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to+decide+whether

  • 61 invasión

    f.
    invasion, raid, inroad, encroachment.
    * * *
    1 invasion
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de país, cultivos] invasion
    2) [de pista, calzada] presence
    3) (Jur) [de derechos] encroachment; [de funciones, poderes] usurpation
    4) Col (=chabolas) shantytown
    * * *
    1)
    a) (de zona, país) invasion
    b) (Der) encroachment, violation
    2) (Col) ( chabolas) shantytown
    * * *
    = encroachment, invasion, onslaught.
    Ex. It is really up to us to decide whether or not we can sustain that entity against the challenges and the encroachments that threaten it.
    Ex. Incidentally, this book was about the invasion of Denmark.
    Ex. Without language we would go bumping around in the dark and eventually take leave of our senses under the welter of the incomprehensible, withdrawing, as some people do, into a closed world in order to protect ourselves against the unbearable onslaught.
    ----
    * invasión del espacio personal = invasion of space.
    * invasión del hogar = home invasion.
    * invasión del papel, la = paper storm, the.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (de zona, país) invasion
    b) (Der) encroachment, violation
    2) (Col) ( chabolas) shantytown
    * * *
    = encroachment, invasion, onslaught.

    Ex: It is really up to us to decide whether or not we can sustain that entity against the challenges and the encroachments that threaten it.

    Ex: Incidentally, this book was about the invasion of Denmark.
    Ex: Without language we would go bumping around in the dark and eventually take leave of our senses under the welter of the incomprehensible, withdrawing, as some people do, into a closed world in order to protect ourselves against the unbearable onslaught.
    * invasión del espacio personal = invasion of space.
    * invasión del hogar = home invasion.
    * invasión del papel, la = paper storm, the.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de una zona, un país) invasion
    2 ( Der) encroachment, violation
    B ( Col) (chabolas) shantytown
    * * *

    invasión sustantivo femenino
    1 (de zona, país) invasion
    2 (Col) ( chabolas) shantytown
    invasión sustantivo femenino invasion
    ' invasión' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    barrio
    - contener
    English:
    invasion
    * * *
    1. [por ejército] invasion
    2. [por turistas] invasion
    3. [por vehículo]
    la invasión por un camión del carril contrario provocó el accidente the accident was caused by a truck o Br lorry going onto the wrong side of the road
    4. [de competencias]
    acusó al juez de invasión de competencias he accused the judge of overreaching his powers
    5. Col [barrio] shantytown
    * * *
    f MIL invasion
    * * *
    invasión nf, pl - siones : invasion
    * * *
    invasión n invasion

    Spanish-English dictionary > invasión

  • 62 jubilar

    v.
    to retire, to pension, to pension off, to superannuate.
    * * *
    1 (retirar) to retire
    2 (persona) to pension off; (objeto) to get rid of, ditch
    1 (retirarse) to retire
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ trabajador] to pension off, retire
    2) hum * (=desechar) [+ objeto] to discard; [+ persona] to put out to grass
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <trabajador/empleado> to retire, pension off
    b) (fam) (desechar, tirar) <silla/televisor> to chuck out (colloq); < novio> to ditch (colloq)
    2.
    jubilar vi (Andes) to retire
    3.
    jubilarse v pron
    1) ( del trabajo) to retire
    2) (Ven arg) ( del colegio) to play hookey (esp AmE), to skive off (school) (BrE)
    * * *
    = put out to + grass, put out to + pasture.
    Ex. The article 'Should the computer be put out to grass?' argues that successful transfer of information relies more on quality than quantity.
    Ex. Let the free market decide whether it wants to support Prince's way of doing business or it wants to put him out to pasture.
    ----
    * jubilarse = retire.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <trabajador/empleado> to retire, pension off
    b) (fam) (desechar, tirar) <silla/televisor> to chuck out (colloq); < novio> to ditch (colloq)
    2.
    jubilar vi (Andes) to retire
    3.
    jubilarse v pron
    1) ( del trabajo) to retire
    2) (Ven arg) ( del colegio) to play hookey (esp AmE), to skive off (school) (BrE)
    * * *
    = put out to + grass, put out to + pasture.

    Ex: The article 'Should the computer be put out to grass?' argues that successful transfer of information relies more on quality than quantity.

    Ex: Let the free market decide whether it wants to support Prince's way of doing business or it wants to put him out to pasture.
    * jubilarse = retire.

