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21 approach
1. n1) подход, метод2) pl подступы•to champion an approach — выступать за какой-л. подход
to make an approach — вступать в контакт, завязывать отношения
to soften one's approach to smth — смягчать свой подход к чему-л.
- all-inclusive approachto take an approach — придерживаться какого-л. подхода, применять какой-л. метод
- alternative approach
- approach to a problem
- approach to policy making
- balanced approach
- biased approach
- blanket approach
- bureaucratic approach
- businesslike approach
- carrot-and-stick approach
- case-by-case approach
- cautious approach
- class approach
- coherent approach
- combined approach
- common approach
- comprehensive approach
- concerted approach
- conciliatory approach
- concrete approach
- conscious approach
- consensual approach
- constructive approach
- coordinated approach
- creative approach
- critical approach
- democratic approach
- departmental approach
- dialectical approach
- diplomatic approach
- divide-and-rule approach
- dynamic approach
- economic approach
- effective approach
- environmentally sound approach
- equitable approach
- even-handed approach
- flexible approach
- forecasting approach
- formalist approach
- forthright approach
- fresh approach
- fuzzy approach
- general approach
- global approach
- gradualist approach
- hard-line approach
- heavy-handed approach
- historical approach
- holistic approach
- impartial approach
- incremental approach
- individual approach
- informal approach
- integrated approach
- interdisciplinary approach
- kid-glove approach
- liberalized approach
- lop-sided approach
- low-keyed approach
- metaphysical approach
- multilateral approach
- multipronged approach
- new approach
- nonrealistic approach
- nonviolent approach
- on the approaches to a city
- one-sided approach
- open approach
- overall approach
- package approach
- partial approach
- personal approach
- petty-minded approach
- phased approach
- piecemeal approach
- pluralistic approach
- politically effective approach
- positive approach
- practical approach
- pragmatic approach
- principled approach
- priority approach
- proper approach
- rational approach
- realistic approach
- rethink of smb's approach to smth
- revolutionary approach
- rigid approach
- scholarly approach
- scholastic approach
- scientific approach
- sectorial approach
- separate approach
- simplified approach
- soft approach
- softly-softly approach
- stage-by-stage approach
- statistical approach
- step-by-step approach
- theoretical approach
- tolerant approach
- tough approach
- traditional approach
- umbrella approach
- unbiased approach
- unified approach
- uniform approach
- unofficial approach
- unrealistic approach
- unscientific approach
- utilitarian approach
- wait-and-see approach 2. vобращаться (к кому-л. с просьбой, предложением); вступать в контакт; вступать в переговоры -
22 economy
n1) экономика; хозяйство2) экономия; бережливость•to build up national economy — строить / создавать национальную экономику
to improve one's economy — улучшать состояние экономики
to meet the needs of the national economy for smth — удовлетворять потребности национальной экономики в чем-л.
to rebuild a country's economy — восстанавливать / реконструировать экономику страны
to rehabilitate the war-ravaged national economy — восстанавливать разрушенную войной экономику страны
to remodel the economy — переделывать / изменять экономику
to revitalize / to revive the economy — возрождать / оживлять экономику
to satisfy the needs of the national economy for smth — удовлетворять потребности национальной экономики в чем-л.
to stimulate one's domestic economy — стимулировать рост экономики внутри страны
- adversely affected branches of economyto tighten one's economy hold — усиливать свое экономическое влияние
- agricultural economy
- ailing economy
- ailing economies of the Third World
- all-embracing economy
- appalling state of the economy
- balanced development of the branches of economy
- barter economy
- beleaguered economy
- black economy
- buoyancy in a country's economy
- buoyant economy
- business economy
- capitalist economy
- centralized economy
- centrally planned economy
- closed economy
- cohesive economy
- collapsing economy
- colonialist economy
- command economy
- commanding heights of the economy
- competitive economy
- complementary economies
- consumer economy
- controlled economy
- crippled economy
- crisis-free economy
- critical state of the economy
- day-to-day running of economy
- debt-ridden economy
- defense economy
- developed economy
- developed national economy
- developing economy
- dire state of the economy
- disrupted economy
- domestic economy
- economy catches its breath
- economy constricts
- economy expands
- economy goes deeper into crisis
- economy goes into a decline
- economy is buoyant
- economy is close to collapse
- economy is coming out of recession
- economy is crumbling
- economy is diving into a recession
- economy is facing a slump
- economy is faltering
- economy is headed upward
- economy is in a dreadful state
- economy is in a state of collapse
- economy is in bad condition
- economy is in recession
- economy is in the doldrums
- economy is not out of the woods yet
- economy is rolling downhill
- economy is sagging
- economy is seriously unbalanced
- economy is shrinking
- economy of disarmament
- economy of fuel
- economy of one-sided development
- economy of scarcity
- economy recovers
- economy undergoing charges
- economy will undergo drastic surgical measures
- economy with a high rate of growth in per capita output
- economies of industrialized countries are booming
- economies of scale
- economies on labor
- economies on social services
- emerging economy
- engineering economy
- exchange economy
- expanding economy
- fast developing economy
- flagging economy
- fragile economy
- frail economy
- free economy
- free enterprise economy
- freewheeling economy
- full employment economy
- ghost economy
- gilt-edged economy
- global economy
- gray economy
- green economy
- gross mismanagement of economy
- growth of the economy
- growth rate of the economy
- healthy economy
- high employment economy
- high interest rates further dampen down the economy
- highly developed branches of the economy
- home economy
- humane economy
- industrial economy
- inflationary pressures on the economy
- intensification of economy
- laissez-faire economy
- less centralized grip on the economy
- lop-sided economy
- low pressure economy
- major economy
- management of the economy
- market economy
- market-oriented economy
- mature economy
- mechanics of economy
- militarization of the economy
- militarized economy
- military economy
- mixed economy
- modernization of the economy
- monetary economy
- moribund economy
- multibranch economy
- multisectoral economy
- multistructrural economy
- national economy
- no-growth period of economy
- ongoing trends in the world economy
- overheated economy
- peace-time economy
- peasant economy
- plan-based economy
- planless economy
- plan-market economy
- planned economy
- pluralistic economy - powerful economy
- private economy
- private enterprise economy
- private sector of the economy
- progressive transformation of the economy
- protected economy
- public sector of the economy
- rapid expansion of the economy
- ravaged economy
- recovery in economy
- reforming of the economy along western lines
- regulated market economy
- retooling of the national economy
- revitalization of the economy
- robber economy
- robust economy
- run-down economy
- rural economy
- sagging economy
- sane economy
- self-sustained economy
- shadow economy
- shaky economy
- shattered economy
- shift away from central control of the economy
- shift to a market economy
- sick economy
- siege economy
- simple commodity economy
- size of the economy
- slide in the economy
- slowing of economy
- sluggish economy
- socialist economy
- socialist system of economy
- socialized economy
- sound economy
- Soviet-style economy
- spaceman economy
- spontaneous economy
- stability of economy
- stagnant economy - state-run economy
- stationary economy
- steady-state economy
- strict economy
- strong economy
- study of world economy
- subsistence economy
- sustained growth of economy
- swift transition to market economy
- swiss-cheese economy
- switchover to a market economy
- the country's economy grew by 10 per cent
- the country's economy has been in better shape than before
- the country's economy is in a pretty bad way
- the country's economy is in dire trouble
- tottering economy
- transition to market economy
- troubled economy
- turnaround in the economy
- two interlined economies
- unbalanced economy
- under-the-table economy
- unstable economy
- viable economy
- war economy
- war-ravaged economy
- war-time economy
- weakening of the economy
- world economy -
23 package
1. n1) комплексное соглашение; комплексная сделка; комплекс; комплексный план; пакет предложений; соглашение по ряду вопросов2) комплект, набор, пакет•- anti-crime packageto develop a single package in varied technical areas — разрабатывать единый комплекс мероприятий в различных областях техники
- as a single package
- assistance package
- austerity package
- balanced package
- compromise package
- controversial package
- economic package
- economic policy package
- emergency package
- energy package
- Family Assistance Package
- in a single package
- integral package
- package of bills
- package of concessions
- package of humanitarian aid
- package of measures
- package of policies
- package of reforms
- package will go through
- public package
- reform package
- regional peace package
- rescue package
- share package
- software package
- technology package
- total package 2. attr -
24 relation
n(among, between, with) отношение; связьto advance one's relations — давать новый толчок развитию отношений между своими странами
to arrange economic relations on a long-term basis — строить экономические отношения на долговременной основе
to be set on a course of improved relations with the rest of the world — идти по линии улучшения отношений с остальными странами мира
to bring relations with a country back to a balance — нормализировать отношения с какой-л. страной
to bring about a further improvement in East-West relations — приводить к дальнейшему улучшению отношений между Востоком и Западом
to clear away obstacles to better relations with smb — убирать все, что препятствует улучшению отношений с кем-л.
to contribute to the expansion of friendly relations — способствовать расширению дружественных связей
to cut (off) diplomatic relations with smb — разрывать с кем-л. дипломатические отношения
to damage relations between two countries — портить / ухудшать отношения между двумя странами
to disturb relations between two countries — портить / ухудшать отношения между двумя странами
to downgrade one's diplomatic relations with smb — понижать уровень дипломатических отношений с кем-л.
to ensure stable economic relations — гарантировать / обеспечивать устойчивые экономические отношения
to express an interest in better relations with smb — проявлять интерес к улучшению отношений с кем-л.
to foster good relations with a country — способствовать развитию хороших отношений с какой-л. страной
to have diplomatic relations — иметь / поддерживать дипломатические отношения
to heal the strained relations with a country — устранять напряженность в отношениях с какой-л. страной
to impose new strains on the government's relations with smb — еще больше осложнять отношения правительства с кем-л.
to institutionalize new relations — законодательно закреплять / узаконивать отношения
to introduce new strains in smb's relations with a country — делать еще более напряженными / еще больше усложнять чьи-л. отношения с какой-л. страной
to look forward to improved relations with... — надеяться на улучшение отношений с...
to make a plea for closer relations between smb — выступать с призывом упрочить отношения между кем-л.
to mar relations between two countries — портить / ухудшать отношения между двумя странами
to open diplomatic relations with... — устанавливать дипломатические отношения с...
to patch up one's relations — восстанавливать хорошие взаимоотношения
to pave the way for an improvement of relations between... — прокладывать путь к улучшению отношений между...
to place relations between two countries on a new footing — ставить отношения между двумя странами на новую основу
to place strain on relations between... — вносить напряженность в отношения между...
to plague relations — отравлять / омрачать / портить отношения
to poison relations — отравлять / омрачать / портить отношения
to put relations between two countries on a new footing — ставить отношения между двумя странами на новую основу
to reassess one's relations with a country — пересматривать свои отношения с какой-л. страной
to rebuild one's relations with smb — восстанавливать свои отношения с кем-л.
to recast / to reconsider one's relations with smb — пересматривать свои отношения с кем-л.
to reform one's relations with smb — перестраивать свои отношения с кем-л.
to reformulate one's relations with smb — пересматривать свои отношения с кем-л.
to render inconceivable any improvement in relations — делать немыслимым какое-л. улучшение отношений
to repair relations — улучшать / нормализовать отношения
to review one's relations with smb — пересматривать свои отношения с кем-л.
to seek better relations with... — добиваться улучшения отношений с...
to sour relations between two countries — портить / ухудшать отношения между двумя странами
to test the waters for the restoration of diplomatic relations — прощупывать почву относительно возможности восстановления дипломатических отношений
to warm (up) one's relations with smb — улучшать свои отношения с кем-л.
- acceleration of relationsto worsen relations between two countries — портить / ухудшать отношения между двумя странами
- aggravation relations
- agrarian relations
- amicable relations
- antagonistic relations
- balanced relations
- bilateral relations
- breach of relations
- break in relations
- breakdown in relations
- breakthrough in relations
- brotherly relations
- business relations
- capitalist relations
- causal relation
- cause-and-effect relations
- chill in relations
- chilly relations
- church-state relations
- church-to-state relations
- civilian-military relations
- clan relations
- close relations
- cold relations
- commercial relations
- commodity-money relations
- comprehensive improvement of relations
- constructive relations
- consular relations
- continuity in foreign relations
- cool relations
- cooling of relations
- cordial relations with smb
- credit and monetary relations
- credit relations
- crisis in relations
- cultural relations
- currency and credit relations
- demographic relations
- deteriorating relations
- deterioration in relations
- development of relations
- diplomatic relations
- direct diplomatic relations
- East-West relations
- economic relations
- equitable relations
- establishing of relations
- establishment of relations
- exemplary relations
- existing relations
- exploitative relations
- export-import relations
- external relations
- family and marital relations
- feudal-patriarchal social relations
- flourishing relations
- foreign economic relations
- foreign policy relations
- foreign relations
- formal relations
- fragile relations
- fraternal relations
- freeze in relations
- friendly relations
- frostiness in relations
- frosty relations
- good neighborhood relations
- good relations
- growing warmth in relations between the two countries
- harmonious relations
- healthy relations
- high level of relations between smb
- high point in relations
- human relations
- improved relations
- in spite of improved relations
- in the field of international relations
- industrial relations
- inequitable relations
- inter-American relations
- interethnic relations
- intergovernmental relations
- international cultural relations
- international legal relations
- international relations
- interparty relations
- interpersonal relations
- interruption of relations
- interstate relations
- kinship relations
- labor relations
- landmark in relations
- legal relations
- level of relations
- lukewarm relations
- lull of relations
- marital relations
- market relations
- matriarchal relations
- mature relations
- maturing of relations
- milestone in relations between smb
- monetary relations
- money relations
- moral relations
- multilateral relations
- mutual distrust in relations
- mutual relations
- mutually beneficial relations
- national relations
- need for further improved relations between the two countries
- neighborly relations
- new era in international relations
- new page in relations
- new relations
- new type of relations
- nonantagonistic relations
- normal relations
- normalization of relations
- obstacle to better relations
- official relations
- party-to-party relations
- patriarchal relations
- peaceful relations
- permanent diplomatic relations
- political relations
- positive assessments of relations
- power lever in relations
- precapitalist relations
- prevailing relations
- prickly relations
- private economic relations
- private property relations
- production relations
- progressive relations
- proper relations
- public relations
- race relations
- reestablisment of relations
- relation of forces
- relations among states
- relations are at a low ebb
- relations are at a very sensitive stage
- relations are at an impasse
- relations are at the lowest point
- relations are complicated
- relations are going perceptibly warmer by the day
- relations are overshadowed
- relations are seriously strained
- relations are severely strained
- relations are tense
- relations are troubled
- relations at the ambassadorial level
- relations between smb are taking a turn for the worse
- relations between the two countries were slightly downhill
- relations calm down
- relations came close to breaking point
- relations clouded by smth
- relations deteriorated
- relations have plunged to a new lowebb
- relations have soured to a new lowebb
- relations have taken a decided turn for the better
- relations have taken a step forward
- relations improve dramatically
- relations improve substantially
- relations move on to a new footing
- relations of friendship
- relations of peace, good-neighborliness and co-operation
- relations of production
- relations soured
- relations turned to ice
- relations warm up
- renewal of relations
- reopening of relations
- reordering of relations
- restoration of relations
- resumption of relations
- rift in relations
- rupture in relations
- severance of diplomatic relations
- sincere relations
- Sino-Russian relations
- social and legal relations
- social relations
- socialist relations
- socio-economic relations
- souring of relations
- special relations - state of relations
- state-to-state relations
- step back in relations
- strained relations
- straining in relations
- stumbling block to improving relations between...
