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  • 101 éste

    adj.
    east, eastern.
    m.
    east.
    viento del este east wind
    ir hacia el este to go east(wards)
    está al este de Madrid it's (to the) east of Madrid
    los países del este the countries of Eastern Europe
    * * *
    ► adjetivo (pl estos,-as)
    1 this (plural) these
    ————————
    1 east, eastern
    2 (dirección) easterly; (viento) east, easterly
    1 east
    2 (viento) east wind
    * * *
    1. = esta, adj. 2. adj.
    east, eastern
    3. noun m.
    * * *
    I
    1.
    ADJ INV [zona, área] east

    la costa este — the east o eastern coast

    íbamos en dirección este — we were going east o eastward(s), we were going in an eastward o an easterly direction

    2. SM
    1) (Geog) East, east

    la casa está orientada hacia el Este — the house is east-facing, the house faces East o east

    2) (Pol)
    3) (tb: zona este) east
    4) (Meteo) (tb: viento del este) east wind, easterly wind
    II
    este, -a
    ADJ DEM
    1) [indicando proximidad]
    a) [sing] this

    ¿qué habéis hecho este fin de semana? — what did you do at the weekend?, what did you do this weekend?

    ¿dónde vais a ir este fin de semana? — [dicho un viernes] where are you going this weekend?; [dicho un lunes] where are you going next weekend?

    b)

    estos/estas — these

    estas tijeras — these scissors, this pair of scissors

    2) * [con valor enfático]

    ¡a ver qué quiere ahora el tío este! — what does that guy want now! *

    ¡este Pedro es un desastre! — that Pedro is a complete disaster! *

    III
    este, -a
    PRON DEM =éste PRON DEM éste, -a
    1) [sing] this one

    ¡este me quiere engañar! — this guy's out to cheat me!

    pero ¿dónde está este? — where on earth is he?

    2)

    estos/estas — these; [en texto] the latter

    3) [locuciones]

    en esta — [en cartas] in this town (from where I'm writing)

    • en estas, en estas se acerca y dice... — just then he went up and said...

    4) esp LAm [como muletilla]

    este... — er..., um...

    In the past the standard spelling for these demonstrative pronouns was with an accent (éste, ésta, éstos and éstas). Nowadays the Real Academia Española advises that the accented forms are only required where there might otherwise be confusion with the adjective.
    * * *
    ésta pronombre demostrativo (pl éstos, éstas)
    [According to the Real Academia Española the written accent may be omitted when there is no risk of confusion with the adjective]
    a) this one; (pl) these

    Alfonso y Andrés, éste de pie, aquél sentado — (liter)... Alfonso and Andrés, the former sitting down and the latter standing

    [sometimes indicates irritation, emphasis or disapproval] qué niña ésta! — (fam) honestly, this child!

    b) ésta (frml) (en cartas, documentos) the city in which the letter is written
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable < región> eastern

    en la parte este del país — in the eastern part o the east of the country

    el ala/la costa este — the east wing/coast

    II
    a) (parte, sector)
    b) ( punto cardinal) east, East
    c) el Este (Hist, Pol) the East
    III
    esta adjetivo demostrativo (pl estos, estas)
    a) this; (pl) these

    [usually indicates a pejorative or emphatic tone when placed after the noun] la estúpida esta no me avisó — (fam) this idiot here didn't tell me

    b) ( como muletilla) well, er
    * * *
    el este
    = east, the

    Ex: Standing in the early morning on the balcony of her apartment, she was smote as she always was by the grandeur of the sky turning to scarlet as the rim of darkness in the east released the sun for its sluggish trek through the heavens.

    este1
    1 = east.

    Ex: The plan of the temple is round instead of rectangular, and unlike the rest, faces north instead of east.

    * Alemania del Este = East Germany.
    * al este de = east of.
    * bloque del este, el = Eastern bloc, the.
    * de Europa del Este = Eastern European.
    * del este = eastern.
    * del este asiático = East Asian.
    * derecho hacia el este = due east.
    * en dirección este = eastward(s), eastbound.
    * este, el = east, the.
    * Europa Central del Este = East Central Europe.
    * exactamente al este = due east.
    * habitante del este = Easterner.
    * hacia el este = eastward(s), eastbound.
    * la Europa del Este = Eastern Europe.
    * país de Europa del Este = Eastern European country.
    * sudeste = southeast [south east].
    * sureste = southeast [south east].

    este2
    = present, such, this.

    Ex: We are going to use the data elements defined in the present document as a base from which to begin.

    Ex: Preferential relationships generally indicate preferred terms or descriptors and distinguish such terms from non-descriptors or non-preferred terms.
    Ex: In this chapter a review of the development of cataloguing codes is given in order to explain and place in context the nature of modern cataloguing codes.
    * a este fin = to this end.
    * a este paso = at this rate.
    * a este respecto = in this respect.
    * a este ritmo = at this rate.
    * al hacer esto = by so doing, in so doing, in doing so.
    * a partir de esto = on this basis.
    * como esto = like this.
    * como ocurre en estos casos = as is the way with these things.
    * con este fin = to that effect.
    * con esto = by so doing, in so doing, in this, by doing so, by this, in doing so.
    * de esta forma = in this way.
    * de esta manera = in this manner, in this way.
    * de este modo = by this means, in so doing, this way, thus, in doing so.
    * de esto, de lo otro y de lo de más allá = about this and that and everything else.
    * de esto y de lo otro = about this and that.
    * de nuevo en este caso = here again.
    * desde esta misma perspectiva = along the same lines.
    * dicho esto = that said.
    * directamente hacia el este = due east.
    * durante este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * en el momento de escribir estas líneas = at the time of writing.
    * en este caso = in this case.
    * en este contexto = against this background.
    * en este documento = herein.
    * en este mismo sentido = along the same lines.
    * en este momento = at this stage, right now.
    * en este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * en este sentido = along these lines, in this connection, in this direction, in this sense, on this score, to that effect.
    * en estos casos = in these cases.
    * en estos tiempos = in this day and age.
    * entre éstos se incluyen = amongst these are numbered.
    * esta = this.
    * esta es la oportunidad de + Nombre = here's + Nombre/Pronombre + chance.
    * ésta es la razón por la que = this is why.
    * esta es + Pronombre + oportunidad = here's + Nombre/Pronombre + chance.
    * ¡esta es tu oportunidad! = here's your chance!.
    * esta mañana = early today.
    * esta mañana temprano = early this morning.
    * esta noche = tonight, tonite.
    * esta vez = this time around/round, this time.
    * éste es también el caso de = the same is true (for/of/with).
    * éste no es el caso en = not so in.
    * este tipo de = such.
    * este tipo de cosas = this sort of thing.
    * esto es así = this is the case.
    * esto no ocurre en el caso de = the same is not true (for/of/with).
    * esto no quiere decir que = this is not to say that.
    * esto no se debe hacer así = this just won't do.
    * esto no vale = this just won't do.
    * estos = these.
    * estos días = these days.
    * haciendo esto = by so doing, by doing so.
    * letra cuya impresión en papel no está completa = broken letter.
    * para esto = therefor.
    * para hacer esto = in this.
    * para que este sea el caso = for this to be the case.
    * para que esto sea así = for this to be the case.
    * partiendo de esto = on that basis.
    * pensando en esto = with this/that in mind.
    * por esta razón = for this reason.
    * por este motivo = for this reason.
    * por esto = thus, accordingly, therefore.
    * presentado desde esta perspectiva = cast in this light.
    * teniendo esto como telón de fondo = against this background.
    * teniendo esto como trasfondo = against this background.
    * teniendo esto presente = with this/that in mind.
    * todo esto = the whole thing.

    * * *
    [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] ‹región› eastern
    en la parte este del país in the eastern part of the country
    iban en dirección este they were heading east o eastward(s), they were heading in an easterly direction
    vientos moderados del sector este moderate easterly winds o winds from the east
    el ala/litoral este the east wing/coast
    la cara este de la montaña the east o eastern face of the mountain
    (parte, sector): el este the east
    en el este del país in the east of the country
    está al este de Bogotá it lies to the east of Bogotá, it is (to the) east of Bogotá
    el Sol sale por el Este the sun rises in the east o the East
    vientos flojos del Este light easterly winds, light winds from the east
    la calle va de Este a Oeste the street runs east-west
    dar tres pasos hacia el Este take three paces east o eastward(s) o to the east
    vientos moderados del sector sur rotando al este moderate winds from the south becoming o veering easterly
    más al este further east
    las ventanas dan al este the windows face east
    3
    el Este ( Pol) the East
    los países del Este the Eastern Bloc countries
    4
    (pl estos, estas)
    1 this; (pl) these
    este chico this boy
    esta gente these people
    [usually indicates a pejorative or emphatic tone when placed after the noun] la estúpida esta no me avisó ( fam); this idiot here didn't tell me
    2 (como muletilla) well, er
    ¿fuiste tú o no? — este … was it you or not? — well …
    * * *

     

    Del verbo estar: ( conjugate estar)

    esté es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    E.    
    estar    
    este    
    éste
    E. (
    ◊ Este) E, East

    estar 1 ( conjugate estar) cópula
    1

    ◊ Estar denotes a changed condition or state as opposed to identity or nature, which is normally expressed by ser. Estar is also used when the emphasis is on the speaker's perception of things, of their appearance, taste, etc. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in ser 1 cópula 1 to be;

    estás más gordo you've put on weight;
    estoy cansada I'm tired;
    está muy simpático conmigo he's being o he's been so nice to me (recently);
    ¡todo está tan caro! things are o have become so expensive!
    b) ( con

    ◊ bien, mal, mejor, peor): están todos bien, gracias they're all fine, thanks;

    ¡qué bien estás en esta foto! you look great in this photo!;
    está mal que no se lo perdones it's wrong of you not to forgive him;
    ver tb bien, mal, mejor, peor
    2 ( hablando de estado civil) to be;

    3 ( seguido de participios)

    estaban abrazados they had their arms around each other;
    ver tb v aux 2
    4 ( seguido de preposición) to be;
    (para más ejemplos ver tb la preposición o el nombre correspondiente);

    ¿a cómo está la uva? how much are the grapes?;
    está con el sarampión she has (the) measles;
    estoy de cocinera I'm doing the cooking;
    estamos sin electricidad the electricity is off at the moment;
    está sin pintar it hasn't been painted yet
    verbo intransitivo
    1 ( en un lugar) to be;
    ◊ ¿dónde está Chiapas? where's Chiapas?;

    está a 20 kilómetros de aquí it's 20 kilometers from here;
    ¿sabes dónde está Pedro? do you know where Pedro is?;
    ¿está Rodrigo? is Rodrigo in?;
    solo ésteé unos días I'll only be staying a few days;
    ¿cuánto tiempo ésteás en Londres? how long are you going to be in London (for)?
    2 ( en el tiempo):
    ◊ ¿a qué (día) estamos? what day is it today?;

    ¿a cuánto estamos hoy? what's the date today?;
    estamos a 28 de mayo it's May 28th (AmE) o (BrE) the 28th of May;
    estamos en primavera it's spring
    3
    a) (tener como función, cometido):


    estamos para ayudarlos we're here to help them


    4 (estar listo, terminado):

    lo atas con un nudo y ya está you tie a knot in it and that's it o there you are;
    enseguida estoy I'll be right with you
    5 (Esp) ( quedar) (+ me/te/le etc) (+ compl):

    la 46 te está mejor the 46 fits you better
    éste v aux
    1 ( con gerundio):

    estoy viendo que va a ser imposible I'm beginning to see that it's going to be impossible
    2 ( con participio):

    ya está hecho un hombrecito he's a proper young man now;
    ver tb estar cópula 3
    estarse verbo pronominal ( enf) ( permanecer) to stay;
    ◊ ¿no te puedes éste quieto? can't you stay o keep still?;

    estese tranquilo don't worry
    estar 2 sustantivo masculino (esp AmL) living room
    este 1 adjetivo invariable ‹ región› eastern;
    iban en dirección éste they were heading east o eastward(s);
    el ala/la costa éste the east wing/coast
    ■ sustantivo masculino
    a) (parte, sector):


    al éste de Lima to the east of Lima


    las ventanas dan al éste the windows face east
    c)

    ◊ el Este (Hist, Pol) the East;

    los países del Eéste the Eastern Bloc countries
    este 2,
    ◊ esta adj dem (pl estos, estas)

    a) this;

    (pl) these;

    estos dólares these dollars;
    usually indicates a pejorative or emphatic tone when placed after the noun la estúpida esta no me avisó (fam) this idiot here didn't tell me

    éste,
    ◊ ésta pron dem (pl éstos, éstas) The written accent may be omitted when there is no risk of confusion with the adjective this one;


    (pl) these;
    éste or este es el mío this (one) is mine;
    un día de éstos or estos one of these days;
    éste or este es el que yo quería this is the one I wanted;
    prefiero éstos or estos I prefer these (ones);
    sometimes indicates irritation, emphasis or disapproval
    ◊ ¡qué niña esta! (fam) honestly, this child!;

    residente en ésta or esta resident in Seville (o Lima etc)
    estar verbo intransitivo
    1 (existir, hallarse) to be: está al norte, it is to the north
    ¿estarás en casa?, will you be at home?
    no está en ningún lado, it isn't anywhere
    estamos aquí para servirle, we are at your service
    su pedido aún no está, your order isn't ready yet
    2 (permanecer) to stay: estos días estoy en casa de mis padres, these days I'm staying at my parents' place
    estoy en la oficina de ocho a dos, I'm at the office from eight to two
    quiero que estés aquí un minuto, ahora vuelvo, stay here, I'll be right back
    3 (tener una situación actual determinada: con adjetivo o participio) estaba blanco como la cera, he had turned as white as a sheet
    está dormido, he's asleep
    está teñida de rubio, her hair's dyed blonde
    (con gerundio) está estudiando, he is studying
    estaba preparando la comida, I was cooking
    (con adverbio) estoy tan lejos, I'm so far away
    está muy mal, (enfermo) he is very ill
    4 (quedar, sentar) el jersey me está pequeño, the sweater is too small for me
    5 (para indicar precio, grados, fecha) (+ a: fecha) to be: ¿a qué día estamos?, what's the date?
    estamos a 1 de Julio, it is the first of July
    (: precio) to be at: ¿a cómo/cuánto están las manzanas?, how much are the apples?
    están a setenta pesetas el kilo, they're seventy pesetas a kilo
    (: grados) en Madrid estamos a cuarenta grados, it's forty degrees in Madrid
    ♦ Locuciones: ¿estamos?, agreed?
    estar a disposición de, to be at the disposal of
    estar a la que salta, to be ready to take advantage of an opportunity
    estar a las duras y a las maduras, to take the bad with the good
    estar al caer, to be just round the corner
    estar en baja, to be waning
    estar en todo, to be on top of everything
    estaría bueno, whatever next
    ESTAR CON: (de acuerdo con) estoy con María, I agree with Mary
    ESTAR DE: estoy de broma, I'm joking
    está de camarero, he's working as a waiter
    estaba de Dios que las cosas sucedieran así, it was God's will that things turned out this way, está de vacaciones, he's on holiday
    me voy a marchar porque está claro que aquí estoy de más, I'm going to go because it's obvious that I'm in the way
    ESTAR ENCIMA: su madre siempre está encima de él, his mother is always on top of him
    ESTAR PARA: no estamos para bromas, we are in no mood for jokes
    esa ropa está para planchar, these clothes are ready to be ironed
    cuando estaba para salir, me llamaron, when I was just about to leave, they called me
    ESTAR POR: la casa está por construir, the house has still to be built
    estuve por decirle lo que pensaba, I was tempted to tell him what I thought
    estoy por la igualdad de derechos, I'm for equal rights
    ESTAR QUE: está que no puede con su alma, he is exhausted
    familiar está que trina, he's hopping mad
    ESTAR TRAS: está tras el ascenso, he is after promotion
    estoy tras una blusa blanca, I'm looking for a white blouse
    El uso del verbo to stay como traducción de estar en un lugar es incorrecto, a menos que quieras expresar lo contrario de irse o marcharse (no me voy a la playa, estaré en casa todo el verano, I'm not going to the beach, I'm staying at home all summer) o te refieras a alojarse: Estoy en el Palace. I'm staying at the Palace.
    este,-a adj dem
    1 this
    este barco, this ship
    esta casa, this house 2 estos,-as, these
    estos hombres, these men
    estas mujeres, these women
    este sustantivo masculino
    1 (punto cardinal) East: nos dirigíamos al este, we were going east
    al este del Edén, to the east of Eden
    (en aposición) (zona, parte) eastern: son del este de Europa, they're from Eastern Europe
    (dirección, rumbo) easterly: el viento soplaba del este, there was an easterly wind
    2 (bloque de países europeos) el Este, the East
    éste,-a pron dem m,f
    1 this one: éste/ésta es más bonito/a, this one is prettier 2 éstos,-as, these (ones)

    ' éste' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abrir
    - abrigada
    - abrigado
    - abultar
    - acabada
    - acabado
    - acariciar
    - acontecer
    - actualización
    - adelantarse
    - adelanto
    - afrutada
    - afrutado
    - ahora
    - ahorrar
    - alguna
    - alguno
    - ama
    - amo
    - andar
    - aparte
    - aplanar
    - aplatanada
    - aplatanado
    - arrastre
    - arreglo
    - así
    - asistencia
    - aterrizar
    - atravesarse
    - baja
    - bajo
    - bastar
    - bastante
    - bendición
    - bien
    - cabezón
    - cabezona
    - cabida
    - caché
    - cachet
    - caer
    - calificar
    - capacidad
    - carbonizar
    - cariño
    - catalogar
    - caza
    - ceñirse
    - chapada
    English:
    acoustic
    - advanced
    - afford
    - afraid
    - aggressive
    - agony
    - agree
    - alleviate
    - ambience
    - amenities
    - anniversary
    - antidote
    - anywhere
    - architecture
    - arithmetic
    - attain
    - attribute
    - be
    - belong
    - blank
    - boggle
    - bore
    - breeze
    - broadsheet
    - bulky
    - bundle
    - buy
    - call
    - call at
    - can
    - capture
    - cash
    - chapter
    - characteristic
    - close-fitting
    - cold
    - come across
    - come in
    - come under
    - compact
    - complete
    - conception
    - concoction
    - consistent
    - convert
    - cramped
    - deadly
    - define
    - demand
    - deny
    * * *
    ♦ adj inv
    [posición, parte] east, eastern; [dirección] easterly; [viento] east, easterly;
    la cara este del pico the east face of the mountain;
    la costa este the east coast;
    tiempo soleado en la mitad este del país sunny weather in the eastern half of the country;
    partieron con rumbo este they set off in an easterly direction;
    ♦ nm
    1. [zona] east;
    está al este de Madrid it's (to the) east of Madrid;
    la fachada da al este the front of the building faces east;
    viento del este east o easterly wind;
    habrá lluvias en el este (del país) there will be rain in the east (of the country);
    ir hacia el este to go east(wards)
    2. [punto cardinal] east;
    el sol sale por el Este the sun rises in the east
    3. [bloque geopolítico]
    el Este the East;
    los países del Este the countries of Eastern Europe
    4. [viento] easterly, east wind
    este2, -a (pl estos, -as) adj demostrativo
    1. [en general] this;
    [plural] these;
    esta camisa this shirt;
    este año this year;
    esta mañana this morning;
    esta noche tonight
    2. Fam Pey [singular] that;
    [plural] those;
    no soporto a la niña esta I can't stand that girl;
    el teléfono este no funciona this telephone's not working
    3. Méx, RP [como muletilla] well, er, um;
    y entonces, este, le propuse… and then, um, I suggested…;
    es un, este, cómo se dice, un lexicógrafo he's a, oh, what do you call it, a lexicographer;
    este, ¿me prestás plata? er, can you lend me some money?
    este3, -a (pl estos, -as) pron demostrativo Note that este and its various forms can be written with an accent ( éste, ésta etc) when there is a risk of confusion with the adjective.
    1. [en general] this one;
    [plural] these (ones);
    dame otro boli, este no funciona give me another pen, this one doesn't work;
    aquellos cuadros no están mal, aunque estos me gustan más those paintings aren't bad, but I like these (ones) better;
    esta ha sido la semana más feliz de mi vida this has been the happiest week of my life;
    cualquier día de estos one of these days;
    Fam
    esta es la mía/tuya/ etc[m5]. this is the chance I've/you've/ etc been waiting for, this is my/your/ etc big chance;
    en estas just then;
    en estas sonó el teléfono just then o at that very moment, the phone rang;
    en una de estas one of these days;
    en una de estas te pillará la policía one of these days the police will catch you;
    Fam
    por estas [lo juro] I swear, honest to God;
    ¿seguro que no me estás mintiendo? – ¡por estas! are you sure you're not lying to me? – I swear o honest to God
    2. [recién mencionado] the latter;
    entraron Juan y Pedro, este con un abrigo verde Juan and Pedro came in, the latter wearing a green coat
    3. Fam [despectivo]
    este es el que me pegó this is the one who hit me;
    estos son los culpables de todo lo ocurrido it's this lot o bunch who are to blame for everything
    4. Formal [en correspondencia]
    espero que al recibo de esta te encuentres bien I hope this letter finds you well
    * * *
    1 m east
    2, esta, estos, estas det singular this; plural these;
    a todas estas in the meanwhile
    * * *
    éste, ésta pron, mpl éstos
    1) : this one, these ones pl
    2) : the latter
    este, esta adj, mpl estos : this, these
    este adj
    : eastern, east
    este nm
    1) oriente: east
    2) : east wind
    3)
    el Este : the East, the Orient
    * * *
    este1 adj this
    este2 n east

