr.6.2.38; [dialect] Dor. [ per.] 3pl.

    πωλησεῦντι IG12(1).3.2

    (Rhodes, i A.D.): [tense] aor.

    ἐπώλησα Plu.Phil.16

    :—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut. in med. form

    πωλήσεται Eub.74.1

    : 2 [tense] fut.

    πεπωλήσεται Aen.Tact.10.19

    : [tense] aor.

    ἐπωλήθην Pl.Plt. 260d

    , prob. in IG12.60.10:— sell or offer for sale, opp. ὠνεῖσθαι, Hdt.1.165, 196, etc.; opp. ἀποδίδοσθαι (of the actual sale), X.Smp.8.21, cf. Mem. 2.5.5 ([voice] Pass.); μετ' ἀβακίου καὶ τραπεζίου π. ἑαυτόν sell oneself across the counter, Lys.Fr.50: c. gen. pretii, ἐπώλεε ἐς Σάρδις χρημάτων μεγάλων sold at a high price for exportation to Sardis, Hdt.8.105, cf. Ar. l.c.; πωλέω οὐδενὸς χρήματος refuse to sell it at any price, Hdt.3.139;

    τὰ ξύμπαντα τούτου ἑνὸς ἂν πωλοῖτο Th.2.60

    ;

    τῶν πόνων π. ἁμῖν πάντα τἀγάθ' οἱ θεοί Epich.287

    ;

    ἀργυρίου π. τι X.Mem. 1.6.13

    , etc.; τὰ σφῶν αὐτῶν μικροῦ λήμματος π. D.11.18; ἔρωμαι ὁπόσου πωλεῖ; ask what he wants for it, X.Mem.1.2.36;

    π. δὶς πρὸς ἀργύριον Thphr.HP9.6.4

    ([voice] Pass.);

    τὴν Ἀσίην πωλῶ πρὸς μύρα AP 11.3

    ;

    π. τινί τι Stratt.13.1

    , cf. X.Hier.1.13 ([voice] Pass.);

    τι πρός τινας Hdt.9.80

    , Pl.Lg. 741b;

    ὑπὸ κήρυκος π. τὰ κοινά D.51.22

    : abs., carry on business, trade,

    ἐν τῇ πόλει OGI629.83

    (Palmyra, ii A.D.); π. πρός τινα deal with one, Ar.Ach. 722; π. πάλιν retail, Pl.Plt. 260d:— [voice] Pass., to be sold or offered for sale,

    εἰν ἀγορῇ πωλεύμενα Hom.Epigr. 14.5

    , cf. Berl.Sitzb.1927.160 ([place name] Cyrene), Hdt.8.105; of a person, to be sold up, POxy.1477.3 (iii/iv A.D.).
    2 π. τέλη let out the taxes, Aeschin.1.119;

    μέταλλα Arist.Ath.47.2

    ;

    ὠνάς SIG284.28

    (Erythrae, iv B.C.).
    3 sell, i.e. give up, betray,

    τὰς γραφάς D. 58.35

    ;

    τὰ τῆς πόλεως Id.19.141

    ;

    τὰ οἴκοι Id.7.17

    :—[voice] Pass., of persons, to be bought and sold, betrayed, Ar. Pax 633.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > πωλέω

  • 13 ἀποδίδωμι

    ἀποδίδωμι, [tense] fut. - δώσω: [tense] aor. 1 ἀπέδωκα: [tense] aor. 2
    A

    ἀπέδων A.D.Synt. 276.9

    , shortened inf. ἀποδοῦν prob. in Hsch.:— give up or back, restore, return,

    τινί τι Hom.

    , etc.: esp. render what is due, pay, as debts, penalties, submission, honour, etc.,

    τοκεῦσι θρέπτρα Il.4.478

    ; ἀ. τινὶ λώβην give him back his insuit, i.e. make atonement for it, ib.9.387 (tm.);

    τὴν πλημμέλειαν LXXNu.5.7

    ;

    εὖ ἔρδοντι κακὴν ἀ. ἀμοιβήν Thgn.1263

    ;

    ἀ. τὴν ὁμοίην τινί Hdt.4.119

    ;

    ἀμοιβάς Democr.92

    ;

    κακὸν ἀντ' ἀγαθοῦ Id.93

    ; ἀ. τὸ μόρσιμον pay the debt of fate, Pi.N.7.44;

    τὸ χρέος Hdt.2.136

    ;

    τὸν ναῦλον Ar.Ra. 270

    ; τὴν ζημίαν, τὴν καταδίκην, Th.3.70, 5.50;

    τὴν φερνήν PEleph.1.11

    (iv B. C.);

    εὐχάς X.Mem.2.2.10

    ;

    ἀ. ὀπίσω ἐς Ἡρακλείδας τὴν ἀρχήν Hdt.1.13

    , etc.;

    πόλεις ἀ. τοῖς παρακαταθεμένοις Aeschin.3.85

    ;

    ἀ. χάριτας Lys.31.24

    ;

    οὐκ ἐς χάριν ἀλλ' ἐς ὀφείλημα τὴν ἀρετ ὴν ἀ. Th.2.40

    ;

    ἀ. χάριν τινός Isoc.6.73

    ; [

    τὴν πόλιν] ἀ. τοῖς ἐπιγιγνομένοις οἵανπερ παρὰ τῶν πατέρων παρελάβομεν X.HG7.1.30

    :—[voice] Pass.,

    ἔως κ' ἀπὸ πάντα δοθείη Od.2.78

    ; ἀ. μισθός, χάριτες, Ar.Eq. 1066, Th.3.63.
    2 assign,

    ταῖς γυναιξὶ μουσικὴν καὶ γυμναστικήν Pl.R. 456b

    ;

    τὸ δίκαιον καὶ τὸ συμφέρον Arist.Rh. 1354b3

    , cf. 1356a15;

    τὸ πρὸς ἀλκὴν ὅπλον ἀ. ἡφύσις Id.GA 759b3

    , etc.
    b refer to one, as belonging to his department,

    εἰς τοὺς κριτὰς τὴν κρίσιν Pl.Lg. 765b

    ; ἀ. εἰς τὴν βουλὴν περὶ αὐτῶν refer their case to the Council, Isoc.18.6, cf. Lys.22.2, etc.
    3 render, yield, of land, ἐπὶ διηκόσια ἀποδοῦναι (sc. καρπόν) yield fruit two hundred-fold, Hdt.1.193;

    τἅλλα δ' ἅν τις καταβάλη ἀπέδωκεν ὀρθεῶς Men.Georg.38

    ; ἤν ἡ χώρη κατὰ λόγον ἐπιδιδοῖ ἐς ὕψος καὶ τὸ ὅμοιον ἀποδιδοῖ ἐς αὔξησιν renders, makes a like increase in extent, Hdt.2.13:—hence perh. metaph.,

    τὸ ἔργον ἀ. Arist.EN 1106a16

    ;

    ἀ. δάκρυ E.HF 489

    .
    4 concede, allow, c. inf., suffer or allow a person to do,

    ἀ. τισὶ αὐτονομεῖσθαι Th.1.144

    , cf. 3.36;

    εἰ δὲ τοῖς μὲν.. ἐπιτάττειν ἀποδώσετε D.2.30

    ;

    ἀ. κολάζειν Id.23.56

    ;

    τῷ δικαστηρίῳ ἀποδίδοται τοῦ φόνου τὰς δίκας δικάζειν Lys.1.30

    ;

    ἀ. τινὶ ζητεῖν Arist.Pol. 1341b30

    , cf. Po. 1454b5; also

    οὔτε ἀπολογίας ἀποδοθείσης And.4.3

    ; ἐπειδὰν αὐτοῖς ὁ λόγος ἀποδοθῆ when right of speech is allowed them, Aeschin.3.54.
    5 ἀ. τινά with an Adj., render or make so and so, like ἀποδείκνυμι, ἀ. τὴν τέρψιν βεβαιοτέραν Isoc.1.46;

    τέλειον ἀ. τὸ τέκνον Arist.GA 733b1

    ;

    δεῖ τὰς ἐνεργείας ποιὰς ἀ. Id.EN 1103b22

    ;

    μετριωτέραν τὴν ὑπερηφανίαν D.H.7.16

    .
    b exhibit, display,

    τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν ἀρετήν And.1.109

    ; ἀ. τὴν ἰδίαν μορφήν render, express it, Arist.Po. 1454b10; ἀ. φαντασίαν τινός present appearance of, Phld.Ir.p.71 W., al.
    6 deliver over, give up, e.g. as a slave, E. Cyc. 239;