- superpower relations
- tense relations
- tension-free relations
- thaw in relations
- trade and economic relations
- trade relations
- trading relations
- transition nature of relations
- treaty relations
- tribal relations
- turning point in relations
- uneasy relations
- unruffled relations
- warm relations
- warming of relations
- within the frame of East-West relations
- working relations
- world economic relations -
25 weight
1) (the amount which a person or thing weighs: He's put on a lot of weight (= got much fatter) over the years.) vekt, tyngde2) (a piece of metal etc of a standard weight: seven-pound weight.) lodd3) (a heavy object, especially one for lifting as a sport: He lifts weights to develop his muscles.) byrde4) (burden; load: You have taken a weight off my mind.) tyngde, vekt5) (importance: Her opinion carries a lot of weight.) vektbyrde--------lodd--------tyngde--------vektIsubst. \/weɪt\/1) vekt, tyngde, vektmengde• how can you lose a ten-ton weight of coal?• have you experienced any loss of weight?2) byrde3) lodd4) brevpresse5) ( overført) tyngde, byrde, trykk6) vekt, betydning, innflytelse• do you attach weight to what he's saying?7) tyngdepunkt hos, den samlede kraft (til)8) ( sport) vekt(klasse) (boksing), vektbelastning (hesteveddeløp)9) ( teknikk) trykk, belastning, last10) ( statistikk) vekta matter of weight en viktig sakbe a weight off one's mind være en lettelse for enbe over weight være overvektigbe under weight være undervektigby weight i løsvekt, etter vektgive a light weight ( ved salg) gi for lav vekthave a weight lifted from one's heart\/chest få en sten løftet fra brystet sittin weight på (vekten)lose weight gå ned i vekt, ta avnet weight nettovektof full weight med hele sin tyngdepull one's weight ro av alle krefter ta sin del av ansvaret, dra sin del av lasset, gjøre sittom alle legger seg i selen, kommer vi til å vinneput on weight gå opp i vekt, legge på segput the weight ( sport) støte kuleputting the weight ( sport) kulestøtset of weights loddsetttake the weight off one's feet ( hverdagslig) hvile bena, sette seg nedthrow one's weight about\/around ( hverdagslig) blære seg, gjøre seg viktig, vise seg• don't mind him, he's just throwing his weight aboutikke bry deg om ham, han bare viser segthrow one's weight (behind) (hverdagslig, overført) gjøre sin innflytelse gjeldendethrow the weight of one's influences into the scales anvende all sin innflytelseunit of weight vektenhetweights and measures mål og vektworth one's weight in gold ( overført) verdt sin vekt i gullIIverb \/weɪt\/1) gjøre tyngre, utstyre med tyngde2) ( også overført) belaste, tynge (ned)3) ( overført) tilrettelegge, tilpasse, vinkle• interests which weight policy in the direction of...interesser som styrer politikken i retningen av...4) ( teknikk) fortynge, fylle• is this weighted silk?5) ( statistikk) veieweight an argument legge frem et argument (på en god måte)weight down overlasteweighted average (matematikk, statistikk) veiet middeltall -
26 market
(mkt)ком., марк. n ринок; a ринковий1. система відносин, які виникають між покупцем і продавцем та завершуються операціями купівлі-продажу товарів чи послуг; ♦ поняття «ринок» можна охарактеризувати з погляду просторового аспекту (місцевий, регіональний, міжнародний та ін. ринки); функціонального (роздрібний продаж, оптова торгівля); видів продукції тощо; 2. група покупців даного товару чи послуги═════════■═════════active market активний ринок • жвавий ринок; agricultural commodities market сільськогосподарський ринок • ринок сільськогосподарської продукції; American market американський ринок; apparel market ринок одягу; auction market аукціонний ринок; Australian market австралійський ринок; bear market біржовий ринок, на якому спостерігається тенденція до зниження курсів • ринок «ведмедів» • біржа, на якій спостерігається тенденція до зниження курсів; bid market ринок продавця; black market чорний ринок; blocked market заблокований ринок • заморожений ринок; bond market ринок облігацій • ринок довгострокового позикового капіталу; brand-loyal market ринок, прихильний до марки; brisk market активний ринок • жвавий ринок; broad — активний ринок • жвавий ринок; bull market біржовий ринок, на якому спостерігається тенденція до підвищення курсів • ринок «биків» • біржа, на якій спостерігається тенденція до підвищення курсів; buoyant market ринок, який характеризується зростанням цін • зростаюча ринкова кон'юнктура; business market діловий ринок • ринок ділових підприємств; buyer's market ринок покупців • ринок, який характеризується зниженням цін; call money market ринок онкольних позик; Canadian market канадський ринок; capital market ринок капіталу; captive market захоплений ринок; cash market касовий ринок; central market центральний ринок; central wholesale markets оптові ринки сільськогосподарської продукції; closed market закритий ринок; commercial market торговельний ринок • комерційний ринок; commodity market товарний ринок • ринок товарів; common market спільний ринок; competitive market конкурентний ринок • ринок продавців, що конкурують; concentrated market концентрований ринок; congested market перевантажений ринок • переповнений ринок; consumer market ринок споживчих товарів; consumer goods market ринок споживчих товарів; control market контрольний ринок; conventional market традиційний ринок; core market первинний ринок • основний ринок; corn market ринок збіжжя • зернова біржа; credit market кредитний ринок • ринок кредитів; crowded market перенасичений ринок; curb market чорний ринок • неофіційний ринок цінних паперів; currency market валютний ринок; customer market ринок клієнтів; dead market млявий ринок • мертвий ринок; debt market ринок боргових зобов'язань; demographic market демографічний ринок • ринок демографічної групи; depressed market млявий ринок; deregulated market нерегульований ринок; desirable market перспективний ринок; developed market розвинений ринок; diet market ринок дієтичних продуктів; discount market обліковий ринок • дисконтний ринок; discount retailing market ринок роздрібної торгівлі за зниженими цінами; distant market віддалений ринок; domestic market внутрішній ринок; donor market ринок пожертводавців; dual exchange market валютний ринок з подвійним режимом (фіксованого і вільного валютного курсу); dull market млявий ринок; easy market легкодоступний ринок; editorial market редакційний ринок; educational market ринок навчальних послуг; employment market ринок робочих місць; entertainment market ринок розваг; equity market ринок акцій; established market стабільний ринок • сформований ринок; Eurocurrency market євровалютний ринок; expanding market зростаючий ринок • ринок, що розростається; exploratory market пробний ринок; export market експортний ринок; external market зовнішній ринок; farmer's market сільськогосподарський ринок • ринок сільськогосподарської продукції; fast-food market ринок продуктів швидкого приготування; financial market фінансовий ринок; flea market товчок • тандитний ринок (діал.) • блошиний ринок; food market ринок харчових товарів; foreign market закордонний ринок • зовнішній ринок; foreign exchange market ринок закордонної валюти; fourth market ринок четвертого ступеня; free market вільний ринок; freight market фрахтовий ринок; futures market ф'ючерсний ринок; global market всесвітній ринок • світовий ринок; gold market ринок золота; government market збут товарів та послуг державними установами; grain market ринок збіжжя • зернова біржа; grey market «сірий» ринок • неконтрольований грошовий ринок; growing market зростаючий ринок • ринок, що розростається; hard-sell market ринок з високою конкуренцією продавців; health care market ринок засобів охорони здоров'я; heterogeneous market неоднорідний ринок; high income market ринок покупців з високим доходом; home market внутрішній ринок; home video market ринок побутової відеоапаратури • ринок програм для побутової відеоапаратури; homogeneous market однорідний ринок; housing market ринок житла; illegal market нелегальний ринок; imperfect market недосконалий ринок; inactive market млявий ринок • застій на ринку; individual market окремий ринок; industrial market ринок товарів промислового значення • ринок промислових підприємств; information market ринок інформації; initial market початковий ринок; institutional market ринок організацій; insurance market страховий ринок; interbank market міжбанківський ринок; intermediate market проміжний ринок; internal market внутрішній ринок; international market міжнародний ринок; international monetary market міжнародний валютний ринок; introductory market ринок, на який виставляється новий товар; investment market інвестиційний ринок; job market ринок робочих місць; kerb market чорний ринок • неофіційний ринок цінних паперів; labour market ринок праці • ринок робочої сили; large market великий ринок; large-volume market ринок великого обсягу; legal market офіційний ринок; license market ринок ліцензій; lifestyle market ринок товарів, які відповідають різним стилям життя; limited market обмежений ринок; liquid market ліквідний ринок; livestock market ринок худоби; loan market ринок позик; loanable funds market ринок позичкового капіталу; local market місцевий ринок; locked market закритий ринок; low-end market ринок дешевих товарів і послуг; lucrative market прибутковий ринок; main market головний ринок • основний ринок; major market головний ринок • основний ринок; manpower market ринок робочої сили; mass market масовий ринок; mature market повністю сформований ринок; media market ринок засобів реклами; merchandise market товарний ринок; middle-class market ринок покупців середнього класу; mid-range market ринок товарів середньої вартості • ринок послуг середньої вартості; military market ринок продукції військового призначення; money market грошовий ринок; monopolistically competitive market ринок монополістичної конкуренції; monopolized market монополізований ринок; narrow market обмежений ринок • вузький ринок; national market національний ринок; nationwide market загальнонаціональний ринок; offered market ринок пропозицій; oligopolistic market олігополістичний ринок; one-sided market односторонній ринок; open market відкритий ринок; open-air market ринок під відкритим небом; organized market організований ринок; outside market зовнішній ринок; overseas market закордонний ринок; overstocked market перевантажений ринок; overt market відкритий ринок; parallel markets паралельні ринки; pegged market регульований ринок; perfect market ідеальний ринок • досконалий ринок; peripheral market периферійний ринок; personal market ринок товарів особистого споживання; potential market потенційний ринок; price-sensitive market ринок, чутливий до цін • ринок, який чутливо реагує на зміни цін; primary market первинний ринок • основний ринок • ринок сировини; produce market товарний ринок • базар; producer market ринок виробників • ринок товарів промислового призначення; productive market продуктивний ринок; professional market ринок професій; profitable market прибутковий ринок; property market ринок нерухомості; prospective market потенційний ринок; protected market захищений ринок; public market відкритий ринок; purchasing market ринок покупців; pure market чистий ринок; ready market ринок, на якому швидко продаються товари; real estate market ринок нерухомості; receptive market місткий ринок; recession-hit market застійний ринок • ринок зниження продажу; regional market місцевий ринок • регіональний ринок; regulated market регульований ринок; repurchase market вторинний ринок цінних паперів; resale market ринок перепродажу; reseller market ринок проміжних продавців • ринок перепродажу; residential market ринок домовласників • ринок житлових приміщень; restrictive market ринок з обмеженим попитом • ринок з тенденцією до монополії; retail market роздрібний ринок • ринок продажу в роздріб; rigged market маніпульований ринок; rural market сільський ринок; sales market ринок збуту; saturated market насичений ринок; secondary market вторинний ринок цінних паперів • другорядний ринок; securities market; selected market вибраний ринок; selective market вибірковий ринок; sellers' market ринок продавців • ринок, який характеризується підвищенням цін; sensitive market нестійкий ринок; services market ринок послуг; share market фондовий ринок • ринок акцій; shrinking market звужений ринок • ринок, що звужується; sluggish market млявий ринок; small market невеликий ринок; soft market ринок, який характеризується падінням цін; soft-drink market ринок безалкогольних напоїв; specialized market спеціалізований ринок; speculative market спекулятивний ринок; spot market ринок наявного товару; stagnant market млявий ринок; steady market стійкий ринок; stock market фондова біржа; strong market стійкий ринок; target market цільовий ринок; technical market ринок промислових товарів • промисловий ринок; territorial market територіальний ринок; test market пробний ринок; thin market неактивний ринок; third market ринок третього ступеня; tight market ринок з обмеженим попитом; tight money market ринок, який характеризується підвищеною ставкою відсотка; top market провідний ринок; total market загальний обсяг ринку • увесь ринок; trade market ринок сфери торгівлі • торговельний ринок; traditional market традиційний ринок; transport market транспортний ринок; two-tier market валютний ринок з подвійним режимом • двоярусний ринок; uncertain market нестійкий ринок; unsettled market нестійкий ринок; untapped market неосвоєний ринок; upbeat market ринок з аукціонним продажем; upscale market ринок споживачів, вищих від середнього рівня; urban market міський ринок; video market відеоринок • ринок відео-продукції; village market сільський ринок; volatile market нестійкий ринок • ринок, на якому ціни швидко змінюються; weak market «слабкий» ринок; wholesale market оптовий ринок; widely dispersed market розгалужений ринок; youth market═════════□═════════at the market за ринковою ціною • з урахуванням ринкової ціни; at today's market на сьогоднішній біржі; in line with the market відповідно до ринкового курсу; in the market на ринку; market access доступ до ринку; market analysis аналіз ринку; market and pricing policy ринкова і цінова політика; market area місце ринку; market capitalization ринкова капіталізація; market competition ринкова конкуренція; market concentration концентрація ринку • ринкова концентрація; market conditions ринкова кон'юнктура; market conduct ринкова поведінка; market crash біржовий крах; market development освоєння ринку • розширення ринку; market dominance провідне становище на ринку; market economy; market entry вихід на ринок • входження в ринок; market entry strategy стратегія виходу на ринок; market equilibrium ринкова рівновага; market exchange rate ринковий обмінний курс • ринковий валютний курс; market exit вихід з ринку; market factor фактор збуту • ринковий фактор; market failure недоліки ринкової системи • хиби ринкової системи; market fluctuation коливання цін на ринку • кон'юнктурне коливання; market fluctuation equalization fund фонд стабілізації ринку; market forces ринкові