    * * *
    jubilee ( before n)
    jubilar2 [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹trabajador/empleado› to retire, pension off
    2 ( fam) (desechar, tirar) ‹silla/televisor› to get rid of, chuck out ( colloq); ‹novio› to get rid of, to ditch ( colloq), to dump ( colloq)
    ■ jubilar
    vi
    (Chi, Col) to retire
    A (del trabajo) to retire
    si no me sale bien esta vez, me jubilo ( fam); if it doesn't work this time I'm giving up
    B ( Ven arg) (del colegio) to play truant, play hooky ( esp AmE colloq), skive off (school) ( BrE colloq)
    * * *

    jubilar ( conjugate jubilar) verbo intransitivo (Andes) to retire
    jubilarse verbo pronominal ( del trabajo) to retire
    jubilar verbo transitivo
    1 (a una persona) to retire, pension off
    2 (un objeto) to get rid of, ditch: tendríamos que jubilar el coche, we should get rid of the car
    ' jubilar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    pension off
    - retire
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [persona]
    jubilar a alguien (de) to pension sb off (from), to retire sb (from)
    2. Fam [objeto] to get rid of;
    van a jubilar los trenes más viejos they're going to get rid of the oldest trains
    * * *
    v/t
    1 retire
    2 ( desechar) get rid of
    * * *
    1) : to retire, to pension off
    2) fam : to get rid of, to discard

    Spanish-English dictionary > jubilar

  • 63 odio

    m.
    hatred.
    tener odio a algo/alguien to hate something/somebody
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: odiar.
    * * *
    1 hatred, loathing
    \
    tenerle odio a alguien to hate somebody
    odio mortal hatred
    * * *
    noun m.
    hate, hatred
    * * *
    SM
    1) [gen] hatred

    odio de sangre — feud, vendetta

    2) Chile (=molestia) nuisance, bother
    * * *
    masculino hate, hatred
    * * *
    = feud, aversion, loathing, hatred, hate.
    Ex. In doing so, the library created a rift that prohibited dialogue and created something of a feud between the copyright owner and the library.
    Ex. The central hypothesis is that an aversion to neologisms (especially newly coined words) impedes the introduction and acceptance of new concepts.
    Ex. The article 'The hype and the hope: fear and loathing on the net' argues that the fears and mistrust of the Internet are based upon ignorance about new technology.
    Ex. A culture of violence and hatred seems to have percolated through the corridors of the institutions of learning particularly schools.
    Ex. Librarians often have to decide whether to provide free access to or to censor materials containing hate speech or that which advocates hate and violence.
    ----
    * alimentar el odio = fuel + hatred.
    * incitar el odio = incite + hatred.
    * la voz del odio = the voice of hate.
    * lleno de odio = hateful.
    * mirar a Alguien con odio = look + daggers at.
    * odio racial = racial hatred.
    * promover el odio = fuel + hatred.
    * * *
    masculino hate, hatred
    * * *
    = feud, aversion, loathing, hatred, hate.

    Ex: In doing so, the library created a rift that prohibited dialogue and created something of a feud between the copyright owner and the library.

    Ex: The central hypothesis is that an aversion to neologisms (especially newly coined words) impedes the introduction and acceptance of new concepts.
    Ex: The article 'The hype and the hope: fear and loathing on the net' argues that the fears and mistrust of the Internet are based upon ignorance about new technology.
    Ex: A culture of violence and hatred seems to have percolated through the corridors of the institutions of learning particularly schools.
    Ex: Librarians often have to decide whether to provide free access to or to censor materials containing hate speech or that which advocates hate and violence.
    * alimentar el odio = fuel + hatred.
    * incitar el odio = incite + hatred.
    * la voz del odio = the voice of hate.
    * lleno de odio = hateful.
    * mirar a Alguien con odio = look + daggers at.
    * odio racial = racial hatred.
    * promover el odio = fuel + hatred.