    ἀ. τὸν μιαρὸν τῶ χρόνῳ φῆναι Antipho 4.4.11

    .
    7 ἀ. ἐπιστολήν deliver a letter, Th.7.10, cf. E.IT 745.
    8 ἀ. τὸν ἀγῶνα ὀρθῶς καὶ καλῶς bring it to a conclusion, Lycurg.149.
    9 λόγον ἀ. render an account, D.27.48:—[voice] Pass., μαρτυρίαι ἀ. Test. ap. D.18.137.
    10 ἀ. ὅρκον, v. ὅρκος.
    11 give an account or definition of a thing, explain it, E.Or. 150;

    ἀ. τί ἐστί τι Arist.Cat. 2b8

    , cf. 1a10, Metaph. 1040b30, al.; ἑπομένως τούτοις ἀ. τὴν ψυχήν Id.de.An. 405a4, cf. Ph. 194b34, al.; also, use by way of definition,

    ὁ μὲν τὴν ὕλην ἀποδίδωσιν, ὁ δὲ τὸ εἶδος Id.de An. 403b1

    ; simply, define,

    τὸν ἄνθρωπον S.E.M.7.272

    ; expound, Phld.D.3.14, cf. Epicur.Nat.14.3, 119G., 143 G.; render, interpret one word by another,

    ἀ. τὴν κοτύλην ἄλεισον Ath.11.479c

    ; explain, interpret,

    τὸ φωνὴν αἵματος βοᾶν Ph.1.209

    :—[voice] Pass.,

    βέλτιον ἀποδοθήσεται Epicur.Ep.1

    P.15 U.;

    ἀκριβεστέρως ἀποδοθήσεται A.D.Synt.45.21

    ;

    ἀ. τι πρός τι

    use with reference to,

    Olymp.in Mete.281.10

    , cf. Sch.Ar.Pl. 538.
    12 attach or append, make dependent upon, τί τινι or

    εἴς τι Hero Aut.24.5

    , 6, 2.
    13 ἀ. τί τινος assign a property to a thing, Arist.Top. 128b28.
    II intr., return, recur, Id.GA 722a8, HA 585b32.
    2 Rhet. and Gramm., introduce a clause answering to the πρότασις, Id.Rh. 1407a20;

    διὰ μακροῦ ἀ. D.H.Dem.9

    , etc.; cf.

    ἀπόδοσις 11.2

    ; οὐκ ἀποδίδωσι τὸ ἐπεί has no apodosis, Sch.Od.3.103; esp. in similes, complete the comparison, Arist.Rh. 1413a11.
    3 in Tactics, turn back to face the enemy,

    εἰς ὀρθόν Ascl.Tact.10.12

    , etc.
    4 Medic. in [voice] Pass., to be evacuated,

    σὺν τοῖς περιττώμασιν Dsc.4.82

    .
    III [voice] Med., give away of one's own will, sell, Ar.Av. 585, Hdt.1.70, etc.; ἀ. τι ἐς τὴν Ἑλλάδα take to Greece and sell it there, Id.2.56: c. gen. pretii, Ar.Ach. 830, Pax 1237;

    οὐκ ἄν ἀπεδόμην πολλοῦ τὰς ἐλπίδας Pl.Phd. 98b

    ; ἀ. τῆς ἀξίας, τοῦ εὑρίσκοντος, sell for its worth, for what it will fetch, Aeschin.1.96; ὅταν τις οἰκέτην πονηρὸν πωλῆ (= offer for sale)

    καὶ ἀποδῶται τοῦ εὑρόντος X.Mem.2.5.5

    , cf. Thphr. Char.15.4;

    διδοῦσι [τὰς νέας] πενταδράχμους ἀποδόμενοι Hdt.6.89

    ; ἀ. εἰσαγγελίαν sell, i.e. take a bribe to forgo, the information, D.25.47;

    οἱ δραχμῆς ἄν ἀποδόμενοι τὴν πόλιν X.HG 2.3.48

    ; at Athens, esp. farm out the public taxes, D.20.60, opp. ὠνέομαι: metaph.,

    οἷον πρὸς ἄργυρον τὴν δόξαν τὰς ψυχάς Jul.Or.1.42b

    :—[voice] Act. and [voice] Med. are distinguished in Lex ap.And.1.97 πάντα ἀποδόμενος τὰ ἡμίσεα ἀποδώσω τῷ ἀποκτείναντι: but [voice] Act. is used in med. sense in Th.6.62 (s.v.l.), cf. Foed.Delph.Pell. 2 A 22, and possibly in E.Cyc. 239, Ar.Ra. 1235: [voice] Med. for [voice] Act. in Antipho Fr.54:—[voice] Pass., to be sold, Hsch.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἀποδίδωμι

  • 14 alejado

    adj.
    far away, faraway, far-out, remote.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: alejar.
    * * *
    1→ link=alejar alejar
    1 (lejano) far away, remote
    2 (separado) aloof, apart
    * * *
    (f. - alejada)
    adj.
    remote, distant
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=distanciado) remote

    vivimos algo alejados — we live quite far away, we live quite a distance away

    alejado de[lugar] distant from; [persona] away from

    2) (=diferente) removed (de from)
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    a) < lugar> remote

    alejado de algo/alguien: hace tiempo que está alejado de la política he's been away from o out of politics for some time; está alejado de su familia — he's estranged from his family

    * * *
    = outlying, further afield, at arm's length, aloof.
    Ex. Attempts were made to reach beyond the larger cities through the use of mobile vans to visit outlying towns and rural areas.
    Ex. The number of users of mobile libraries is falling because of improved transport facilities which allow users to visit library services further afield.
    Ex. Because transfer prices can he manipulated to avoid paying taxes, governments insist that these prices must be set as if the firms were at arm's length.
    Ex. The article takes up the present discussion about youths' aloof attitudes towards politics.
    ----
    * alejado del mundanal ruido = far from the maddening crowd(s).
    * estar alejado + Expresión Numérica = be + Número + away.
    * estar bastante alejado = be a distance apart.
    * estar muy alejado de = be a long way from.
    * mantener alejado = keep away, keep + Nombre + out.
    * mantener Algo alejado = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.
    * mantenerse alejado = stay away, remain + aloof.
    * mantenerse alejado de = stay away from, steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.
    * mantenerse alejado de la mirada pública = shun + the public eye.
    * más alejado = further afield, furthest away.
    * muy alejado de = a long way removed from.
    * permanecer alejado = stay out of + sight.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    a) < lugar> remote

    alejado de algo/alguien: hace tiempo que está alejado de la política he's been away from o out of politics for some time; está alejado de su familia — he's estranged from his family

    * * *
    = outlying, further afield, at arm's length, aloof.

    Ex: Attempts were made to reach beyond the larger cities through the use of mobile vans to visit outlying towns and rural areas.

    Ex: The number of users of mobile libraries is falling because of improved transport facilities which allow users to visit library services further afield.
    Ex: Because transfer prices can he manipulated to avoid paying taxes, governments insist that these prices must be set as if the firms were at arm's length.
    Ex: The article takes up the present discussion about youths' aloof attitudes towards politics.
    * alejado del mundanal ruido = far from the maddening crowd(s).
    * estar alejado + Expresión Numérica = be + Número + away.
    * estar bastante alejado = be a distance apart.
    * estar muy alejado de = be a long way from.
    * mantener alejado = keep away, keep + Nombre + out.
    * mantener Algo alejado = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.
    * mantenerse alejado = stay away, remain + aloof.
    * mantenerse alejado de = stay away from, steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.
    * mantenerse alejado de la mirada pública = shun + the public eye.
    * más alejado = further afield, furthest away.
    * muy alejado de = a long way removed from.
    * permanecer alejado = stay out of + sight.