сили; market forecast прогноз ринкової кон'юнктури; market form форма ринку; market-geared за обліком ринку; market glut затоварювання ринку • перенасичення ринку; market grouping формування ринку; market information інформація про ринок; market interest rate ринкова ставка відсотка; market intervention ринкова інтервенція; market investigation кон'юнктурне дослідження; market leader товар, який має питому вагу в обороті ринку • ринковий лідер; market level рівень ринку; market maker особа, що реально впливає на стан справ на валютному чи фондовому ринку; market making scheme план впливу на ринок; market mechanism ринковий механізм; market monitoring моніторинг ринку • обстеження ринку; market niche ринкова ніша; market observer оглядач ринку; market operations ринкові операції; market operator біржовий маклер; market organization структура ринку; market-orientated орієнтований на ринок; market outlet канал реалізації • ринок збуту • торговельна точка; market penetration проникнення на ринок; market performance ефективність ринку • функціонування ринку; market place місце торгівлі • ринкова площа • ринок; market position стан ринку • становище ринку • ринкова кон'юнктура; market potential потенціал ринку; market power ринкова влада; market preview реклама товарів, які вступають на ринок; market price ринкова ціна • курс біржі • ринковий курс цінних паперів; market profile зріз ринку • аналіз потенційного ринку збуту за індивідуальною характеристикою; market promotion просування товару на ринок; market prospects перспективи ринку; market quotation біржове котирування • біржовий курс; market rate ринкова ставка • біржовий курс • ринкова норма • ринковий курс; market reaction ринкова реакція; market rent ринкова рента; market report огляд ринкової кон'юнктури • огляд стану ринку • ринковий звіт; market research аналіз стану ринку • вивчення ринкової кон'юнктури • дослідження ринку • аналіз ринкового потенціалу нового продукту • вивчення можливості ринку; market researcher дослідник ринку; market saturation насичення ринку; market section ринковий сектор; market segment ринковий сегмент • частина ринку; market segmentation сегментація ринку; market segregation відокремлення ринку; market-sensitive чутливий до коливання ринкової кон'юнктури; market share питома вага товару в обороті ринку • питома вага компанії в обороті ринку; market sharing поділ ринку • спеціалізація ринку; market sharing agreement угода про поділ ринку; market situation становище на ринку • стан ринку • ринкова кон'юнктура; market structure ринкова структура; market surveillance обстеження ринку • вивчення ринку; market survey обстеження ринку • вивчення ринку; market system ринкова система • ринкова економіка; markettarget price ринкова планова ціна • ринкова цільова ціна; market tendencies ринкові тенденції; market testing перевірка товару ринком • ринкові випробування; market transactions ринкові операції; market trend ринкова тенденція; market value ринкова вартість • курсова вартість • біржова вартість; on the market на ринку; to affect a market впливати/вплинути на ринок; to assess a market оцінювати/оцінити ринок; to bear the market грати на пониження ціни; to be in market продаватися; to be in the market for something бути потенційним покупцем чого-небудь • мати намір купити що-небудь; to branch out into a new market поширюватися/поширитися на новий ринок; to break into the market проникати/проникнути на ринок; to bring something on the market випускати/випустити що-небудь на ринок; to broaden a market розширяти/розширити ринок; to build up a market створювати/створити ринок; to bull the market грати на підвищення цін; to come into the market виходити/вийти на ринок; to come onto the market виходити/вийти на ринок; to command a market контролювати ринок; to congest a market переповнювати/переповнити ринок; to conquer a market завойовувати/завоювати ринок; to corner a market монополізувати ринок; to create a market створювати/створити ринок; to cultivate a market освоювати/освоїти ринок; to develop a market розвивати/розвинути ринок; to divide the market розділяти/ розділити ринок; to dominate the market переважати на ринку • домінувати на ринку; to enter the market виходити/вийти на ринок; to evaluate a market оцінювати/оцінити ринок; to expand a market розширяти/розширити ринок; to explore a market досліджувати/дослідити ринок; to find a market шукати/знайти ринок збуту; to find a ready market шукати/знайти швидкий збут; to flood the market наповнювати/наповнити ринок товарами; to force the market справляти/справити тиск на ринок; to gain access to the market одержувати/одержати доступ на ринок; to get access to the market одержувати/одержати доступ на ринок; to glut the market перенасичувати/перенаситити ринок; to hold a market підтримувати/підтримати ринок; to investigate a market досліджувати/дослідити ринок; to launch on the market випускати/випустити на ринок • пускати/пустити в хід; to manipulate the market впливати/вплинути на ринок; to meet with a ready market шукати/знайти швидкий збут; to monopolize the market монополізувати ринок; to open up new markets відкривати/відкрити нові ринки; to oust from the market витискати/витиснути з ринку; to overstock the market переповнювати/переповнити ринок; to preempt the market заздалегідь опановувати/опанувати ринок; to penetrate the market проникати/проникнути на ринок; to play the market спекулювати на біржі; to price oneself out of the market встановлювати/встановити підвищені ціни на ринку • визначати/визначити занадто високі ціни на ринку • переоцінювати/переоцінити що-небудь на ринку • встановлювати/встановити підвищені ціни на ринку і таким чином втратити своє місце на ринку; to put on the market випускати/випустити на ринок; to regain the market повертати/повернути ринок • знову оволодівати/оволодіти ринком; to retain the market зберігати/зберегти ринок; to rig the market впливати/вплинути на ринок • штучно знижувати/знизити ціни на ринку; to rule the market домінувати на ринку; to secure a market забезпечувати/забезпечити ринок; to seize a market захоплювати/захопити ринок; to segment a market розподіляти/розподілити ринок; to sound out the market випробовувати/випробувати ринок • перевіряти/перевірити ринок; to split the market розподіляти/розподілити ринок; to study the market вивчати/вивчити ринок; to sweep the market завойовувати/завоювати ринок; to take over a market захоплювати/захопити ринок; to test a market розвідувати/розвідати ринок; to win a market завойовувати/завоювати ринок; to withdraw from the market вилучити/вилучати з ринку • виходити/вийти з ринку* * *ринок; ринкове господарство; ринкова економіка; ринковий механізм; попит; кон'юнктура -
27 SHAPE
1. transitive verb2) (adapt, direct) prägen, formen [Charakter, Person]; [entscheidend] beeinflussen [Gang der Geschichte, Leben, Zukunft, Gesellschaft]2. intransitive verb 3. noun1) (external form, outline) Form, diespherical/rectangular in shape — kugelförmig/rechteckig
take shape — [Konstruktion, Skulptur:] Gestalt annehmen (see also academic.ru/9982/c">c)
2) (appearance) Gestalt, diein the shape of a woman — in Gestalt einer Frau
take shape — [Plan, Vorhaben:] Gestalt od. feste Formen annehmen (see also a)
get one's ideas into shape — seine Gedanken sammeln
knock something into shape — etwas wieder in Form bringen
in all shapes and sizes, in every shape and size — in allen Formen und Größen
the shape of things to come — die Dinge, die da kommen sollen/sollten
do yoga to keep in shape — Yoga machen, um in Form zu bleiben
be in good/bad shape — gut/schlecht in Form sein
5) (person seen, ghost) Gestalt, diePhrasal Verbs:- shape up* * *[ʃeip] 1. noun1) (the external form or outline of anything: People are all (of) different shapes and sizes; The house is built in the shape of a letter L.) die Form2) (an indistinct form: I saw a large shape in front of me in the darkness.) die Gestalt3) (condition or state: You're in better physical shape than I am.) die Verfassung2. verb1) (to make into a certain shape, to form or model: She shaped the dough into three separate loaves.) formen2) (to influence the nature of strongly: This event shaped his whole life.) formen•- shaped- shapeless
- shapelessness
- shapely
- shapeliness
- in any shape or form
- in any shape
- out of shape
- take shape* * *[ʃeɪp]I. ncircular/triangular \shape Kreis-/Dreiecksform fto be different \shapes eine unterschiedliche Form habento be oval/square in \shape eine ovale/quadratische Form habenall \shapes and sizes alle Formen und Größenwe sell all \shapes and sizes of teddy bears wir verkaufen alle möglichen Teddybärento come in all \shapes and sizes völlig verschieden voneinander seinto lose its \shape die Form verlierento take \shape Form annehmen, Kontur gewinnen formthe vase began to take \shape in the potter's hands die Vase nahm unter den Händen des Töpfers Gestalt anin order to tempt Faust, the devil took the \shape of a man um Faust zu versuchen, nahm der Teufel Menschengestalt anlife on earth takes many \shapes das Leben auf der Erde ist sehr vielfältigin any \shape or form ( fig) in jeder Formout of \shape verformt; metal verbogentechnological developments have changed the \shape of the industry technologische Entwicklungen haben die Branche in ihrer ganzen Art verändertto show the \shape of things to come das Gepräge der Zukunft tragento be in bad [or poor] /good \shape things in schlechtem/gutem Zustand sein; people in schlechter/guter Verfassung sein; SPORT nicht in Form/in Form seinto be in great \shape in Hochform seinto be out of \shape nicht in Form seinto be in no \shape to do sth [gesundheitlich] nicht in der Verfassung sein, etw zu tunto get into \shape in Form kommento get sb/oneself into \shape jdn/sich in Form bringento get sth into \shape etw wieder auf die Reihe kriegen slII. vt1. (mould)▪ to \shape sth etw [aus]formen2. (influence)▪ to \shape sb/sth jdn/etw prägenwe are all \shaped by the times in which we live wir sind alle geprägt von der Zeit, in der wir lebento \shape sb's character/personality jds Charakter/Persönlichkeit formento \shape one's destiny sein Schicksal [selbst] gestaltento \shape a policy eine Politik [o einen politischen Kurs] bestimmen3. (style)to \shape sb's hair jds Haar stylen4. (tailor)▪ to \shape sth etw entwerfenthe skirt has been \shaped so that it hangs loosely der Rock ist so geschnitten, dass er lose fällt* * *[ʃeɪp] abbr Hauptquartier der alliierten Streitkräfte in Europa während des 2. Weltkriegs* * ** * *1. transitive verb1) (create, form) formen; bearbeiten [Holz, Stein] ( into zu)2) (adapt, direct) prägen, formen [Charakter, Person]; [entscheidend] beeinflussen [Gang der Geschichte, Leben, Zukunft, Gesellschaft]2. intransitive verb 3. noun1) (external form, outline) Form, diespherical/rectangular in shape — kugelförmig/rechteckig
take shape — [Konstruktion, Skulptur:] Gestalt annehmen (see also c)
2) (appearance) Gestalt, dietake shape — [Plan, Vorhaben:] Gestalt od. feste Formen annehmen (see also a)
in all shapes and sizes, in every shape and size — in allen Formen und Größen
the shape of things to come — die Dinge, die da kommen sollen/sollten
do yoga to keep in shape — Yoga machen, um in Form zu bleiben
be in good/bad shape — gut/schlecht in Form sein
5) (person seen, ghost) Gestalt, diePhrasal Verbs:- shape up* * *n.Form -en f.Gebilde - n.Gestalt -en f.Profilteil n. v.formen v.fräsen (Holz) v.gestalten v. -
28 Shape
1. transitive verb2) (adapt, direct) prägen, formen [Charakter, Person]; [entscheidend] beeinflussen [Gang der Geschichte, Leben, Zukunft, Gesellschaft]2. intransitive verb 3. noun1) (external form, outline) Form, diespherical/rectangular in shape — kugelförmig/rechteckig
take shape — [Konstruktion, Skulptur:] Gestalt annehmen (see also academic.ru/9982/c">c)
2) (appearance) Gestalt, diein the shape of a woman — in Gestalt einer Frau
take shape — [Plan, Vorhaben:] Gestalt od. feste Formen annehmen (see also a)
get one's ideas into shape — seine Gedanken sammeln
knock something into shape — etwas wieder in Form bringen
in all shapes and sizes, in every shape and size — in allen Formen und Größen
the shape of things to come — die Dinge, die da kommen sollen/sollten
do yoga to keep in shape — Yoga machen, um in Form zu bleiben
be in good/bad shape — gut/schlecht in Form sein
5) (person seen, ghost) Gestalt, diePhrasal Verbs:- shape up* * *[ʃeip] 1. noun1) (the external form or outline of anything: People are all (of) different shapes and sizes; The house is built in the shape of a letter L.) die Form2) (an indistinct form: I saw a large shape in front of me in the darkness.) die Gestalt3) (condition or state: You're in better physical shape than I am.) die Verfassung2. verb1) (to make into a certain shape, to form or model: She shaped the dough into three separate loaves.) formen2) (to influence the nature of strongly: This event shaped his whole life.) formen•- shaped- shapeless
- shapelessness
- shapely
- shapeliness
- in any shape or form
- in any shape
- out of shape
- take shape* * *[ʃeɪp]I. ncircular/triangular \shape Kreis-/Dreiecksform fto be different \shapes eine unterschiedliche Form habento be oval/square in \shape eine ovale/quadratische Form habenall \shapes and sizes alle Formen und Größenwe sell all \shapes and sizes of teddy bears wir verkaufen alle möglichen Teddybärento come in all \shapes and sizes völlig verschieden voneinander seinto lose its \shape die Form verlierento take \shape Form annehmen, Kontur gewinnen formthe vase began to take \shape in the potter's hands die Vase nahm unter den Händen des Töpfers Gestalt anin order to tempt Faust, the devil took the \shape of a man um Faust zu versuchen, nahm der Teufel Menschengestalt anlife on earth takes many \shapes das Leben auf der Erde ist sehr vielfältigin any \shape or form ( fig) in jeder Formout of \shape verformt; metal verbogentechnological developments have changed the \shape of the industry technologische Entwicklungen haben die Branche in ihrer ganzen Art verändertto show the \shape of things to come das Gepräge der Zukunft tragento be in bad [or poor] /good \shape things in schlechtem/gutem Zustand sein; people in schlechter/guter Verfassung sein; SPORT nicht in Form/in Form seinto be in great \shape in Hochform seinto be out of \shape nicht in Form seinto be in no \shape to do sth [gesundheitlich] nicht in der Verfassung sein, etw zu tunto get into \shape in Form kommento get sb/oneself into \shape jdn/sich in Form bringento get sth into \shape etw wieder auf die Reihe kriegen slII. vt1. (mould)▪ to \shape sth etw [aus]formen2. (influence)▪ to \shape sb/sth jdn/etw prägenwe are all \shaped by the times in which we live wir sind alle geprägt von der Zeit, in der wir lebento \shape sb's character/personality jds Charakter/Persönlichkeit formento \shape one's destiny sein Schicksal [selbst] gestaltento \shape a policy eine Politik [o einen politischen Kurs] bestimmen3. (style)to \shape sb's hair jds Haar stylen4. (tailor)▪ to \shape sth etw entwerfenthe skirt has been \shaped so that it hangs loosely der Rock ist so geschnitten, dass er lose fällt* * *[ʃeɪp] abbr Hauptquartier der alliierten Streitkräfte in Europa während des 2. Weltkriegs* * ** * *1. transitive verb1) (create, form) formen; bearbeiten [Holz, Stein] ( into zu)2) (adapt, direct) prägen, formen [Charakter, Person]; [entscheidend] beeinflussen [Gang der Geschichte, Leben, Zukunft, Gesellschaft]2. intransitive verb 3. noun1) (external form, outline) Form, diespherical/rectangular in shape — kugelförmig/rechteckig