    Spanish-English dictionary > éste

  • 102 hecho

    adj.
    1 made, done.
    2 made, created.
    intj.
    1 done.
    2 agreed.
    m.
    1 fact, point of fact, event, happening.
    2 act, feat, deed, action.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: hacer.
    * * *
    1 (realidad) fact
    2 (suceso) event, incident
    ————————
    1→ link=hacer hacer
    1 (carne) done
    2 (persona) mature
    3 (frase, expresión) set
    4 (ropa) ready-made
    1 (realidad) fact
    2 (suceso) event, incident
    ► interjección ¡hecho!
    1 done!, agreed!
    \
    a lo hecho pecho it's no use crying over spilt milk
    ¡bien hecho! well done!
    de hecho in fact
    el hecho es que... the fact is that...
    eso está hecho figurado that won't take long, that'll only take a minute
    estar hecho,-a un,-a... to be...
    ■ está hecho un vago he's a real waster, he's a real layabout
    hecho,-a a mano handmade
    hecho,-a a máquina machine-made
    hecho,-a en casa home-made
    hechos son amores actions speak louder than words
    lo hecho hecho está what's done is done
    muy hecho,-a (carne) well-cooked 2 (pasada) overdone
    poco,-a hecho,-a (carne) rare 2 (insuficientemente) underdone
    hecho consumado fait accompli
    hecho de armas feat of arms
    Hechos de los Apóstoles RELIGIÓN Acts of the Apostles
    * * *
    1. noun m.
    1) fact
    2) deed
    2. (f. - hecha)
    adj.
    1) done, made
    * * *
    1.
    PP de hacer
    2. ADJ
    1) (=realizado) done

    si le dijiste que no fuera, mal hecho — if you told him not to go, then you were wrong o you shouldn't have

    ¡hecho! — (=de acuerdo) agreed!, it's a deal!

    2) (=manufacturado) made

    ¿de qué está hecho? — what's it made of?

    3) (=acabado) done, finished; (=listo) ready

    ¿está hecha la comida? — is dinner ready?

    4) (Culin)
    a) (=maduro) [queso, vino] mature; [fruta] ripe
    b) (=cocinado)

    muy hecho — (=bien) well-cooked; (=demasiado) overdone

    no muy hecho, poco hecho — underdone, undercooked

    un filete poco o no muy hecho — a rare steak

    5) (=convertido en)

    ella, hecha una furia, se lanzó — she hurled herself furiously

    6) [persona]

    hecho y derecho —

    7) (=acostumbrado)
    3. SM
    1) (=acto)

    hechos, y o que no palabras — actions speak louder than words

    2) (=realidad) fact; (=suceso) event

    el hecho es que... — the fact is that...

    un hecho histórico — (=acontecimiento) an historic event; (=dato) a historical fact

    hecho imponible — (Econ) taxable source of income

    3)

    de hecho — in fact, as a matter of fact

    de hecho, yo no sé nada de eso — in fact o as a matter of fact, I don't know anything about that

    4) (Jur)
    * * *
    I
    - cha participio pasado [ ver tb hacer]
    1) ( manufacturado) made

    bien/mal hecho — well/badly made

    lo hecho, hecho está — what's done is done

    tú estás hecho un vago — you've become o turned into a lazy devil

    hecho a algo — used o accustomed to something

    hecho! — it's a deal!, done!

    II
    - cha adjetivo
    1) < ropa> ready-to-wear, off-the-rack (AmE), off-the-peg (esp BrE)
    2) ( terminado) < trabajo> done

    hecho y derecho — < hombre> (fully) grown; < abogado> fully-fledged

    3) (esp Esp) < carne> done

    un filete muy/poco hecho — a well-done/rare steak

    III
    1)
    a) (acto, acción)

    ésas son palabras y yo quiero hechos — those are just words, I want action o I want something done

    b) (suceso, acontecimiento) event
    2) (realidad, verdad) fact

    el hecho es que... — the fact (of the matter) is that...

    3)
    * * *
    I
    - cha participio pasado [ ver tb hacer]
    1) ( manufacturado) made

    bien/mal hecho — well/badly made

    lo hecho, hecho está — what's done is done

    tú estás hecho un vago — you've become o turned into a lazy devil

    hecho a algo — used o accustomed to something

    hecho! — it's a deal!, done!

    II
    - cha adjetivo
    1) < ropa> ready-to-wear, off-the-rack (AmE), off-the-peg (esp BrE)
    2) ( terminado) < trabajo> done

    hecho y derecho — < hombre> (fully) grown; < abogado> fully-fledged

    3) (esp Esp) < carne> done

    un filete muy/poco hecho — a well-done/rare steak

    III
    1)
    a) (acto, acción)

    ésas son palabras y yo quiero hechos — those are just words, I want action o I want something done

    b) (suceso, acontecimiento) event
    2) (realidad, verdad) fact

    el hecho es que... — the fact (of the matter) is that...

    3)
    * * *
    hecho1
    1 = event, fact, deed.

    Ex: The concept of corporate body includes named occasional groups and events, such as meetings, conferences, congresses, expeditions, exhibitions, festivals, and fairs.

    Ex: Apart from the fact that different librarians may consult different reference sources, there are other factors which may lead different cataloguers to different decisions.
    Ex: Books were kept for historical records of deeds done by the inhabitants: their worthy acts as well as their sins.
    * apuntar el hecho de que = point to + the fact that.
    * cegarse ante el hecho de que = blind + Pronombre + to the fact that.
    * de derecho pero no de hecho = in name only.
    * de hecho = actually, as a matter of fact, as it happened, de facto, in actual fact, in effect, in fact, indeed, in point of fact, in actuality, as it happens, as it is, effectively, for all intents and purposes, to all intents and purposes, for that matter.
    * del dicho al hecho hay mucho trecho = easier said than done.
    * del dicho al hecho hay mucho trecho = There's many a slip 'twixt cup and lip.
    * demostración del hecho de que = evidence of the fact that.
    * desde el punto de vista de los hechos = factually.
    * dicho sin hecho no tiene provecho = actions speak louder than words.
    * el hecho es que = fact is, the fact is (that).
    * el hecho es que... = the fact of the matter is that....
    * en cuanto a los hechos = factually.
    * en el lugar de los hechos = at the scene.
    * enfrentarse al hecho de que = face + (up to) the fact that.
    * entre el dicho y el hecho hay un gran trecho = many a slip between the cup and the lip.
    * enunciado de los hechos = statement of fact.
    * estado de hecho = rule of men.
    * explicar + Posesivo + versión de los hechos = explain + Posesivo + side of the story.
    * exposición de los hechos = statement of fact.
    * hacer frente al hecho de que = face + (up to) the fact that.
    * hacer frente a los hechos = face + facts.
    * hecho casual = coincidence, chance happening.
    * hecho consumado = fait accompli.
    * hecho demostrado = established fact.
    * hecho ineludible = hard fact.
    * hecho real = brute fact.
    * hechos dispersos = random facts.
    * hechos, los = plain fact, the.
    * hechos reales = true story.
    * no prestar atención al hecho de que = overlook + the fact that.
    * olvidarse del hecho de que = lose + sight of the fact that.
    * pareja de hecho = common-law husband, common-law wife, common-law marriage.
    * partiendo del hecho de que = based on the understanding that.
    * perder de vista el hecho de que = lose + sight of the fact that.
    * por el hecho de que = because of the fact that.
    * por el mero hecho de saber = for knowledge's sake.
    * presunción de hecho = prima facie.
    * prueba del hecho de que = evidence of the fact that.
    * ser un hecho ampliamente aceptado = it + be + widely agreed.
    * ser un hecho ampliamente reconocido = it + be + widely recognised.
    * ser un hecho bien conocido que = it + be + a (well)-known fact that.
    * ser un hecho bien sabido que = it + be + a (well)-known fact that.
    * ser un hecho poco conocido que = it + be + a little known fact that.
    * ser un hecho poco sabido que = it + be + a little known fact that.
    * sin meternos en el hecho de que = to say nothing of.
    * sin tener en cuenta el hecho de que = overlook + the fact that.
    * verificación de los hechos = fact checking.

    hecho2

    Ex: What was pinned up ranged from sheets of paper with nothing more written on them than a title and author to elaborate and beautifully executed illustrations.

    * a lo hecho, pecho = no use crying over spilt/spilled milk, you've made your bed, now you must lie in it!.
    * bien hecho = well-rendered, well done.
    * cartón hecho de paja = strawboard.
    * comprar Algo hecho en serie = buy + off-the-shelf.
    * comprar Algo ya hecho de antemano = buy + off-the-shelf.
    * cosa hecha = plain sailing, walkover.
    * dado por hecho = foregone.
    * dando por hecho que = based on the understanding that, on the understanding that.
    * dar por hecho = take for + granted.
    * dejar hecho polvo = screw + Nombre + up.
    * dicho y hecho = no sooner said than done.
    * estar hecho a escala = be to scale.
    * estar hecho con la intención de = be intended for/to.
    * estar hecho con la mismas dimensiones que el original = be to scale.
    * estar hecho el uno para el otro = be two of a kind, be a right pair.
    * estar hecho para = be geared to, be intended for/to, mean, be cut out for.
    * estar hecho polvo = be + wreck.
    * estar hecho un desastre = be a shambles, look like + the wreck of the Hesperus, look like + drag + through a hedge backwards, be (in) a mess.
    * estar hecho un esqueleto = be a bag of bones.
    * frase hecha = bound phrase, cliche, formulaic words, formulaic phrase.
    * hecho a base de parches = patchwork.
    * hecho a mano = hand-made, hand-drawn, handcrafted.
    * hecho a máquina = machine-made.
    * hecho a medida = customised [customized, -USA], purpose-designed, tailored, tailor-made [tailormade], custom-made, custom-built [custom built], custom-designed [custom designed], custom-tailored [custom tailored], bespoke, made to measure, fitted, made-to-order.
    * hecho añicos = shattered.
    * hecho a propósito = tailor-made [tailormade], custom-made, custom-built [custom built], custom-designed [custom designed], custom-tailored [custom tailored].
    * hecho cisco = wrecked.
    * hecho como de pasada = throwaway.
    * hecho de antemano = off-the-peg, ready-made.
    * hecho de encaje = lacy.
    * hecho de grava = metalled [metaled, -USA].
    * hecho de trozos = piecewise.
    * hecho de un modo gratuito = pro bono.
    * hecho en América = American-built.
    * hecho en casa = homespun, homemade.
    * hecho en el extranjero = foreign-made.
    * hecho en el Reino Unido = British-made.
    * hecho en lugar de otra persona = delegated.
    * hecho exclusivamente para = born and bred.
    * hecho exclusivamente para la web = Web-centric.
    * hecho expresamente para = intended for.
    * hecho para una situación específica = niche-specific.
    * hecho para una única ocasión = one shot.
    * hecho polvo = wrecked, dog tired.
    * hecho por el autor = author-designated, author-prepared.
    * hecho por el hombre = man-made.
    * hecho por encargo = tailor-made [tailormade], bespoke, custom-made, custom-built [custom built], custom-designed [custom designed], custom-tailored [custom tailored], made-to-order, made to measure.
    * hecho por la OCLC = OCLC-produced.
    * hecho por la propia biblioteca = in-house [inhouse].
    * hecho por multicopista = mimeographed.
    * hecho por uno mismo = home-grown [home grown/homegrown], home-produced, self-made.
    * hecho puré = mashed.
    * hecho recientemente = fresh-made.
    * hechos el uno para el otro = made for each other.
    * hecho una salsa = saucy [saucier -comp., sauciest -sup.].
    * hecho una sopa = drenched to the skin, wringing wet, soaked to the skin, soaking wet, wet through to the skin.
    * hecho un desastre = in shambles, like the wreck of the Hesperus, upside down.
    * hecho un toro = as strong as an ox.
    * hecho y derecho = full-bodied, full-scale, full-service, fully-fledged.
    * ir hecho un desastre = look like + drag + through a hedge backwards, look like + the wreck of the Hesperus.
    * lo hecho hecho está = no use crying over spilt/spilled milk.
    * mal hecho para = ill suited to/for.
    * medio hecho = halfway done, half done.
    * menos hecho = rarer.
    * páguese por el uso hecho = pay-as-you-go.
    * papel hecho a mano = hand-made paper.
    * papel hecho a máquina = machine-made paper.
    * papel verjurado hecho a máquina = machine-made laid paper.
    * ponerse hecho una fiera = go + ballistic, go + berserk, go + postal, lose + Posesivo + temper.
    * ponerse hecho una furia = go + berserk, go + postal, lose + Posesivo + temper.
    * ponerse hecho un basilisco = go + ballistic, go + berserk, go + postal, lose + Posesivo + temper.
    * ponerse hecho un energúmeno = go + ballistic.
    * recién hecho = hot off the griddle.
    * resumen hecho para una disciplina concreta = discipline-oriented abstract.
    * sistema informático hecho por encargo = tailored system.
    * solución hecha = cut-and-dried solution.
    * tener Algo hecho a la medida de uno = have + Nombre + cut out.
    * tenerlo todo hecho = have + an easy ride.
    * un trabajo bien hecho = a job well done.

    * * *
    pp
    hecho a mano handmade
    hecho a máquina machine-made, machine-produced
    un traje hecho a (la) medida a made-to-measure suit
    está muy bien/mal hecho it's very well/badly made
    B
    (refiriéndose a una acción): ¡bien hecho! así aprenderá well done! o good for you! that'll teach him
    tomé la decisión yo solo — pues mal hecho, tenías que haberlo consultado I took the decision myself — well you shouldn't have (done), you should have discussed it with him
    lo hecho, hecho está it's no use crying over spilled milk
    C
    (convertido en): estaba hecho una fiera or furia he was livid o furious
    está hecha una foca she's got(ten) really fat
    se apareció hecho un mamarracho he turned up looking a real mess
    me dejaron con los nervios hechos trizas when they finished my nerves were in tatters o in shreds o ( colloq) shot to pieces
    tú estás hecho un vago you've become o turned into a lazy devil
    D (acostumbrado) hecho A algo used o accustomed TO sth
    un hombre muy hecho a la vida en el campo a man well used to o quite accustomed to life in the country
    (expresando acuerdo): ¡hecho! it's a deal!, done!
    A ‹ropa› ready-to-wear, off-the-peg
    con ese físico se puede comprar los trajes hechos with his build he can buy ready-to-wear suits o he can buy his suits off the peg
    B (terminado) ‹trabajo› done
    hecho y derecho: un hombre hecho y derecho a grown o a fully grown man
    un abogado hecho y derecho a fully-fledged lawyer
    ya es un jugador hecho y derecho he is already an inveterate o a confirmed gambler
    C ( esp Esp) ‹carne› done
    un filete muy/poco hecho a well-done/rare steak
    D ( Chi fam) (borracho) plastered ( colloq)
    E
    (Col, Ven fam) (económicamente bien): estar hecho to have it made ( colloq)
    A
    1
    (acto, acción): ésas son palabras y yo quiero hechos those are just words, I want action
    demuéstramelo con hechos prove it to me by doing something about it
    no es el hecho en sí de que me lo haya robado lo que me duele sino … it's not the actual theft that upsets me but …, it's not the fact that she stole it from me that upsets me but …
    2 (suceso, acontecimiento) event
    hechos como la caída del gobierno de Castillo events such as the fall of the Castillo government
    los documentos hallados en el lugar de los hechos the documents found at the scene of the crime
    limítese el testigo a relatar los hechos the witness will please limit o confine his testimony to the facts
    Compuestos:
    fait accompli
    ( frml); battle
    ( frml); violent crime ( involving bloodshed)
    mpl:
    los hecho de los Apóstoles The Acts of the Apostles
    B (realidad, verdad) fact
    es un hecho conocido por todos it's a well-known fact
    para esa fecha los viajes espaciales ya eran un hecho by that time space travel was already a reality
    el hecho es que … the fact (of the matter) is that …
    es un gran conocedor del país, debido al hecho de que … he knows the country very well owing to the fact that o because …
    el hecho de que habla tres idiomas le da una gran ventaja the fact that he speaks three languages gives him a great advantage
    el hecho DE QUE + SUBJ:
    el hecho de que mucha gente lo compre no quiere decir que sea un buen periódico the fact that a lot of people buy it doesn't make it a good newspaper, just because a lot of people buy it doesn't mean that it's a good newspaper
    C
    de hecho: de hecho, ya es significativo que haya hecho esa propuesta the fact that he has made such a proposal is in itself significant
    no fue una sorpresa, de hecho, me avisaron el mes pasado it didn't come as a surprise; in fact they warned me only last month
    él es el director pero de hecho la que manda es ella he's the director, but she's the one who actually runs the place, he's the director, but in reality o in actual fact she's the one who runs the place
    * * *

     

    Del verbo hacer: ( conjugate hacer)

    hecho es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    hacer    
    hecho
    hacer ( conjugate hacer) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ( crear) ‹mueble/vestido› to make;

    ‹casa/carretera› to build;
    ‹ nido› to build, make;
    ‹ túnel› to make, dig;
    ‹dibujo/plano› to do, draw;
    ‹ lista› to make, draw up;
    ‹ resumen› to do, make;
    ‹ película› to make;
    ‹nudo/lazo› to tie;
    ‹pan/pastel› to make, bake;
    ‹vino/café/tortilla› to make;
    ‹ cerveza› to make, brew;

    hacen buena pareja they make a lovely couple
    b) (producir, causar) ‹ ruido› to make;


    estos zapatos me hacen daño these shoes hurt my feet
    2
    a) (efectuar, llevar a cabo) ‹ sacrificio› to make;

    ‹ milagro› to work, perform;
    ‹deberes/ejercicios/limpieza› to do;
    ‹ mandado› to run;
    ‹transacción/investigación› to carry out;
    ‹ experimento› to do, perform;
    ‹ entrevista› to conduct;
    ‹gira/viaje› to do;
    ‹ regalo› to give;
    ‹ favor› to do;
    ‹ trato› to make;

    aún queda mucho por hecho there is still a lot (left) to do;
    dar que hecho to make a lot of work
    b) ‹cheque/factura› to make out, write out

    3 (formular, expresar) ‹declaración/promesa/oferta› to make;
    ‹proyecto/plan› to make, draw up;
    ‹crítica/comentario› to make, voice;
    ‹ pregunta› to ask;

    4

    ◊ hecho caca (fam) to do a poop (AmE) o (BrE) a pooh (colloq);

    hecho pis or pipí (fam) to have a pee (colloq);
    hecho sus necesidades (euf) to go to the bathroom o toilet (euph)

    ◊ las vacas hacen `mu' cows go `moo'

    5 ( adquirir) ‹dinero/fortuna› to make;
    ‹ amigo› to make
    6 (preparar, arreglar) ‹ cama› to make;
    ‹ maleta› to pack;
    ◊ hice el pescado al horno I did o cooked the fish in the oven;

    tengo que hecho la comida I must make lunch;
    ver tb comida b
    7 ( recorrer) ‹trayecto/distancia› to do, cover
    8 (en cálculos, enumeraciones):
    ◊ son 180 … y 320 hacen 500 that's 180 … and 320 is o makes 500

    1


    ¿hacemos algo esta noche? shall we do something tonight?;
    hecho ejercicio to do (some) exercise;
    ¿hace algún deporte? do you play o do any sports?;
    See Also→ amor 1b
    b) (como profesión, ocupación) to do;

    ◊ ¿qué hace tu padre? what does your father do?