    * * *
    alejado -da
    1 ‹lugar› remote
    su casa está algo alejada her house is a little remote o out of the way
    2 (distanciado) ‹persona› alejado DE algo/algn:
    hace tiempo que está alejado de la política he's been away from o out of politics for some time
    desde que pasó, está alejado de su familia he's been estranged from his family since it happened, there's been a rift between him and his family since it happened
    * * *

     

    Del verbo alejar: ( conjugate alejar)

    alejado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    alejado    
    alejar
    alejado
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    a) lugar remote

    b) ( distanciado) ‹ persona›:

    hace tiempo que está alejado de la política he's been away from o out of politics for some time;

    está alejado de su familia he's estranged from his family
    alejar ( conjugate alejar) verbo transitivo
    a) (poner lejos, más lejos) to move … (further) away;

    alejado algo/a algn de algo/algn to move sth/sb away from sth/sb
    b) ( distanciar) alejado a algn de algn to distance sb from sb

    c)dudas/temores to dispel

    alejarse verbo pronominal
    to move away;
    ( caminando) to walk away;

    se alejó de su familia he drifted apart from his family;
    necesito alejadome de todo I need to get away from everything
    alejado,-a adjetivo
    1 (lugar) far away, remote
    2 (distanciado de una actividad) away from: lleva años alejado de la docencia, he's been out of teaching for years
    alejar verbo transitivo to move further away

    ' alejado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alejada
    - alejarse
    - allá
    - apartada
    - apartado
    - aislado
    English:
    apart
    - keep back
    - clear
    - keep
    - out
    * * *
    alejado, -a adj
    1. [lugar] distant (de from);
    viven en una granja alejada they live on a remote farm;
    su casa está más alejada de aquí que la mía her house is further o farther (away) from here than mine;
    la enfermedad le obligó a permanecer alejado de los escenarios durante dos meses his illness kept him off the stage for two months
    2. [distanciado]
    viven muy alejados el uno del otro they live very far apart;
    le acusaron de estar alejado de la realidad they accused him of being out of touch (with reality)
    * * *
    adj remote, far away
    * * *
    alejado, -da adj
    : remote

    Spanish-English dictionary > alejado

  • 15 propio

    adj.
    1 own.
    2 one's own.
    3 very, same, self-same, selfsame.
    4 proper, right on.
    5 of one's own, of my own, of our own, of his own.
    * * *
    2 (indicado) proper, appropriate
    4 (mismo - él) himself; (- ella) herself; (- cosa, animal) itself; (- en plural) themselves
    * * *
    (f. - propia)
    adj.
    1) own
    3) self
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [uso enfático]
    a) [con posesivos] own
    b) (=mismo)

    hacer lo propio — to do the same, follow suit

    al propio tiempoat the same time

    c)

    al propio — CAm on purpose

    de propio — especially

    2) [indicando posesión] own

    ¿tiene coche propio? — do you have your own car?

    3) (=característico)

    propio de algo/algn — typical of sth/sb

    4) (=inconfundible) all (of) its own
    5) (=adecuado) suitable

    propio para algo — suitable for sth

    6) (=correcto) strict, true
    7) Esp
    * (=parecido)

    has salido muy propio en ese retrato — that portrait of you is a good likeness, that portrait looks really like you

    8) esp Méx, CAm

    - con su permiso -propio — "excuse me" - "certainly"

    2. SM
    1) (=mensajero) messenger
    2)

    propios y extrañosall and sundry

    * * *
    - pia adjetivo
    1)

    ¿tu piso es propio o alquilado? — do you own your flat or is it rented?

    c) ( no postizo) real
    2) (característico, típico)

    propio DE algo/alguien: esa actitud es muy propio de él that kind of attitude is very typical of him; costumbres propias de los países orientales — customs characteristic of oriental countries

    3)

    propio PARA algo — (adecuado, idóneo) suitable for something

    * * *
    - pia adjetivo
    1)

    ¿tu piso es propio o alquilado? — do you own your flat or is it rented?

    c) ( no postizo) real
    2) (característico, típico)

    propio DE algo/alguien: esa actitud es muy propio de él that kind of attitude is very typical of him; costumbres propias de los países orientales — customs characteristic of oriental countries

    3)

    propio PARA algo — (adecuado, idóneo) suitable for something

    * * *
    propio1
    1 = home-grown [home grown/homegrown], of its own, own, of + Posesivo + own, self, distinctive.

    Ex: Most media centers have not used AACR in the past but have followed their own home-grown rules.

    Ex: The document has no title of its own.
    Ex: The command function 'OWN' serves to use a system's own command when the general system, in this case EURONET, does not cater for a specialised function available on a particular system.
    Ex: There is also a scheme afoot to help services create specialized data bases of their own using ECLAS norms.
    Ex: In the public library grand tradition this was patently the self image of the educated middle class.
    Ex: In addition to main or added entries under titles added entries are often also made in respect of distinctive series titles.
    * a cuenta propia = at + Posesivo + expense, at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * al propio ritmo de Uno = in + Posesivo + own time, at + Posesivo + own pace.
    * amor propio = self-esteem [self esteem], pride.
    * ante + Posesivo + propios ojos = before + Posesivo + (own two) eyes, before + Posesivo + very eyes.
    * aprender a su propio ritmo = learn at + Posesivo + own pace.
    * asuntos propios = personal business.
    * a su propio ritmo = at an individual pace.
    * bar que elabora su propia cerveza = brew pub.
    * característica propia = trademark.
    * cavarse su propia tumba = another nail in + Posesivo + coffin.
    * con financiación propia = self-funded.
    * con sus propias palabras = in + Posesivo + own words.
    * contar + Posesivo + propia vida y milagros = spill + Posesivo + guts.
    * decidir por cuenta propia = take it upon + Reflexivo + to.
    * de cosecha propia = home-grown [home grown/homegrown].
    * defensa propia = self-defence [self-defense, -USA].
    * delante de + Posesivo + propios ojos = before + Posesivo + (own two) eyes, before + Posesivo + very eyes.
    * de la propia comunidad = community-owned.
    * de la propia empresa = company-owned.
    * demasiado + Adjetivo + para su propio bien = too + Adjetivo + for + Posesivo + own good.
    * de + Posesivo + propia boca = straight from the horse's mouth.
    * de propia cosecha = home-grown [home grown/homegrown].
    * dinero propio = private means.
    * en beneficio propio = to + Posesivo + advantage.
    * encontrar su propio modo de actuar = find + Posesivo + own way.
    * en el propio campus universitario = campus-based.
    * en el propio cortijo = on-farm.
    * en la propia finca = on-farm.
    * en la propia granja = on-farm.
    * en la propia habitación = ensuite.
    * en las propias palabras de uno mismo = in + Posesivo + own words.
    * en + Posesivo + propio beneficio = to + Posesivo + advantage.
    * hacer Algo por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = make + Posesivo + own arrangements.
    * hecho por la propia biblioteca = in-house [inhouse].
    * hundirse por su propio peso = sink under + its own weight.
    * material editado por el propio autor = self-published material.
    * montar + Posesivo + propio negocio = set + Reflexivo + up in business.
    * muy propio = highly distinctive.
    * nombre propio = forename, proper name.
    * organizar Algo por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = make + Posesivo + own arrangements.
    * pagarse + Posesivo + propios gastos = pay + Posesivo + own way.
    * para + Posesivo + propio bien = for + Posesivo + own good.
    * patrocinado por la propia empresa = company-sponsored.
    * persona de la propia empresa = insider.
    * por cuenta propia = at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * por decisión propia = by choice.
    * por elección propia = by choice.
    * por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * por + Posesivo + (propia) naturaleza = in + Posesivo + nature.
    * por propia iniciativa = self-directed.
    * por su propia voluntad = of its own accord.
    * promovido por el propio sistema de información = information-led.
    * propio de = germane to.
    * propio de espías = cloak-and-dagger.
    * propio del sistema = built-in.
    * propio de niña = girlish.
    * propio de niño = boyish.
    * propio de un caballero = gentlemanlike.
    * propio estilo = house style.
    * propios ingresos = earned income.
    * que busca el beneficio propio = self-serving.
    * recogida en su propia puerta = kerbside collection, curbside collection.
    * restablecer + Posesivo + propia identidad = re-establish + Posesivo + own identity.
    * revista editada por la propia institución = house journal.
    * según sus propias condiciones = on + Posesivo + own terms.
    * según sus propias palabras = in + Posesivo + own terms.
    * sentido muy desarrollado de su propio territorio = territoriality.
    * ser la propia responsabilidad de Alguien = be of + Posesivo + own making.
    * ser propio de = be proper of.
    * tirar piedras contra tu propio tejado = cut + the branch + you sit on, cut off + Posesivo + nose to spite + Posesivo + face.
    * tirarse piedras contra el propio tejado = shoot + Reflexivo + in the foot.
    * todas las iniciales del nombre propio = full initials.
    * tomarse + Expresión Temporal + de asuntos propios = take + Expresión Temporal + off, have + Expresión Temporal + off work.
    * tomarse unos días de asuntos propios = take + time off work.
    * trabajar al propio ritmo de Uno = work at + Posesivo + own pace.
    * tragarse el amor propio = swallow + Posesivo + pride.
    * uso público en la propia biblioteca = in-library use.
    * vencer a Alguien en su propio terreno = beat + Nombre + at + Posesivo + own game.

    propio2
    2 = proper, beffiting.