take shape — [Konstruktion, Skulptur:] Gestalt annehmen (see also c)
2) (appearance) Gestalt, dietake shape — [Plan, Vorhaben:] Gestalt od. feste Formen annehmen (see also a)
in all shapes and sizes, in every shape and size — in allen Formen und Größen
the shape of things to come — die Dinge, die da kommen sollen/sollten
do yoga to keep in shape — Yoga machen, um in Form zu bleiben
be in good/bad shape — gut/schlecht in Form sein
5) (person seen, ghost) Gestalt, diePhrasal Verbs:- shape up* * *n.Form -en f.Gebilde - n.Gestalt -en f.Profilteil n. v.formen v.fräsen (Holz) v.gestalten v. -
29 shape
1. transitive verb2) (adapt, direct) prägen, formen [Charakter, Person]; [entscheidend] beeinflussen [Gang der Geschichte, Leben, Zukunft, Gesellschaft]2. intransitive verb 3. noun1) (external form, outline) Form, diespherical/rectangular in shape — kugelförmig/rechteckig
take shape — [Konstruktion, Skulptur:] Gestalt annehmen (see also academic.ru/9982/c">c)
2) (appearance) Gestalt, diein the shape of a woman — in Gestalt einer Frau
take shape — [Plan, Vorhaben:] Gestalt od. feste Formen annehmen (see also a)
get one's ideas into shape — seine Gedanken sammeln
knock something into shape — etwas wieder in Form bringen
in all shapes and sizes, in every shape and size — in allen Formen und Größen
the shape of things to come — die Dinge, die da kommen sollen/sollten
do yoga to keep in shape — Yoga machen, um in Form zu bleiben
be in good/bad shape — gut/schlecht in Form sein
5) (person seen, ghost) Gestalt, diePhrasal Verbs:- shape up* * *[ʃeip] 1. noun1) (the external form or outline of anything: People are all (of) different shapes and sizes; The house is built in the shape of a letter L.) die Form2) (an indistinct form: I saw a large shape in front of me in the darkness.) die Gestalt3) (condition or state: You're in better physical shape than I am.) die Verfassung2. verb1) (to make into a certain shape, to form or model: She shaped the dough into three separate loaves.) formen2) (to influence the nature of strongly: This event shaped his whole life.) formen•- shaped- shapeless
- shapelessness
- shapely
- shapeliness
- in any shape or form
- in any shape
- out of shape
- take shape* * *[ʃeɪp]I. ncircular/triangular \shape Kreis-/Dreiecksform fto be different \shapes eine unterschiedliche Form habento be oval/square in \shape eine ovale/quadratische Form habenall \shapes and sizes alle Formen und Größenwe sell all \shapes and sizes of teddy bears wir verkaufen alle möglichen Teddybärento come in all \shapes and sizes völlig verschieden voneinander seinto lose its \shape die Form verlierento take \shape Form annehmen, Kontur gewinnen formthe vase began to take \shape in the potter's hands die Vase nahm unter den Händen des Töpfers Gestalt anin order to tempt Faust, the devil took the \shape of a man um Faust zu versuchen, nahm der Teufel Menschengestalt anlife on earth takes many \shapes das Leben auf der Erde ist sehr vielfältigin any \shape or form ( fig) in jeder Formout of \shape verformt; metal verbogentechnological developments have changed the \shape of the industry technologische Entwicklungen haben die Branche in ihrer ganzen Art verändertto show the \shape of things to come das Gepräge der Zukunft tragento be in bad [or poor] /good \shape things in schlechtem/gutem Zustand sein; people in schlechter/guter Verfassung sein; SPORT nicht in Form/in Form seinto be in great \shape in Hochform seinto be out of \shape nicht in Form seinto be in no \shape to do sth [gesundheitlich] nicht in der Verfassung sein, etw zu tunto get into \shape in Form kommento get sb/oneself into \shape jdn/sich in Form bringento get sth into \shape etw wieder auf die Reihe kriegen slII. vt1. (mould)▪ to \shape sth etw [aus]formen2. (influence)▪ to \shape sb/sth jdn/etw prägenwe are all \shaped by the times in which we live wir sind alle geprägt von der Zeit, in der wir lebento \shape sb's character/personality jds Charakter/Persönlichkeit formento \shape one's destiny sein Schicksal [selbst] gestaltento \shape a policy eine Politik [o einen politischen Kurs] bestimmen3. (style)to \shape sb's hair jds Haar stylen4. (tailor)▪ to \shape sth etw entwerfenthe skirt has been \shaped so that it hangs loosely der Rock ist so geschnitten, dass er lose fällt* * *[ʃeɪp] abbr Hauptquartier der alliierten Streitkräfte in Europa während des 2. Weltkriegs* * *shape [ʃeıp]A s1. Gestalt f, Form f (beide auch fig):in the shape of in Form von (od gen);in human shape in Menschengestalt;in no shape in keiner Weise2. Figur f, Gestalt f:put into shape formen, gestalten3. feste Form oder Gestalt:get one’s ideas into shape seine Gedanken ordnen;be in (good) shape in (guter) Form sein;be in bad shape in schlechter Verfassung oder Form sein, in schlechtem Zustand oder übel zugerichtet sein;stay in shape in Form bleiben5. TECHa) Form f, Modell n, Fasson fb) Formstück n, -teil nc) pl Pressteile pl6. GASTRa) (Pudding- etc) Form fb) Stürzpudding mB v/tinto zu):shape a child’s character fig den Charakter eines Kindes formen2. anpassen (to an akk)3. formulieren4. planen, entwerfen, ersinnen, schaffen:5. TECH formen, fassonierenC v/i1. Gestalt oder Form annehmen, sich formenthings shape right die Dinge entwickeln sich richtig;he is shaping well er macht sich umga) (endgültige) Gestalt annehmen,4. shape up toa) Boxstellung einnehmen gegen,b) fig jemanden herausfordern* * *1. transitive verb1) (create, form) formen; bearbeiten [Holz, Stein] ( into zu)2) (adapt, direct) prägen, formen [Charakter, Person]; [entscheidend] beeinflussen [Gang der Geschichte, Leben, Zukunft, Gesellschaft]2. intransitive verb 3. noun1) (external form, outline) Form, diespherical/rectangular in shape — kugelförmig/rechteckig
take shape — [Konstruktion, Skulptur:] Gestalt annehmen (see also c)
2) (appearance) Gestalt, dietake shape — [Plan, Vorhaben:] Gestalt od. feste Formen annehmen (see also a)
in all shapes and sizes, in every shape and size — in allen Formen und Größen
the shape of things to come — die Dinge, die da kommen sollen/sollten
do yoga to keep in shape — Yoga machen, um in Form zu bleiben
be in good/bad shape — gut/schlecht in Form sein
5) (person seen, ghost) Gestalt, diePhrasal Verbs:- shape up* * *n.Form -en f.Gebilde - n.Gestalt -en f.Profilteil n. v.formen v.fräsen (Holz) v.gestalten v. -
30 strategy
massive (nuclear) reprisal strategy — стратегия «массированного возмездия», стратегия нанесения массированных ответных ЯУ
massive (nuclear) retaliation strategy — стратегия «массированного возмездия», стратегия нанесения массированных ответных ЯУ
— non-war strategy -
31 point
[pɔɪnt] 1. сущ.1)а) точка, пятнышко, крапинкаbody dotted with numerous red points — тело, усыпанное многочисленными красными пятнышками
Syn:б) точка, отметка, точка деления ( на шкале)dew-point — точка росы; температура таяния
The freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit. — Точка замерзания воды - 32 градуса по Фаренгейту.
The shares reached their highest point on the 13th June 1990, when they might have been sold for $600. — Акции достигли высшей отметки 13 июня 1990 года, когда они могли продаваться по 600 долларов.
в) мор. румб2)а) = full point точка ( знак препинания)б) мат. точка3) пункт, момент, вопрос; делоcontroversial point — спорный вопрос, момент
talking point — вопрос, могущий быть предметом разговора; (подходящая) тема для разговора; аргумент
to argue a point — обсуждать вопрос, спорить по поводу чего-л.
to belabor / labor a point — разрабатывать, исследовать вопрос
to bring up / raise a point — ставить / поднимать вопрос
to concede / yield a point — уступить, сдаться в каком-л. вопросе
to cover / discuss a point — обсуждать вопрос
to drive / hammer / press a point home — доводить вопрос до сведения
to emphasize / stress / underscore a point — акцентировать, подчёркивать вопрос
to strain, stretch a point in smb.'s favour — истолковать дело / вопрос в чью-л. пользу
She made the point that further resistance was useless. — Она сочла, что дальнейшее сопротивление бесполезно.
- at point- at all points
- on this point
- make a point of smth.Syn:At that point the audience got up to leave. — В этот момент зрители поднялись, чтобы уходить.
Syn:5)а) точка, место, пунктI've been in Pakistan and points East for six weeks. — Я шесть недель провел в Пакистане и других восточных странах.
б) разг. полицейский пост6) разг. станция7) охот.; разг. место, к которому по прямой мчится собака или дичьto make one's point — бежать прямо к намеченному месту (о собаке, лисе)
8)а) отличительная черта, особенностьTact isn't my strong point. — Тактичность не является моей отличительной чертой.
Syn:б) стать, статья (животного; как показатель его породистости)в) ( points) конечности (животного; обычно имеют контрастную окрасу); контрастная окраска конечностейThe Siamese kittens are born absolutely white and gradually all the points come. — Сиамские котята рождаются абсолютно белыми, но постепенно лапы, кончик хвоста и мордочка темнеют.
д) ( points) достоинства, преимуществаA simple story, but it has its points. — Простая история, но в ней есть свои достоинства.
Getting drunk as a pastime may have its points, but as an exclusive occupation. — В том чтобы напиться в стельку, тоже есть своя прелесть, но только если это происходит в исключительных случаях.
9) спорт. очкоpoints verdict / decision — присуждение победы по очкам (в боксе и т. п.)
to gain a point, to get points — получить преимущество
The team won by two points. — Команда выиграла с перевесом в два очка.
Syn:10)а) бирж. пунктб) ист. талон, единица продовольственной или промтоварной карточки ( в Великобритании во время Второй мировой войны и в послевоенные годы)From April 2 imported tinned marmalade will be available on points. — Со 2 апреля импортный джем в банках будут продавать по талонам.
в) полигр. пункт11) ( the point) суть, сущность; "соль" (рассказа, шутки)I think I missed the point of his story. — По-видимому, я прозевал суть его истории.
The point is not who said the words, but whether they are true or not. — Дело не в том, кто сказал эти слова, а в том - истинны они или нет.
He did not see the point of the joke. — Он не понял, в чем "соль" шутки.
- come to the point- keep to the point
- get to the pointSyn:12) цель, намерение; важная мысль, заслуживающее внимание замечаниеI have now read the article with interest and appreciation but it doesn't meet my point at all. — Я прочел статью с интересом и пониманием, но она не о том, что я имею (имел) в виду.
I see. I quite see your point. — Я понимаю. Я вполне понимаю, что вы хотите сказать.
"The affair'll have to be shelved." "I take your point, sir." — "Дело должно быть отложено. - Я вас понял, сэр."
Syn:13) намёк, подсказка, указание, советThere are friends who honestly and in all good faith give a "point" as to buying this or that stock. — Существуют такие друзья, которые честно и от чистого сердца дают "советы" купить те или другие акции.
Syn:14) пойнт (мера веса в ювелирном деле, равная одной сотой карата)15) эл. штепсельная розеткаHelena plugged an electric kettle into a point underneath the table. — Элен воткнула вилку электрочайника в розетку под столом.
16) геральд.б) средняя часть верхней или нижней части щита ( в отличие от правой или левой части)17) кружево ( выполненное на спицах)18)а) остриё; наконечникб) кинжал, шпага; шилов) гравировальная игла, резец ( гравера)19)а) тонкий конец, кончик; остроконечная верхушка; острая выступающая частьMr. Calthorpe tapped the points of the fingers of each hand together. — Мистер Калторп постукивал кончиками пальцев друг о друга.
Syn:б) мыс, выступающая морская коса, стрелка20) воен. головной или тыльный дозор21) ( the Point) амер.; разг. Военная академия США в Вест-Пойнте22) ж.-д.; обычно ( points) стрелочный перевод23) лунка ( на доске в игре нарды)24) кончик нижней челюсти (место, в которое наносится удар)25) ( points) пуантыIn a pas de deux with Ted Kivitt, she stepped majestically on point as if there were magnets concealed in her toe shoes. — В па-де-де с Тедом Кивиттом она величественно выступала на пуантах, как будто в ее балетных туфлях были спрятаны магниты.
27) мор. редька ( оплетённый конец снасти)28) ист. шнурок с наконечником ( заменявший пуговицы)29) резкое взмывание вверх ( о соколе), стойка ( о собаке)to come / make a point — делать стойку
••- in point- in point of
- in point of fact 2. гл.1)а) ставить знаки препинания; делать паузы ( в устном тексте), акцентировать подчёркиватьSyn:б) = point off отделять точкой ( десятичную дробь)2) точить; заострять; чинить ( карандаш)Syn:3) оживлять, придавать остроту (словам, действиям)The circumstances which pointed and sharpened the public feelings on that occasion. — Обстоятельства, оживившие чувства общественности, по поводу этого события.
4) намечать с помощью просверливаемых точек (на камне или мраморе) глубину, на которую должна стёсываться скульптура5)а) стр. расшивать швыб) вносить (навоз и т. п.) в землю на небольшую глубину с помощью лопаты6)а) = point out показывать пальцем, указывать; указывать, обращать (чьё-л.) внимание; отмечать, подчёркиватьto point the finger (of scorn) (at) — указывать пальцем на (кого-л.), насмехаться над (кем-л.)
It's rude to point at people. — Некрасиво показывать на людей пальцем.
"There's the coin you dropped!" she said, pointing down. — Вот монетка, которую ты уронил, - сказало она, указывая вниз.
She pointed through the window of the coach. — Она указала пальцем в окно коляски.
When asked to explain where all the housekeeping money had gone, Mary pointed to the rising prices. — Когда её попросили объяснить, куда ушли все деньги, выделенные на ведение хозяйства, Мэри сослалась на повышение цен.
He has pointed out a method of cure. — Он указал на метод лечения.
He pointed out that there were certain formalities to be observed. — Он подчеркнул, что существуют некоторые формальности, которые должны быть выполнены.
The finger of scorn is pointed at you. — Над тобой насмехаются.
Syn:7) охот. делать стойку ( указывая на дичь - о собаке)trained to stop and point where the game lies — обученная останавливаться и делать стойку, указывая, где залёг зверь
In the next field Satin pointed a leveret. — На следующем поле Сэтин сделал стойку перед зайчонком.
8) (point at, point to) направлять, наводить ( оружие); целиться, прицеливатьсяNever point a gun at someone, even in fun. — Никогда ни в кого не прицеливайся, даже в шутку.
Syn:9) (point at, point to) указывать на (что-л.), говорить, свидетельствовать о (чём-л.)The Minister's remarks seemed to be pointing at an early election. — Казалось, что замечания министра касались досрочных выборов.
All the signs point to / towards an early election. — Все признаки указывают на досрочные выборы.