    2 (realizar cierta acción, actuar de cierta manera) to do;
    ◊ ¡eso no se hace! you shouldn't do that!;

    ¡qué le vamos a hecho! what can you o (frml) one do?;
    toca bien el piano — antes lo hacía mejor she plays the piano well — she used to play better;
    hechola buena (fam): ¡ahora sí que la hice! now I've really done it!;
    See Also→ tonto sustantivo masculino, femenino
    1 (transformar en, volver) to make;

    hizo pedazos la carta she tore the letter into tiny pieces;
    ese vestido te hace más delgada that dress makes you look thinner;
    hecho algo de algo to turn sth into sth;
    quiero hecho de ti un gran actor I want to make a great actor of you
    2
    a) (obligar a, ser causa de que)


    me hizo abrirla he made me open it;
    me hizo llorar it made me cry;
    hágalo pasar tell him to come in;
    me hizo esperar tres horas she kept me waiting for three hours;
    hecho que algo/algn haga algo to make sth/sb do sth
    b)

    ◊ hacer hacer algo to have o get sth done/made;

    hice acortar las cortinas I had o got the curtains shortened
    verbo intransitivo
    1 (obrar, actuar):
    ◊ déjame hecho a mí just let me handle this o take care of this;

    ¿cómo se hace para que te den la beca? what do you have to do to get the scholarship?;
    hiciste bien en decírmelo you did o were right to tell me;
    haces mal en mentir it's wrong of you to lie
    2 (fingir, simular):

    haz como si no lo conocieras act as if o pretend you don't know him
    3 ( servir):
    ◊ esta sábana hará de toldo this sheet will do for o as an awning;

    la escuela hizo de hospital the school served as o was used as a hospital
    4 ( interpretar personaje) hecho de algo/algn to play (the part of) sth/sb
    (+ compl) ( sentar):


    (+ me/te/le etc)

    la trucha me hizo mal (AmL) the trout didn't agree with me
    hecho v impers
    1 ( refiriéndose al tiempo atmosférico):
    ◊ hace frío/sol it's cold/sunny;

    hace tres grados it's three degrees;
    (nos) hizo un tiempo espantoso the weather was terrible
    2 ( expresando tiempo transcurrido):

    hace mucho que lo conozco I've known him for a long time;
    hacía años que no lo veía I hadn't seen him for o in years;
    ¿cuánto hace que se fue? how long ago did she leave?;
    hace poco/un año a short time/a year ago;
    hasta hace poco until recently
    hacerse verbo pronominal
    1 ( producirse) (+ me/te/le etc):

    se le hizo una ampolla she got a blister;
    hacérsele algo a algn (Méx): por fin se le hizo ganar el premio she finally got to win the award
    2
    a) ( refl) ( hacer para sí) ‹café/falda› to make oneself;




    se hizo la cirugía estética she had plastic surgery
    3 ( causarse):
    ◊ ¿qué te hiciste en el brazo? what did you do to your arm?;

    ¿te hiciste daño? did you hurt yourself?
    4 ( refiriéndose a necesidades fisiológicas):
    ◊ todavía se hace pis/caca (fam) she still wets/messes herself

    5 ( refl) ( adquirir) to make;

    1
    a) (volverse, convertirse en) to become;


    se están haciendo viejos they are getting o growing old
    b) ( resultar):



    (+ me/te/le etc)

    se me hace difícil creerlo I find it very hard to believe
    c) ( impers):


    se está haciendo tarde it's getting late
    d) ( cocinarse) [pescado/guiso] to cook

    e) (AmL) ( pasarle a):

    ◊ ¿qué se habrá hecho María? what can have happened to María?

    2 ( acostumbrarse) hechose a algo to get used to sth
    3 ( fingirse):

    ¿es bobo o se (lo) hace? (fam) is he stupid or just a good actor? (colloq);
    hechose pasar por algn (por periodista, doctor) to pass oneself off as sb
    4 ( moverse) (+ compl) to move;

    5
    ◊ hacerse de (AmL) (de fortuna, dinero) to get;


    ( de amigos) to make
    hecho 1
    ◊ - cha pp [ ver tb hacer]

    1 ( manufacturado) made;

    un traje hecho a (la) medida a made-to-measure suit;
    bien/mal hecho well/badly made
    2 ( refiriéndose a acción):
    ◊ ¡bien hecho! well done!;

    no le avisé — pues mal hecho I didn't let him know — well you should have (done);
    lo hecho, hecho está what's done is done
    3 ( convertido en):

    tú estás hecho un vago you've become o turned into a lazy devil
    ■ adjetivo

    b) ( terminado) ‹ trabajo› done

    c) (esp Esp) ‹ carne› done;

    ◊ un filete muy/poco hecho a well-done/rare steak

    hecho 2 sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (acto, acción):

    ◊ yo quiero hechos I want action, I want something done;

    demuéstramelo con hechos prove it to me by doing something about it
    b) (suceso, acontecimiento) event;


    2 (realidad, verdad) fact;

    hacer
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (crear, fabricar, construir) to make
    hacer un jersey, to make a sweater
    hacer un puente, to build a bridge
    2 (una acción) to do: eso no se hace, it isn't done
    haz lo que quieras, do what you want
    ¿qué estás haciendo?, (en este momento) what are you doing?
    (para vivir) what do you do (for a living)?
    hace atletismo, he does athletics
    hacer una carrera/ medicina, to do a degree/ medicine
    3 (amigos, dinero) to make
    4 (obligar, forzar) to make: hazle entrar en razón, make him see reason
    5 (causar, provocar) to make: ese hombre me hace reír, that man makes me laugh
    estos zapatos me hacen daño, these shoes are hurting me
    no hagas llorar a tu hermana, don't make your sister cry
    6 (arreglar) to make
    hacer la cama, to make the bed
    hacer la casa, to do the housework
    7 Mat (sumar, dar como resultado) to make: y con éste hacen cincuenta, and that makes fifty
    8 (producir una impresión) to make... look: ese vestido la hace mayor, that dress makes her look older
    9 (en sustitución de otro verbo) to do: cuido mi jardín, me gusta hacerlo, I look after my garden, I like doing it
    10 (representar) to play: Juan hizo un papel en Fuenteovejuna, Juan played a part in Fuenteovejuna
    11 (actuar como) to play: no hagas el tonto, don't play the fool
    12 (suponer) te hacía en casa, I thought you were at home
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (en el teatro, etc) to play: hizo de Electra, she played Electra
    2 ( hacer por + infinitivo) to try to: hice por ayudar, I tried to help
    3 (simular) to pretend: hice como si no lo conociera, I acted as if I didn't know him
    4 fam (venir bien, convenir) to be suitable: si te hace, nos vamos a verle mañana, if it's all right for you, we'll visit him tomorrow
    III verbo impersonal
    1 (tiempo transcurrido) ago: hace mucho (tiempo), a long time ago
    hace tres semanas que no veo la televisión, I haven't watched TV for three weeks
    hace tres años que comenzaron las obras, the building works started three years ago
    2 (condición atmosférica) hacía mucho frío, it was very cold
    ¿To make o to do?
    El significado básico del verbo to make es construir, fabricar algo juntando los componentes (aquí hacen unos pasteles maravillosos, they make marvellous cakes here), obligar (hazle callar, make him shut up) o convertir: Te hará más fuerte. It'll make you stronger. También se emplea en expresiones compuestas por palabras tales como dinero ( money), ruido ( a noise), cama ( the bed), esfuerzo ( an effort), promesa ( a promise), c omentario ( a comment), amor ( love), guerra ( war).
    El significado del verbo to do es cumplir o ejecutar una tarea o actividad, especialmente tratándose de los deportes y las tareas domésticas: Hago mis deberes por la noche. I do my homework in the evening. ¿Quién hace la plancha en tu casa? Who does the ironing in your house? También se emplea con palabras tales como deber ( duty), deportes ( sports), examen ( an exam), favor ( a favour), sumas ( sums).
    hecho,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (realizado) made, done: está muy bien hecho, it's really well done
    2 (acostumbrado) used: está hecho a trabajar en este clima, he's used to working in this climate
    3 (cocinado, cocido) done
    un filete muy/poco hecho, a well-cooked/rare steak
    4 (persona) mature
    5 (frase) set
    (ropa) ready-made
    II sustantivo masculino
    1 (suceso real) fact
    el hecho es que..., the fact is that...
    de hecho, in fact ➣ Ver nota en actually 2 (obra, acción) act, deed
    3 (acontecimiento, caso) event, incident
    III interj ¡hecho!, it's a deal! o all right!
    ' hecho' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acontecer
    - actual
    - asesinar
    - braga
    - bribón
    - bribona
    - buena
    - bueno
    - casera
    - casero
    - chapucera
    - chapucero
    - chapuza
    - chaval
    - chavala
    - como
    - conmoverse
    - considerable
    - consumada
    - consumado
    - Cristo
    - de
    - despeluchar
    - desvarío
    - dicha
    - dicho
    - documentalista
    - elemento
    - encubrir
    - entrar
    - exquisita
    - exquisito
    - fideo
    - fiera
    - flan
    - furia
    - haber
    - habilidosa
    - habilidoso
    - hallar
    - hecha
    - higo
    - hojalata
    - humanamente
    - incidencia
    - interdisciplinaria
    - interdisciplinario
    - jirón
    - jugarreta
    - lástima
    English:
    accept
    - action
    - actual
    - actually
    - adjust
    - admission
    - admit
    - advance
    - angry
    - appease
    - asbestos
    - bandwagon
    - bargain
    - basis
    - beat
    - by
    - challenge
    - cock-up
    - collar
    - come
    - confirm
    - cry
    - custom
    - cut out
    - damage
    - deal
    - decree
    - delay
    - deliberately
    - done
    - dream
    - effect
    - effectively
    - enforce
    - established
    - fact
    - failure
    - fait accompli
    - find out
    - fitted
    - freshly
    - fully-fledged
    - good
    - grown
    - gumbo
    - hand
    - handmade
    - however
    - hurried
    - in
    * * *
    hecho, -a
    ♦ participio
    ver hacer
    ♦ adj
    1. [llevado a cabo]
    hecho a mano handmade;
    hecho a máquina machine-made;
    una película bien hecha a well-made film;
    ¡eso está hecho! it's a deal!, you're on!;
    ¡bien hecho! well done!;
    ¡mal hecho, me tenías que haber avisado! you were wrong not to tell me!;
    ¿me podrás conseguir entradas? – ¡eso está hecho! will you be able to get me tickets? – it's as good as done!;
    lo hecho, hecho está what is done is done;
    Fam
    a lo hecho, pecho: no me gusta, pero a lo hecho, pecho I don't like it, but what's done is done;
    tú lo hiciste, así que a lo hecho, pecho you did it, so you'll have to take what's coming
    2. [acabado] mature;
    una mujer hecha y derecha a fully grown woman;
    estás hecho un artista you've become quite an artist
    3. [carne, pasta] done;
    quiero el filete muy hecho/poco hecho I'd like my steak well done/rare
    4. [acostumbrado]
    estar hecho a algo/a hacer algo to be used to sth/to doing sth;
    está hecha a la dureza del clima she's used to the harsh climate;
    no estoy hecho a levantarme tan temprano I'm not used to getting up so early
    5. Andes, RP Fam
    estar hecho [en condiciones] to have it all;
    con la compra de estos zapatos creo que estoy hecho after buying these shoes I think I've got everything I need;
    me faltan dos materias de la carrera y estoy hecha I need to do two more subjects in my degree and that's me done
    ♦ nm
    1. [suceso] event;
    los hechos tuvieron lugar de madrugada the events took place in the early morning;
    el cuerpo de la víctima fue retirado del lugar de los hechos the victim's body was removed from the scene of the crime
    hecho consumado fait accompli
    2. [realidad, dato] fact;
    el hecho de que seas el jefe no te da derecho a comportarte así just because you're the boss doesn't mean you have the right to behave like that;
    es un hecho indiscutido que… it is an indisputable fact that…;
    el hecho es que… the fact is that…;
    hecho ineludible fact of life
    3. [obra] action, deed;
    sus hechos hablan por él his actions speak for him;
    queremos hechos, y no promesas we want action, not promises
    los Hechos de los Apóstoles the Acts of the Apostles; Mil hecho de armas feat of arms
    4.
    de hecho [en realidad] in fact, actually;
    claro que lo conozco, de hecho, fuimos juntos al colegio of course I know him, indeed o in fact we actually went to school together
    5. [en la práctica] de facto;
    es el presidente de hecho he's the de facto president
    ♦ interj
    it's a deal!, you're on!;
    te lo vendo por un millón – ¡hecho! I'll sell it to you for a million – done! o it's a deal!
    * * *
    I part → hacer; ( confeccionado)
    :
    hecho a mano hand-made;
    un traje hecho an off-the-peg suit;
    muy hecho carne well-done;
    ¡bien hecho! well done!;
    ¡hecho!, ¡eso está hecho ! done!, it’s a deal!;
    a lo hecho, pecho what’s done is done
    II adj finished;
    un hombre hecho y derecho a fully grown man
    III m
    1 ( realidad) fact;
    de hecho in fact;
    el hecho es que the fact is that
    2 ( suceso) event
    3 ( obra) action, deed;
    un hecho consumado a fait accompli
    * * *
    hecho, - cha adj
    1) : made, done
    2) : ready-to-wear
    3) : complete, finished
    hecho y derecho: full-fledged
    hecho nm
    1) : fact
    2) : event
    hechos históricos: historic events
    3) : act, action
    4)
    de hecho : in fact, in reality
    * * *
    hecho1 adj
    ¿de qué está hecho? what's it made of?
    2. (cocinado) done
    ¡bien hecho! well done!
    ¡hecho! done!
    hecho2 n
    1. (en general) fact
    2. (acto) action
    demuéstraselo con hechos y no con palabras prove it with actions, not words

    Spanish-English dictionary > hecho

  • 103 relation

    relation [ʀ(ə)lasjɔ̃]
    1. feminine noun
       a. ( = rapport) relationship
    • c'est sans relation avec... it bears no relation to...
       b. ( = personne) acquaintance
    2. plural feminine noun
    • avoir de bonnes relations/des relations amicales avec qn to have a good/friendly relationship with sb
    • être/rester en relation(s) avec qn to be/keep in touch with sb
    • entrer or se mettre en relation(s) avec qn to get in touch with sb
    * * *
    ʀ(ə)lasjɔ̃
    1.
    1) ( rapport) connection ( avec with; entre between)

    faire la relation avec quelque chose/quelqu'un — to make the connection with something/somebody

    2) ( personne) acquaintance
    3) ( personne puissante) connection
    4) ( lien) relationship ( avec with; entre between)

    être/entrer en relation avec quelqu'un — to be/to get in touch with somebody

    5) Mathématique relation

    2.
    relations nom féminin pluriel ( échanges) relations ( avec with)
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    ʀ(ə)lasjɔ̃
    1. nf
    1) (entre choses) (= rapport) connection

    il n'y a aucune relation entre... et... — there is no connection between... and...

    n'avoir aucune relation avec qch — to have no connection with sth, to bear no relation to sth

    2) (entre personnes) (= contact) contact

    être en relation avec — to be in contact with, to be dealing with

    3) (= récit) [événements] account
    2. relations nfpl
    1) (= rapports) relations

    Nous avons toujours eu de très bonnes relations. — We have always had very good relations.