    Ex: With proper authorization, you may request information about the status of the copies displayed.

    Ex: Since I write in English I should really refer to the city as Florence, but Firenze is such a phonically beautiful sounding word, far more befitting of the beautiful Italian city.

    * * *
    A
    se necesita viajante con vehículo propio salesman with own car required
    tienen piscina propia they have their own swimming pool
    tengo mis propios problemas I've got problems of my own, I've got my own problems
    salió de la clínica por su propio pie she walked out of the clinic, she left the clinic under her own steam
    lo vi con mis propios ojos I saw it with my own two eyes o with my (very) own eyes
    3
    (verdadero, no artificial): la barba parece propia his beard looks real
    no es permanente, los rizos son propios it's not a perm, her hair is naturally curly
    B (característico, típico) propio DE algo/algn:
    es una enfermedad propia de la edad it's a common illness in older people o among the elderly
    ese desdén es muy propio de él that kind of disdainful attitude is very typical of him
    son costumbres propias de los países orientales these are characteristic customs of oriental countries
    su comportamiento es propio de un loco he behaves like a madman, his behavior is fitting of o befits a madman ( liter)
    C propio PARA algo (adecuado, idóneo) suitable FOR sth
    es un vestido muy propio para la ocasión it's a very suitable dress for the occasion, the dress is just right for the occasion
    este no es lugar propio para una conversación seria this is not a suitable o an appropriate o the right place for a serious conversation
    D
    (mismo): fue el propio presidente it was the president himself
    debe ser el propio interesado quien lo pida it must be the person concerned who makes the request
    el propio Juan se llevó una sorpresa even Juan himself got a surprise
    2
    lo propio the same
    el presidente abandonó la sala y minutos después hizo lo propio el vicepresidente the president left the room and minutes later the vice president did the same
    ( Esp)
    messenger
    propios y extraños all and sundry
    * * *

     

    propio
    ◊ - pia adjetivo

    1

    ¿es propio o alquilado? is it your own or is it rented?;

    tienen piscina propia they have their own swimming pool


    todo lo hace en beneficio propio everything he does is for his own gain;
    lo vi con mis propios ojos I saw it with my own two eyes o with my (very) own eyes
    2 (característico, típico):

    una enfermedad propia de la vejez an illness common among old people;
    no es un comportamiento propio de una señorita it's not ladylike behaviour
    3 ( delante del n) ( mismo):

    debe ser el propio interesado quien lo pida it must be the person concerned who makes the request
    propio,-a adjetivo
    1 (posesión) own: tiene su propio apartamento, he has his own apartment
    2 (adecuado) suitable, appropriate: ese vestido no es propio para la fiesta, that dress is not suitable for the party
    3 (característico) typical, peculiar
    el clima propio de la región, the typical weather for the area
    4 (intensificador) (hombre) himself
    (mujer) herself
    (animal, cosa) itself: se lo dijo el propio presidente, the President himself told her so
    ' propio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bolsillo
    - cacarear
    - chalet
    - comodidad
    - femenina
    - femenino
    - gustar
    - infantil
    - masculina
    - masculino
    - monte
    - peculiar
    - propia
    - provecho
    - vileza
    - amor
    - campo
    - correspondiente
    - fray
    - hispanismo
    - interés
    - pie
    - santo
    - tiempo
    English:
    benefit
    - brain
    - epitaph
    - grind
    - higher-up
    - homegrown
    - interest
    - ladylike
    - nourish
    - ostracize
    - own
    - private
    - proper noun
    - right
    - self-esteem
    - self-respect
    - sisterly
    - specific
    - transport
    - very
    - disown
    - drive-in
    - ego
    - for
    - proper
    - purpose
    - sake
    - self
    * * *
    propio, -a
    adj
    1. [en propiedad] own;
    tiene coche propio she has a car of her own, she has her own car;
    se requiere vehículo propio [en anuncio laboral] own car required
    2. [de la misma persona]
    lo vi con mis propios ojos I saw it with my own eyes;
    me lo dijo en mi propia cara he said it to my face;
    actuó en defensa propia she acted in self-defence;
    por tu propio bien for your own good
    3. [peculiar]
    propio de typical o characteristic of;
    el monzón es propio de esta época the monsoon is characteristic of this season;
    es muy propio de él llegar tarde it's absolutely typical of him to arrive late;
    no es propio de él it's not like him
    4. [adecuado] suitable, right ( para for);
    recitó un poema propio para la ocasión she recited a suitable poem for the occasion
    5. [correcto] proper, true
    6. [en persona] himself, f herself;
    el propio compositor the composer himself
    7. [semejante] true to life;
    en ese retrato quedaste muy propio that portrait is a very good likeness of you
    8. Gram proper
    9.
    lo propio [lo mismo] the same;
    Elena se retiró a descansar y su compañero hizo lo propio Elena went to have a rest and her companion did the same
    nmpl
    a propios y extraños all and sundry;
    de propio loc adv
    [expresamente]
    fui de propio a la ciudad para verla I went to the city just to see her
    * * *
    adj
    1 (de uno mismo) own
    2 ( característico) characteristic (de of), typical (de of)
    3 ( adecuado) suitable ( para for);
    hacer lo propio do the right o appropriate thing
    4
    :
    la propia directora the director herself
    * * *
    propio, - pia adj
    1) : own
    su propia casa: his own house
    sus recursos propios: their own resources
    2) apropiado: appropriate, suitable
    3) característico: characteristic, typical
    4) mismo: oneself
    el propio director: the director himself
    * * *
    propio adj
    2. (mismo) himself / herself