    * * *
    hate, hatred
    lleno de odio full of hate o hatred
    le he tomado odio I've come to hate him
    me tiene odio he hates me
    buscar(le) el odio a algn ( Chi fam); to aggravate sb
    Compuestos:
    self-hatred
    race hatred
    * * *

     

    Del verbo odiar: ( conjugate odiar)

    odio es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    odió es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    odiar    
    odio
    odiar ( conjugate odiar) verbo transitivo
    to hate;

    odio sustantivo masculino
    hate, hatred;
    tenerle odio a algn to hate sb
    odiar verbo transitivo to detest, hate: odio la plancha, I hate ironing ➣ Ver nota en hate y detest
    odio sustantivo masculino hatred, loathing: su odio no tiene límites, her hatred knows no bounds

    ' odio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    carcomer
    - larvada
    - larvado
    - malsana
    - malsano
    - manía
    - odiar
    - agarrar
    - alimentar
    - asesino
    - el
    - engendrar
    - excitar
    - feroz
    - fomentar
    - implacable
    - mortal
    - trabajo
    - visceral
    English:
    bear
    - bitter
    - detest
    - fierce
    - flying
    - glare
    - hate
    - hatred
    - loathing
    - open
    - stir up
    - store up
    - whip up
    - pet
    - surge
    * * *
    odio nm
    hatred;
    tener odio a algo/alguien to hate sth/sb;
    Esp
    cogerle o Am [m5]tomarle odio a algo/alguien to develop a hatred for o of sth/sb
    * * *
    m hatred, hate
    * * *
    odio nm
    : hate, hatred
    * * *
    odio n hatred

    Spanish-English dictionary > odio

  • 64 relevar

    v.
    1 to relieve, to take over from.
    Relevamos a María de su carga We relieved Mary of her burden.
    2 to dismiss.
    3 to free.
    4 to substitute (sport) (en partidos).
    5 to acquit.
    El juez relevó al demandado The judge acquitted the defendant.
    * * *
    1 (sustituir) to relieve, take over from
    2 (eximir) to exempt (de, from)
    3 (destituir) to dismiss, remove, relieve
    4 MILITAR to change, relieve
    5 figurado (engrandecer) to exaggerate
    1 to take turns
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VT
    1) (Mil) [+ guardia] to relieve; [+ colega] to replace, substitute for
    2) (=destituir)
    3) (=dispensar)

    relevar a algn de una obligación — to relieve sb of a duty, free sb from an obligation

    relevar a algn de la culpa — to exonerate sb, free sb from blame

    4) (Téc) to emboss
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( sustituir) to relieve

    relevar la guardia — (Mil) to change the guard

    relevó a Salinas como entrenador — he took over from o replaced Salinas as coach

    2) ( destituir) to remove
    3) ( eximir) to exempt
    2.
    relevarse v pron to take turns, take it in turn(s)
    * * *
    = take over, put out to + grass, put out to + pasture.
    Ex. DOBIS/LIBIS can take over much of the housekeeping work necessary for a smoothly functioning library = DOBIS/LIBIS puede encargarse de la mayor parte del trabajo de gestión administrativa para que la biblioteca funcione sin problemas.
    Ex. The article 'Should the computer be put out to grass?' argues that successful transfer of information relies more on quality than quantity.
    Ex. Let the free market decide whether it wants to support Prince's way of doing business or it wants to put him out to pasture.
    ----
    * relevar de una obligación = relieve of + duty.
    * relevar de un cargo = relieve of + duty.
    * relevarse = take + a turn at, take + turns.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( sustituir) to relieve

    relevar la guardia — (Mil) to change the guard

    relevó a Salinas como entrenador — he took over from o replaced Salinas as coach

    2) ( destituir) to remove
    3) ( eximir) to exempt
    2.
    relevarse v pron to take turns, take it in turn(s)
    * * *
    = take over, put out to + grass, put out to + pasture.

    Ex: DOBIS/LIBIS can take over much of the housekeeping work necessary for a smoothly functioning library = DOBIS/LIBIS puede encargarse de la mayor parte del trabajo de gestión administrativa para que la biblioteca funcione sin problemas.

    Ex: The article 'Should the computer be put out to grass?' argues that successful transfer of information relies more on quality than quantity.
    Ex: Let the free market decide whether it wants to support Prince's way of doing business or it wants to put him out to pasture.
    * relevar de una obligación = relieve of + duty.
    * relevar de un cargo = relieve of + duty.
    * relevarse = take + a turn at, take + turns.