    2)

    avoir des relations (= connaître des gens influents) — to have connections

    * * *
    A nf
    1 ( rapport) connection (avec with); il n'y a aucune relation entre les deux affaires there is no connection between the two cases; faire la relation entre deux événements to make the connection between two events; je n'avais pas fait la relation entre les deux I hadn't made the connection between the two; faire la relation avec qch/qn to make the connection with sth/sb; un projet établi en relation avec l'industrie a project set up in partnership with industry;
    2 ( personne) acquaintance; c'est une de mes relations he/she is an acquaintance of mine; une vague relation a vague acquaintance; des relations d'affaires business acquaintances; renouer avec d'anciennes relations to catch up with some old acquaintances;
    3 ( personne puissante) connection; avoir des relations to have connections; obtenir qch grâce à ses or par relations to obtain sth through one's connections;
    4 ( lien) relationship (avec with; entre between); une relation amicale/sentimentale a friendly/romantic relationship; entretenir/avoir de bonnes relations avec qn to keep up/to have a good relationship with sb; avoir une relation très conflictuelle/tendre avec qn to have a very stormy/tender relationship with sb; la relation parent-enfant/médecin-patient the parent-child/doctor-patient relationship; être/entrer en relation avec qn to be/get in touch with sb; être en relation d'affaires avec qn to have business dealings with sb; mettre deux personnes en relation to put two people in contact ou touch (with each other);
    5 Math relation; relation d'équivalence equivalence relation.
    B relations nfpl ( échanges) relations (avec with); les relations culturelles/diplomatiques/commerciales cultural/diplomatic/trade relations; ministre chargé des relations avec le Parlement minister responsible for organizing parliamentary agenda.
    relations extérieures Pol foreign affairs; relations publiques public relations; relations sexuelles sexual relations.
    [rəlasjɔ̃] nom féminin
    1. [corrélation] relationship, connection
    relation de cause à effet relation ou relationship of cause and effect
    mettre deux questions en relation l'une avec l'autre, faire la relation entre deux questions to make the connection between ou to connect two questions
    c'est sans relation avec..., il n'y a aucune relation avec... there's no connection with..., it's nothing to do with...
    2. [rapport] relationship
    les relations sino-japonaises relations between China and Japan, Sino-Japanese relations
    en excellentes/mauvaises relations avec ses collègues on excellent/bad terms with one's colleagues
    entrer en relation avec quelqu'un [le contacter] to get in touch ou to make contact with somebody
    mettre quelqu'un en relation avec un ami/une organisation to put somebody in touch with a friend/an organization
    a. [généralement] dealings between people
    3. [connaissance] acquaintance
    5. (soutenu) [compte rendu] relation, narration

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > relation

  • 104 relief

    relief [ʀəljεf]
    masculine noun
    [de région] relief
    ► en relief [motif] in relief ; [caractères] raised ; [carte de visite] embossed ; [photographie, cinéma] three-dimensional
    • mettre en relief [+ intelligence, idée] to bring out ; [+ beauté, qualités] to set off
    * * *
    ʀəljɛf
    1.
    nom masculin
    1) Géographie relief [U]
    2) (de surface, paroi) relief [U]; (de médaille, monnaie) raised pattern

    en relief — [globe terrestre] in relief; [lettre, motif] raised

    mettre quelque chose en relief — to accentuate something, to throw something into relief

    3) ( profondeur) depth

    2.
    reliefs (dated) nom masculin pluriel ( de repas) leftovers
    * * *
    ʀəljɛf
    1. nm
    1) [paysage] landscape
    2)
    3) [pneu] tread pattern
    2. reliefs nmpl
    (= restes) remains
    * * *
    A nm
    1 Géog relief ¢; étude des reliefs montagneux study of mountain relief; le relief sous-marin the relief of the sea bed; un relief accidenté/monotone a hilly/an unrelieved landscape; région au relief accidenté mountainous region;
    2 (de surface, paroi) relief ¢; (de médaille, monnaie) raised pattern; globe terrestre en relief globe of the world in relief; carte en relief relief map; lettres/motifs en relief embossed letters/patterns; le braille est une écriture en relief Braille is a type of raised ou relief script; mettre qch en relief to accentuate sth, to throw sth into relief;
    3 Archit, Art ( en sculpture) relief;
    4 ( profondeur) depth; l'effet de relief est bien rendu dans ce tableau the effect of depth is well done in this painting;
    5 ( caractère) personnage qui manque de relief one-dimensional ou flat character; donner du relief à un discours/texte to enliven a speech/text;
    6 Cin, Phot cinéma/photographie en relief three-dimensional cinema/photography.
    B reliefs† nmpl ( de repas) leftovers.
    [rəljɛf] nom masculin
    1. ART & GÉOGRAPHIE & OPTIQUE relief
    2. [contraste] relief, highlight
    ————————
    reliefs nom masculin pluriel
    les reliefs [d'un repas] the remnants ou leftovers
    ————————
    en relief locution adjectivale
    ART & IMPRIMERIE relief (modificateur), raised
    motif en relief raised design, design in relief
    ————————
    en relief locution adverbiale
    [en valeur]

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > relief

  • 105 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 106 Lawes, Sir John Bennet

    [br]
    b. 28 December 1814 Rothamsted, Hertfordshire, England
    d. 31 August 1900 Rothamsted, Hertfordshire, England
    [br]
    English scientific agriculturalist.
    [br]
    Lawes's education at Eton and Oxford did little to inform his early taste for chemistry, which he developed largely on his own. By the age of 20 he had fitted up the best bedroom in his house as a fully equipped chemical laboratory. His first interest was in the making of drugs; it was said that he knew the Pharmacopoeia, by heart. He did, however, receive some instruction from Anthony Todd Thomson of University College, London. His father having died in 1822, Lawes entered into possession of the Rothamsted estate when he came of age in 1834. He began experiments with plants with uses as drugs, but following an observation by a neighbouring farmer of the effect of bones on the growth of certain crops Lawes turned to experiments with bones dissolved in sulphuric acid on his turnip crop. The results were so promising that he took out a patent in 1842 for converting mineral and fossil phosphates into a powerful manure by the action of sulphuric acid. The manufacture of these superphosphates became a major industry of tremendous benefit to agriculture. Lawes himself set up a factory at Deptford in 1842 and a larger one in 1857 at Barking Creek, both near London. The profits from these and other chemical manufacturing concerns earned Lawes profits which funded his experimental work at Rothamsted. In 1843, Lawes set up the world's first agricultural experiment station. Later in the same year he was joined by Joseph Henry Gilbert, and together they carried out a considerable number of experiments of great benefit to agriculture, many of the results of which were published in the leading scientific journals of the day, including the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. In all, 132 papers were published, most of them jointly with Gilbert. A main theme of the work on plants was the effect of various chemical fertilizers on the growth of different crops, compared with the effects of farm manure and of no treatment at all. On animal rearing, they studied particularly the economical feeding of animals.
    The work at Rothamsted soon brought Lawes into prominence; he joined the Royal Agricultural Society in 1846 and became a member of its governing body two years later, a position he retained for over fifty years. Numerous distinctions followed and Rothamsted became a place of pilgrimage for people from many parts of the world who were concerned with the application of science to agriculture. Rothamsted's jubilee in 1893 was marked by a public commemoration headed by the Prince of Wales.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Baronet 1882. FRS 1854. Royal Society Royal Medal (jointly with Gilbert) 1867.
    Further Reading
    Memoir with portrait published in J. Roy. Agric. Soc. Memoranda of the origin, plan and results of the field and other experiments at Rothamsted, issued annually by the Lawes Agricultural Trust Committee, with a list of Lawes's scientific papers.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Lawes, Sir John Bennet

  • 107 в

    аварийная ситуация в полете
    in-flight emergency
    аварийное табло в кабине экипажа
    cabin emergency light
    аварийный клапан сброса давления в системе кондиционирования
    conditioned air emergency valve
    автоматическая информация в районе аэродрома
    automatic terminal information
    автомат тяги в системе автопилота
    autopilot auto throttle
    аэровокзал в форме полумесяца
    crescent-shaped terminal
    аэродинамическая труба для испытаний на сваливание в штопор
    spin wind tunnel
    аэродинамическая труба для испытания моделей в натуральную величину
    full-scale wind tunnel
    балансировка в горизонтальном полете
    horizontal trim
    балансировка в полете
    operational trim
    безопасная дистанция в полете
    in-flight safe distance
    билет в одном направлении
    one-way ticket
    билет на полет в одном направлении
    single ticket
    боковой обзор в полете
    sideway inflight view
    в аварийной обстановке
    in emergency
    введение в вираж
    banking
    введение в действие пассажирских и грузовых тарифов
    fares and rates enforcement
    ввод в эксплуатацию
    introduction into service
    вводить воздушное судно в крен
    roll in the aircraft
    вводить в штопор
    put into the spin
    вводить в эксплуатацию
    1. go into service
    2. come into operation 3. place in service 4. enter service 5. introduce into service 6. put in service 7. put in operation вводить шестерни в зацепление
    mesh gears
    в воздухе
    1. up
    2. aloft вентилятор в кольцевом обтекателе
    duct fan
    вертолет в режиме висения
    hovering helicopter
    верхний обзор в полете
    upward inflight view
    ветер в верхних слоях атмосферы
    1. upper wind
    2. aloft wind ветер в направлении курса полета
    tailwind
    в заданном диапазоне
    within the range
    в западном направлении
    westward
    взлет в условиях плохой видимости
    low visibility takeoff
    в зоне влияния земли
    in ground effect
    в зоне действия луча
    on the beam
    видимость в полете
    flight visibility
    видимость в пределах допуска
    marginal visibility
    видимость у земли в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome ground visibility
    визуальная оценка расстояния в полете
    distance assessment
    визуальный контакт в полете
    flight visual contact
    визуальный ориентир в полете
    flight visual cue
    в интересах безопасности
    in interests of safety
    висение в зоне влияния земли
    hovering in the ground effect
    вихрь в направлении линии полета
    line vortex
    в конце участка
    at the end of segment
    (полета) в конце хода
    at the end of stroke
    (поршня) в конце цикла
    at the end of
    в начале участка
    at the start of segment
    (полета) в начале цикла
    at the start of cycle
    в обратном направлении
    backward
    в ожидании разрешения
    pending clearance
    возвращаться в пункт вылета
    fly back
    воздух в пограничном слое
    boundary-layer air
    воздух в турбулентном состоянии
    rough air
    воздухозаборник в нижней части фюзеляжа
    belly intake
    воздушная обстановка в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome air picture
    воздушное судно в зоне ожидания
    holding aircraft
    воздушное судно в полете
    1. making way aircraft
    2. aircraft on flight 3. in-flight aircraft воздушное судно, дозаправляемое в полете
    receiver aircraft
    воздушное судно, занесенное в реестр
    aircraft on register
    воздушное судно, находящееся в воздухе
    airborne aircraft
    воздушное судно, находящееся в эксплуатации владельца
    owner-operated aircraft
    воздушное судно, нуждающееся в помощи
    aircraft requiring assistance
    воздушное судно, прибывающее в конечный аэропорт
    terminating aircraft
    в подветренную сторону
    alee
    в поле зрения
    in sight
    в пределах
    within the frame of
    в процессе взлета
    during takeoff
    в процессе полета
    1. while in flight
    2. in flight в процессе руления
    while taxiing
    в рабочем состоянии
    operational
    в режиме
    in mode
    в режиме большого шага
    in coarse pitch
    в режиме готовности
    in alert
    в режиме малого шага
    in fine pitch
    в режиме самоориентирования
    when castoring
    время в рейсе
    1. chock-to-chock time
    2. ramp-to-ramp time 3. block-to-block hours 4. block-to-block time 5. ramp-to-ramp hours время налета в ночных условиях
    night flying time
    время налета в часах
    hour's flying time
    время фактического нахождения в воздухе
    actual airborne time
    в ряд
    abreast
    в случае задержки
    in the case of delay
    в случае происшествия
    in the event of a mishap
    в случая отказа
    in the event of malfunction
    в соответствии с техническими условиями
    in conformity with the specifications
    в состоянии бедствия
    in distress
    в состоянии готовности
    when under way
    в условиях обтекания
    airflow conditions
    в хвостовой части
    1. abaft
    2. aft вход в зону аэродрома
    1. entry into the aerodrome zone
    2. inward flight входить в глиссаду
    gain the glide path
    входить в зону глиссады
    reach the glide path
    входить в круг движения
    enter the traffic circuit
    входить в облачность
    enter clouds
    входить в разворот
    1. roll into the turn
    2. initiate the turn 3. enter the turn входить в условия
    penetrate conditions
    входить в штопор
    enter the spin
    входить в этап выравнивания
    entry into the flare
    вхожу в круг
    on the upwind leg
    в целях безопасности
    for reasons of safety
    выполнять полет в зоне ожидания
    hold over the aids
    выполнять полет в определенных условиях
    fly under conditions
    выполнять полет в режиме ожидания над аэродромом
    hold over the beacon
    выполнять установленный порядок действий в аварийной ситуации
    execute an emergency procedure
    выравнивание в линию горизонта
    levelling-off
    выравнивание при входе в створ ВПП
    runway alignment
    высота в зоне ожидания
    holding altitude
    высота в кабине
    cabin pressure
    высота плоскости ограничения препятствий в зоне взлета
    takeoff surface level
    высота полета в зоне ожидания
    holding flight level
    высотомер, показания которого выведены в ответчик
    squawk altimeter
    выход в равносигнальную зону
    bracketing
    в эксплуатации
    in service
    в эксплуатацию
    in operation
    гасить скорость в полете
    decelerate in the flight
    головокружение при полете в сплошной облачности
    cloud vertigo
    горизонт, видимый в полете
    in-flight apparent horizon
    господство в воздухе
    air supremacy
    граница высот повторного запуска в полете
    inflight restart envelope
    грубая ошибка в процессе полета
    in flight blunder
    груз, сброшенный в полете
    jettisoned load in flight
    давление в аэродинамической трубе
    wind-tunnel pressure
    давление в кабине
    cabin pressure
    давление в невозмущенном потоке
    undisturbed pressure
    давление в свободном потоке
    free-stream pressure
    давление в системе подачи топлива
    fuel supply pressure
    давление в системе стояночного тормоза
    perking pressure
    давление в скачке уплотнения
    shock pressure
    давление в спутной струе
    wake pressure
    давление в топливном баке
    tank pressure
    давление в тормозной системе
    brake pressure
    давление в точке отбора
    tapping pressure
    давление на входе в воздухозаборник
    air intake pressure
    дальность видимости в полете
    flight visual range
    дальность полета в невозмущенной атмосфере
    still-air flight range
    данные в узлах координатной сетки
    grid-point data
    данные о результатах испытания в воздухе
    air data
    двигатель, расположенный в крыле
    in-wing mounted
    двигатель, установленный в мотогондоле
    naccele-mounted engine
    двигатель, установленный в отдельной гондоле
    podded engine
    двигатель, установленный в фюзеляже
    in-board engine
    движение в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome traffic
    движение в зоне аэропорта
    airport traffic
    действия в момент касания ВПП
    touchdown operations
    делать отметку в свидетельстве
    endorse the license
    делитель потока в заборном устройстве
    inlet splitter
    держать шарик в центре
    keep the ball centered
    дозаправка топливом в полете
    air refuelling
    дозаправлять топливом в полете
    refuel in flight
    допуск к работе в качестве пилота
    act as a pilot authority
    доставка пассажиров в аэропорт вылета
    pickup service
    единый тариф на полет в двух направлениях
    two-way fare
    завоевывать господство в воздухе
    gain the air supremacy
    задатчик высоты в кабине
    cabin altitude selector
    задержка в базовом аэропорту
    terminal delay
    зал таможенного досмотра в аэропорту
    airport customs room
    замер в полете
    inflight measurement
    заносить воздушное судно в реестр
    enter the aircraft
    запись вибрации в полете
    inflight vibration recording
    запись в формуляре
    log book entry
    запись переговоров в кабине экипажа
    cockpit voice recording
    запускать воздушное судно в производство
    put the aircraft into production
    запускать двигатель в полете
    restart the engine in flight
    запуск в воздухе
    1. air starting
    2. airstart запуск в полете
    inflight starting
    запуск в полете без включения стартера
    inflight nonassisted starting
    запуск в режиме авторотации
    windmill starting
    заход на посадку в режиме планирования
    gliding approach
    заход на посадку в условиях ограниченной видимости
    low-visibility approach
    зона движения в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome traffic zone
    изменение направления ветра в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome wind shift
    измерение шума в процессе летных испытаний
    flight test noise measurement
    иметь место в полете
    be experienced in flight
    имитация в полете
    inflight simulation
    имитация полета в натуральных условиях
    full-scale flight
    индекс опознавания в коде ответчика
    squawk ident
    индикатор обстановки в вертикальной плоскости
    vertical-situation indicator
    инструктаж при аварийной обстановке в полете
    inflight emergency instruction
    искусственные сооружения в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome culture
    испытание в аэродинамической трубе
    wind-tunnel test
    испытание в воздухе
    air trial
    испытание в гидроканале
    towing basing test
    испытание в двухмерном потоке
    two-dimensional flow test
    испытание вертолета в условиях снежного и пыльного вихрей
    rotocraft snow and dust test
    испытание воздушного судна в термобарокамере
    aircraft environmental test
    испытание в реальных условиях
    direct test
    испытание в режиме висения
    hovering test
    испытание в свободном полете
    free-flight test
    испытание двигателя в полете
    inflight engine test
    испытания в барокамере
    altitude-chamber test
    испытания по замеру нагрузки в полете
    flight stress measurement tests
    испытываемый в полете
    under flight test
    испытывать в полете
    test in flight
    исследование конфликтной ситуации в воздушном движении
    air conflict search
    канал в ступице турбины
    turbine bore
    канал передачи данных в полете
    flight data link
    карта особых явлений погоды в верхних слоях атмосферы
    high level significant weather chart
    кнопка запуска двигателя в воздухе
    flight restart button
    кок винта в сборе
    cone assy
    компенсация за отказ в перевозке
    denied boarding compensation
    компоновка кресел в салоне первого класса
    first-class seating
    компоновка кресел в салоне смешанного класса
    mixed-class seating
    компоновка кресел в салоне туристического класса
    economy-class seating
    компоновка приборной доски в кабине экипажа
    cockpit panel layout
    контракт на обслуживание в аэропорту
    airport handling contract
    контроль в зоне
    area watch
    контур уровня шума в районе аэропорта
    airport noise contour
    концевой выключатель в системе воздушного судна
    aircraft limit switch
    кривая в полярной системе координат
    polar curve
    крутящий момент воздушного винта в режиме авторотации
    propeller windmill torque
    курс в зоне ожидания
    holding course
    летать в курсовом режиме
    fly heading mode
    летать в режиме бреющего полета
    fly at a low level
    летать в светлое время суток
    fly by day
    летать в строю
    fly in formation
    летать в темное время суток
    fly at night
    летать по приборам в процессе тренировок
    fly under screen
    лететь в северном направлении
    fly northbound
    летная подготовка в условиях, приближенных к реальным
    line oriental flight training
    линия руления воздушного судна в зоне стоянки
    aircraft stand taxilane
    люк в крыле
    wing manhole
    маневр в полете
    inflight manoeuvre
    маршрут перехода в эшелона на участок захода на посадку
    feeder route
    маршрут полета в направлении от вторичных радиосредств
    track from secondary radio facility
    меры безопасности в полете
    flight safety precautions
    метеоусловия в пределах допуска
    marginal weather
    механизм для создания условий полета в нестабильной атмосфере
    rough air mechanism
    механизм открытия защелки в полете
    mechanical flight release latch
    мешать обзору в полете
    obscure inflight view
    набор высоты в крейсерском режиме
    cruise climb
    навигация в зоне подхода
    approach navigation
    нагрузка в полете
    flight load
    нагрузка в полете от поверхности управления
    flight control load
    надежность в полете
    inflight reliability
    направление в сторону подъема
    up-slope direction
    направление в сторону уклона
    down-slope direction
    направляющийся в
    bound for
    наработка в часах
    1. running hours
    2. endurance hours на участке маршрута в восточном направлении
    on the eastbound leg
    необходимые меры предосторожности в полете
    flight reasonable precautions
    неожиданное препятствие в полете
    hidden flight hazard
    неправильно оцененное расстояние в полете
    misjudged flight distance
    неправильно принятое в полете решение
    improper in-flight decision
    нижний обзор в полете
    downward inflight view
    носитель информации в виде металлической ленты
    metal tape medium
    носитель информации в виде пластиковой пленки
    plastic tape medium
    носитель информации в виде фольги
    engraved foil medium
    носитель информации в виде фотопленки
    photographic paper medium
    обзор в полете
    inflight view
    оборудование для полетов в темное время суток
    night-flying equipment
    обслуживание в процессе стоянки
    standing operation
    обслуживание пассажиров в городском аэровокзале
    city-terminal coach service
    обучение в процессе полетов
    flying training
    объем воздушных перевозка в тоннах груза
    airlift tonnage
    обязанности экипажа в аварийной обстановке
    crew emergency duty
    обязательно к выполнению в соответствии со статьей
    be compulsory Article
    ограничения, указанные в свидетельстве
    license limitations
    ожидание в процессе полета
    hold en-route
    опознавание в полете
    aerial identification
    опробование систем управления в кабине экипажа
    cockpit drill
    опыт работы в авиации
    aeronautical experience
    органы управления в кабине экипажа
    flight compartment controls
    осадки в виде крупных хлопьев снега
    snow grains precipitation
    осадки в виде ледяных крупинок
    ice pellets precipitation
    ослабление видимости в атмосфере
    atmospheric attenuation
    ослабление сигналов в атмосфере
    atmospheric loss
    ослаблять давление в пневматике
    deflate the tire
    осмотр в конце рабочего дня
    daily inspection
    особые меры в полете
    in-flight extreme care
    оставаться в горизонтальном положении
    remain level
    отводить воздух в атмосферу
    discharge air overboard
    отказ в перевозке
    1. denial of carriage
    2. denied boarding 3. bumping отработка действий на случай аварийной обстановки в аэропорту
    aerodrome emergency exercise
    отражатель в механизме реверса тяги
    power reversal ejector
    отсутствие ветра в районе
    aerodrome calm
    оценка пилотом ситуации в полете
    pilot judgement
    ошибка в настройке
    alignment error
    падение в перевернутом положении
    tip-over fall
    парить в воздухе
    sail
    перебои в зажигании
    misfire
    перебои в работе двигателя
    1. rough engine operations
    2. engine trouble переводить воздушное судно в горизонтальный полет
    put the aircraft over
    перевозка с оплатой в кредит
    collect transportation
    передача в пункте стыковки авиарейсов
    interline transfer
    передвижной диспетчерский пункт в районе ВПП
    runway control van
    передний обзор в полете
    forward inflight view
    переход в режим горизонтального полета
    puchover
    переходить в режим набора высоты
    entry into climb
    повторный запуск в полете
    flight restart
    подача топлива в систему воздушного судна
    aircraft fuel supply
    подниматься в воздух
    ago aloft
    пожар в отсеке шасси
    wheel-well fire
    поиск в условном квадрате
    square search
    полет в восточном направлении
    eastbound flight
    полет в зоне ожидания
    1. holding
    2. holding flight полет в направлении на станцию
    flight inbound the station
    полет в направлении от станции
    flight outbound the station
    полет в невозмущенной атмосфере
    still-air flight
    полет в нормальных метеоусловиях
    normal weather operation
    полет в обоих направлениях
    back-to-back flight
    полет в одном направлении
    one-way flight
    полет в пределах континента
    coast-to-coast flight
    полет в режиме висения
    hover flight
    полет в режиме ожидания
    holding operation
    полет в режиме ожидания на маршруте
    holding en-route operation
    полет в связи с особыми обстоятельствами
    special event flight
    полет в сложных метеоусловиях
    bad-weather flight
    полет в строю
    formation flight
    полет в условиях болтанки
    1. bumpy-air flight
    2. turbulent flight полет в условиях отсутствия видимости
    nonvisual flight
    полет в условиях плохой видимости
    low-visibility flight
    полет в установленной зоне
    standoff flight
    полет в установленном секторе
    sector flight
    полетное время, продолжительность полета в данный день
    flying time today
    полет по кругу в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome traffic circuit operation
    полет с дозаправкой топлива в воздухе
    refuelling flight
    полеты в районе открытого моря
    off-shore operations
    полеты в светлое время суток
    daylight operations
    полеты в темное время суток
    night operations
    положение амортизатора в обжатом состоянии
    shock strut compressed position
    положение в воздушном пространстве
    air position
    помпаж в воздухозаборнике
    air intake surge
    попадание в порыв ветра
    gust penetration
    попадание в турбулентность
    turbulence penetration
    порядок действий в аварийной обстановке
    emergency procedure
    порядок эксплуатации в зимних условиях
    snow plan
    посадка в режиме авторотации в выключенным двигателем
    power-off autorotative landing
    посадка в светлое время суток
    day landing
    посадка в сложных метеоусловиях
    bad weather landing
    посадка в темное время суток
    night landing
    потери в воздухозаборнике
    intake losses
    поток в промежуточных аэродромах
    pick-up traffic
    потолок в режиме висения
    hovering ceiling
    правила полета в аварийной обстановке
    emergency flight procedures
    представлять в закодированном виде
    submit in code
    предупреждение столкновений в воздухе
    mid air collision control
    препятствие в зоне захода на посадку
    approach area hazard
    препятствие в районе аэропорта
    airport hazard
    прибывать в зону аэродрома
    arrive over the aerodrome
    приведение в действие
    actuation
    приведение эшелонов в соответствие
    correlation of levels
    приводить в действие
    actuate
    приводить воздушное судно в состояние летной годности
    return an aircraft to flyable status
    приводить в рабочее состояние
    prepare for service
    приводить в состояние готовности
    alert to
    пригодный для полета только в светлое время суток
    available for daylight operation
    приспособление для захвата объектов в процессе полета
    flight pick-up equipment
    проверено в полете
    flight checked
    проверка в кабине экипажа
    cockpit check
    проверка в полете
    flight check
    проверка в процессе облета
    flyby check
    прогноз в графическом изображении
    pictorial forecast
    продолжительность в режиме висения
    hovering endurance
    продувать в аэродинамической трубе
    test in the wind tunnel
    производить посадку в самолет
    emplane
    происшествие в районе аэропорта
    airport-related accident
    прокладка в системе двигателя
    engine gasket
    прокладка маршрута в районе аэродрома
    terminal routing
    пропуск на вход в аэропорт
    airport laissez-passer
    просвет в облачности
    cloud gap
    пространственная ориентация в полете
    inflight spatial orientation
    пространственное положение в момент удара
    attitude at impact
    противобликовая защита в кабине
    cabin glare protection
    профиль волны в свободном поле
    free-field signature
    профиль местности в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome ground profile
    пружина распора в выпущенном положении
    downlock bungee spring
    (опоры шасси) пункт назначения, указанный в авиабилете
    ticketed destination
    пункт назначения, указанный в купоне авиабилета
    coupon destination
    работа в режиме запуска двигателя
    engine start mode
    работа только в режиме приема
    receiving only
    радиолокационный обзор в полете
    inflight radar scanning
    радиус действия радиолокатора в режиме поиска
    radar search range
    разворот в процессе планирования
    gliding turn
    разворот в режиме висения
    hovering turn
    разворот в сторону приближения
    inbound turn
    разворот в сторону удаления
    outbound turn
    размещать в воздушном судне
    fill an aircraft with
    разница в тарифах по классам
    class differential
    разрешение в процессе полета по маршруту
    en-route clearance
    разрешение на полет в зоне ожидания
    holding clearance
    расстояние в милях
    mileage
    расстояние в милях между указанными в билете пунктами
    ticketed point mileage
    расчетное время в пути
    estimated time en-route
    регистрация в зале ожидания
    concourse check
    регулятор давления в кабине
    cabin pressure regulator
    режим воздушного потока в заборнике воздуха
    inlet airflow schedule
    режим малого газа в заданных пределах
    deadband idle
    речевой регистратор переговоров в кабине экипажа
    cockpit voice recorder
    руководство по производству полетов в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome rules
    рулежная дорожка в районе аэровокзала
    terminal taxiway
    сближение в полете
    air miss
    сваливание в штопор
    spin stall
    сдавать в багаж
    park in the baggage
    сдвиг ветра в зоне полета
    flight wind shear
    сигнал бедствия в коде ответчика
    squawk mayday
    сигнал входа в глиссаду
    on-slope signal
    сигнал действий в полете
    flight urgency signal
    сигнализация аварийной обстановки в полете
    air alert warning
    сигнал между воздушными судами в полете
    air-to-air signal
    сигнальные огни входа в створ ВПП
    runway alignment indicator lights
    система предупреждения конфликтных ситуаций в полете
    conflict alert system
    система распространения информации в определенные интервалы времени
    fixed-time dissemination system
    система регулирования температуры воздуха в кабине
    cabin temperature control system
    скольжение в направлении полета
    forwardslip
    скорость в условиях турбулентности
    1. rough-air speed
    2. rough airspeed скрытое препятствие в районе ВПП
    runway hidden hazard
    сложные метеоусловия в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome adverse weather
    служба управления движением в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome control service
    служба управления движением в зоне аэропорта
    airport traffic service
    смесеобразование в карбюраторе
    carburetion
    с момента ввода в эксплуатацию
    since placed in service
    снежный заряд в зоне полета
    inflight snow showers
    снижение в режиме авторотации
    autorotative descent
    снижение в режиме планирования
    gliding descent
    снижение в режиме торможения
    braked descent
    снимать груз в контейнере
    discharge the cargo
    событие в результате непреднамеренных действий
    unintentional occurrence
    совершать посадку в направлении ветра
    land downwind
    согласованность в действиях
    coherence
    списание девиации в полете
    airswinging
    списание девиации компаса в полете
    air compass swinging
    списание радиодевиации в полете
    airborne error measurement
    способность выполнять посадку в сложных метеорологических условиях
    all-weather landing capability
    срок службы в часах налета
    flying life
    срываться в штопор
    1. fall into the spin
    2. fail into the spin ставить в определенное положение
    pose
    столкновение в воздухе
    1. mid-air collision
    2. aerial collision схема в зоне ожидания
    holding pattern
    схема входа в диспетчерскую зону
    entry procedure
    схема входа в зону ожидания
    holding entry procedure
    схема движения в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome traffic pattern
    схема полета в зоне ожидания
    holding procedure
    схема полета по приборам в зоне ожидания
    instrument holding procedure
    счетчик пройденного километража в полете
    air-mileage indicator
    считывание показаний приборов в полете
    flight instrument reading
    тариф в местной валюте
    local currency fare
    тариф в одном направлении
    directional rate
    тариф для полета в одном направлении
    single fare
    тариф за перевозку грузов в специальном приспособлении для комплектования
    unit load device rate
    тариф на полет в ночное время суток
    night fare
    тариф на полет с возвратом в течение суток
    day round trip fare
    телесное повреждение в результате авиационного происшествия
    accident serious injury
    температура в данной точке
    local temperature
    температура воздуха в трубопроводе
    duct air temperature
    температура газов на входе в турбину
    turbine entry temperature
    температура на входе в турбину
    turbine inlet temperature
    траектория полета в зоне ожидания
    holding path
    трение в опорах
    bearing friction
    тренировка в барокамере
    altitude chamber drill
    турбулентность в атмосфере без облаков
    clear air turbulence
    турбулентность в облаках
    turbulence in clouds
    турбулентность в спутном следе
    wake turbulence
    тяга в полете
    flight thrust
    угроза применения взрывчатого устройства в полете
    inflight bomb threat
    удельный расход топлива на кг тяги в час
    thrust specific fuel consumption
    удерживать контакты в замкнутом положении
    hold contacts closed
    удостоверяющая запись в свидетельстве
    licence endorsement
    указания по условиям эксплуатации в полете
    inflight operational instructions
    указатель входа в створ ВПП
    runway alignment indicator
    указатель высоты в кабине
    cabin altitude indicator
    указатель местоположения в полете
    air position indicator
    указатель перепада давления в кабине
    cabin pressure indicator
    указатель уровня в баке
    tank level indicator
    уменьшение ограничений в воздушных перевозках
    air transport facilitation
    упаковывать в контейнере
    containerize
    упаковывать груз в контейнере
    containerize the cargo
    управление в зоне
    area control
    управление в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome control
    управление в зоне захода на посадку
    approach control
    уровень шума в населенном пункте
    community noise level
    уровень шумового фона в кабине экипажа
    flight deck aural environment
    уровень шумового фона в районе аэропорта
    acoustic airport environment
    уровень электролита в аккумуляторе
    battery electrolyte level
    усилие в системе управления
    control force
    условия в полете
    in-flight conditions
    условия в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome environment
    условия в районе ВПП
    runway environment
    условия нагружения в полете
    flight loading conditions
    условное обозначение в сообщении о ходе полета
    flight report identification
    условное обозначение события в полете
    flight occurrence identification
    устанавливать наличие воздушной пробки в системе
    determine air in a system
    установка в определенное положение
    positioning
    установка в положение для захода на посадку
    approach setting
    установленные обязанности в полете
    prescribed flight duty
    установленный в гондоле
    nacelle-mounted
    устойчивость в полете
    inflight stability
    устройство отображения информации в кабине экипажа
    cockpit display
    устройство разворота в нейтральное положение
    self-centering device
    уточнение плана полета по сведениям, полученным в полете
    inflight operational planning
    ухудшение в полете
    flight deterioration
    участие в расследовании
    participation in the investigation
    форма крыла в плане
    wing planform
    характеристика в зоне ожидания
    holding performance
    цифровая система наведения в полете
    digital flight guidance system
    чартерный рейс в связи с особыми обстоятельствами
    special event charter
    число оборотов в минуту
    revolutions per minute
    чрезвычайное обстоятельство в полете
    flight emergency circumstance
    шаг в режиме торможения
    braking pitch
    шасси, убирающееся в фюзеляж
    inward retracting landing gear
    шлиц в головке винта
    screw head slot
    эксплуатировать в заданных условиях
    operate under the conditions
    эксплуатировать в соответствии с техникой безопасности
    operate safety
    этапа полета в пределах одного государства
    domestic flight stage
    этап входа в глиссаду
    glide capture phase
    этап полета, указанный в полетном купоне
    flight coupon stage
    эшелонирование в зоне ожидание
    holding stack