    Spanish-English dictionary > propio

  • 16 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 17 Einkommen

    Einkommen n FIN, RW, STEUER, WIWI income, revenue, receipts, earnings
    * * *
    n <Finanz, Rechnung, Steuer, Vw> income, revenue, receipts, earnings
    --------
    : ohne Arbeit erzieltes Einkommen
    <Finanz, Steuer, Vw> Vermögenseinkommen unearned income
    * * *
    Einkommen
    income, revenue, penny, rent, (Einkünfte) emoluments, perquisites, (Erträgnisse) earnings, (Gewinne) gainings, gains (US), (Mittel) means, (Rente) rent;
    als Einkommen versteuert reported;
    ohne Einkommen without income;
    abgeleitetes Einkommen derived income;
    in England anfallendes Einkommen income arising in the United Kingdom;
    im Rechnungsabschnitt anfallendes Einkommen current income;
    für längeren Zeitraum in einem Steuerjahr anfallendes Einkommen bunched income;
    angemessenes Einkommen fair income;
    antizipatorisches Einkommen deferred income (US);
    ausreichendes Einkommen sufficient income;
    berufliches Einkommen professional earnings;
    bescheidenes Einkommen humble (modest) income;
    doppelt besteuertes Einkommen doubly taxed income;
    besteuerungsfähiges Einkommen taxable income;
    die Lebensbedürfnisse deckendes Einkommen income commensurate with one’s needs;
    effektives Einkommen real income;
    entfallendes Einkommen attributable income;
    erarbeitetes Einkommen earned income;
    erträgliches Einkommen tolerable income;
    tatsächlich erzieltes Einkommen actual income;
    fiktives Einkommen (Einkommenssteuer) notional income (Br.);
    festes Einkommen regular (settled, permanent, steady, stable, assured, fixed) income;
    freies Einkommen income above the living wage;
    fundiertes Einkommen unearned income (revenue);
    fünfstelliges Einkommen five-figure income;
    garantiertes Einkommen guaranteed income;
    gebundenes Einkommen living wage;
    gemeinsames Einkommen (Ehepaar) combined income;
    geschätztes Einkommen estimated income (earnings);
    geringes Einkommen small income;
    gesichertes Einkommen settled (secured) income, income security;
    gewerbliches Einkommen industrial (business) income;
    gutes Einkommen considerable (comfortable) income;
    höheres Einkommen fairly large income;
    hohes Einkommen large (high, big) income;
    jährliches Einkommen annual income, annuity;
    knappes Einkommen scanty income;
    körperschaftssteuerpflichtiges Einkommen income chargeable with (liable to) corporation tax;
    stabiles landwirtschaftliches Einkommen stable farm income;
    lebenslängliches Einkommen life income;
    mäßiges Einkommen small income;
    mittleres Einkommen middle-bracket (median, US) income;
    niedriges Einkommen low income;
    nominales Einkommen nominal income;
    persönliches Einkommen personal income;
    produziertes Einkommen produced income;
    Pro-Kopf-Einkommen income per capita, individual earnings;
    jährliches Pro-Kopf-Einkommen annual per capita income;
    reales Einkommen actual pay;
    regelmäßiges Einkommen regular (assured) income;
    ruhegehaltsfähiges Einkommen pensionable income;
    ruhegeldfähiges Einkommen pension income;
    sicheres Einkommen assured (dependable) income;
    sonstiges Einkommen other income (revenue);
    spärliches Einkommen slender income;
    ständiges Einkommen regular (fixed) income;
    zur freien Verfügung stehendes Einkommen spendable (disposable, US) income;
    rasch steigendes Einkommen fast-mounting income;
    steuerfreies Einkommen tax-exempt (non-taxable, untaxable) income, income exempt from taxation (US);
    steuerpflichtiges Einkommen income liable to tax, taxable (chargeable, assessable) income;
    voll steuerpflichtiges Einkommen income wholly liable to tax;
    tatsächliches Einkommen real income;
    transitorisches Einkommen transitory income;
    unregelmäßiges Einkommen non-recurring revenue;
    unselbstständiges Einkommen income from wages (work, employment);
    unversteuertes Einkommen income before taxes, pretax income;
    tatsächlich verbrauchtes Einkommen realized income;
    verfügbares Einkommen spendable (disposable, US) income;
    frei verfügbares Einkommen (Volkswirtschaft) disposable (US) (discretionary) income;
    verlässliches Einkommen dependable income;
    versteuertes Einkommen taxed income;
    vorweggenommenes Einkommen deferred income;
    wertbeständiges Einkommen stable income;
    wirkliches Einkommen real income;
    zusätzliches Einkommen additional income;
    Einkommen nach Abzug der Steuern income after taxes;
    Einkommen vor Abzug der Steuern pretax income;
    Einkommen von Aktiengesellschaften corporate income (US);
    Einkommen aus selbstständiger Arbeit income arising from any office or employment or profit;
    Einkommen aus unselbstständiger Arbeit wage income;
    Einkommen aus Arbeit und Kapital mixed income;
    Einkommen verschiedenster Art (Bilanz) miscellaneous income;
    Einkommen aus freier Berufstätigkeit professional earnings;
    Einkommen zwischen 15.000 und 20.000 Dollar income in the $ 15,000 - 20,000 brackets (US);
    freies Einkommen über dem Existenzminimum income above the living wage, surplus value;
    Einkommen aus Grundbesitz income derived from land (landed property), property income;
    Einkommen aus Kapitalvermögen unearned (investment) income;
    Einkommen pro Kopf der Bevölkerung per capita income;
    Einkommen auf Lebenszeit income for life;
    Einkommen im Ruhestand income after retirement;
    Einkommen der mittleren Steuerklasse middle-bracket income;
    frei verfügbares Einkommen nach Steuern disposable income (US);
    Einkommen aus Vermögen[sanlage] unearned (investment) income, income property;
    Einkommen aus unbeweglichem Vermögen income from real property;
    Einkommen aus Wertpapierbeständen income from securities (Br.), investment income;
    sein Einkommen angeben to make an income-tax statement (US);
    sein Einkommen zu niedrig angeben to understate one’s income;
    Einkommen angleichen to equalize income;
    sein ganzes Einkommen ausgeben to live up to one’s income;
    mit seinem Einkommen auskommen to live within one’s income, to suit one’s expenditure to one’s means, to make both ends meet;
    als in diesem Jahr angefallenes Einkommen behandeln to report as income for the year;
    nicht als steuerpflichtiges Einkommen behandeln to exclude from one’s income;
    Einkommen besteuern to tax income;
    Einkommen an der Quelle besteuern to tax revenue at the source;
    Einkommen beziehen to draw (derive) income;
    steuerpflichtiges Einkommen darstellen to constitute taxable income;
    Einkommen steuerlich an der Quelle erfassen to tax income at the source;
    sein Einkommen erhöhen to make up (augment) one’s income;
    Einkommen ermitteln to determine an income;
    gutes Einkommen erzielen to make a good income;
    geringes Einkommen [zu versteuern] haben to be in low income brackets (US);
    hohes Einkommen [zu versteuern] haben to be in high income brackets (US);
    40.000 Dollar Einkommen im Jahr haben to have an income of $ 40,000 a year;
    vierstelliges Einkommen haben to have an income of four figures;
    von seinem Einkommen leben to live off one’s income;
    Einkommen zur Besteuerungsgrundlage nehmen to base taxation on the income;
    jds. Einkommen auf jährlich 8000 Pfund schätzen to put s. one’s income at L 8000 a year;
    als normales Einkommen zu versteuern sein to be taxable as ordinary income;
    dem Einkommen zuzurechnen sein to be of a revenue nature;
    den Landwirten ein angemessenes und regelmäßiges Einkommen sichern to ensure that farmers receive a fair and regular income;
    zum Einkommen in keinem Verhältnis stehen to be out of proportion to one’s income;
    Einkommen für die Steuerveranlagung mit höheren Sätzen veranschlagen to compute the income for assessment at higher rates;
    sein Einkommen im Voraus verbrauchen to anticipate one’s income;
    sein Einkommen verdoppeln to double one’s income;
    über ein Einkommen verfügen to have an income in one’s own right;
    sein Einkommen vermehren to augment one’s income;
    als Einkommen versteuern to report as taxable income;
    50.000 Dollar an Einkommen versteuern to return one’s income at $ 50,000;
    Einkommen aus Steuergründen über die Jahre verteilen to spread out income;
    steuerlich als Einkommen behandelt werden to be attributed to revenue;
    aus dem laufenden Einkommen bezahlt werden to be paid out of income;
    vom laufenden Einkommen gespeist werden to come from current income;
    mit dem Einkommen verrechnet werden to be chargeable against income;
    Teil seines Einkommens zurücklegen to set aside a part of one’s income.

    Business german-english dictionary > Einkommen

  • 18 Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 26 August 1743 Paris, France
    d. 8 May 1794 Paris, France
    [br]
    French founder of the modern science of chemistry.
    [br]
    As well as receiving a formal education in law and literature, Lavoisier studied science under some of the leading figures of the day. This proved to be an ideal formation of the man in whom "man of science" and "public servant" were so intimately combined. His early work towards the first geological map of France and on the water supply of Paris helped to win him election to the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1768 at the youthful age of 25. In the same year he used some of his private income to buy a part-share in the "tax farm", a private company which leased from the Government the right to collect certain indirect taxes.
    In 1772 Lavoisier began his researches into the related phenomena of combustion, respiration and the calcination or oxidation of metals. This culminated in the early 1780s in the overthrow of the prevailing theory, based on an imponderable combustion principle called "phlogiston", and the substitution of the modern explanation of these processes. At the same time, understanding of the nature of acids, bases and salts was placed on a sounder footing. More important, Lavoisier defined a chemical element in its modern sense and showed how it should be applied by drawing up the first modern list of the chemical elements. With the revolution in chemistry initiated by Lavoisier, chemists could begin to understand correctly the fundamental processes of their science. This understanding was the foundationo of the astonishing advance in scientific and industrial chemistry that has taken place since then. As an academician, Lavoisier was paid by the Government to carry out investigations into a wide variety of practical questions with a chemical bias, such as the manufacture of starch and the distillation of phosphorus. In 1775 Louis XVI ordered the setting up of the Gunpowder Commission to improve the supply and quality of gunpowder, deficiencies in which had hampered France's war efforts. Lavoisier was a member of the Commission and, as usual, took the leading part, drawing up its report and supervising its implementation. As a result, the industry became profitable, output increased so that France could even export powder, and the range of the powder increased by two-thirds. This was a material factor in France's war effort in the Revolution and the Napoleonic wars.
    As if his chemical researches and official duties were not enough, Lavoisier began to apply his scientific principles to agriculture when he purchased an estate at Frechines, near Blois. After ten years' work on his experimental farm there, Lavoisier was able to describe his results in the memoir "Results of some agricultural experiments and reflections on their relation to political economy" (Paris, 1788), which holds historic importance in agriculture and economics. In spite of his services to the nation and to humanity, his association with the tax farm was to have tragic consequences: during the reign of terror in 1794 the Revolutionaries consigned to the guillotine all the tax farmers, including Lavoisier.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1862–93, Oeuvres de Lavoisier, Vols I–IV, ed. J.B.A.Dumas; Vols V–VI, ed. E.Grimaux, Paris (Lavoisier's collected works).
    Further Reading
    D.I.Duveen and H.S.Klickstein, 1954, A Bibliography of the Works of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier 1743–1794, London: William Dawson (contains valuable biographical material).
    D.McKie, 1952, Antoine Lavoisier, Scientist, Economist, Social Reformer, London: Constable (the best modern, general biography).
    H.Guerlac, 1975, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, Chemist and Revolutionary, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (a more recent work).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent

  • 19 on

    [ɒn, Am ɑ:n] prep
    1) ( on top of) auf +dat with verbs of motion auf +akk;
    there are many books \on my desk auf meinem Tisch sind viele Bücher;
    he had to walk out \on the roof er musste auf das Dach raus;
    to get \on a horse auf ein Pferd aufsteigen [o aufsitzen];
    \on top of sth [ganz] oben auf etw dat;
    look at that cat \on the chair! schau dir die Katze auf dem Stuhl an!
    2) ( from) auf +dat with verbs of motion auf +akk;
    she hung their washing \on the line to dry sie hängte ihre Wäsche zum Trocknen auf die Leine;
    several bird houses hung \on the branches an den Ästen hingen mehrere Nistkästen;
    to hang a picture \on the wall ein Bild an die Wand hängen;
    a huge chandelier hung \on the ceiling ein großer Kronenleuchter hing von der Decke
    3) ( clothing) an +dat;
    with shoes \on your feet mit Schuhen an deinen Füßen;
    the wedding ring \on the ring finger der Hochzeitsring am Ringfinger
    4) ( in area of) an +dat, auf +dat;
    our house is \on Sturton Street unser Haus ist in der Sturton Street;
    \on the hill/ mountain auf dem Hügel/Berg;
    they lay \on the beach sie lagen am Strand;
    the town is \on the island die Stadt ist auf der Insel;
    her new house is \on the river ihr neues Haus liegt am Fluss;
    \on her estate auf ihrem Gut;
    on the border an der Grenze;
    \on the corner an der Ecke;
    they waited for their train \on platform three sie warteten auf Bahnsteig drei auf ihren Zug;
    \on track two an Gleis zwei;
    our house is the first \on the left unser Haus ist das erste auf der linken Seite;
    \on the balcony auf dem Balkon
    5) ( hurt by) an +dat;
    I hit my head \on the shelf ich stieß mir den Kopf am Regal an;
    she tripped \on the wire sie blieb an dem Kabel hängen;
    he cut his foot \on some glass er schnitt sich den Fuß an Glas auf
    6) ( supported by) auf +dat;
    to stand \on one's head auf dem Kopf stehen;
    he was lying \on his back er lag auf seinem Rücken
    7) ( in possession of) bei +dat;
    to have sth \on one etw bei sich dat haben;
    have you got a spare cigarette \on you? hast du noch eine Zigarette für mich?;
    I thought I had my driver's licence \on me ich dachte, ich hätte meinen Führerschein dabei
    8) ( marking surface of) auf +dat;
    how did you get that blood \on your shirt? wie kommt das Blut auf Ihr Hemd?;
    a scratch \on her arm ein Kratzer an ihrem Arm;
    a smile \on her face ein Lächeln in ihrem Gesicht
    9) ( about) über +akk;
    a debate \on the crisis eine Debatte über die Krise;
    to comment \on the allegations Vorwürfe kommentieren;
    he advised her \on her taxes er gab ihr Ratschläge für ihre Steuern;
    I'll say more \on that subject later ich werde später mehr dazu sagen after pron
    to have something/anything \on sb etw gegen jdn in der Hand haben;
    do the police have anything \on you? hat die Polizei etwas Belastendes gegen dich in der Hand? after n
    a documentary \on volcanoes ein Dokumentarfilm über Vulkane;
    he needs some advice \on how to dress er braucht ein paar Tipps, wie er sich anziehen soll;
    essays \on a wide range of issues Aufsätze zu einer Vielzahl von Themen
    10) ( based on) auf +akk... hin;
    he reacted \on a hunch er reagierte auf ein Ahnung hin;
    he swore \on his word er gab ihr sein Wort;
    \on account of sb/ sth wegen jdm/etw;
    they cancelled all flights \on account of the weather sie sagten alle Flüge wegen dem Wetter ab;
    \on purpose mit Absicht, absichtlich;
    dependent/reliant \on sb/ sth abhängig von jdm/etw;
    to be based \on sth auf etw dat basieren;
    to rely/depend \on sb sich akk auf jdn verlassen;
    he quit his job \on the principle that he did not want to work for an oil company er kündigte seine Stelle, weil er nicht für eine Ölgesellschaft arbeiten wollte;
    to be based \on the ideas of freedom and equality auf den Ideen von Freiheit und Gleichheit basieren
    11) ( as member of) in +dat;
    have you ever served \on a jury? warst du schon einmal Mitglied in einer Jury?;
    how many people are \on your staff? wie viele Mitarbeiter haben Sie?;
    whose side are you \on in this argument? auf welcher Seite stehst du in diesem Streit?;
    a writer \on a women's magazine eine Autorin bei einer Frauenzeitschrift;
    to work \on a farm auf einem Bauernhof arbeiten
    12) after vb ( against) auf +akk;
    the dog turned \on its own master der Hund ging auf seinen eigenes Herrchen los;
    the gangsters pulled a gun \on him die Gangster zielten mit der Pistole auf ihn;
    her eyes were fixed \on his dark profile sie fixiert mit ihren Augen sein düsteres Profil;
    to force one's will \on sb jdm seinen Willen aufzwingen after n
    the attack \on the village der Angriff auf das Dorf;
    they placed certain restrictions \on large companies großen Unternehmen wurden bestimmte Beschränkungen auferlegt;
    there is a new ban \on the drug die Droge wurde erneut verboten;
    to place a limit \on the number of items die Anzahl der Positionen begrenzen;
    he didn't know it but the joke was \on him er wusste nicht, dass es ein Witz über ihn war
    13) ( through device of) an +dat;
    he's \on the phone er ist am Telefon;
    they weaved the cloth \on the loom sie webte das Tuch auf dem Webstuhl;
    Chris is \on drums Chris ist am Schlagzeug;
    \on the piano auf dem [o am] Klavier;
    we work \on flexitime wir arbeiten Gleitzeit
    14) ( through medium of) auf +dat;
    which page is that curry recipe \on? auf welcher Seite ist das Curry-Rezept?;
    I'd like to see that offer \on paper ich hätte dieses Angebot gerne schriftlich;
    to edit sth \on the computer etw im [o auf dem] Computer bearbeiten;
    to be available \on cassette auf Kassette erhältlich sein;
    to come out \on video als Video herauskommen;
    I saw myself \on film ich sah mich selbst im Film;
    what's \on TV tonight? was kommt heute Abend im Fernsehen?;
    the jazz \on radio der Jazz im Radio;
    I heard the story \on the news today ich hörte die Geschichte heute in den Nachrichten
    15) ( during) auf +dat;
    \on the way to town auf dem Weg in die Stadt
    16) ( travelling with) in +dat;
    I love travelling \on buses/ trains ich reise gerne in Bussen/Zügen;
    we went to France \on the ferry wir fuhren auf der Fähre nach Frankreich;
    he got some sleep \on the plane er konnte im Flugzeug ein wenig schlafen;
    \on foot/ horseback zu Fuß/auf dem Pferd
    17) ( on day of) an +dat;
    many shops don't open \on Sundays viele Läden haben an Sonntagen geschlossen;
    what are you doing \on Friday? was machst du am Freitag?;
    we always go bowling \on Thursdays wir gehen donnerstags immer kegeln;
    my birthday's \on the 30th of May ich habe am 30. Mai Geburtstag;
    I'm free \on Saturday morning ich habe am Samstagvormittag nichts vor;
    I always go shopping \on Wednesday morning ich gehe jeden Mittwochvormittag einkaufen;
    \on a very hot evening in July an einem sehr heißen Abend im Juli
    18) ( at time of) bei +dat;
    \on his mother's death beim Tod seiner Mutter;
    \on your arrival/ departure bei Ihrer Ankunft/Abreise;
    \on the count of three, start running! bei drei lauft ihr los!;
    trains to London leave \on the hour every hour die Züge nach London fahren jeweils zur vollen Stunde;
    the professor entered the room at 1:00 \on the minute der Professor betrat den Raum auf die Minute genau um 13.00 Uhr;
    \on the dot [auf die Sekunde] pünktlich;
    \on receiving her letter als ich ihren Brief erhielt;
    \on arriving at the station bei der Ankunft im Bahnhof
    19) ( engaged in) bei +dat;
    we were on page 42 wir waren auf Seite 42;
    he was out \on errands er machte ein paar Besorgungen;
    \on business geschäftlich, beruflich;
    to work \on sth an etw dat arbeiten
    to be \on sth etw nehmen;
    to be \on drugs unter Drogen stehen, Drogen nehmen;
    my doctor put me \on antibiotics mein Arzt setzte mich auf Antibiotika;
    to be \on medication Medikamente einnehmen
    21) ( paid by) auf +dat;
    they bought that TV \on credit sie kauften diesen Fernseher auf Kredit;
    we bought the furniture \on time wir kauften die Möbel auf Raten;
    ( Brit)
    she wants it done \on the National Health Service sie möchte, das der National Health Service die Kosten übernimmt ( fam);
    this meal is \on me das Essen bezahle ich;
    the drinks are \on me die Getränke gehen auf meine Rechnung
    22) ( added to) zusätzlich zu +dat;
    a few pence \on the electricity bill ein paar Pfennige mehr bei der Stromrechnung
    23) ( connected to) an +dat;
    dogs should be kept \on their leads Hunde sollten an der Leine geführt werden;