Syn:10)а) быть обращённым, направленным (в какую-л. сторону)This may be noticed in any house which points on to a busy thoroughfare. — Это можно заметить в каждом доме, который выходит на оживлённую улицу.
The churches of Europe were ordinarily built pointing to the east. — Церкви в Европе обыкновенно строились обращёнными на восток.
б) иметь целью, стремитьсяIt was the goal towards which the policy of the Frankish kings had for many years pointed. — Это была цель, на которую в течение многих лет была направлена политика франкских королей.
в) спорт. специально готовиться (к игре, к соревнованиям)We are not pointing for any team in particular, but are trying to develop for our major games without being knocked off. — Мы не готовимся к конкретной игре с конкретным партнёром, но стараемся сохранить форму и силы к главным матчам.
11) мед. созревать ( о нарыве)12) мор. идти курсом близким к направлению ветра13) амер. гнать, погонять ( стадо)fox fur pointed to imitate silver fox — мех лисы с вставленными белыми волосками для имитации чернобурки
•- point off
- point out
- point up -
32 crack
A n1 (part of fine network in paint, varnish, cup, ground) craquelure f (in dans) ; (single marked line in wall, cup, mirror, ground, bone) fêlure f (in dans) ; cracks are appearing in the policy/the relationship on commence à déceler des fêlures dans la politique/leurs relations ;2 ( narrow opening) ( in door) entrebâillement m ; ( in curtains) fente f ; (in rock, wall) fissure f ; to open the door a crack entrebâiller la porte ; leave the door open a crack laisse la porte entrebâillée ;4 (sharp noise of twig, bone, whip, shot) craquement m ;5 ○ ( attempt) essai m, tentative f ; to have a crack at doing essayer de faire ; to have a crack at essayer de remporter [title] ; essayer de battre [record] ; tenter [gold medal] ; to have a crack at (playing) Hamlet s'essayer à jouer Hamlet ; she wants (to have) a crack at the champion elle veut se mesurer au champion ; it's his third crack at the title c'est sa troisième tentative de remporter le titre ;6 ○ ( jibe) moquerie f (about à propos de) ; ( joke) plaisanterie f (about à propos de) ; a cheap crack une plaisanterie facile ; to have a crack at sb se moquer de qn ;C vtr1 ( make a crack in) fêler [mirror, bone, wall, cup] ; ( make fine cracks in) fendiller, faire craqueler [paint, varnish, cup] ;2 ( break) casser [nut, egg, casing] ; to crack a safe cambrioler un coffre-fort ; to crack sth open ouvrir qch ; let's crack open a bottle of wine ouvrons une bouteille de vin ; to crack one's head open ○ se fendre le crâne ; she didn't crack a book for that class ○ US elle n'a même pas ouvert un livre pour cette matière ; to crack the market percer sur le marché ;3 ( solve) résoudre [problem, case] ; to crack a code déchiffrer un code ; to crack a spy/crime network démanteler un réseau d'espions/criminel ; I think I've cracked it ○ je crois que j'ai pigé ○ or compris ;4 ( make cracking sound with) faire claquer [whip] ; faire craquer [knuckles, joints, twig] ; to crack sth over sb's head, to crack sb on the head with sth asséner un coup sur la tête de qn avec qch ; to crack one's head on sth se cogner la tête sur qch ; to crack the whip fig agiter le fouet ;5 ( overcome) faire craquer [resistance, defences, opposition] ;6 to crack a joke sortir une blague ○ ;7 Chem craquer [oil].D vi1 ( develop crack(s)) [bone, mirror, cup, wall, ice] se fêler ; [paint, varnish] se craqueler ; [skin] se crevasser ; [ground] ( slightly) se fendiller ; ( severely) se fendre ; the earth cracked in the heat la terre s'est fendillée sous l'effet de la chaleur ;2 ( cease to resist) [person, opposition] craquer ; to crack under interrogation craquer à la suite d'un interrogatoire ; he tends to crack under pressure il a tendance à craquer quand la pression monte ;4 [voice] se casser ; her voice cracked with emotion sa voix s'est cassée tellement elle était émue ;5 her face cracked into a smile elle a souri jusqu'aux oreilles.not all ou not as good as it's cracked up to be pas aussi bon qu'on le prétend ; to get cracking s'y mettre ; go on, get cracking! vas-y, remue-toi! ; to get cracking on ou with a job se mettre au travail ; to have a fair crack of the whip avoir sa chance ; to give sb a fair crack of the whip donner sa chance à qn.■ crack down prendre des mesures énergiques, sévir (on contre).■ crack up ○:▶ crack up1 ( have breakdown) craquer ;2 ( laugh) rire ;3 argot des drogués to crack (it) up fumer du crack ;▶ crack [sb] up faire rire. -
33 shape
A n1 (form, outline) (of object, building etc) forme f ; ( of person) silhouette f ; a square/triangular/star shape une forme carrée/triangulaire/d'étoile ; what shape is it? de quelle forme est-ce? ; to change shape [substance] changer de forme ; to be an odd shape avoir une drôle de forme ; to be the right/wrong shape [object] avoir/ne pas avoir la forme qu'il faut ; [person] avoir/ne pas avoir la silhouette qu'il faut ; to be round/square in shape avoir la forme d'un rond/d'un carré ; it's like a leaf in shape de forme cela ressemble à une feuille ; in the shape of a star/a cat en forme d'étoile/de chat ; to carve/cut/mould sth into shape donner forme à qch en le sculptant/taillant/modelant ; to keep its shape [garment] garder sa forme ; to keep one's shape [person] garder sa ligne ; to take shape [sculpture, building] prendre forme ; to be out of shape [garment] ne plus avoir de forme ; to go out of shape, to lose its shape [garment] se déformer ; to bend/knock sth out of shape gauchir/défoncer qch ; in all shapes and sizes de toutes les formes et de toutes les tailles ; cookers come in all shapes and sizes il existe des cuisinières de toutes les formes et de toutes les tailles ; the prince took on the shape of a frog le prince a pris la forme d'une grenouille ;2 ( optimum condition) forme f ; to be in/out of shape être/ne pas être en forme ; to get in/keep in shape se mettre/se maintenir en forme ; to get/knock/lick ○ sb in(to) shape mettre qn en forme ; to get/knock/lick ○ /whip ○ sth into shape mettre qch au point or en état [project, idea, proposal, report, essay] ;3 fig (character, structure) gen forme f ; ( of organization) structure f ; technology that influences the shape of the labour market technologie qui influe sur la structure du marché du travail ; he determined the whole shape of 20th century poetry il a déterminé la forme de la poésie du vingtième siècle ; to take shape [plan, project, idea] prendre forme ; [events] prendre tournure ; the likely shape of currency union la forme que prendra probablement l'union monétaire ; this will determine the shape of political developments over the next decade ceci déterminera l'évolution politique de la prochaine décennie ; my contribution took the shape of helping/advising… j'ai contribué en aidant/en conseillant… ; whatever the shape of the new government ( in composition) quelle que soit la composition du nouveau gouvernement ; ( in style) quelle que soit la forme que prendra le nouveau gouvernement ; to spell out the shape of a proposal expliquer clairement les grandes lignes d'une proposition ; to decide what shape one's apology should take décider comment on va présenter ses excuses ; developments which have changed the shape of our lives des développements qui ont changé notre mode de vie ; the shape of things to come ce que sera or ce que nous réserve l'avenir ; X comes in many shapes and forms il y a toutes sortes de X ; tips in any shape or form are forbidden les pourboires de toutes sortes sont interdits ; I don't condone violence in any shape or form je ne pardonne pas la violence, sous quelque forme que ce soit ; I wasn't involved in the matter in any way, shape or form je n'étais, en aucune manière, impliqué dans cette affaire ;4 ( guise) in the shape of sous (la) forme de ; help arrived in the shape of a policeman/a large sum of money les secours sont arrivés en la personne d'un agent de police/sous (la) forme d'une importante somme d'argent ; he eats a lot of fat in the shape of chips and burgers il mange beaucoup de matière grasse sous (la) forme de frites et de hamburgers ;5 (vague, indistinguishable form) forme f, silhouette f ; the shape under the bedclothes groaned la forme sous les couvertures a grogné ;7 Culin ( moulded food) ( of jelly) gelée f ; (of pudding, rice) gâteau m ; ( of meat) pâté m, terrine f.B vtr1 (fashion, mould) [person] modeler [clay, dough] ; sculpter [wood, stone] ; [wind, rain] façonner, sculpter [rock, region] ; [hairdresser] couper [hair] ; he shaped my hair into a bob/into layers il m'a coupé les cheveux au carré/en dégradé ; we shaped the sand into a mound nous avons façonné le sable en forme de butte ; the statue had been shaped out of a single block of stone la statue avait été sculptée dans un seul bloc de pierre ; caves shaped out of the rock by the action of the water des grottes creusées dans la roche par l'action de l'eau ; shape the dough into balls faites des boules avec la pâte ; to shape the material/cardboard into a triangle faire un triangle dans le tissu/carton ;2 fig [person, event] influencer ; ( stronger) déterminer [future, idea] ; modeler [character] ; [person] formuler [policy, project] ; you could play a part in shaping this country's future vous pourriez avoir un rôle dans la détermination de l'avenir du pays ;■ shape up1 ( develop) [person] s'en sortir ; she's shaping up really well as a manager elle s'en sort bien comme directrice ; how are things shaping up at (the) head office? quelle tournure prennent les choses au siège? ; to be shaping up to be être en train de devenir ; this game is shaping up to be an enthralling contest ce jeu est en train de devenir un concours passionnant ;2 ( meet expectations) être à la hauteur ; if he doesn't shape up, fire him s'il n'est pas à la hauteur, renvoie-le ; shape up or ship out ○ ! si tu n'es pas à la hauteur prends la porte! ;3 ( improve one's figure) se mettre en forme. -
34 take
take [teɪk]prendre ⇒ 1A (a), 1A (b), 1B (a), 1B (c)-(e), 1C (b), 1D (a), 1D (b), 1E (a), 1F (a), 1G (a), 1G (b), 1G (d), 1H (a), 1H (b), 1I (a), 1I (c), 1I (d), 1I (f), 1I (g), 2 (a)-(c) porter ⇒ 1B (a) mener ⇒ 1B (b) conduire ⇒ 1C (a) recevoir ⇒ 1D (c) croire ⇒ 1F (b) supporter ⇒ 1F (d) supposer ⇒ 1G (c) contenir ⇒ 1I (e) passer ⇒ 1I (i)A.∎ let me take your coat donnez-moi votre manteau;∎ she took the book from him elle lui a pris le livre;∎ to take sb's hand prendre qn par la main;∎ she took his arm elle lui a pris le bras;∎ Peter took her in his arms Peter l'a prise dans ses bras;∎ the wolf took its prey by the throat le loup a saisi sa proie à la gorge(b) (get control of, capture → person) prendre, capturer; (→ fish, game) prendre, attraper; Military prendre, s'emparer de;∎ they took the town that night ils prirent ou s'emparèrent de la ville cette nuit-là;∎ to take sb prisoner faire qn prisonnier;∎ to take sb alive prendre ou capturer qn vivant;∎ I took his queen with my rook j'ai pris sa reine avec ma tour;∎ to take control of a situation prendre une situation en main;∎ we took our courage in both hands nous avons pris notre courage à deux mains;∎ you're taking your life in your hands doing that c'est ta vie que tu risques en faisant cela;∎ to take the lead in sth (in competition) prendre la tête de qch; (set example) être le premier à faire qchB.(a) (carry from one place to another) porter, apporter; (carry along, have in one's possession) prendre, emporter;∎ she took her mother a cup of tea elle a apporté une tasse de thé à sa mère;∎ he took the map with him il a emporté la carte;∎ she took some towels up(stairs)/down(stairs) elle a monté/descendu des serviettes;∎ don't forget to take your camera n'oubliez pas (de prendre) votre appareil photo;∎ figurative the committee wanted to take the matter further le comité voulait mener l'affaire plus loin;∎ the devil take it! que le diable l'emporte!;∎ you can't take it with you (money when you die) tu ne l'emporteras pas avec toi dans la tombe∎ her father takes her to school son père l'emmène à l'école;∎ could you take me home? pourriez-vous me ramener ou me raccompagner?;∎ to take sb across the road faire traverser la rue à qn;∎ may I take you to dinner? puis-je vous inviter à dîner ou vous emmener dîner?;∎ he offered to take them to work in the car il leur a proposé de les emmener au bureau en voiture ou de les conduire au bureau;∎ to take oneself to bed aller se coucher;∎ please take me with you emmène-moi, s'il te plaît;∎ humorous I can't take you anywhere tu n'es pas sortable;∎ the estate agent took them over the house l'agent immobilier leur a fait visiter la maison;∎ he took her round the museum il lui a fait visiter le musée;∎ she used to take me along to meetings (avant,) elle m'emmenait aux réunions;∎ this road will take you to the station cette route vous mènera ou vous conduira à la gare;∎ I don't want to take you out of your way je ne veux pas vous faire faire un détour;∎ her job took her all over Africa son travail l'a fait voyager dans toute l'Afrique;∎ that's what first took me to Portugal c'est ce qui m'a amené au Portugal;∎ whatever took him there? qu'allait-il faire là-bas?;∎ the record took her to number one in the charts le disque lui a permis d'être première au hit-parade∎ she took a handkerchief from her pocket elle a sorti un mouchoir de sa poche;∎ I took a chocolate from the box j'ai pris un chocolat dans la boîte;∎ take a book from the shelf prenez un livre sur l'étagère;∎ take your feet off the table enlève tes pieds de la table;∎ he took the saucepan off the heat il a ôté ou retiré la casserole du feu(d) (appropriate, steal) prendre, voler;∎ to take sth from sb prendre qch à qn;∎ someone's taken my wallet on a pris mon portefeuille;∎ his article is taken directly from my book le texte de son article est tiré directement de mon livre(e) (draw, derive) prendre, tirer;∎ a passage taken from a book un passage extrait d'un livre;∎ a phrase taken from Latin une expression empruntée au latin;∎ the title is taken from the Bible le titre vient de la Bible;∎ to take a print from a negative tirer une épreuve d'un négatifC.(a) (of bus, car, train etc) conduire, transporter;∎ the ambulance took him to hospital l'ambulance l'a transporté à l'hôpital;∎ this bus will take you to the theatre ce bus vous conduira au théâtre;∎ will this train take me to Cambridge? est-ce que ce train va à ou passe par Cambridge?∎ American take a right prenez à droiteD.∎ she took a quick look at him elle a jeté un rapide coup d'œil sur lui;∎ he took a flying leap il a bondi;∎ to take a photo or a picture prendre une photo;∎ she took his picture or a picture of him elle l'a pris en photo;∎ we had our picture taken nous nous sommes fait photographier ou prendre en photo;∎ familiar he takes a good photo (is photogenic) il est photogénique□(c) (receive, get) recevoir; (earn, win → prize) remporter, obtenir; (→ degree, diploma) obtenir, avoir;∎ he took the blow on his arm il a pris le coup sur le bras;∎ you can take the call in my office vous pouvez prendre l'appel dans mon bureau;∎ the bookstore takes about $3,000 a day la librairie fait à peu près 3000 dollars (de recette) par jour;∎ how much does he take home a month? quel est son salaire mensuel net?;∎ Cards we took all the tricks nous avons fait toutes les levées;∎ their team took the match leur équipe a gagné ou remporté le matchE.