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > в

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    агрегат с приводом от двигателя
    engine-driven unit
    блок индикатора отклонения от линии пути
    across track display unit
    боковое отклонение от курса
    across-track error
    вихрь от законцовки крыла
    wing-tip vortex
    вихрь от предыдущей лопасти
    leading blade vortex
    влияние отражения от поверхности земли
    ground reflection effect
    влияние спутной струи от воздушного винта
    slipstream effect
    внимание, отвлеченное от управления воздушным судном
    diverted attention from operation
    воздух, отбираемый от компрессора
    compressor-bleed air
    вредное воздействие шума от воздушных судов
    aircraft noise pollution
    генератор с приводом от двигателя
    engine-driven generator
    данные, полученные от наземных служб
    ground-derived data
    держаться на безопасном расстоянии от воздушного судна
    keep clear of the aircraft
    допустимый запас высоты от колес до порога ВПП
    threshold wheel clearance
    доход от перевозки грузов
    freight revenue
    доход от перевозки пассажиров
    passenger revenue
    доход от перевозки срочных грузов
    express revenue
    доход от эксплуатации
    1. operating revenue
    2. operating income заборник воздуха для надува топливных баков от скоростного напора
    ram air assembly
    зависимость коммерческой загрузки от дальности полета
    payload versus range
    завихрение от реактивной струи
    jet wash
    запуск от внешнего источника
    starting on external power
    защита воздушного судна от угона
    aircraft hijack protection
    защита от коррозии
    corrosion prevention
    защита от обледенения
    1. ice protection
    2. anti-icing защита от сдвига ветром
    wind-shear protection
    защитное устройство от повышения частоты
    underfrequency protection device
    защищенность от шума
    noise immunity
    зона, свободная от помех
    interference-free area
    зона, свободная от препятствий
    obstacle free zone
    индикатор отклонения от линии пути
    across track display
    Комитет по охране окружающей среды от воздействия авиации
    Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection
    кривая зависимости коммерческой от дальности полета
    payload-range curve
    линейное отклонение от курса
    along-track error
    линия ограничения отклонения от глиссады
    glide slope limit line
    линия отклонения от курса
    course curvature
    маршрут полета в направлении от вторичных радиосредств
    track from secondary radio facility
    нагрузка в полете от поверхности управления
    flight control load
    нагрузка от сопротивления
    resisting load
    несущий винт с приводом от двигателя
    power-driven rotor
    освобождение от таможенных формальностей
    customs formalities clearance
    освобождение от уплаты пошлины
    relief from duties
    отбирать воздух от компрессора
    tap air from the compressor
    отдавать ручку управления от себя
    push the control stick
    отдавать штурвал от себя
    push the control column
    отклонение от заданного курса
    deviation from the course
    отклонение от курса
    1. course shift
    2. course scalloping 3. course displacement отклонение от курса полета
    deviation
    отклонение от линии горизонтального полета
    deviation from the level flight
    отклонение от линии пути
    across-track displacement
    отклонение от прямого пути
    obliquity
    отклонение от технических условий
    departure from specifications
    отклонение от установленных стандартов
    departure from the standards
    отклоняться от
    diverge from
    отклоняться от глиссады
    deviate from the glide slope
    отклоняться от заданного курса
    deviate from the heading
    отклоняться от курса
    deviate
    отклоняться от плана полета
    deviate from the flight plan
    отпечаток от пневматики
    tire footprint
    отрывать воздушное судно от земли
    1. unstick the aircraft
    2. make the aircraft airborne отрываться от земли
    1. come clear of the ground
    2. get off отступать от установленных правил
    depart from the rules
    панорамный указатель отклонения от курса
    pictorial deviation indicator
    полет в направлении от станции
    flight outbound the station
    полоса, свободная от препятствий
    clearway
    помехи от авиационных объектов
    aviation-to-aviation type of interference
    помехи от авиационных средств связи
    air clutter
    помехи от давления
    pressure disturbance
    помехи от системы зажигания
    ignition noise
    помехи от смежного канала
    adjacent channel interference
    потери от трения
    drag penalties
    преждевременный отрыв от земли
    premature liftoff
    радиолокационное отражение от поверхности моря
    radar sea echo
    радиолокационное отражение от поверхности суши
    radar terrain echo
    разворот с креном от центра разворота
    outside turn
    раздражающее воздействие шума от воздушного суд
    aircraft noise annoyance
    расстояние бокового отклонения от курса
    cross track distance
    расстояние от воздушного судна до объекта на земле
    air-to-ground distance
    резкий отворот от линии курса
    breakaway manoeuvre
    сигнал отклонения от глиссады
    1. glide slope error
    2. off-slope signal сигнал отклонения от курса
    off-course signal
    сигнал отклонения от курса на маяк
    localizer-error signal
    система сигнализации отклонения от курса
    deviation warning system
    следы от шариков
    ball indentations
    с приводом от двигателя
    power-operated
    турбина с приводом от выхлопных газов
    power recovery turbine
    турбина с приводом от набегающего потока
    ram-air turbine
    удостоверение об освобождении от уплаты пошлины
    tax clearance certificate
    указатель отклонения от глиссады
    glide slope pointer
    указатель отклонения от курса
    1. course deviation indicator
    2. deviometer указатель отклонения от курса по радиомаяку
    localizer deviation pointer
    указатель отклонения от маршрута
    off-track indicator
    уклоняться от заданного курса
    be off the track
    уменьшать величину отклонения от курса
    decrease the deviation
    усилие на органах управления от автомата загрузки
    artificial feel
    фланец отбора воздуха от двигателя
    engine air bleed flange
    шкала отклонения от глиссады
    glide slope deviation scale
    шкала отклонения от курса по радиомаяку
    localizer deviation scale
    шум от несущего винта
    main rotor noise
    шум от системы кондиционирования
    environment control system noise
    шум от системы увеличения подъемной силы
    augmented lift system noise
    элерон с жестким управлением от штурвала
    manual aileron
    элерон с приводом от гидроусилителя
    powered aileron
    эмиссия от двигателей
    engine emission

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > от

  • 109 eigentlich

    I Adj. nur attr.
    1. (wirklich) actual, real; Beweggründe: auch true; (genau) specific; eigentliche Ursache eines Übels: root cause; der eigentliche Vorteil besteht doch darin, dass... the real advantage is that...; im eigentlichen Sinne ( des Wortes) in the true sense (of the word)
    2. (ursprünglich) Absicht, Grund, Plan etc.: original
    II Adv.
    1. (in Wirklichkeit) actually, really; eigentlich heißt er Manfred his real name’s Manfred; eigentlich ist er ganz vernünftig he’s actually quite sensible, I suppose he’s quite sensible, really; eigentlich kann ich ihn nicht ausstehen to be honest ( oder to tell you the truth), I can’t stand him
    2. (genau genommen) strictly speaking; (von Rechts wegen) by rights; eigentlich nicht / schon, aber... (well) not / yes really, but...; eigentlich bin ich froh darüber actually I’m quite pleased about it; eigentlich sollten sie schon längst hier sein they really ought to ( oder should) be here by now
    3. vorwurfsvoll: anyway; was wollen Sie eigentlich? what do you want anyway?, what do you actually want?; das hättest du mir eigentlich sagen müssen you really ought to have told me; was hast du dir eigentlich dabei gedacht? what on earth were you thinking of?
    4. (übrigens) by the way; wie spät ist es eigentlich? what time is it(, by the way)?; hast du das eigentlich gewusst? did you know (about) that?; was ist eigentlich passiert? what actually ( oder exactly) happened?
    5. (vermutlich) probably; das müsste jetzt eigentlich reichen that will probably be enough, that should do it
    6. (ursprünglich) originally; eigentlich wollte ich früher hier sein I was (actually) hoping to be here earlier
    * * *
    actual (Adj.); in fact (Adv.); intrinsic (Adj.); real (Adj.); virtual (Adj.); actually (Adv.)
    * * *
    ei|gent|lich ['aigntlɪç]
    1. adj
    (= wirklich, tatsächlich) real, actual; Wert true, real; (= ursprünglich) original

    im éígentlichen Sinne bedeutet das... — that really means...

    im éígentlichen Sinne des Wortes... — in the original meaning of the word...