    \on the phone (Aus, Brit) telefonisch [o am Telefon] erreichbar;
    we've just moved and we're not \on the phone yet wir sind gerade umgezogen und haben noch kein Telefon
    24) ( according to) auf +dat;
    \on the list auf der Liste;
    a point \on the agenda ein Punkt auf der Tagesordnung;
    to be finished \on schedule planmäßig fertig werden;
    \on the whole im Ganzen, insgesamt;
    \on the whole, it was a good year alles in allem war es ein gutes Jahr
    25) ( burdening) auf +dat;
    it's been \on my mind ich muss immer daran denken;
    she had something \on her heart sie hatte etwas auf dem Herzen;
    that lie has been \on his conscience er hatte wegen dieser Lüge ein schlechtes Gewissen
    26) ( sustained by) mit +dat, von +dat;
    does this radio run \on batteries? läuft dieses Radio mit Batterien?;
    what do mice live \on? wovon leben Mäuse?;
    he lived \on berries and roots er lebte von Beeren und Wurzeln;
    I've only got £50 a week to live \on ich lebe von nur 50 Pfund pro Woche;
    people \on average salaries Menschen mit Durchschnittseinkommen;
    they are living \on their savings sie leben von ihren Ersparnissen;
    to live \on welfare von Sozialhilfe leben;
    to go \on the dole stempeln gehen;
    to be \on sth (Brit, Aus) etw verdienen
    to go \on strike streiken;
    to set sth \on fire etw anzünden;
    crime is \on the increase again die Verbrechen nehmen wieder zu;
    to be \on sth ( undertake) etw machen;
    I'll be away \on a training course ich mache einen Ausbildungslehrgang;
    he's out \on a date with a woman er hat gerade eine Verabredung mit einer Frau;
    we're going \on vacation in two weeks wir gehen in zwei Wochen in Urlaub;
    I was \on a long journey ich habe eine lange Reise gemacht;
    to be \on the go ( Brit) ( fig) auf Trab sein;
    did you know that she's got a new book \on the go? hast du gewusst, dass sie gerade ein neues Buch schreibt?
    I can't improve \on my final offer dieses Angebot ist mein letztes Wort;
    the productivity figures are down \on last week's die Produktivitätszahlen sind dieselben wie letzte Woche;
    to have nothing [or not have anything] \on sth kein Vergleich mit etw dat sein;
    my new bike has nothing \on the one that was stolen mein neues Fahrrad ist bei weitem nicht so gut wie das, das mir gestohlen wurde
    to frown \on sth etw missbilligen;
    they settled \on a price sie einigten sich auf einen Preis;
    to congratulate sb \on sth jdn zu etw dat gratulieren;
    he cheated \on her twice er betrog sie zweimal after adj
    she was bent \on getting the job sie war entschlossen, die Stelle zu bekommen;
    don't be so hard \on him! sei nicht so streng mit ihm! after n
    criticism has no effect \on him Kritik kann ihm nichts anhaben
    30) after vb ( as payment for) für +akk;
    I've wasted a lot of money \on this car ich habe für dieses Auto eine Menge Geld ausgegeben after n
    we made a big profit \on that deal wir haben bei diesem Geschäft gut verdient;
    how much interest are you paying \on the loan? wie viel Zinsen zahlst du für diesen Kredit?
    this is \on your shoulders das liegt in deiner Hand, die Verantwortung liegt bei dir;
    the future of the company is \on your shoulders du hast die Verantwortung für die Zukunft der Firma
    \on sb ohne jds Verschulden;
    she was really worried when the phone went dead \on her sie machte sich richtig Sorgen, als das Telefon ausfiel, ohne dass sie etwas getan hatte;
    the fire went out \on me das Feuer ging ohne ihr Zutun aus
    to stumble \on sth über etw akk stolpern;
    to chance \on sb jdn [zufällig] treffen, jdm [zufällig] begegnen
    the government suffered defeat \on defeat die Regierung erlitt eine Niederlage nach der anderen;
    wave \on wave of refugees has crossed the border in Wellen überquerten die Flüchtlinge die Grenze
    35) (Aus, Brit) sports ( having points of)
    Clive's team is \on five points while Joan's is \on seven das Team von Clive hat fünf Punkte, das von Joan hat sieben
    PHRASES:
    to have blood \on one's hands Blut an den Händen haben;
    \on the board in Planung;
    to be \on sb's case [to do sth] (Am) jdn nerven [, damit er/sie etw tut] ( fam)
    \on the fly schnell;
    to be out \on a limb alleine dastehen;
    \on the shelf auf der langen Bank ( fig)
    we've had to put that project \on the shelf wir mussten das Projekt auf die lange Bank schieben ( fig)
    \on side loyal;
    to have time \on one's hands noch genug Zeit haben;
    \on a whim spontan, aus einer Laune heraus;
    to border \on sth an etw akk grenzen;
    to be \on it ( Aus) ( fam) sich akk volllaufen lassen ( fam), sich dat die Kanne geben;
    what are you \on? ( fam) bist du noch ganz dicht? ( fam) adv
    1) ( in contact with) auf;
    make sure the top's \on properly pass auf, dass der Deckel richtig zu ist;
    they sewed the man's ear back \on sie haben das Ohr des Mannes wieder angenäht;
    to screw sth \on etw anschrauben;
    I wish you wouldn't screw the lid \on so tightly schraube den Deckel bitte nicht immer so fest
    2) ( on body) an;
    put a jumper \on! zieh einen Pullover drüber!;
    with nothing \on nackt;
    to put clothes \on Kleider anziehen;
    to have/try sth \on etw anhaben/anprobieren
    to get \on with sth mit etw dat weitermachen;
    to keep \on doing sth etw weitermachen;
    if the phone's engaged, keep \on trying! wenn besetzt ist, probier es weiter!;
    \on and \on immer weiter;
    the noise just went \on and \on der Lärm hörte gar nicht mehr auf;
    we talked \on and \on wir redeten pausenlos
    4) ( in forward direction) vorwärts;
    would you pass it \on to Paul? würdest du es an Paul weitergeben?;
    time's getting \on die Zeit vergeht;
    from that day \on von diesem Tag an;
    they never spoke to each other from that day \on seit diesem Tag haben sie kein Wort mehr miteinander gewechselt;
    later \on später;
    what are you doing later \on? was hast du nachher vor?;
    to move \on ( move forward) weitergehen;
    to urge sb \on jdn anspornen;
    I'd never have managed this if my friend hadn't urged me \on ich hätte das nie geschafft, wenn mein Freund mich nicht dazu gedrängt hätte
    to be \on auf dem Programm stehen;
    are there any good films \on at the cinema this week? laufen in dieser Woche irgendwelche guten Filme im Kino?;
    what's \on at the festival? was ist für das Festival geplant?;
    there's a good film \on this afternoon heute Nachmittag kommt ein guter Film
    6) ( scheduled) geplant;
    is the party still \on for tomorrow? ist die Party noch für morgen geplant?;
    I've got nothing \on next week ich habe nächste Woche nichts vor;
    I've got a lot \on this week ich habe mir für diese Woche eine Menge vorgenommen
    7) ( functioning) an;
    the brakes are \on die Bremsen sind angezogen;
    is the central heating \on? ist die Zentralheizung an?;
    to put the kettle \on das Wasser aufsetzen;
    to leave the light \on das Licht anlassen;
    the \on switch der Einschalter;
    to switch/turn sth \on etw einschalten;
    could you switch \on the radio? könntest du das Radio anmachen?
    8) ( aboard)
    the horse galloped off as soon as she was \on das Pferd galoppierte davon, sobald sie darauf saß;
    to get \on bus, train einsteigen; horse aufsitzen
    you're \on! du bist dran!
    to be \on Dienst haben, im Dienst sein
    to be \on gut drauf sein ( fam)
    PHRASES:
    head \on frontal;
    side \on (Aus, Brit) seitlich;
    the bike hit our car side \on das Rad prallte von der Seite auf unser Auto;
    this way \on (Aus, Brit) auf diese Weise;
    it might fit better if you put it this way \on es passt vielleicht besser, wenn du es so anziehst;
    to be well \on in years nicht mehr der Jüngste sein;
    to be not \on (Brit, Aus) ( fam) nicht in Ordnung sein;
    \on and off;
    off and \on hin und wieder, ab und zu;
    sideways \on (Aus, Brit) seitlich;
    to be well \on spät sein;
    to be \on (Am) aufpassen;
    to hang \on warten;
    to be \on about sth (Aus, Brit) dauernd über etw akk reden;
    I never understand what she's \on about ich verstehe nicht, wovon sie es dauernd hat ( fam)
    to be [or get] \on at sb jdm in den Ohren liegen;
    she's still \on at me to get my hair cut sie drängt mich dauernd, mir die Haare schneiden zu lassen;
    to be \on to sb ( fam) jds Absichten durchschauen;
    to be \on to something ( fam) etw spitz gekriegt haben ( fam)
    you're \on! einverstanden!, abgemacht! ( fam) adj
    inv, attr (Am) ( good) gut;
    this seems to be one of her \on days es scheint einer von ihren guten Tagen zu sein