    * * *
    relevar [A1 ]
    vt
    A (sustituir) to relieve
    relevar la guardia ( Mil) to change the guard
    relevamos a los soldados que hacían la guardia we relieved the soldiers on guard duty
    relevó a Salinas como entrenador he took over from o replaced Salinas as coach
    B (destituir) to remove
    fue relevado del cargo he was relieved of o removed from his post
    C (eximir) to exempt relevar a algn DE algo to exempt sb FROM sth
    lo relevaron de descargar los camiones he was exempted from unloading the trucks
    to take turns, take it in turn(s)
    las enfermeras se relevaron para atenderla toda la noche the nurses took turns at looking after her all night, the nurses took it in turn(s) to look after her all night
    * * *

    relevar ( conjugate relevar) verbo transitivo
    a) ( sustituir) ‹guarda/enfermera› to relieve;

    ‹ jugador› to replace, take over from;


    relevarse verbo pronominal
    to take turns, take it in turn(s)
    relevar verbo transitivo
    1 (de una carga u obligación) to exempt from, let off
    2 (de un puesto o cargo) to remove, relieve
    3 (una persona a otra en una función) to relieve, take over from
    4 Dep to substitute, replace
    ' relevar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    relieve
    - take
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [sustituir] to relieve, to take over from;
    [en deporte] to substitute;
    el presidente lo relevó por una mujer the president replaced him with a woman;
    los bomberos recién llegados relevaron a sus agotados compañeros the firemen who had just arrived relieved o took over from their exhausted colleagues;
    ¿quién lo va a relevar cuando se jubile? who's going to take over from him when he retires?
    2. [destituir] to dismiss (de from), to relieve (de of);
    lo relevaron de la presidencia del partido they dismissed him as leader of the party
    3. [eximir] to free (de from)
    4. [en relevos] to take over from
    * * *
    v/t MIL relieve;
    relevar a alguien de algo relieve s.o. of sth
    * * *
    1) : to relieve, to take over from
    2)
    relevar de : to exempt from

    Spanish-English dictionary > relevar

  • 65 трудно

    (см. также легко) it is difficult
    • В общем случае довольно трудно... - Generally, it is rather difficult to...
    • В самом деле, трудно (предположить и т. п.)... - Actually, it is difficult to...
    • Далее, трудно увидеть, как... - It is difficult to see, then, how...
    • Значительно более трудно (показать и т. п.)... - It is much more difficult to...
    • Иногда бывает трудно... - It is sometimes difficult to...
    • Иногда весьма трудно доказать, что... - It is sometimes quite difficult to prove that...
    • К сожалению, за исключением простейших случаев, довольно трудно (получить и т. п.)... - With the exception of the simplest cases it is, unfortunately, rather difficult to...
    • Может быть трудно... - It can be difficult to...
    • На практике может быть трудно показать это. - In practice this may be difficult to demonstrate.
    • Например, не слишком трудно показать, что... - For example, it is not too difficult to show that...
    • Не трудно показать... - It is not hard to show that...
    • Очень трудно, если вообще невозможно, дать удовлетворительное определение... - It is difficult if not impossible to give a satisfactory definition of...
    • С другой стороны, иногда очень трудно (сформулировать и т. п.)... - On the other hand, it is sometimes very difficult to...
    • Следовательно, было бы трудно решить, действительно ли... - Thus, it would be difficult to decide whether...
    • Следовательно, иногда трудно... - It is therefore sometimes difficult to...
    • Следовательно, трудно знать, действительно ли... - It is therefore difficult to know whether...
    • Трудно добиться... - It is difficult to attain...
    • Трудно определить... - It is an open question whether or not...
    • Трудно переоценить... - It is difficult to overestimate...
    • Трудно понять природу... - It is difficult to comprehend the nature of...
    • Трудно себе представить... - It is difficult to imagine...
    • Трудно сказать действительно ли... - It is hard to tell whether...
    • Частично это происходит потому, что трудно... - This is partly because it is difficult to....
    • Часто бывает трудно... - It is often difficult to...; Often, it is difficult to...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > трудно

  • 66 feasibility study

    Gen Mgt
    an investigation into a proposed plan or project to determine whether and how it can be successfully and profitably carried out. Frequently used in project management, a feasibility study may examine alternative methods of reaching objectives or be used to define or redefine the proposed project. The information gathered must be sufficient to make a decision on whether to go ahead with the project or to enable an investor to decide whether to commit finances to it. This will normally require analysis of technical, financial, and market issues, including an estimate of resources required in terms of materials, time, personnel, and finance, and the expected return on investment.