    2. adv
    actually; (= tatsächlich, wirklich) really; (= überhaupt) anyway

    éígentlich wollte ich nur fünf Minuten bleiben — actually I was only or I was really only going to stay five minutes

    was willst du éígentlich hier? — what do you want here anyway?

    wissen Sie éígentlich, wer ich bin? — do you know who I am?

    was ist éígentlich mit dir los? — what's the matter with you (anyway)?

    ich bin éígentlich froh, dass... — really or actually I'm happy that...

    éígentlich müsstest du das wissen — you should really know that

    éígentlich dürftest du das nicht tun — you shouldn't really do that

    * * *
    1) (in fact: Actually, I'm doing something else this evening.) actually
    2) (more or less, though not strictly speaking; in effect: He was virtually penniless.) virtually
    3) (rightfully: By rights, I ought to be in charge of this department.) by right(s)
    * * *
    ei·gent·lich
    [ˈaign̩tlɪç]
    I. adj
    1. (wirklich, tatsächlich) real
    der \eigentliche Wert the real [or true] value
    jds \eigentliches Wesen sb's true nature
    2. (ursprünglich) original
    im \eigentlichen Sinne des Wortes in the original meaning of the word
    II. adv
    1. (normalerweise) really
    das müsstest du doch \eigentlich wissen! you really ought to [or should] know that!
    da hast du \eigentlich recht you may be right there
    \eigentlich schon theoretically [yes]
    2. (wirklich) actually
    ich bin \eigentlich nicht müde I'm not actually tired
    III. part (überhaupt) anyway
    was fällt dir \eigentlich ein! what [on earth] do you think you're doing!
    was wollen Sie \eigentlich hier? what do you [actually] [or [exactly] do you] want here?
    wie reden Sie \eigentlich mit mir! how dare you talk to me like that!
    was ist \eigentlich mit dir los? what [on earth] is wrong [or fam up] with you?
    wie alt bist du \eigentlich? [exactly [or just]] how old are you?
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv; nicht präd. (wirklich) actual; real; (wahr) true; (ursprünglich) original
    2.
    Adverb (tatsächlich, genaugenommen) actually; really

    eigentlich müsste ich ja jetzt gehen, aber... — really, I ought to go now, but...

    es ist eigentlich schade, dass... — actually, it's a pity that...

    3.

    wann erscheint eigentlich der letzte Band? — tell me, when will the last volume come out

    * * *
    A. adj nur attr
    1. (wirklich) actual, real; Beweggründe: auch true; (genau) specific;
    der eigentliche Vorteil besteht doch darin, dass … the real advantage is that …;
    im eigentlichen Sinne (des Wortes) in the true sense (of the word)
    2. (ursprünglich) Absicht, Grund, Plan etc: original
    B. adv
    1. (in Wirklichkeit) actually, really;
    eigentlich heißt er Manfred his real name’s Manfred;
    eigentlich ist er ganz vernünftig he’s actually quite sensible, I suppose he’s quite sensible, really;
    eigentlich kann ich ihn nicht ausstehen to be honest ( oder to tell you the truth), I can’t stand him
    2. (genau genommen) strictly speaking; (von Rechts wegen) by rights;
    eigentlich nicht/schon, aber … (well) not/yes really, but …;
    eigentlich bin ich froh darüber actually I’m quite pleased about it;
    eigentlich sollten sie schon längst hier sein they really ought to ( oder should) be here by now
    3. vorwurfsvoll: anyway;
    was wollen Sie eigentlich? what do you want anyway?, what do you actually want?;
    das hättest du mir eigentlich sagen müssen you really ought to have told me;
    was hast du dir eigentlich dabei gedacht? what on earth were you thinking of?
    4. (übrigens) by the way;
    wie spät ist es eigentlich? what time is it(, by the way)?;
    hast du das eigentlich gewusst? did you know (about) that?;
    was ist eigentlich passiert? what actually ( oder exactly) happened?
    5. (vermutlich) probably;
    das müsste jetzt eigentlich reichen that will probably be enough, that should do it
    6. (ursprünglich) originally;
    eigentlich wollte ich früher hier sein I was (actually) hoping to be here earlier
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv; nicht präd. (wirklich) actual; real; (wahr) true; (ursprünglich) original
    2.
    Adverb (tatsächlich, genaugenommen) actually; really

    eigentlich müsste ich ja jetzt gehen, aber... — really, I ought to go now, but...

    es ist eigentlich schade, dass... — actually, it's a pity that...

    3.

    wann erscheint eigentlich der letzte Band? — tell me, when will the last volume come out

    * * *
    adj.
    actual adj.
    intrinsic adj.
    virtual adj. adv.
    actually adv.
    in a manner of speaking expr.
    rather adv.
    virtually adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > eigentlich

  • 110 praxis

    f; -, Praxen
    1. nur Sg. practice (auch Handhabung); (Brauch) auch usage; (Erfahrung) experience; ( Verbindung von) Theorie und Praxis (combination of) theory and practice; in der Praxis in practice, in reality; in die Praxis umsetzen put into practice; (Plan) put into effect; nicht in die Praxis umsetzbar impracticable; langjährige Praxis long years of experience; mir fehlt die Praxis I haven’t got the experience, I need more experience; Praxis im Umgang mit Computern hands-on experience with computers; ein Beispiel aus der Praxis a concrete ( oder real-life) example, auch a case I have experienced myself
    2. eines Arztes etc.: practice; (Raum) auch consulting room; Brit., MED. auch surgery, Am. doctor’s office; eine gut gehende Praxis a thriving ( oder flourishing) practice; eine eigene Praxis eröffnen open one’s own practice
    * * *
    die Praxis
    (Arztpraxis) surgery; doctor's surgery; medical practice;
    (Erfahrung) practice; experience
    * * *
    Prạ|xis ['praksɪs]
    f -, Pra\#xen
    ['praxn]
    1) no pl practice; (= Erfahrung) experience; (= Brauch) practice, custom

    in der Praxis — in practice

    etw in die Praxis umsetzen — to put sth into practice

    ein Mann der Praxis — a man with practical experience

    ein Beispiel aus der Praxis — an example from real life

    das lernt man erst durch die or in der Praxis —

    seine langjährige künstlerische Praxis — his long years of artistic experience

    2) (eines Arztes, Rechtsanwalts) practice; (= Behandlungsräume) surgery (Brit), doctor's office (US); (= Anwaltsbüro) office
    3) (= Sprechstunde) consultation (hour), surgery (Brit)
    * * *
    die
    1) (the actual doing of something, as opposed to the theory or idea: In theory the plan should work, but in practice there are a lot of difficulties.) practice
    2) (a doctor's or lawyer's business: He has a practice in Southampton.) practice
    * * *
    Pra·xis
    <-, Praxen>
    [ˈpraksɪs, pl ˈpraksən]
    f
    1. (Arztpraxis) practice, surgery BRIT, doctor's office; (Anwaltsbüro) office, practice
    2. kein pl (praktische Erfahrung) [practical] experience
    langjährige \Praxis many years of experience
    3. kein pl (praktische Anwendung) practice no art
    in der \Praxis in practice
    etw in die \Praxis umsetzen to put sth into practice; s.a. Mann
    * * *
    die; Praxis, Praxen
    1) o. Pl. (im Unterschied zur Theorie) practice no art.
    2) o. Pl. (Erfahrung) [practical] experience
    3) (eines Arztes, Anwalts, Psychologen usw.) practice
    4) (Praxisräume) (eines Arztes) surgery (Brit.); office (Amer.); (eines Anwalts, Psychologen usw.) office
    5) (Handhabung) procedure
    * * *
    …praxis f im subst
    1. (Räume etc):
    Landarztpraxis country practice;
    Naturheilpraxis hom(o)eopathic practice
    Berufspraxis professional experience;
    Spielpraxis playing experience;
    Unterrichtspraxis teaching experience
    * * *
    die; Praxis, Praxen
    1) o. Pl. (im Unterschied zur Theorie) practice no art.
    2) o. Pl. (Erfahrung) [practical] experience
    3) (eines Arztes, Anwalts, Psychologen usw.) practice
    4) (Praxisräume) (eines Arztes) surgery (Brit.); office (Amer.); (eines Anwalts, Psychologen usw.) office
    5) (Handhabung) procedure
    * * *
    -en f.
    practice n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > praxis

  • 111 iværksætte

    3
    осуществи́ть, пусти́ть в ход
    * * *
    initiate, mount
    * * *
    vb
    ( udføre) carry into effect ( fx a threat), realize, carry out ( fx a plan),
    F implement ( fx measures),
    ( organisere) organize,
    F mount ( fx a search, an attack);
    ( begynde) start ( fx a strike),
    F initiate ( fx a campaign, a plan, reforms).

    Danish-English dictionary > iværksætte

  • 112 calcular

    adj.
    calculary, related to calculus or stones.
    v.
    1 to calculate (cantidades).
    calcular mal to miscalculate
    2 to reckon.
    le calculo sesenta años I reckon he's about sixty
    3 to imagine.
    calcula la sorpresa que se llevó cuando se lo dijimos just imagine how surprised he was when we told him
    * * *
    1 to calculate, work out
    2 (evaluar) to estimate, calculate
    3 (suponer) to think, suppose, figure, guess
    \
    calculando por lo bajo at the lowest estimate
    * * *
    verb
    2) reckon, estimate
    * * *
    VT
    1) (Mat) [exactamente] to calculate, work out

    debes calcular la cantidad exacta — you must calculate o work out the exact number

    calcular la distancia entre dos puntos — to calculate o work out the distance between two points

    2) [estimativamente]

    calculo que debe de tener unos cuarenta años — I reckon o ( esp EEUU) figure he must be about 40 (years old)

    ¿cuánto calculas que puede costar? — how much do you reckon it might cost?

    calculo que llegará mañana — I reckon o ( esp EEUU) figure he'll come tomorrow

    3) (=planear) to work out, figure out

    lo calculó todo hasta el más mínimo detalle — he worked o figured it all out down to the last detail

    4) * (=imaginar)

    -¿tienes ganas de ir? -¡calcula! — "are you looking forward to going?" - "what do you think? o you bet (I am)!" *

    5) (Arquit) [+ puente, bóveda] to design, plan
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (Mat) <precio/cantidad> to calculate, work out
    b) (considerar, conjeturar) to reckon

    yo le calculo unos sesenta años — I reckon o guess he's about sixty

    c) (fam) ( imaginar) to imagine
    2) ( planear) to work out
    * * *
    = calculate, compute, tote up, tot up.
    Ex. If the initial question mark in this field is not replaced, the number of characters to be skipped will be calculated by the system.
    Ex. There will always be plenty of things to compute in the detailed affairs of millions of people doing complicated things.
    Ex. When you tote up the carbon emissions caused by clearing land to grow corn, fertilizing it and transporting it, corn ethanol leaves twice the carbon footprint as gasoline.
    Ex. Babies cry for an average of five hours a day for the first three months and tot up 51 days in their first year, according to survey.
    ----
    * calcular el costo = cost.
    * calcular la cuenta = tot up, tote up.
    * calcular los costes = cost out.
    * calcular mal = misjudge, miscalculate.
    * calcular un riesgo = calculate + risk.
    * tabla de calcular = ready reckoner, reckoner.
    * volver a calcular = recalculation.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (Mat) <precio/cantidad> to calculate, work out
    b) (considerar, conjeturar) to reckon

    yo le calculo unos sesenta años — I reckon o guess he's about sixty

    c) (fam) ( imaginar) to imagine
    2) ( planear) to work out
    * * *
    = calculate, compute, tote up, tot up.

    Ex: If the initial question mark in this field is not replaced, the number of characters to be skipped will be calculated by the system.

    Ex: There will always be plenty of things to compute in the detailed affairs of millions of people doing complicated things.
    Ex: When you tote up the carbon emissions caused by clearing land to grow corn, fertilizing it and transporting it, corn ethanol leaves twice the carbon footprint as gasoline.
    Ex: Babies cry for an average of five hours a day for the first three months and tot up 51 days in their first year, according to survey.
    * calcular el costo = cost.
    * calcular la cuenta = tot up, tote up.
    * calcular los costes = cost out.
    * calcular mal = misjudge, miscalculate.
    * calcular un riesgo = calculate + risk.
    * tabla de calcular = ready reckoner, reckoner.
    * volver a calcular = recalculation.

    * * *
    calcular [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ( Mat) ‹precio/cantidad› to calculate, work out
    calculando por lo bajo at a conservative estimate
    calculé mal la distancia I misjudged o miscalculated the distance, I didn't judge the distance right
    2
    (considerar, conjeturar): calculo que estaremos de vuelta a eso de las seis I should think o I would estimate we'll be back around six, at a guess we should be back around six
    ¿cuánto tiempo calculas que tardarán? how long do you reckon o suppose o think it'll take them?
    yo le calculo unos sesenta años I should think he's about sixty, I reckon o guess he's about sixty
    se calcula que más de cien personas perdieron la vida over a hundred people are estimated to have lost their lives
    3 ( fam) (imaginar) to imagine
    calcula el disgusto que se habrán llevado imagine o just think how upset they must have been
    tendrás muchas ganas de volver a verlo — ¡calcula! I expect you're really looking forward to seeing him again — you bet! o what do you think?
    B (planear) to work out
    lo tenía todo calculado he had it all worked out
    con un gesto calculado with a calculated gesture
    C ‹puente/bóveda› to do the calculations for
    * * *

     

    calcular ( conjugate calcular) verbo transitivo
    1


    b) ( evaluar) ‹pérdidas/gastas› to estimate

    c) ( conjeturar) to reckon, to guess (esp AmE);

    ◊ yo le calculo unos sesenta años I reckon o guess he's about sixty


    2 ( planear) to work out;

    calcular verbo transitivo
    1 Mat to calculate
    2 (evaluar, estimar) to (make an) estimate: no supe calcular los riesgos, I was not able to determine the risks
    calculé mal la distancia y me caí, I failed to gauge the distance and I fell
    3 (conjeturar) to reckon, guess: calculo que mañana podré ir al museo, I guess I'll be able to go to the museum tomorrow
    ' calcular' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cifrar
    - echar
    - estimar
    - presupuestar
    - tantear
    - triangular
    - medir
    English:
    assess
    - average
    - calculate
    - compute
    - cost
    - estimate
    - make
    - miscalculate
    - misjudge
    - put
    - reckon
    - time
    - work out
    - figure
    - gauge
    - judge
    - measure
    - work
    * * *
    1. [cantidades] to calculate;
    calcular la raíz cuadrada de un número to calculate o extract the square root of a number;
    calcular un puente/una bóveda to do the calculations involved in building a bridge/a vault;
    calcular mal to miscalculate, to misjudge;
    calcular a ojo to judge by eye;
    calculando por lo alto, costará unos 2 millones it will cost about 2 million at the most o the outside;
    ¿podrías calcular por lo bajo cuánto tiempo haría falta? could you work out the minimum amount of time it would take?;
    su fortuna se calcula en $20 millones he is estimated to be worth $20 million
    2. [pensar, considerar]
    está todo cuidadosamente calculado everything has been carefully worked out;
    no calculó las consecuencias de sus actos she didn't foresee the consequences of her actions;
    no calcularon bien el impacto de sus acciones they misjudged the effect their actions would have
    3. [suponer] to reckon;
    le calculo sesenta años I reckon o guess he's about sixty;
    calculo que estará listo mañana I reckon o think it will be ready tomorrow
    4. [imaginar] to imagine;
    calcula la sorpresa que se llevó cuando se lo dijimos just imagine how surprised he was when we told him;
    ¿y se enfadó? – ¡calcula! was he angry? – well, what do you think?
    * * *
    v/t tb fig
    calculate
    * * *
    1) : to calculate, to estimate
    2) : to plan, to scheme
    * * *
    1. (en general) to calculate / to work out
    ¿sabes cómo calcular la superficie de un triángulo? do you know how to work out the area of a triangle?
    2. (suponer) to reckon
    ¿cuántos años le calculas? how old do you reckon he is?

    Spanish-English dictionary > calcular

  • 113 contrario

    adj.
    1 contrary, opposite, adverse, opposed.
    2 contrary, negative, antagonistic, antipathetic.
    m.
    1 opposite, antithesis, reverse, converse.
    2 opponent, adversary, enemy, rival.
    * * *
    1 (opuesto) contrary, opposite
    2 (perjudicial) harmful (a, to), bad (a, for)
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 opponent, adversary, rival
    \
    al contrario on the contrary
    de lo contrario otherwise
    en dirección contraria in the wrong direction
    llevar la contraria a alguien to oppose somebody
    por el contrario on the contrary
    todo lo contrario quite the opposite
    la parte contraria DERECHO the opponent 2 (en deportes) the opposing team
    * * *
    (f. - contraria)
    adj.
    contrary, opposite
    * * *
    contrario, -a
    1. ADJ
    1) (=rival) [partido, equipo] opposing
    2) (=opuesto) [extremo, efecto, significado, sexo] opposite

    se mostraron contrarios al acuerdo — they came out against the agreement, they were opposed to the agreement

    • dirección contraria, tomamos la dirección contraria — we went in the opposite direction

    • intereses contrarios — conflicting o opposing interests

    • pie contrario, se puso el zapato en el pie contrario — she put her shoe on the wrong foot

    • sentido contrario, un coche que venía en sentido contrario — a car coming in the opposite direction

    • viento contrario — headwind

    caso 1), b)
    3) [en locuciones]

    • al contrario — on the contrary, quite the opposite

    no me disgusta la idea, al contrario, me encanta — I don't dislike the idea, on the contrary o quite the opposite, I think it would be wonderful

    -¿te aburres? -¡que va, al contrario! — "are you bored?" - "no way, quite the opposite!"

    antes al contrario, muy al contrario — frm on the contrary

    • al contrario de, todo salió al contrario de lo previsto — everything turned out the opposite of what we expected

    al contrario de lo que creíamos, hizo muy buen tiempo — contrary to what we thought, the weather turned out very nice

    siempre va al contrario de todo el mundo — she always has to be different to everyone else, she always does the opposite to everyone else

    al contrario que o de ella, yo no estoy dispuesto a aguantar — unlike her, I'm not willing to put up with it

    • lo contrario, ¿qué es lo contrario de alto? — what is the opposite of tall?

    soy inocente, hasta que no se demuestre lo contrario — I am innocent until proven otherwise

    de lo contrario — otherwise, or else

    salga o, de lo contrario, llamaré a la policía — please leave, otherwise o or else I'll call the police

    • por el contrario, los inviernos, por el contrario, son muy fríos — the winters, on the other hand o on the contrary, are very cold

    parece ir todo bien, y por el contrario, la situación es muy complicada — it all appears to be going well, when in fact the situation is rather difficult

    • todo lo contrario — quite the opposite, quite the reverse

    -¿es feo? -no, todo lo contrario — "is he ugly?" - "no, quite the opposite o reverse"

    no hay descenso de precios, sino todo lo contrario — prices are not going down, quite the opposite o reverse, in fact

    2.
    SM / F opponent
    3.
    SM (=opuesto) opposite

    ¿cuál es el contrario del negro? — what is the opposite of black?