(a) (assume, undertake) prendre;∎ to take the blame for sth prendre la responsabilité de qch;∎ you'll have to take the consequences c'est vous qui en subirez les conséquences;∎ she takes all the credit for our success elle s'attribue tout le mérite de notre réussite;∎ I take responsibility for their safety je me charge de leur sécurité;∎ to take the part of Hamlet jouer (le rôle d')Hamlet∎ he took my side in the argument il a pris parti pour moi dans la dispute;∎ the boy took an oath or a vow to avenge his family le garçon a fait serment ou a juré de venger sa famille;∎ American to take the Fifth (Amendment) invoquer le Cinquième Amendement (pour refuser de répondre)∎ may I take the liberty of inviting you to dinner? puis-je me permettre de vous inviter à dîner?;∎ he took the opportunity to thank them or of thanking them il a profité de l'occasion pour les remercierF.∎ the doctor only takes private patients le docteur ne prend pas les patients du service public;∎ the owner won't take less than $100 for it le propriétaire en veut au moins 100 dollars;∎ does this machine take pound coins? cette machine accepte-t-elle les pièces d'une livre?;∎ to take a bribe se laisser acheter ou corrompre;∎ you'll have to take me as I am il faut me prendre comme je suis;∎ take things as they come prenez les choses comme elles viennent;∎ I won't take "no" for an answer pas question de refuser;∎ it's my last offer, (you can) take it or leave it c'est ma dernière offre, c'est à prendre ou à laisser;∎ I'll take it from here je prends la suite;∎ I'll take it from there je verrai à ce moment-là(b) (accept as valid) croire;∎ to take sb's advice suivre les conseils de qn;∎ take it from me, he's a crook croyez-moi, c'est un escroc∎ let's take things one at a time prenons les choses une par une;∎ the mayor took their questions calmly le maire a entendu leurs questions avec calme;∎ how did she take the questioning? comment a-t-elle réagi à ou pris l'interrogatoire?;∎ they took the news well or in their stride ils ont plutôt bien pris la nouvelle;∎ to take sth badly prendre mal qch;∎ familiar to take things easy or it easy se la couler douce;∎ familiar take it easy! (don't get angry) du calme!□∎ don't take any nonsense! ne te laisse pas faire!;∎ your father won't take any nonsense ton père ne plaisante pas avec ce genre de choses;∎ she can take it elle tiendra le coup;∎ esp American I'm not taking any! je ne marche pas!;∎ we couldn't take any more on n'en pouvait plus;∎ I can't take much more of this je commence à en avoir assez, je ne vais pas supporter cela bien longtemps;∎ I find his constant sarcasm rather hard to take je trouve ses sarcasmes perpétuels difficiles à supporter;∎ don't expect me to take this lying down ne comptez pas sur moi pour accepter ça sans rien dire;∎ those shoes have taken a lot of punishment ces chaussures en ont vu de toutes les couleurs;∎ to take heavy loads (crane, engine etc) supporter de lourdes charges;∎ it won't take your weight ça ne supportera pas ton poids(e) (experience, feel)∎ to take fright prendre peur;∎ to take an interest in sb/sth s'intéresser à qn/qch;∎ don't take offence ne vous vexez pas, ne vous offensez pas;∎ no offence taken il n'y a pas de mal;∎ we take pleasure in travelling nous prenons plaisir à voyager;∎ she takes pride in her work elle est fière de ce qu'elle fait;∎ to take pride in one's appearance prendre soin de sa personneG.(a) (consider, look at) prendre, considérer;∎ take Einstein (for example) prenons (l'exemple d')Einstein;∎ take the case of Colombia prenons le cas de la Colombie;∎ taking everything into consideration tout bien considéré;∎ to take sb/sth seriously prendre qn/qch au sérieux∎ do you take me for an idiot? vous me prenez pour un idiot?;∎ what do you take me for? pour qui me prenez-vous?;∎ I took you for an Englishman je vous croyais anglais;∎ he took me for somebody else il m'a pris pour quelqu'un d'autre;∎ to take the news as or to be true tenir la nouvelle pour vraie;∎ how old do you take her to be? quel âge est-ce que tu lui donnes?(c) (suppose, presume) supposer, présumer;∎ he's never been to Madrid, I take it si je comprends bien, il n'a jamais été à Madrid;∎ I take it you're his mother je suppose que vous êtes sa mère(d) (interpret, understand) prendre, comprendre;∎ we never know how to take his jokes on ne sait jamais comment prendre ses plaisanteries;∎ don't take that literally ne le prenez pas au pied de la lettre;∎ he was slow to take my meaning il lui a fallu un moment avant de comprendre ce que je voulais direH.∎ how long will it take to get there? combien de temps faudra-t-il pour y aller?;∎ the flight takes three hours le vol dure trois heures;∎ it will take you ten minutes vous en avez pour dix minutes;∎ it took him a minute to understand il a mis une minute avant de comprendre;∎ it took us longer than I expected cela nous a pris plus de temps que je ne pensais;∎ it takes time to learn a language il faut du temps pour apprendre une langue;∎ what kind of batteries does it take? quelle sorte de piles faut-il?;∎ my car takes unleaded ma voiture roule au sans-plomb;∎ he took a bit of coaxing before he accepted il a fallu le pousser un peu pour qu'il accepte;∎ it took four people to stop the brawl ils ont dû se mettre à quatre pour arrêter la bagarre;∎ it takes a clever man to do that bien malin ou habile qui peut le faire;∎ it takes courage to admit one's mistakes il faut du courage pour admettre ses erreurs;∎ it takes patience to work with children il faut de la patience ou il faut être patient pour travailler avec les enfants;∎ one glance was all it took un regard a suffi;∎ the job took some doing la tâche n'a pas été facile;∎ that will take some explaining voilà qui va demander des explications;∎ her story takes some believing son histoire n'est pas facile à croire;∎ to have what it takes to do/to be sth avoir les qualités nécessaires pour faire/être qch;∎ we need someone with leadership qualities - she has what it takes il nous faut quelqu'un qui ait des qualités de dirigeant - ce n'est pas ce qui lui manque;∎ familiar he's so lazy - it takes one to know one! il est vraiment paresseux - tu peux parler!∎ "falloir" takes the subjunctive "falloir" est suivi du subjonctif;∎ noun that takes an "s" in the plural nom qui prend un "s" au plurielI.(a) (food, drink etc) prendre;∎ do you take milk in your coffee? prenez-vous du lait dans votre café?;∎ how do you take your coffee? qu'est-ce que tu prends dans ton café?;∎ I invited him to take tea je l'ai invité à prendre le thé;∎ she refused to take any food elle a refusé de manger (quoi que ce soit);∎ to take drugs se droguer;∎ how many pills has he taken? combien de comprimés a-t-il pris ou absorbé?;∎ not to be taken internally (on packaging) (à) usage externe;∎ to be taken twice a day (on packaging) à prendre deux fois par jour;∎ to take the air prendre l'air∎ she takes a size 10 elle prend du 38;∎ what size shoe do you take? quelle est votre pointure?∎ I'll take it je le prends;∎ what newspaper do you take? quel journal prenez-vous?;∎ take your partners (at dance) invitez vos partenaires(d) (occupy → chair, seat) prendre, s'asseoir sur;∎ take a seat asseyez-vous;∎ take your seats! prenez vos places!;∎ is this seat taken? cette place est-elle occupée ou prise?(e) (hold → of container, building etc) contenir, avoir une capacité de;∎ this bus takes fifty passengers c'est un car de cinquante places(f) (ascertain, find out) prendre;∎ to take sb's pulse/temperature prendre le pouls/la température de qn;∎ to take a reading from a meter lire ou relever un compteur(g) (write down → notes, letter) prendre;∎ he took a note of her address il a noté son adresse(h) (subtract) soustraire, déduire;∎ they took 10 percent off the price ils ont baissé le prix de 10 pour cent;∎ take 4 from 9 and you have 5 ôtez 4 de 9, il reste 5∎ I took Latin and Greek at A level ≃ j'ai pris latin et grec au bac;∎ she took her degree last year elle a obtenu son diplôme l'an dernier;∎ she takes us for maths on l'a en maths∎ to take a service célébrer un office;∎ the assistant director took the rehearsals l'assistant réalisateur s'est occupé des répétitions(k) (contract, develop)∎ to take a chill, to take cold prendre froid;∎ to take sick, to be taken ill tomber malade;∎ I was taken with a fit of the giggles j'ai été pris d'un fou rire;∎ she took an instant dislike to him elle l'a tout de suite pris en aversion(l) (direct, aim)∎ she took a swipe at him elle a voulu le gifler;∎ Football to take a penalty tirer un penalty∎ she takes all her problems to her sister elle raconte tous ses problèmes à sa sœur;∎ he took the matter to his boss il a soumis la question à son patron;∎ Law they intend to take the case to the High Court ils ont l'intention d'en appeler à la Cour suprême∎ he took an axe to the door il a donné des coups de hache dans la porte;∎ take the scissors to it vas-y avec les ciseaux;∎ his father took a stick to him son père lui a donné des coups de bâton;∎ Law they took legal proceedings against him ils lui ont intenté un procès(o) (catch unawares) prendre, surprendre;∎ to take sb by surprise or off guard surprendre qn, prendre qn au dépourvu;∎ his death took us by surprise sa mort nous a surpris∎ they took him for every penny (he was worth) ils lui ont pris jusqu'à son dernier sou(a) (work, have desired effect) prendre;∎ did the dye take? est-ce que la teinture a pris?;∎ it was too cold for the seeds to take il faisait trop froid pour que les graines germent(b) (become popular) prendre, avoir du succès3 noun(b) Cinema, Photography & Television prise f de vue; Radio enregistrement m, prise f de son; (of record etc) enregistrement m∎ what's your take on her attitude? comment est-ce que tu interprètes son attitude?∎ to be on the take toucher des pots-de-vin□, palper(astonish) étonner, ébahir; (disconcert) déconcerter;∎ her question took him aback sa question l'a déconcerté;∎ I was taken aback by the news la nouvelle m'a beaucoup surprisressembler à, tenir de;∎ she takes after her mother in looks physiquement, elle tient de sa mère(a) (dismantle) démonter;∎ figurative they took the room apart looking for evidence ils ont mis la pièce sens dessus dessous pour trouver des preuves(b) (criticize) critiquerprendre à part, emmener à l'écart;∎ the boss took her aside for a chat le patron l'a prise à part pour discuter∎ take that knife away from him enlevez-lui ce couteau;∎ they took away his pension ils lui ont retiré sa pension;∎ they took their daughter away from the club ils ont retiré leur fille du club;∎ his work took him away from his family for long periods son travail le tenait éloigné de sa famille pendant de longues périodes;∎ euphemism the police took his father away son père a été arrêté par la police;∎ it takes away the fun ça gâche tout∎ not to be taken away (in library) à consulter sur place(c) Mathematics soustraire, retrancher;∎ nine take away six is three neuf moins six font trois∎ that doesn't take away from his achievements as an athlete ça n'enlève rien à ses exploits d'athlète;∎ to take away from the pleasure/value of sth diminuer le plaisir/la valeur de qch(a) (after absence, departure) reprendre;∎ she took her husband back elle a accepté que son mari revienne vivre avec elle;∎ the factory took back the workers l'usine a repris les ouvriers(b) (gift, unsold goods, sale item etc) reprendre∎ take it back to the shop rapporte-le au magasin;∎ he took her back home il l'a raccompagnée ou ramenée chez elle(d) (retract, withdraw) retirer, reprendre;∎ I take back everything I said je retire tout ce que j'ai dit;∎ all right, I take it back! d'accord, je n'ai rien dit!∎ that takes me back to my childhood ça me rappelle mon enfance;∎ that song takes me back forty years cette chanson me ramène quarante ans en arrière;∎ it takes you back a bit, doesn't it? ça ne nous rajeunit pas tout ça, hein?(f) Typography transférer à la ligne précédente∎ the lift took us down to the 4th floor l'ascenseur nous a amenés au 4ème étage∎ she took the book down from the shelf elle a pris le livre sur l'étagère;∎ can you help me take the curtains down? peux-tu m'aider à décrocher les rideaux?;∎ she took his picture down from the wall elle a enlevé sa photo du mur;∎ he took his trousers down il a baissé son pantalon∎ he took down the registration number il a relevé le numéro d'immatriculation;∎ to take down a letter in shorthand prendre une lettre en sténo(d) (dismantle → scaffolding, circus tent) démonterse démonter(b) (bring into one's home → person) héberger; (→ boarder) prendre; (→ orphan, stray animal) recueillir;∎ she takes in ironing elle fait du repassage à domicile∎ the police took him in la police l'a mis ou placé en garde à vue(d) (air, water, food etc)∎ she can only take in food intravenously on ne peut la nourrir que par intraveineuse;∎ whales take in air through their blowhole les baleines respirent par l'évent(e) (understand, perceive) saisir, comprendre;∎ he was sitting taking it all in il était là, assis, écoutant tout ce qui se disait;∎ he didn't take in the real implications of her announcement il n'a pas saisi les véritables implications de sa déclaration;∎ I can't take in the fact that I've won je n'arrive pas à croire que j'ai gagné;∎ she took in the situation at a glance elle a compris la situation en un clin d'œil∎ you'd better take in the slack on the rope tu ferais bien de tendre ou retendre la corde;∎ Nautical to take in a sail carguer ou serrer une voile∎ the tour takes in all the important towns l'excursion passe par toutes les villes importantes(h) (attend, go to) aller à;∎ to take in a show aller au théâtre;∎ she took in the castle while in Blois elle a visité le château pendant qu'elle était à Blois;∎ they took in the sights in Rome ils ont fait le tour des sites touristiques à Rome∎ don't be taken in by him ne vous laissez pas rouler par lui;∎ I'm not going to be taken in by your lies je ne suis pas dupe de tes mensonges□ ;∎ he was completely taken in il marchait complètement➲ take off(a) (remove → clothing, lid, make-up, tag) enlever;∎ the boy took his clothes off le garçon a enlevé ses vêtements ou s'est déshabillé;∎ she took her glasses off elle a enlevé ses lunettes;∎ he often takes the phone off the hook il laisse souvent le téléphone décroché;∎ to take sb off a list rayer qn d'une liste;∎ the surgeon had to take her leg off le chirurgien a dû l'amputer de la jambe;∎ Cars to take off the brake desserrer le frein (à main);∎ figurative he didn't take his eyes off her all night il ne l'a pas quittée des yeux de la soirée;∎ I tried to take her mind off her troubles j'ai essayé de lui changer les idées ou de la distraire de ses ennuis;∎ familiar his retirement has taken ten years off him sa retraite l'a rajeuni de dix ans□ ;∎ to take sth off sb's hands débarrasser qn de qch;∎ I'll take the baby off your hands for a few hours je vais garder le bébé pendant quelques heures, ça te libérera∎ the teacher took one point off her grade le professeur lui a retiré un point;∎ the manager took 10 percent off the price le directeur a baissé le prix de 10 pour cent(c) (lead away) emmener;∎ she was taken off to hospital on l'a transportée à l'hôpital;∎ the murderer was taken off to jail on a emmené l'assassin en prison;∎ her friend took her off to dinner son ami l'a emmenée dîner;∎ she took herself off to Italy elle est partie en Italie;∎ to take the passengers off (by boat from a ship) débarquer les passagers;∎ the injured man was taken off the ship by helicopter le blessé a été évacué du bateau par hélicoptère∎ to take some time off prendre un congé;∎ take a few days off prenez quelques jours de vacances ou de congé;∎ she takes Thursdays off elle ne travaille pas le jeudi(a) (aeroplane) décoller;∎ they took off for or to Heathrow ils se sont envolés pour Heathrow∎ he took off without telling us il est parti sans nous avertir➲ take on(a) (accept, undertake) prendre, accepter;∎ to take on the responsibility for sth se charger de qch;∎ don't take on more than you can handle ne vous surchargez pas;∎ she took it on herself to tell him elle a pris sur elle de le lui dire;∎ to take on a bet accepter un pari∎ the unions took on the government les syndicats se sont attaqués ou s'en sont pris au gouvernement;∎ I shouldn't like to take him on je n'aimerais pas avoir affaire à lui;∎ he took us on at poker il nous a défiés au poker(c) (acquire, assume) prendre, revêtir;∎ her face took on a worried look elle a pris un air inquiet;∎ the word takes on another meaning le mot prend une autre significationfamiliar (fret, carry on) s'en faire;∎ don't take on so! ne t'en fais pas!