    English-German students dictionary > on

  • 20 pay

    1. n плата, выплата, уплата
    2. n зарплата, жалованье, заработная плата

    what is the pay? — какое жалованье?, сколько платят?

    military pay — плата, денежное довольствие военнослужащих

    holiday pay — плата за работу в выходные дни; отпускные

    3. n воен. денежное содержание, денежное довольствие
    4. n плательщик
    5. n уст. расплата, возмездие

    dislike is the pay for being mean — неприязнь — это плата за подлость

    6. n геол. рентабельное, промышленное, выгодное для разработки месторождение
    7. a платный
    8. a рентабельный, имеющий промышленное значение
    9. v платить; заплатить

    to pay at the gate — платить при входе, вход платный

    10. v уплачивать, выплачивать; расплачиваться

    pay up — платить, расплачиваться

    11. v оплачивать
    12. v вознаграждать, возмещать
    13. v окупаться, быть выгодным; приносить доход

    land that pays well — земля, которая приносит хороший доход

    the shares pay 5% — акции приносят 5% дохода

    to pay its way — окупаться, оправдывать себя, быть рентабельным

    14. v поплатиться; пострадать
    15. v разг. диал. наказывать; бить; пороть
    16. v мор. уваливаться под ветер

    pay attention to what I tell you! — слушайте, что я вам говорю

    the deuce to pay — затруднительное положение; неприятность; беда; трудная задача;

    something to pay — что-то не то, что-то неладно

    17. v мор. смолить
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. defrayment (noun) defrayment; interest; proceeds; profit; return
    2. earnings (noun) allowance; commission; earnings; income; payment; pittance; remuneration
    3. reward (noun) crown; just deserts; laurel; medal; medallion; punishment; requital; reward; trophy
    4. wage (noun) emolument; fee; hire; pay envelope; salary; stipend; wage; wages
    5. clear (verb) clear; clear off; discharge; draw; earn; gain; gross; honor; liquidate; net; pay up; produce; quit; realise; satisfy; settle; square
    6. compensate (verb) compensate; guerdon; indemnify; punish; recompense; redress; refund; reimburse; remunerate; repay; requite; retaliate; revenge
    7. extend (verb) extend; grant; proffer; render
    8. return (verb) be profitable to; bring in; kick back; pay off; profit; return; show gain; yield
    9. spend (verb) disburse; expend; fork out; give; lay out; outlay; shell out; spend
    10. square (verb) discharge; liquidate; satisfy; settle; square
    11. suffer (verb) be punished; make amends; make compensation; suffer
    12. valuable (other) gold-bearing; interest-bearing; precious; profitable; valuable
    Антонимический ряд:
    cheat; collect; confiscation; damages; default; defraud; disbursement; dispersion; distribution; execution; expenditure; expense; failure; fine; owe; receive; withhold

    English-Russian base dictionary > pay

См. также в других словарях:

  • farm out — To let for a term at a stated rental. To turn over for performance or care. To exhaust farm land by continuous raising of single crop. Among the Romans the collection of revenue was farmed out, and the same system existed in France before the… …   Black's law dictionary

  • farm out — To let for a term at a stated rental. To turn over for performance or care. To exhaust farm land by continuous raising of single crop. Among the Romans the collection of revenue was farmed out, and the same system existed in France before the… …   Black's law dictionary

  • farm — [färm] n. [ME < OFr ferme < ML firma, fixed payment, farm < firmare, to farm, lease, orig., to make a contract < L, to make firm, secure < firmus, FIRM1] 1. a) Obs. a fixed sum payable at regular intervals, as rent or taxes b) the… …   English World dictionary

  • farm — farmable, adj. /fahrm/, n. 1. a tract of land, usually with a house, barn, silo, etc., on which crops and often livestock are raised for livelihood. 2. land or water devoted to the raising of animals, fish, plants, etc.: a pig farm; an oyster… …   Universalium

  • farm — /fam / (say fahm) noun 1. a tract of land devoted to agriculture. 2. a farmhouse. 3. a tract of land or water devoted to some other industry, especially the raising of livestock, fish, etc.: a chicken farm; an oyster farm. 4. the system, method,… …  

  • farm — [[t]fɑrm[/t]] n. 1) agr. a tract of land, usu. with a house, barn, silo, etc., on which crops and often livestock are raised for livelihood 2) agr. land or water devoted to the raising of animals, fish, plants, etc.: a pig farm; an oyster… …   From formal English to slang

  • farm — {{11}}farm (n.) c.1300, fixed payment (usually in exchange for taxes collected, etc.), fixed rent, from O.Fr. ferme rent, lease, from M.L. firma fixed payment, from L. firmare to fix, settle, confirm, strengthen, from firmus firm (see FIRM (Cf.… …   Etymology dictionary

  • farm management — ▪ agriculture Introduction       making (industrial engineering) and implementing of the decisions (agribusiness) involved in organizing and operating a farm for maximum production and profit. Farm management draws on agricultural economics for… …   Universalium

  • farm — I. noun Usage: often attributive Etymology: Middle English ferme, from Anglo French, from fermer to fix, rent, from Latin firmare to make firm, from firmus firm Date: 14th century 1. obsolete a sum or due fixed in amount and payable at fixed… …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • farm — n. & v. n. 1 an area of land and its buildings used under one management for growing crops, rearing animals, etc. 2 a place or establishment for breeding a particular type of animal, growing fruit, etc. (trout farm; mink farm). 3 = FARMHOUSE. 4 a …   Useful english dictionary

  • farm — I A tract of land devoted to agriculture, pasturage, stock raising, or some allied industry. Includes dairy, stock, and poultry farms. The original meaning of the word was rent; a term; a lease of lands; a leasehold interest, and by a natural… …   Black's law dictionary

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