    4.
    SF

    llevar la contraria —

    ¿por qué siempre tienes que llevar la contraria? — why do you always have to be so contrary?

    * * *
    I
    - ria adjetivo
    1) ( opuesto) <opiniones/intereses> conflicting; < dirección> opposite

    contrario a algo: mi opinión es contraria a la suya I feel very differently to you; soy contrario al uso de la violencia I am against the use of violence; se manifestó contrario a la idea she expressed her opposition to the idea; sería contrario a mis intereses it would be against o (frml) contrary to my interests; contrario a lo que se esperaba... contrary to expectations,...; en sentido contrario al de las agujas del reloj counterclockwise (AmE), anticlockwise (BrE); el coche venía en sentido contrario — ( por el otro carril) the car was coming in the opposite direction; ( por el mismo carril) the car was coming straight at us

    2) ( adversario) < equipo> opposing; < bando> opposite

    la parte contraria — (Der) the opposing party

    al contrario de: al contrario de su hermano... unlike his brother,...; al contrario de lo que esperábamos,... contrary to (our) expectations,...; todo salió al contrario de como lo planearon it turned out just the opposite to what they had planned; de lo contrario or else, otherwise; por el contrario: en el sur, por el contrario, el clima es seco the south, on the other hand, has a dry climate; pensé que era rico - por el contrario, no tiene un peso I thought he was rich - on the contrary o far from it, he doesn't have a penny; todo lo contrario quite the opposite; llevar la contraria: él siempre tiene que llevar la contraria he always has to take the opposite view; llevarle la contraria a alguien — to contradict somebody

    II
    - ria masculino, femenino opponent
    * * *
    = contrary, opposing, inimical, antipathetic, opposite, competing, opposed, adversarial, aversive, reverse, objector.
    Ex. Perhaps there has been a contrary reaction by British academic librarians to conserve their collections.
    Ex. When it is clear that material is biased or misrepresents a group, librarians should correct the situation, either by refusing the material or by giving equal representation to opposing points of view.
    Ex. Anita Schiller's own grim conclusion was that 'These two opposing and often inimical views, when incorporated within reference service, often reduce overall effectiveness'.
    Ex. In some respects, TREC in its present form is antipathetic to interactive information retrieval.
    Ex. Cutter instructs that 'of two subjects exactly opposite choose one and refer from the other, e.g. 'Free Trade and Protection', 'Protection' See 'Free Trade and Protection''.
    Ex. This article identifies predominant worldview and competing schools of thought regarding the teaching of reference work.
    Ex. Librarianship is faced with the problem of the reconciliation of opposed objectives -- the arrest of deterioration in books versus the idea that books are meant to be used, becoming ultimately worn with use.
    Ex. The relationship between the author and editor is based on collaboration, but can also be adversarial at certain points.
    Ex. In fact, weeding aversive staff tend to spend a lot more time complaining about having nothing on the shelves.
    Ex. He creates a type of reverse orientalism peopled by sex-hungry 'dark-age femme fatales' and 'lusty young Barbarians reeking of ale'.
    Ex. Objectors to a major wind farm plan say developers have exaggerated its green benefits.
    ----
    * al contrario = vice versa, to the contrary, contrariwise, quite the opposite, quite the contrary.
    * de lo contrario = if not, otherwise.
    * demostrar lo contrario = prove + differently.
    * en sentido contrario = to the contrary.
    * en sentido contrario a las agujas del reloj = counterclockwise, anti-clockwise.
    * hasta que no se demuestre lo contrario = until proven otherwise.
    * inocente hasta que se demuestre lo contrario = innocent until proven guilty.
    * justamente todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.
    * justamente todo lo contrario de = quite the opposite of.
    * justo lo contrario de = quite the opposite of.
    * más bien todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.
    * muy por el contrario = in marked contrast.
    * por el contrario = by contrast, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, by way of contrast, to the contrary, quite the opposite, by comparison, contrariwise, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.
    * ser contrario a = be contrary to, be hostile to.
    * todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse, in marked contrast.
    * viento contrario = headwind.
    * * *
    I
    - ria adjetivo
    1) ( opuesto) <opiniones/intereses> conflicting; < dirección> opposite

    contrario a algo: mi opinión es contraria a la suya I feel very differently to you; soy contrario al uso de la violencia I am against the use of violence; se manifestó contrario a la idea she expressed her opposition to the idea; sería contrario a mis intereses it would be against o (frml) contrary to my interests; contrario a lo que se esperaba... contrary to expectations,...; en sentido contrario al de las agujas del reloj counterclockwise (AmE), anticlockwise (BrE); el coche venía en sentido contrario — ( por el otro carril) the car was coming in the opposite direction; ( por el mismo carril) the car was coming straight at us

    2) ( adversario) < equipo> opposing; < bando> opposite

    la parte contraria — (Der) the opposing party

    al contrario de: al contrario de su hermano... unlike his brother,...; al contrario de lo que esperábamos,... contrary to (our) expectations,...; todo salió al contrario de como lo planearon it turned out just the opposite to what they had planned; de lo contrario or else, otherwise; por el contrario: en el sur, por el contrario, el clima es seco the south, on the other hand, has a dry climate; pensé que era rico - por el contrario, no tiene un peso I thought he was rich - on the contrary o far from it, he doesn't have a penny; todo lo contrario quite the opposite; llevar la contraria: él siempre tiene que llevar la contraria he always has to take the opposite view; llevarle la contraria a alguien — to contradict somebody

    II
    - ria masculino, femenino opponent
    * * *
    = contrary, opposing, inimical, antipathetic, opposite, competing, opposed, adversarial, aversive, reverse, objector.

    Ex: Perhaps there has been a contrary reaction by British academic librarians to conserve their collections.

    Ex: When it is clear that material is biased or misrepresents a group, librarians should correct the situation, either by refusing the material or by giving equal representation to opposing points of view.
    Ex: Anita Schiller's own grim conclusion was that 'These two opposing and often inimical views, when incorporated within reference service, often reduce overall effectiveness'.
    Ex: In some respects, TREC in its present form is antipathetic to interactive information retrieval.
    Ex: Cutter instructs that 'of two subjects exactly opposite choose one and refer from the other, e.g. 'Free Trade and Protection', 'Protection' See 'Free Trade and Protection''.
    Ex: This article identifies predominant worldview and competing schools of thought regarding the teaching of reference work.
    Ex: Librarianship is faced with the problem of the reconciliation of opposed objectives -- the arrest of deterioration in books versus the idea that books are meant to be used, becoming ultimately worn with use.
    Ex: The relationship between the author and editor is based on collaboration, but can also be adversarial at certain points.
    Ex: In fact, weeding aversive staff tend to spend a lot more time complaining about having nothing on the shelves.
    Ex: He creates a type of reverse orientalism peopled by sex-hungry 'dark-age femme fatales' and 'lusty young Barbarians reeking of ale'.
    Ex: Objectors to a major wind farm plan say developers have exaggerated its green benefits.
    * al contrario = vice versa, to the contrary, contrariwise, quite the opposite, quite the contrary.
    * de lo contrario = if not, otherwise.
    * demostrar lo contrario = prove + differently.
    * en sentido contrario = to the contrary.
    * en sentido contrario a las agujas del reloj = counterclockwise, anti-clockwise.
    * hasta que no se demuestre lo contrario = until proven otherwise.
    * inocente hasta que se demuestre lo contrario = innocent until proven guilty.
    * justamente todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.
    * justamente todo lo contrario de = quite the opposite of.
    * justo lo contrario de = quite the opposite of.
    * más bien todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.
    * muy por el contrario = in marked contrast.
    * por el contrario = by contrast, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, by way of contrast, to the contrary, quite the opposite, by comparison, contrariwise, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.
    * ser contrario a = be contrary to, be hostile to.
    * todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse, in marked contrast.
    * viento contrario = headwind.

    * * *
    A (opuesto) ‹opiniones/intereses› conflicting; ‹sentido/dirección› opposite
    palabras de significado contrario words with opposite meanings
    los vehículos iban en direcciones contrarias the vehicles were traveling in opposite directions
    mientras no se demuestre lo contrario, es inocente she is innocent until proven guilty
    contrario A algo:
    mi opinión es contraria a la suya I feel very differently to you, my opinion is quite the converse of yours ( frml)
    soy contrario al uso de la violencia I am opposed to o I am against the use of violence
    se manifestó contrario a la idea she expressed her opposition to the idea
    la propuesta es contraria a los intereses de la compañía the proposal is against o ( frml) contrary to the company's interests
    contrario a lo que se esperaba la operación fue un éxito contrary to expectations, the operation was a success
    en sentido contrario al de las agujas del reloj counterclockwise ( AmE), anticlockwise ( BrE)
    B (adversario) ‹equipo› opposing; ‹bando› opposite
    pasarse al bando contrario to change sides, join the opposition
    el defensa del equipo contrario estaba en fuera de juego the opposing team's o the other team's back was offside
    la parte contraria ( Der) the opponent
    C ( en locs):
    al contrario: no me opongo a que venga; al contrario, me parece una idea excelente I don't mind if he comes; on the contrary o quite the opposite o far from it, I think it's an excellent idea
    al contrario de su hermano, es negado para los deportes unlike his brother, he's useless at sport
    al contrario de lo que habíamos pensado, resultó ser agradabilísimo contrary to (our) expectations, he turned out to be very nice
    de lo contrario or else, otherwise
    por el contrario: en el sur, por el contrario, el clima es seco the south, on the other hand, has a dry climate
    pensé que era rico — por el contrario, no tiene un peso I thought he was rich — on the contrary o far from it o quite the opposite, he doesn't have a penny
    todo lo contrario quite the opposite o reverse
    ¿te resultó aburrido? — todo lo contrario, lo encontré fascinante did you find it boring? — quite the opposite o quite the reverse o on the contrary, I found it fascinating
    ella es muy tímida pero el hermano es todo lo contrario she's very shy but her brother's quite the opposite o the complete opposite
    llevar la contraria: seguro que se opone, porque él siempre tiene que llevar la contraria he's sure to object, because he always has to take the opposite view
    le molesta sobremanera que le lleven la contraria she hates being o to be contradicted
    masculine, feminine
    opponent
    * * *

     

    Del verbo contrariar: ( conjugate contrariar)

    contrarío es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    contrarió es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    contrariar    
    contrario
    contrariar ( conjugate contrariar) verbo transitivo ( disgustar) to upset;
    ( enojar) to annoy
    contrario
    ◊ - ria adjetivo

    1 ( opuesto) ‹opiniones/intereses› conflicting;
    ‹dirección/lado› opposite;
    ‹ equipo› opposing;
    ‹ bando› opposite;

    mientras no se demuestre lo contrario until proven otherwise;
    sería contrario a mis intereses it would be against o (frml) contrary to my interests;
    See Also→ sentido 2 4
    2 ( en locs)

    al contrario de su hermano … unlike his brother, …;
    de lo contrario or else, otherwise;
    por el contrario on the contrary;
    en el sur, por el contrario, el clima es seco the south, on the other hand, has a dry climate;
    todo lo contrario quite the opposite;
    llevarle la contraria a algn to contradict sb
    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
    opponent
    contrariar verbo transitivo
    1 (disgustar) to upset
    2 (contradecir) to go against
    contrario,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 opposite: otro coche venía en sentido contrario, another car was coming in the other direction
    no me cae mal, más bien todo lo contrario, I don't dislike him, quite the contrary
    2 (negativo, nocivo) contrary [a, to]
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino rival
    ♦ Locuciones: siempre lleva la contraria, he always argues
    al contrario/por el contrario, on the contrary
    de lo contrario, otherwise
    ' contrario' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    caso
    - contraria
    - decir
    - estar
    - irse
    - mientras
    - nunca
    - pequeña
    - pequeño
    - pulverizar
    - revés
    - soler
    - Tiro
    - campo
    - contramano
    - oponer
    - sentido
    English:
    adverse
    - against
    - agree
    - aloud
    - anticlimax
    - anticlockwise
    - antisocial
    - camp
    - contrary
    - counterclockwise
    - direction
    - headwind
    - lick
    - opposing
    - opposite
    - otherwise
    - perverse
    - reverse
    - unprofessional
    - wrong
    - counter
    - incline
    - irregular
    - quite
    * * *
    contrario, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [opuesto] [dirección, sentido, idea] opposite;
    [opinión] contrary;
    soy contrario a las corridas de toros I'm opposed to bullfighting;
    mientras no se demuestre lo contrario, es inocente she's innocent until proved otherwise;
    de lo contrario otherwise;
    respeta a tu madre o de lo contrario tendrás que marcharte show your mother some respect, otherwise you'll have to go;
    todo lo contrario quite the contrary;
    ¿estás enfadado con él? – todo lo contrario, nos llevamos de maravilla are you angry with him? – quite the contrary o not at all, we get on extremely well;
    ella es muy tímida, yo soy todo lo contrario she's very shy, whereas I'm the total opposite
    2. [desfavorable, perjudicial]
    es contrario a nuestros intereses it goes against our interests;
    el abuso de la bebida es contrario a la salud drinking is bad for your health
    3. [rival] opposing;
    el equipo contrario no opuso resistencia the opposing team o opposition didn't put up much of a fight;
    el diputado se pasó al bando contrario the MP left his party and joined their political opponents, Br the MP crossed the floor of the House
    ♦ nm,f
    [rival] opponent
    ♦ nm
    [opuesto] opposite;
    gordo es el contrario de flaco fat is the opposite of thin
    ♦ al contrario loc adv
    on the contrary;
    al contrario de lo que le dijo a usted contrary to what he told you;
    no me disgusta, al contrario, me encanta I don't dislike it, quite the contrary in fact, I like it;
    al contrario de mi casa, la suya tiene calefacción central unlike my house, hers has central heating;
    no me importa, antes al contrario, estaré encantado de poder ayudar I don't mind, on the contrary o indeed I'll be delighted to be able to help
    ♦ por el contrario loc adv
    no queremos que se vaya, por el contrario, queremos que se quede we don't want her to go, on the contrary, we want her to stay;
    este modelo, por el contrario, consume muy poco this model, by contrast, uses very little;
    este año, por el contrario, no hemos tenido pérdidas this year, on the other hand, we haven't suffered any losses
    * * *
    I adj
    1 contrary; sentido opposite;
    al contrario, por el contrario on the contrary;
    todo lo contrario just the opposite;
    de lo contrario otherwise;
    ser contrario a algo be opposed to sth;
    2 equipo opposing
    II m, contraria f adversary, opponent
    * * *
    contrario, - ria adj
    1) : contrary, opposite
    al contrario: on the contrary
    2) : conflicting, opposed
    * * *
    contrario1 adj
    1. (equipo) opposing
    2. (dirección) opposite
    3. (persona) opposed
    1. (persona) opponent
    2. (palabra) opposite
    "alto" es el contrario de "bajo" "tall" is the opposite of "short"
    al contrario / por el contrario on the contrary

    Spanish-English dictionary > contrario

  • 114 obra

    f.
    1 work.
    la obra pictórica de Miguel Ángel Michelangelo's paintings
    obra de arte work of art
    obras completas complete works
    obra de consulta reference work
    obra maestra masterpiece
    2 work.
    obras públicas public works
    3 building site.
    4 play.
    5 opus, piece of work, composition, piece.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: obrar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: obrar.
    * * *
    1 (trabajo) work
    3 (acto) deed
    4 (institución) institution, foundation
    5 (construcción) building site
    1 (en casa) alterations, repairs; (en carretera) road works
    ■ 'Carretera cortada por obras' "Road closed for repairs"
    \
    'En obras' "Building works"
    ¡manos a la obra! let's get cracking!
    obras son amores, que no buenas razones actions speak louder than words
    por obra y gracia del Espíritu Santo by the power of the Holy Spirit 2 familiar as if by magic
    obra de arte work of art
    obra de caridad good deed
    obra maestra masterpiece
    obra musical musical
    obras completas collected works
    obras públicas public works
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) work
    2) play
    •
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=acción) deed

    • buenas obras — good works, good deeds

    • ser obra de algn — to be sb's doing

    • poner por obra un plan — to set a plan in motion

    • por obra (y gracia) de — thanks to

    una gimnasta convertida en ídolo mundial por obra y gracia de su entrenador — a gymnast who became a world famous idol thanks to her coach

    por obra y gracia del Espíritu Santo — (Rel) through the working of the Holy Spirit, by the power of the Holy Spirit

    cree que el trabajo va a estar terminado mañana por obra y gracia del Espíritu Santo — iró he thinks that the work will miraculously get done tomorrow

    obra benéfica — (=acción) charitable deed; (=organización) charitable organization, charity

    obra de caridad — charitable deed, act of charity

    obra de misericordia — (Rel) work of mercy

    obra social — (=organización) benevolent fund for arts, sports etc ; (=labor) charitable work

    2) [de creación artística]
    a) (=producción total) (Arte, Literat, Teat, Mús) work
    b) (=pieza) (Arte, Mús) work; (Teat) play; (Literat) book, work

    una obra de Goya — a work o painting by Goya

    obras completas — complete works, collected works

    obra de divulgación — non-fiction book aimed at a popular audience

    obra de teatro, obra dramática — play

    3) (Constr)
    a) (=edificio en construcción) building site, construction site

    ¿cuándo acaban la obra? — when do they finish the building work?

    b)

    de obra — [chimenea] brick antes de s ; [estantería, armario] built-in

    c) pl obras [en edificio] building work sing, construction work sing ; [en carretera] roadworks

    las obras de construcción del hospital — building o construction work on the hospital

    los vecinos están de obras — they're having building work done next door, they have the builders in next door *

    obras — [en edificio] building under construction; [en carretera] roadworks

    página en obras — (Internet) site under construction

    obras viales, obras viarias — roadworks

    4) (=ejecución) workmanship
    5) Chile brickwork
    6)
    7)

    la Obra — Esp (Rel) Opus Dei

    See:
    * * *
    1)

    sus obras de teatro or su obra dramática — her plays

    b) (Mús) work, opus
    2) ( acción)

    por sus obras los conoceréis — (Bib) by their works will you know them

    3) (Arquit, Const)
    a) ( construcción) building work

    estamos de or en obras — we're having some building work done

    peligro: obras — danger: building work in progress

    b) ( sitio) building o construction site
    4) la Obra (Relig) the Opus Dei
    * * *
    1)

    sus obras de teatro or su obra dramática — her plays

    b) (Mús) work, opus
    2) ( acción)

    por sus obras los conoceréis — (Bib) by their works will you know them

    3) (Arquit, Const)
    a) ( construcción) building work

    estamos de or en obras — we're having some building work done

    peligro: obras — danger: building work in progress

    b) ( sitio) building o construction site
    4) la Obra (Relig) the Opus Dei
    * * *
    obra1
    1 = alterations, building site, construction site.

    Ex: Better flexibility is achieved if the heating, ventilation and lighting can accommodate this move without the need for any alterations.