∎ take the cheese out of the refrigerator sors le fromage du réfrigérateur;∎ he took the knife out of his pocket il a sorti le couteau de sa poche;∎ take your hands out of your pockets enlève les mains de tes poches;∎ they took their children out of school ils ont retiré leurs enfants de l'école;∎ Medicine to take out sb's appendix/tonsils enlever l'appendice/les amygdales à qn;∎ figurative to take the food out of sb's mouth retirer le pain de la bouche de qn∎ to take sb out to dinner/to the movies emmener qn dîner/au cinéma;∎ I took her out for a bike ride je l'ai emmenée faire un tour à vélo;∎ would you take the dog out? tu veux bien sortir le chien ou aller promener le chien?(d) (obtain → subscription) prendre; (→ insurance policy) souscrire à, prendre; (→ licence) se procurer; (→ patent) prendre;∎ to take out a mortgage faire un emprunt immobilier∎ to take sb out (kill) buter qn, zigouiller qn, refroidir qn;∎ the planes took the factory out by bombing les avions ont détruit l'usine (en la bombardant)∎ to take out one's partner changer la couleur annoncée par son partenaire∎ to take sb out of himself/herself changer les idées à qn;∎ familiar working as an interpreter takes a lot out of you le travail d'interprète est épuisant□ ;∎ familiar the operation really took it out of him l'opération l'a mis à plat;∎ familiar it takes the fun out of it ça gâche tout□ ;∎ familiar to take it out on sb s'en prendre à qn□ ;∎ familiar he took his anger out on his wife il a passé sa colère sur sa femme□ ;∎ familiar don't take it out on me! ne t'en prends pas à moi!□(a) (assume responsibility of) reprendre;∎ he wants his daughter to take over the business il veut que sa fille reprenne l'affaire;∎ she took over my classes elle a pris la suite de mes cours;∎ will you be taking over his job? est-ce que vous allez le remplacer (dans ses fonctions)?(b) (gain control of, invade) s'emparer de;∎ the military took over the country l'armée a pris le pouvoir;∎ she takes the place over (by being bossy etc) elle joue les despotes;∎ fast-food restaurants have taken over Paris les fast-foods ou French Canadian restaurants-minute ont envahi Paris∎ they were taken over by a Japanese firm ils ont été rachetés par une entreprise japonaise∎ I'll take you over by car je vais vous y conduire en voiture;∎ the boat took us over to Seattle le bateau nous a emmenés jusqu'à Seattle(e) Typography transférer à la ligne suivante∎ who will take over now that the mayor has stepped down? qui va prendre la relève maintenant que le maire a donné sa démission?;∎ I'll take over when he leaves je le remplacerai quand il partira;∎ will he allow her to take over? va-t-il lui céder la place?;∎ compact discs have taken over from records le (disque) compact a remplacé le (disque) vinyle(b) (army, dictator) prendre le pouvoir(a) (have a liking for → person) se prendre d'amitié ou de sympathie pour, prendre en amitié; (→ activity, game) prendre goût à;∎ I think he took to you je crois que vous lui avez plu;∎ we took to one another at once nous avons tout de suite sympathisé;∎ she didn't take to him il ne lui a pas plu;∎ we've really taken to golf nous avons vraiment pris goût au golf(b) (acquire as a habit) se mettre à;∎ to take to drink or to the bottle se mettre à boire;∎ to take to doing sth se mettre à faire qch;∎ she took to wearing black elle s'est mise à s'habiller en noir(c) (make for, head for)∎ he's taken to his bed with the flu il est alité avec la grippe;∎ the rebels took to the hills les insurgés se sont réfugiés dans les collines;∎ they took to the woods ils se sont enfuis dans les bois;∎ to take to the road prendre la route;∎ to take to the boats monter dans les canots de sauvetage➲ take up∎ the lift took us up to the 25th floor l'ascenseur nous a amenés au 25ème étage(b) (pick up → object) ramasser, prendre; (→ passenger) prendre; (→ paving stones, railway tracks) enlever;∎ she took up the notes from the table elle a ramassé ou pris les notes sur la table;∎ they're taking up the street la rue est en travaux;∎ we finally took up the carpet nous avons enfin enlevé la moquette∎ you'd better take up the slack in that rope tu ferais mieux de retendre ou tendre cette corde∎ this table takes up too much room cette table prend trop de place ou est trop encombrante;∎ moving house took up the whole day le déménagement a pris toute la journée;∎ her work takes up all her attention son travail l'absorbe complètement(f) (begin, become interested in → activity, hobby) se mettre à; (→ job) prendre; (→ career) commencer, embrasser;∎ when did you take up Greek? quand est-ce que tu t'es mis au grec?;∎ I've taken up gardening je me suis mis au jardinage(g) (continue, resume) reprendre, continuer;∎ I took up the tale where Susan had left off j'ai repris l'histoire là où Susan l'avait laissée;∎ she took up her knitting again elle a repris son tricot(h) (adopt → attitude) prendre, adopter; (→ method) adopter; (→ place, position) prendre; (→ idea) adopter;∎ they took up residence in town ils se sont installés en ville;∎ to take up one's duties entrer en fonctions∎ take it up with the boss parlez-en au patron(k) (shares, stock) souscrire àreprendre, continuer∎ he took it upon himself to organize the meeting il s'est chargé d'organiser la réunion(a) (accept offer, advice of)∎ his daughter took him up on his advice sa fille a suivi ses conseils;∎ he might take you up on that someday! il risque de vous prendre au mot un jour!;∎ she took him up on his promise elle a mis sa parole à l'épreuve∎ I'd like to take you up on that point j'aimerais revenir sur ce point avec vous∎ to take up with sb se lier d'amitié avec qn, prendre qn en amitié;∎ she took up with a bad crowd elle s'est mise à fréquenter des vauriens∎ to be taken up with doing sth être occupé à faire qch;∎ she's very taken up with him elle ne pense qu'à lui;∎ she's taken up with her business elle est très prise par ses affaires;∎ meetings were taken up with talk about the economy on passait les réunions à parler de l'économieⓘ Take me to your leader Il s'agit de la formule prononcée par les extra-terrestres fraîchement débarqués sur terre dans les vieux films de science-fiction et adressée au premier terrien rencontré. On emploie cette phrase ("menez-moi jusqu'à votre chef") de façon humoristique lorsque, dans une situation donnée, on désire parler au responsable. -
35 work
work [wɜ:k]travail ⇒ 1 (a)-(e), 1 (g) œuvre ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (f) besogne ⇒ 1 (b) emploi ⇒ 1 (c) ouvrage ⇒ 1 (f) recherches ⇒ 1 (g) travailler ⇒ 2A (a)-(e), 3A (b), 3A (c), 3A (e), 3C (a) fonctionner ⇒ 2B (a) marcher ⇒ 2B (a), 2B (b) réussir ⇒ 2B (b) agir ⇒ 2B (c), 2B (d) faire travailler ⇒ 3A (a) faire marcher ⇒ 3B (a) façonner ⇒ 3C (a) mécanisme ⇒ 4 1 (a) travaux ⇒ 4 1 (b) usine ⇒ 4 2 (a)1 noun(a) (effort, activity) travail m, œuvre f;∎ computers take some of the work out of filing les ordinateurs facilitent le classement;∎ this report needs more work il y a encore du travail à faire sur ce rapport, ce rapport demande plus de travail;∎ she's done a lot of work for charity elle a beaucoup travaillé pour des associations caritatives;∎ it will take a lot of work to make a team out of them ça va être un drôle de travail de faire d'eux une équipe;∎ keep up the good work! continuez comme ça!;∎ nice or good work! c'est du bon travail!, bravo!;∎ that's fine work or a fine piece of work c'est du beau travail;∎ your work has been useful vous avez fait du travail utile;∎ work on the tunnel is to start in March (existing tunnel) les travaux sur le tunnel doivent commencer en mars; (new tunnel) la construction du tunnel doit commencer en mars;∎ work in progress Administration travail en cours; Accountancy travaux mpl en cours, inventaire m de production; (sign) travaux en cours;∎ she put a lot of work into that book elle a beaucoup travaillé sur ce livre;∎ to make work for sb compliquer la vie à qn;∎ to start work, to set to work se mettre au travail;∎ she set or she went to work on the contract elle a commencé à travailler sur le contrat;∎ he set to work undermining their confidence il a entrepris de saper leur confiance;∎ I set him to work (on) painting the kitchen je lui ai donné la cuisine à peindre;∎ they put him to work in the kitchen ils l'ont mis au travail dans la cuisine;∎ let's get (down) to work! (mettons-nous) au travail!;∎ proverb all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy beaucoup de travail et peu de loisirs ne réussissent à personne(b) (duty, task) travail m, besogne f;∎ I've got loads of work to do j'ai énormément de travail à faire;∎ she gave us too much work elle nous a donné trop de travail;∎ he's trying to get some work done il essaie de travailler un peu;∎ they do their work well ils travaillent bien, ils font du bon travail;∎ it's hard work c'est du travail, ce n'est pas facile;∎ it's thirsty work ça donne soif;∎ to make short or light work of sth expédier qch;∎ figurative to make short work of sb ne faire qu'une bouchée de qn;∎ familiar it's nice work if you can get it! c'est une bonne planque, encore faut-il la trouver!(c) (paid employment) travail m, emploi m;∎ what (kind of) work do you do? qu'est-ce que vous faites dans la vie?, quel travail faites-vous?;∎ I do translation work je suis traducteur, je fais des traductions;∎ to find work trouver du travail;∎ to look for work chercher du travail ou un emploi;∎ to be in work travailler, avoir un emploi;∎ to be out of work être au chômage ou sans travail ou sans emploi;∎ he had a week off work (holiday) il a pris une semaine de vacances; (illness) il n'est pas allé au travail pendant une semaine;∎ to take time off work prendre des congés;∎ she's off work today elle ne travaille pas aujourd'hui;∎ to do a full day's work faire une journée entière de travail;∎ I go to work by bus je vais au travail en bus;∎ I'm late for work je suis en retard pour le travail;∎ he's a friend from work c'est un collègue;∎ where is your (place of) work? où travaillez-vous?, quel est votre lieu de travail?;∎ on her way home from work en rentrant du travail(e) (papers, material etc being worked on) travail m;∎ to take work home prendre du travail à la maison;∎ her work was all over the table son travail était étalé sur la table∎ it's all my own work j'ai tout fait moi-même;∎ it's an interesting piece of work (gen) c'est un travail intéressant; Art, Literature & Music c'est une œuvre intéressante;∎ very detailed/delicate work (embroidery, carving etc) ouvrage très détaillé/délicat;∎ these formations are the work of the wind ces formations sont l'œuvre du vent;∎ the silversmith sells much of his work to hotels l'orfèvre vend une grande partie de ce qu'il fait ou de son travail à des hôtels;∎ the complete works of Shakespeare les œuvres complètes ou l'œuvre de Shakespeare;∎ a new work on Portugal un nouvel ouvrage sur le Portugal;∎ a work of art une œuvre d'art;∎ works of fiction des ouvrages de fiction(g) (research) travail m, recherches fpl;∎ there hasn't been a lot of work done on the subject peu de travail a été fait ou peu de recherches ont été faites sur le sujet∎ good works bonnes œuvres fpl;∎ each man will be judged by his works chaque homme sera jugé selon ses œuvres;∎ charitable works actes mpl de charité, actes mpl charitables;∎ the murder is the work of a madman le meurtre est l'œuvre d'un fou∎ wait until the medicine has done its work attendez que le médicament ait agi ou ait produit son effetA.(a) (exert effort on a specific task, activity etc) travailler;∎ we worked for hours cleaning the house nous avons passé des heures à faire le ménage;∎ they worked in the garden ils ont fait du jardinage;∎ we work hard nous travaillons dur;∎ she's working on a novel just now elle travaille à un roman en ce moment;∎ a detective is working on this case un détective est sur cette affaire;∎ he works at or on keeping himself fit il fait de l'exercice pour garder la forme;∎ we have to work to a deadline nous devons respecter des délais dans notre travail;∎ we have to work to a budget nous devons travailler avec un certain budget;∎ I've worked with the handicapped before j'ai déjà travaillé avec les handicapés;∎ I work with the Spanish on that project je travaille (en collaboration) avec les Espagnols sur ce projet(b) (be employed) travailler;∎ he works as a teacher il a un poste d'enseignant;∎ I work in advertising je travaille dans la publicité;∎ who do you work for? chez qui est-ce que vous travaillez?;∎ she works in or for a bank elle travaille dans ou pour une banque;∎ I work a forty-hour week je travaille quarante heures par semaine, je fais une semaine de quarante heures;∎ to work for a living travailler pour gagner sa vie;∎ Industry to work to rule faire la grève du zèle∎ to work for a good cause travailler pour une bonne cause;∎ they're working for better international relations ils s'efforcent d'améliorer les relations internationales∎ you're going to have to work if you want to pass the exam il va falloir que tu travailles ou que tu étudies si tu veux avoir ton examen(e) (use a specified substance) travailler;∎ this sculptor works in or with copper ce sculpteur travaille avec le cuivre;∎ she has always worked in or with watercolours elle a toujours travaillé avec de la peinture à l'eauB.(a) (function, operate → machine, brain, system) fonctionner, marcher;∎ the lift doesn't work at night l'ascenseur ne marche pas la nuit;∎ the lift never works l'ascenseur est toujours en panne;∎ the radio works off batteries la radio fonctionne avec des piles;∎ a pump worked by hand une pompe actionnée à la main ou manuellement;∎ they soon got or had it working ils sont vite parvenus à le faire fonctionner;∎ she sat still, her brain or her mind working furiously elle était assise immobile, le cerveau en ébullition;∎ figurative everything worked smoothly tout s'est déroulé comme prévu;∎ your idea just won't work ton idée ne peut pas marcher;∎ this relationship isn't working cette relation ne marche pas;∎ that argument works both ways ce raisonnement est à double tranchant;∎ how does the law work exactly? comment la loi fonctionne-t-elle exactement?