    Ex: This system maintains knowledge relevant to the building process and makes it easily accessible to the participants of this process, especially those at the building site.
    Ex: The most striking manifestation of this exploitation is the boom town, defined as the 'rapid and extreme growth of population in communities adjacent to mines and construction sites,' or as a 'community which is undergoing rapid growth and rapid change'.
    * ahorrar mano de obra = save + manpower.
    * costes de mano de obra = labour costs.
    * dedicación de mano de obra = expenditure of manpower.
    * deducción por donación a obras benéficas = charitable deduction, charitable tax deduction.
    * despedir mano de oba = shed + jobs.
    * despedir mano de obra = axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * donación anual a obras de caridad = charitable gift annuity.
    * escasez de mano de obra = labour shortage.
    * falta de mano de obra = labour shortage.
    * mano de obra = labour [labor, -USA], manpower, manpower force, work-force [workforce], work-force, labour force, manual labour.
    * mano de obra del campo = farm labour force.
    * mano de obra extranjera = foreign labour.
    * mano de obra infantil = child labour.
    * mano de obra inmigrante = foreign labour.
    * obra benéfica = charity, charity.
    * obra benéfica religiosa = parochial charity.
    * obra de beneficiencia = benefaction.
    * obra de romanos = Herculean task, Herculanian task.
    * obras públicas = public works.
    * obras son amores y no buenas razones = actions speak louder than words.
    * permiso de obra = building permit.
    * pie de obra = building site.
    * ponerse manos a la obra = get down to + business, swing into + action.
    * que necesita bastante mano de obra = labour-intensive [labour intensive].
    * ser la obra de = be the work of.
    * todos manos a la obra = all hands on deck, all hands to the pump(s).

    obra2
    2 = item, title, work, stock item, oeuvre.

    Ex: A catalogue is a list of the materials or items in a library, with the entries representing the items arranged in some systematic order.

    Ex: If the title is selected by a book club this helps boost the print-run and overall sales.
    Ex: An authority entry is an entry for which the initial element is the uniform heading for a person, corporate body, or work, as established by the cataloguing agency responsible.
    Ex: A new building will open in 1990, catering for 5 million stock items and 1,000 readers' seats.
    Ex: For about a 3rd of the departments, publications not covered in citation indexes accounted for at least 30 per cent of the citations to their total oeuvre.
    * ARBA (Anuario de Obras de Referencia Americanas) = ARBA (American Reference Books Annual).
    * arte y técnica de escribir obras de teatro = playwriting.
    * autor de obras de teatro = playwright.
    * catálogo de obras completas = back catalogue.
    * catálogo de obras editadas = back catalogue.
    * catálogo de obras musicales = music catalogue.
    * edición de obras científicas = scholarly publishing.
    * edición de obras de consumo = consumer publishing.
    * fotografía de obra de arte = art photograph.
    * lector de obra literaria = literary reader.
    * lectura de obra de teatro en voz alta = play-reading [play reading].
    * lectura de obras literarias = literary reading.
    * música de obra de teatro = stage music.
    * obra amparada por el derecho de autor = copyright work.
    * obra anónima = anonymous work.
    * obra anónima clásica = anonymous classic.
    * obra antigua = ancient work.
    * obra apócrifa = apocryphal work.
    * obra audiovisual = audiovisual work.
    * obra autobiográfica = autobiographical work.
    * obra citada = cited work.
    * obra colectiva = collective work.
    * obra compuesta = composite work.
    * obra de arte = work of art, masterpiece, artistic work, art work, art work.
    * obra de arte musical = musical masterpiece.
    * obra de contenido general = general work.
    * obra de creación literaria = fiction book.
    * obra de creación original = creative work.
    * obra de lectura obligatoria = a must-read.
    * obra de literatura = literary work.
    * obra de referencia = reference book, reference work, finding aid, desk reference, reference resource, work of reference.
    * obra de referencia básica = standard work.
    * obra de referencia estándar = standard reference work.
    * obra de teatro = play, theatrical work.
    * obra de teatro adaptada al cine = theatrical motion picture.
    * obra de teatro dramática = drama-play.
    * obra de teatro infantil = children's play.
    * obra de teatro para niños = children's play.
    * obra dramática = dramatic work.
    * obra en varios volúmenes = multi-volume work.
    * obra fuente de la cita = citing work.
    * obra gráfica = graphic work.
    * obra impresa = printed work.
    * obra literaria = literary work, work of literature, work of imagination.
    * obra literaria simplificada = easy reader book.
    * obra maestra = showpiece, masterpiece.
    * obra maestra de la pintura clásica = old master, old master painting.
    * obra magna = magnum opus.
    * obra multimedia = multimedia work.
    * obra musical = musical work.
    * obra para grupo instrumental = ensemble work.
    * obra piadosa = work of piety.
    * obra pictórica = pictorial work.
    * obra relacionada = related work.
    * obras = life's work.
    * obras completas = collected works, oeuvre.
    * obras de consulta rápida = quick reference material.
    * obras de creación literaria = fiction.
    * obras de ficción = fiction.
    * obras de literatura = literary materials.
    * obras literarias = literature, literary materials.
    * obras no ficción = non-fiction [nonfiction].
    * obras que revelan un escándalo = exposé.
    * obra teatral = theatrical work.
    * original de una obra de arte = art original.
    * parte de una obra = component part.
    * representar una obra = put on + performance, put on + play.

    * * *
    A
    esta escultura es una de sus primeras obras this sculpture is one of her earliest works o pieces
    una obra literaria importante an important literary work
    ésta es una obra menor this is a minor work
    una excelente obra de artesanía an excellent piece of craftsmanship
    la obra cinematográfica de Buñuel Buñuel's films, Buñuel's oeuvre ( frml)
    las obras completas de García Lorca the complete o collected works of García Lorca
    sus obras de teatro or su obra dramática her plays
    2 ( Mús) work, opus
    Compuestos:
    work of art
    reference book, work of reference
    masterpiece, chef d'oeuvre ( frml)
    B
    (acción): ya he hecho mi buena obra del día I reckon I've done my good deed for the day
    por sus obras los conoceréis ( Bib) by their works will you know them
    hizo muchas obras de misericordia she performed many charitable deeds
    ha trabajado incansablemente, todo esto es obra suya she has worked tirelessly, all this is her doing
    esto es obra de Víctor this is Víctor's doing
    piensa que la casa se va a pintar por obra y gracia del Espíritu Santo ( hum); he seems to think the house will paint itself
    ser obra de romanos or de benedictinos to be a huge o mammoth task
    obras son amores que no buenas razones actions speak louder than words
    Compuestos:
    ● obra benéfica or de beneficencia or de caridad
    (acto) charitable act o deed, act of charity; (organización) charity, charitable organization
    (labor filantrópica) benevolent o charitable work; (mutualidad) ( Arg) ≈ benefit society ( in US), ≈ friendly society ( in UK)
    C ( Arquit, Const) (construcción) building work
    la casa aún está en obra the house is still being built, the house is still under construction ( frml)
    perdona el desorden, estamos de or en obras sorry about the mess, we're having some building work done o ( colloq) we've got the builders in
    [ S ] instalación de calefacción sin obra heating systems installed — no building work involved
    [ S ] peligro: obras danger: building o construction work in progress
    [ S ] cerrado por obras closed for repairs/refurbishment
    mano1 (↑ mano (1))
    Compuestos:
    freeboard, dead work ( ant)
    (Col, Méx): el edificio está en obra negra the building is just a shell
    fpl public works (pl)
    fpl ( AmL) roadworks (pl)
    fpl ( Esp) roadworks (pl)
    D (sitio) building o construction site
    E
    la Obra ( Relig) the Opus Dei
    * * *

     

    Del verbo obrar: ( conjugate obrar)

    obra es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    obra    
    obrar
    obra sustantivo femenino
    1 ( creación artística) work;

    una obra de artesanía a piece of craftsmanship;
    sus obras de teatro her plays;
    obra de arte work of art;
    obra maestra masterpiece
    2 ( acción):

    obra benéfica ( acto) act of charity;

    ( organización) charity, charitable organization
    3 (Arquit, Const)


    b) ( sitio) building o construction site

    obrar ( conjugate obrar) verbo intransitivo ( actuar) to act;

    verbo transitivo ‹ milagros› to work
    obra sustantivo femenino
    1 (producto, trabajo) (piece of) work
    obra de arte, work of art
    las obras completas de Baroja, the complete works of Baroja
    este desaguisado es obra de tu hermano, this despicable act was the work of your brother
    2 (acción) deed
    buenas/malas obras, good/bad deeds
    por sus obras los conoceréis, you'll know them by their deeds
    3 Constr building site
    (de la carretera, etc) repairs: la calle mayor está en obras, the main street is being repaired
    Ministerio de Obras Públicas, the Ministry of Works
    4 Teat play
    5 (efecto, resultado) result: todo el proyecto es obra de un esfuerzo colectivo, the project is the result of a joint effort
    ♦ Locuciones: obras son amores y no buenas razones, actions speak louder than words
    obrar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 (proceder) to act, behave: siento que no he obrado bien, I don't feel I've done the right thing
    2 (hallarse) el testamento obra en mi poder/mis manos..., the will is in my possession
    II vtr (causar) to work

    ' obra' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adaptar
    - albañilería
    - alguna
    - alguno
    - censurar
    - clásica
    - clásico
    - concurso
    - dramatizar
    - encuadrar
    - ensayar
    - espanto
    - esperpéntica
    - esperpéntico
    - estigmatizar
    - éxito
    - faraónica
    - faraónico
    - hecha
    - hecho
    - infame
    - interpretar
    - lema
    - maestra
    - maestro
    - mamarrachada
    - mano
    - notabilidad
    - obrar
    - paralizarse
    - ponderar
    - producir
    - regusto
    - reponer
    - reposición
    - representar
    - restauración
    - señera
    - señero
    - sensiblera
    - sensiblería
    - sensiblero
    - teatral
    - teatro
    - título
    - trabajada
    - trabajado
    - versión
    - ambientación
    - ambientar
    English:
    audition
    - bring off
    - building site
    - charitable
    - chronic
    - classic
    - collection
    - crack
    - creative
    - dinner theater
    - doing
    - downstairs
    - drama
    - effort
    - elaborate
    - enthusiasm
    - flop
    - funnel
    - handiwork
    - hoarding
    - humorous
    - irony
    - labour
    - labour-intensive
    - long
    - manpower
    - masterpiece
    - moderately
    - opening
    - piece
    - play
    - stick in
    - title
    - undermanning
    - whodunit
    - whodunnit
    - work
    - workforce
    - write up
    - writing
    - about
    - appalling
    - building
    - burlesque
    - by
    - credit
    - gang
    - grip
    - hardly
    - invite
    * * *
    obra nf
    1. [trabajo, acción]
    hacer o [m5] realizar una buena obra to do a good deed;
    ya he hecho la buena obra del día I've done my good deed for the day;
    poner algo en obra to put sth into effect;
    por sus obras los conoceréis by their works will you know them;
    es obra suya it's his doing;
    la ruina de las cosechas es obra de la sequía the crops have been ruined as a result of the drought;
    obras son amores y no buenas razones actions speak louder than words
    obra benéfica [institución] charity; [acción, trabajo] charitable deed;
    obra de beneficencia [institución] charity;
    [acción, trabajo] charitable deed;
    obra de caridad [institución] charity;
    [acción, trabajo] charitable deed; Anticuado obra pía charitable institution; Arg obra social benevolent fund;
    obras sociales community work
    2. [creación artística] work;
    [de teatro] play; [de música] work, opus;
    la obra pictórica de Miguel Ángel Michelangelo's paintings;
    una obra de artesanía a piece of craftsmanship
    obra de arte work of art;
    obras completas complete works;
    obra de consulta reference work;
    obra dramática [pieza] play, drama;
    [conjunto] plays, dramatic works;
    obra maestra masterpiece;
    obra menor minor work
    3. [trabajo de construcción] work;
    [reforma doméstica, en local] alteration;
    el ayuntamiento va a empezar una obra en el descampado the council is going to start building on the wasteground;
    vamos a hacer obra o [m5] obras en la cocina we're going to make some alterations to our kitchen;
    toda la calle está en obras there are roadworks all along the road;
    el edificio lleva en obras más de dos meses the work on the building has been going on for over two months;
    cortada por obras [letrero en calle] road closed for repairs;
    cerrado por obras [letrero en restaurante, edificio] closed for refurbishment;
    obras [en carretera] roadworks
    Náut obra muerta freeboard;
    obras públicas public works
    4. [solar en construcción] building site;
    encontró trabajo en una obra he found work on a building site
    5. [trabajo de albañilería]
    un horno de obra a brick oven
    6.
    la Obra the Opus Dei, = traditionalist Roman Catholic organization, whose members include many professional people and public figures
    * * *
    f
    1 work;
    obras completas complete works
    2 ( acción)
    :
    hacer buenas obras do good deeds;
    por obra de thanks to, as a result of;
    poner por o L.Am.
    en obra set in motion;
    ¡manos a la obra! let’s get to work!
    3
    :
    de obra muro, chimenea brick atr
    4
    :
    obras pl de construcción building work sg ; en la vía pública road works
    * * *
    obra nf
    1) : work
    obra de arte: work of art
    obra de teatro: play
    obra de consulta: reference work
    2) : deed
    una buena obra: a good deed
    3) : construction work
    4)
    obra maestra : masterpiece
    5)
    obras públicas : public works
    6)
    por obra de : thanks to, because of
    * * *
    obra n
    1. (artística, literaria) work

    Spanish-English dictionary > obra

  • 115 rater

    rater [ʀate]
    ➭ TABLE 1
    1. intransitive verb
    [projet, affaire] to fail
    • je t'avais dit qu'il le casserait, ça n'a pas raté (inf) I told you he'd break it and sure enough he did!
    • ça ne rate jamais ! it never fails!
    2. transitive verb
       a. ( = manquer) [+ balle, cible, occasion, train, rendez-vous, spectacle, personne] to miss
    • raté ! missed!
    • si tu croyais m'impressionner, c'est raté if you were trying to impress me, it hasn't worked!
    • il n'en rate pas une ! (ironic) he's always doing stupid things
    • je ne te raterai pas ! ( = je me vengerai) I'll show you!
       b. ( = ne pas réussir) [+ travail, affaire] to mess up ; [+ mayonnaise, sauce, plat] to make a mess of ; [+ examen] to fail
    * * *
    ʀate
    1.
    1) ( ne pas réussir) to fail, to flunk (colloq) US [examen]

    j'ai raté ma vie/ma photo — my life/my photo is a failure

    elle a raté son coup — (colloq) she has failed

    2) ( ne pas être présent pour) to miss [train, début de film, rendez-vous]
    3) (ne pas atteindre, ne pas voir) to miss [cible, objectif, marche, personne]

    2.
    verbe intransitif [plan, opération] to fail, to flop (colloq)

    ça va tout faire rater — (colloq) it'll spoil everything


    3.
    se rater verbe pronominal
    1) ( soi-même) to bungle one's suicide attempt
    * * *
    ʀate
    1. vi
    1) (= échouer) [affaire, projet] to go wrong, to fail
    2) (= ne pas partir) [coup de feu] to fail to go off
    2. vt
    1) [cible, train, occasion] to miss

    Chantal a raté son train. — Chantal missed her train.

    rater sa cible [bombe, projectile] — to miss its target, [tireur] to miss

    2) [démonstration, plat] to make a mess of

    Elle a raté sa pizza. — She made a mess of her pizza.

    3) [examen] to fail

    J'ai raté mon examen de maths. — I failed my maths exam.

    * * *
    rater verb table: aimer
    A vtr
    1 ( ne pas réussir) to fail, to flunk○ US [examen]; j'ai raté ma vie/ma carrière my life/my career is a failure; j'ai raté mon gâteau/ma photo my cake/my photo is a failure; je rate toujours les gâteaux my cakes are never a success; rater un saut en hauteur to fail a high-jump; elle a raté son coup○ she has failed;
    2 ( ne pas être présent pour) to miss [train, début de film, rendez-vous]; rater son train de cinq minutes to miss the train by five minutes;
    3 (ne pas atteindre, ne pas voir) to miss [cible, objectif, marche, personne]; il n'en rate pas une○ he can be relied upon to put his foot in it○;
    4 ○( ne pas sanctionner) la prochaine fois je ne le raterai pas next time I won't let him get away with it; elle ne l'a pas raté○ fig she put him in his place○.
    B vi
    1 [plan, opération] to fail, flop○; il dit toujours des bêtises, ça ne rate jamais○ he can be relied upon to say something stupid; ça va tout faire rater○ it'll spoil everything;
    2 [arme] to misfire.
    C se rater vpr
    1 ( soi-même) to bungle one's suicide attempt;
    2 ( ne pas se voir) nous nous sommes ratés we missed each other.
    [rate] verbe intransitif
    1. (familier) [échouer] to fail
    je t'avais dit qu'elle serait en retard, et ça n'a pas raté! I told you she'd be late, and sure enough she was!
    tais-toi, tu vas tout faire rater! shut up or you'll ruin everything!
    ————————
    [rate] verbe transitif
    1. [but] to miss
    s'il recommence, je te jure que je ne le raterai pas! (familier) if he does it again, I swear I'll get him!
    2. [avion, rendez-vous, visiteur, occasion] to miss
    je n'ai pas vu le concert — tu n'as rien raté/tu as raté quelque chose! I didn't see the concert — you didn't miss anything/you really missed something!
    3. [ne pas réussir]
    ————————
    se rater verbe pronominal
    il s'est coupé les cheveux lui-même, il s'est complètement raté! he cut his hair himself and made a complete mess of it!
    elle est tombée de vélo, elle ne s'est pas ratée! she didn't half hurt herself when she fell off her bike!

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > rater

  • 116 базовое состояние

    1. baseline

     

    базовое состояние
    (ITIL Continual Service Improvement)
    (ITIL Service Transition)
    Снимок состояния, используемый как контрольная точка. В течение времени может быть сделано множество снимков состояний, но только некоторые из них будут использованы как базовые состояния.
    Например:
    • Базовое состояние в области ITSM может быть использовано как отправная точка для измерения эффекта от реализации плана совершенствования услуг
    • Базовое состояние производительности может быть использовано для измерения изменений производительности в течение жизненного цикла ИТ-услуги
    • Базовое состояние конфигурации может быть использовано как часть плана возврата к предыдущему состоянию для восстановления известной конфигурации ИТ-инфраструктуры к известной конфигурации в случае неудачного изменения или релиза.
    См. тж. контрольная точка.
    [Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]

    EN

    baseline
    (ITIL Continual Service Improvement)
    (ITIL Service Transition)
    A snapshot that is used as a reference point. Many snapshots may be taken and recorded over time but only some will be used as baselines.
    For example:
    • An ITSM baseline can be used as a starting point to measure the effect of a service improvement plan
    • A performance baseline can be used to measure changes in performance over the lifetime of an IT service
    • A configuration baseline can be used as part of a back-out plan to enable the IT infrastructure to be restored to a known configuration if a change or release fails.
    See also benchmark.
    [Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]

    Тематики

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > базовое состояние

  • 117 претворять в жизнь

    •

    In this way we will make our theory work.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > претворять в жизнь

  • 118 проводить в жизнь

    •

    If such developments can be brought to fruition, there should be great potentialities for...

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > проводить в жизнь

  • 119 намерение

    1) General subject: aim, animus, counsel, design, drift, effect, idea, intent, intention, mind, notion (I have no notion of resigning - я не собираюсь подавать в отставку), object, purpose, resolve, scope, thought, view (will this meet your views? - не противоречит ли это вашим намерениям?), will, plan, inclination
    2) Rare: purport
    3) Mathematics: goal, mark
    5) Linguistics: (персонажа) intention
    6) Australian slang: dart
    7) Jargon: lay, pitch
    8) Information technology: intention (агента СИИ)
    9) Advertising: end
    10) Makarov: point, target
    11) Archaic: meaning

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > намерение

  • 120 осуществить замысел

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > осуществить замысел

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