(b) (produce results, succeed) marcher, réussir;∎ it worked brilliantly ça a très bien marché;∎ their scheme didn't work leur complot a échoué;∎ that/flattery won't work with me ça/la flatterie ne prend pas avec moi(c) (drug, medicine) agir, produire ou faire son effet∎ the acid works as a catalyst l'acide agit comme ou sert de catalyseur;∎ events have worked against us/in our favour les événements ont agi contre nous/en notre faveur;∎ I'm working on the assumption that they'll sign the contract je pars du principe qu'ils signeront le contratC.∎ to work loose se desserrer;∎ to work free se libérer;∎ the nail worked through the sole of my shoe le clou est passé à travers la semelle de ma chaussure(b) (face, mouth) se contracter, se crisperA.(a) (worker, employee, horse) faire travailler;∎ the boss works his staff hard le patron exige beaucoup de travail de ses employés;∎ you work yourself too hard tu te surmènes;∎ to work oneself to death se tuer à la tâche;∎ to work one's fingers to the bone s'user au travail∎ they worked their passage to India ils ont payé leur passage en Inde en travaillant;∎ I worked my way through college j'ai travaillé pour payer mes études à l'université∎ he works the southern sales area il travaille pour le service commercial de la région sud;∎ the pollster worked both sides of the street le sondeur a enquêté des deux côtés de la rue;∎ figurative the candidate worked the crowd le candidat s'efforçait de soulever l'enthousiasme de la foule;∎ a real-estate agent who works the phones un agent immobilier qui fait de la prospection par téléphone;∎ she works the bars (prostitute) elle travaille dans les bars(d) (achieve, accomplish)∎ the new policy will work major changes la nouvelle politique opérera ou entraînera des changements importants;∎ the story worked its magic or its charm on the public l'histoire a enchanté le public;∎ to work a spell on sb jeter un sort à qn;∎ to work miracles faire ou accomplir des miracles;∎ to work wonders faire merveille;∎ she has worked wonders with the children elle a fait des merveilles avec les enfantsB.∎ this switch works the furnace ce bouton actionne ou commande la chaudière;∎ he knows how to work the drill il sait se servir de la perceuse∎ I worked the handle up and down j'ai remué la poignée de haut en bas;∎ to work one's hands free parvenir à dégager ses mains;∎ she worked the ropes loose elle a réussi à desserrer les cordes petit à petit∎ I worked my way along the ledge j'ai longé la saillie avec précaution;∎ he worked his way down/up the cliff il a descendu/monté la falaise lentement;∎ the beggar worked his way towards us le mendiant s'est approché de nous;∎ they worked their way through the list ils ont traité chaque élément de la liste tour à tour;∎ he's worked his way through the whole grant il a épuisé toute la subvention;∎ a band of rain working its way across the country un front de pluie qui traverse le pays;∎ they have worked themselves into a corner ils se sont mis dans une impasse∎ she managed to work a few days off elle s'est arrangée ou s'est débrouillée pour avoir quelques jours de congé;∎ I worked it or worked things so that she's never alone j'ai fait en sorte qu'elle ou je me suis arrangé pour qu'elle ne soit jamais seuleC.(a) (shape → leather, metal, stone) travailler, façonner; (→ clay, dough) travailler, pétrir; (→ object, sculpture) façonner; Sewing (design, initials) broder;∎ she worked the silver into earrings elle a travaillé l'argent pour en faire des boucles d'oreilles;∎ she worked a figure out of the wood elle a sculpté une silhouette dans le bois;∎ the flowers are worked in silk les fleurs sont brodées en soie;∎ work the putty into the right consistency travaillez le mastic pour lui donner la consistance voulue∎ gently work the cream into your hands massez-vous les mains pour faire pénétrer la crème;∎ work the dye into the surface of the leather faites pénétrer la teinture dans le cuir(c) (excite, provoke)∎ the orator worked the audience into a frenzy l'orateur a enflammé ou a galvanisé le public;∎ she worked herself into a rage elle s'est mise dans une colère noire4 works∎ familiar to foul up or to gum up the works tout foutre en l'air∎ road works travaux mpl; (sign) travaux;∎ Minister/Ministry of Works ministre m/ministère m des Travaux publics2 noun∎ a printing works une imprimerie;∎ a gas works une usine à gaz;∎ price ex works prix m sortie usine∎ the (whole) works tout le bataclan ou le tralala;∎ they had eggs, bacon, toast, the works ils mangeaient des œufs, du bacon, du pain grillé, tout, quoi!;∎ American to shoot the works jouer le grand jeu;∎ American we shot the works on the project nous avons mis le paquet sur le projet;∎ to give sb the works (special treatment) dérouler le tapis rouge pour qn; (beating) passer qn à tabac5 at work∎ to be at work on sth/(on) doing sth travailler (à) qch/à faire qch;∎ he's at work on a new book il travaille à un nouveau livre;∎ they're hard at work painting the house ils sont en plein travail, ils repeignent la maison∎ there are several factors at work here il y a plusieurs facteurs qui entrent en jeu ou qui jouent ici;∎ there are evil forces at work des forces mauvaises sont en action2 adverb∎ she's at work (gen) elle est au travail; (office) elle est au bureau; (factory) elle est à l'usine;∎ I'll phone you at work je t'appellerai au travail;∎ we met at work on s'est connus au travailworks band fanfare m (d'une entreprise);American work coat blouse f;works committee, works council comité m d'entreprise;work ethic = exaltation des valeurs liées au travail;work experience stage m (en entreprise);∎ the course includes two months' work experience le programme comprend un stage en entreprise de deux mois;American work farm = camp de travail forcé où les détenus travaillent la terre;Computing work file fichier m de travail;work flow déroulement m des opérations;work group groupe m de travail;works manager directeur(trice) m,f d'usine;work permit permis m de travail;Computing work sheet feuille f de travail;∎ I need more work space j'ai besoin de plus d'espace pour travailler;work surface surface f de travail;American work week semaine f de travailtravailler;∎ while he worked away at fixing the furnace tandis qu'il travaillait à réparer la chaudière;∎ we worked away all evening nous avons passé la soirée à travaillerglisser;∎ her socks had worked down around her ankles ses chaussettes étaient tombées sur ses chevilles(a) (incorporate) incorporer;∎ work the ointment in thoroughly faites bien pénétrer la pommade;∎ Cookery work the butter into the flour incorporez le beurre à la farine∎ he worked in a few sly remarks about the boss il a réussi à glisser quelques réflexions sournoises sur le patron;∎ I'll try and work the translation in some time this week (into schedule) j'essayerai de (trouver le temps de) faire la traduction dans le courant de la semaine(a) (dispose of → fat, weight) se débarrasser de, éliminer; (→ anxiety, frustration) passer, assouvir;∎ I worked off my excess energy chopping wood j'ai dépensé mon trop-plein d'énergie en cassant du bois;∎ he worked off his tensions by running il s'est défoulé en faisant du jogging;∎ to work off one's anger on sb passer sa colère sur qn(b) (debt, obligation)∎ it took him three months to work off his debt il a dû travailler trois mois pour rembourser son emprunt➲ work on∎ we've been working on him but he still won't go nous avons essayé de le persuader mais il ne veut toujours pas y aller;∎ I'll work on her je vais m'occuper d'elle(b) (task, problem)∎ the police are working on who stole the jewels la police s'efforce de retrouver celui qui a volé les bijoux;∎ he's been working on his breaststroke/emotional problems il a travaillé sa brasse/essayé de résoudre ses problèmes sentimentaux;∎ have you got any ideas? - I'm working on it as-tu des idées? - je cherche∎ have you any data to work on? avez-vous des données sur lesquelles vous fonder?(continue to work) continuer à travailler➲ work out(a) (discharge fully) acquitter en travaillant;∎ to work out one's notice faire son préavis∎ I work it out at £22 d'après mes calculs, ça fait 22 livres∎ have they worked out their differences? est-ce qu'ils ont réglé ou résolu leurs différends?;∎ I'm sure we can work this thing out (your problem) je suis sûr que nous pouvons arranger ça; (our argument) je suis sûr que nous finirons par nous mettre d'accord;∎ things will work themselves out les choses s'arrangeront toutes seules ou d'elles-mêmes∎ to work out a solution trouver une solution;∎ have you worked out yet when it's due to start? est-ce que tu sais quand ça doit commencer?;∎ she had it all worked out elle avait tout planifié;∎ we worked out an easier route nous avons trouvé un itinéraire plus facile(e) (figure out) arriver à comprendre;∎ I finally worked out why he was acting so strangely j'ai enfin découvert ou compris pourquoi il se comportait si bizarrement;∎ the dog had worked out how to open the door le chien avait compris comment ouvrir la porte;∎ I can't work her out je n'arrive pas à la comprendre;∎ I can't work their relationship out leurs rapports me dépassent(f) (mine, well) épuiser∎ it depends on how things work out ça dépend de la façon dont les choses se passent;∎ the trip worked out as planned le voyage s'est déroulé comme prévu;∎ I wonder how it will all work out je me demande comment tout cela va s'arranger;∎ it all worked out for the best tout a fini par s'arranger pour le mieux;∎ but it didn't work out that way mais il en a été tout autrement;∎ it worked out badly for them les choses ont mal tourné pour eux∎ she worked out fine as personnel director elle s'est bien débrouillée comme directeur du personnel;∎ are things working out for you OK? est-ce que ça se passe bien pour toi?;∎ did the new job work out? ça a marché pour le nouveau boulot?;∎ it didn't work out between them les choses ont plutôt mal tourné entre eux;∎ their project didn't work out leur projet est tombé à l'eau∎ how much does it all work out at? ça fait combien en tout?;∎ the average price for an apartment works out to or at $5,000 per square metre le prix moyen d'un appartement s'élève ou revient à 5000 dollars le mètre carré;∎ that works out at three hours a week ça fait trois heures par semaine;∎ electric heating works out expensive le chauffage électrique revient cher∎ the wind worked round to the north le vent a tourné au nord petit à petit∎ he finally worked round to the subject of housing il a fini par aborder le sujet du logement;∎ what's she working round to? où veut-elle en venir?∎ (bring round) I worked the conversation round to my salary j'ai amené la conversation sur la question de mon salaire∎ we worked our way through the crowd nous nous sommes frayé un chemin à travers la foule;∎ he worked his way through the book il a lu le livre du début à la fin;∎ figurative I worked the problem through j'ai étudié le problème sous tous ses aspects∎ she worked through lunch elle a travaillé pendant l'heure du déjeuner∎ he worked through his emotional problems il a réussi à assumer ses problèmes affectifs➲ work up(a) (stir up, rouse) exciter, provoquer;∎ he worked up the crowd il a excité la foule;∎ he worked the crowd up into a frenzy il a rendu la foule frénétique;∎ he works himself up or he gets himself worked up over nothing il s'énerve pour rien;∎ she had worked herself up into a dreadful rage elle s'était mise dans une rage terrible∎ I want to work these ideas up into an article je veux développer ces idées pour en faire un article;∎ to work up an appetite se mettre en appétit;∎ we worked up a sweat/a thirst playing tennis jouer au tennis nous a donné chaud/soif;∎ I can't work up any enthusiasm for this work je n'arrive pas à avoir le moindre enthousiasme pour ce travail;∎ he tried to work up an interest in the cause il a essayé de s'intéresser à la cause∎ to work one's way up faire son chemin;∎ she worked her way up from secretary to managing director elle a commencé comme secrétaire et elle a fait son chemin jusqu'au poste de P-DG;∎ I worked my way up from nothing je suis parti de rien(a) (clothing) remonter∎ the film was working up to a climax le film approchait de son point culminant;∎ things were working up to a crisis une crise se préparait, on était au bord d'une crise;∎ she's working up to what she wanted to ask elle en vient à ce qu'elle voulait demander;∎ what are you working up to? où veux-tu en venir? -
36 Crossley, Sir Francis
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 26 October 1817 Halifax, Englandd. 5 January 1872 Belle Vue, Halifax, England[br]English developer of a power loom for weaving carpets.[br]Francis Crossley was the youngest of three brothers employed in their father's carpet-weaving business in Halifax and who took over the running of the company on their father's death in 1837. Francis seems to have been the one with technical ability, for it was he who saw the possibilities of weaving by power. Growth of the company was rapid through his policy of acquiring patents and then improving them, and it was soon at the forefront of the carpet-manufacturing trade. He had taken out rights on the patents of John Hill of Manchester, but his experiments with Hill's looms for weaving carpets were not successful.In the spring of 1850 Francis asked a textile inventor, George Collier of Barnsley, to develop a power loom for carpet manufacture. Collier produced a model that was a distinct advance on earlier looms, and Francis engaged him to perfect a power loom for weaving tapestry and Brussels carpets. After a great deal of money had been expended, a patent was taken out in 1850 in the name of his brother, Joseph Crossley, for a loom that could weave velvet as well as carpets and included some of the ideas of the American E.B. Bigelow. This new loom proved to be a great advance on all the earlier ones, and thus brought the Crossleys a great fortune from both sales of patent rights and the production of carpets from their mills, which were soon enlarged.According to the Dictionary of National Biography, Francis Crossley was Mayor of Halifax in 1849 and 1850, but Hogg gives this position to his elder brother John. In 1852 Francis was returned to Parliament as the Liberal member for Halifax, and in 1859 he became the member for the West Riding. Among his benefactions, in 1855 he gave to the town of Halifax a twelve-acre park that cost £41,300; a statue of him was erected there. In the same year he endowed twenty-one almshouses. In 1863 a baronetcy was conferred upon him in recognition of his commercial and public services, which he continued to perform until his death. In 1870 he gave the London Missionary Society £20,000, their largest single donation up to that time, and another £10,000 to the Congregational Pastor's Retiring Fund. He became ill when on a journey to the Holy Land in 1869, but although he made a partial recovery he grew worse again towards the end of 1871 and died early in the following year. He left £800,000 in his will.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsBaronet 1863.Further ReadingObituary, 1872, The Times 6 January.Dictionary of National Biography.J.Hogg (ed.), n.d., Fortunes Made in Business, London (provides an account of Crossley's career).RLH
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