    The ultimate business dictionary > feasibility study

  • 67 ἁρπαγμός

    ἁρπαγμός, οῦ, ὁ (rare in nonbibl. Gk.; not found at all in the Gk. transl. of the OT; in our lit. only in Phil 2:6).
    ① a violent seizure of property, robbery (s. ἁρπάζω; Plut., Mor. 12a; Vett. Val. 122, 1; Phryn., Appar. Soph.: Anecd. Gr. I 36. Also Plut., Mor. 644a ἁρπασμός), which is next to impossible in Phil 2:6 (W-S. §28, 3: the state of being equal w. God cannot be equated w. the act of robbery).
    ② As equal to ἅρπαγμα, someth. to which one can claim or assert title by gripping or grasping, someth. claimed w. change fr. abstr. to concr. (as θερισμός Rv 14:15, cp. J 4:35; ἱματισμός J 19:24). This mng. cannot be quoted fr. non-Christian lit., but is grammatically justifiable (Kühner-Bl. II p. 272; RLipsius, Hand-Comment. ad loc.). Christian exx. are Eus., In Luc. 6 (AMai, Nova Patrum Bibliotheca IV 165), where Peter regards death on the cross as ἁρπαγμός ‘a prize to be grasped eagerly’, and Cyrill. Alex., De Ador. 1, 25 (MPG, LXVIII 172c), Lot does not regard the angels’ demand (Gen 19:15ff) as a ἁρπαγμός ‘prize’.—Acc. to FVokes, on Phil 2:5–11 in Studia Evangelica 2, ’64, 670–75, forms in-μα may approach-μος forms in mng., but not vice versa, cp. πορισμός 1 Ti 6:5 (for rejoinder s. RMartin, Carmen Christi ’67, 137).
    ⓐ If ἁρπαγμός approaches ἅρπαγμα in mng., it can be taken ‘sensu malo’ to mean booty, (a) grab (so for ἅρπαγμα LXX), and only the context and an understanding of Paul’s thought in general can decide whether it means holding fast to someth. already obtained (ἁ.=‘res rapta’; so the Gk fathers, s. Lampe, s.v. B 1) or the appropriation to oneself of someth. that is sought after (ἁ.=‘res rapienda’).
    ⓑ But a good sense is also poss., a piece of good fortune, windfall, prize, gain (Heliod., 7, 11, 7; 7, 20, 2 [=ἕρμαιον]; 8, 7, 1; Plut., Mor. 330d; Nägeli 43f)=ἕρμαιον (Isid. Pelus., Ep. 4, 22); again it remains an open question whether the windfall has already been seized and is waiting to be used, or whether it has not yet been appropriated. In favor of the former is the contrast between Adam (implied as a dramatic foil) and his anxiety about death and equality w. God and Jesus’ majestic freedom from such anxiety, with culmination in the ultimate vindication of Jesus, whose destiny contrasts with Adam’s implied fate: οὐχ ἁρπαγμὸν ἡγήσατο τὸ εἶναι ἴσα θεῷ did not consider equality w. God a prize to be tenaciously grasped. (Cp. the fortunes of Zeus: Diod S 3, 61, 4–6.)
    ③ Another, and less probable, mng. is (mystical) rapture, s. ἁρπάζω 2b and LHammerich, An Ancient Misunderstanding (Phil. 2:6 ‘robbery’), ’66, who would translate the phrase ‘considered that to be like God was no rapture’; a similar view was expressed by PFlorensky (1915), quoted in Dictionnaire de la Bible, Suppl. V, ’57, col. 24 s.v. kénose.—LSaint-Paul, RB n.s. 8, 1911, 550ff (pretext, opportunity); WJaeger, Her. 50, 1915, 537–53 (w. further support, RHoover, HTR 64, ’71, 95–119); AJülicher, ZNW 17, 1916, 1–17; PSchmidt, PM 20, 1916, 171–86; HSchumacher, Christus in s. Präexistenz u. Kenose nach Phil 2:5–8, I 1914, II 1921; FLoofs, StKr 100, 1927/28, 1–102; ELohmeyer, Kyrios Jesus: SBHeidAk 1927/28, 4 Abh.; WFoerster, ZNW 29, 1930, 115–28; FKattenbusch, StKr 104, ’32, 373–420; EBarnikol, Mensch u. Messias ’32, Philipper 2, ’32; KBornhäuser, NKZ 44, ’33, 428–34; 453–62; SMowinckel, NorTT 40, ’39, 208–11; AStephenson, CBQ 1, ’39, 301–8; AFeuillet, Vivre et Penser, Sér. 2, ’42, 61f; AFridrichsen: AKaritz Festschr. ’46, 197ff; HAlmqvist, Plut. u. d. NT, ’46, 117f; JHering, D. bibl. Grundlagen des Christl. Humanismus ’46, 31f; AEhrhardt, JTS 46, ’45, 49–51 (cp. Plut., Mor. 330d; Diod S 3, 61, 6); EKäsemann, ZTK 47, ’50, 313–60; HKruse, Verbum Domini 27, ’49, 355–60; 29, ’51, 206–14; LBouyer, RSR 39, ’51, 281–88; DGriffiths, ET 69, ’57/58, 237–39; RMartin, Carmen Christi (Phil 2:5–11) ’67, esp. 134–64; 320–39 (lit.). NWright, JTS 37, ’86, 321–52; SVollenweider, NTS 45, ’99, 413–33 (surveys of debate).—S. also s.v. κενόω 1b.—EDNT. DELG s.v. ἁρπάζω. M-M. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἁρπαγμός

  • 68 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

  • 69 Grundschule

    f primary school, Am. auch elementary ( oder grade) school
    * * *
    die Grundschule
    elementary school; grade school; grammar school; primary school
    * * *
    In Germany, children begin school at the age of six and attend Grundschule for four years. After the fourth year they take an aptitude test, which helps pupils and parents decide whether they should attend a Gymnasium, a Realschule or a Hauptschule. In Austria the corresponding school is called a Volksschule. In Switzerland children attend a Primarschule for the first three to six years (depending on canton) as part of the Volksschule. See: → Gymnasium, Hauptschule, Realschule
    * * *
    ((American) a primary school.) grade school
    * * *
    Grund·schu·le
    f primary [or AM elementary] [or AM grade] school
    * * *
    die primary school
    •• Cultural note:
    The primary school which all German children attend for four years from the age of 6 (some children do not start until they are 7). Lessons are intense but pupils only attend school for about 4 hours a day. At the end of the Grundschule, teachers and parents decide together which type of secondary school the child should attend
    * * *
    Grundschule f primary school, US auch elementary ( oder grade) school
    * * *
    die primary school
    •• Cultural note:
    The primary school which all German children attend for four years from the age of 6 (some children do not start until they are 7). Lessons are intense but pupils only attend school for about 4 hours a day. At the end of the Grundschule, teachers and parents decide together which type of secondary school the child should attend
    * * *
    -n f.
    elementary school (US) n.
    elementary school n.
    grade school (US) n.
    primary school n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Grundschule

  • 70 go by the board

    1) полностью отпасть, быть отброшенным, рухнуть (о планах, надеждах и т. п.) (амер.; тж. pass by the board)

    Secrecy, precaution went by the board. Bowing his head against her breast, he poured it all out... (J. Galsworthy, ‘The Dark Flower’, part III, ch. XIII) — Преодолев свою скрытность и отбросив всякую осторожность, Леннан прижался головой к ее груди и рассказал все...

    Kinship will have to go by the board, if that's the case. (E. Caldwell, ‘A House in the Uplands’, ch. V) — В таком случае с родством считаться не приходится.

    2) потерпеть полный провал, с треском провалиться

    The trade union movement had to decide whether the Daily Herald should go by the board, or whether it would subsidise it so as to put it on its feet. (‘Daily Worker’) — Профсоюзам предстояло решать: или примириться с потерей "Дейли геральд" или субсидировать ее, чтобы поставить на ноги.

    The firm failed and all I had went by the board. (DEI) — Фирма обанкротилась, и все мои капиталы ухнули.

    ‘I always thought he had such a splendid reputation.’ ‘I'm afraid that it went by the board a long time ago.’ — - Я всегда думал, что у него прекрасная репутация. - Боюсь, что она уже давно подмочена.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > go by the board

  • 71 предоставлять

    несовер. - предоставлять;
    совер. - предоставить( кого-л./что-л. кому-л.)
    1) (позволять) let have (to) ;
    leave (to) предоставлять слово
    2) (давать) give (to), render (to), grant (to) предоставлять в чье-л. распоряжение ≈ to put/place at smb.'s disposal предоставлять кому-л. свободу действий ≈ to give smb. free hand предоставлять полную свободу (кому-л.) ≈ to give free rein (to) предоставлять чрезвычайные полномочия( кому-л.) ≈ to confer emergency powers (on) предоставлять избирательные права ≈ enfranchise предоставлять заем ≈ to grant a loan (to) предоставлять кредит ≈ to give credit (to) предоставлять возможность ≈ to give an opportunity (to), to give a chance (to) предоставить убежище ≈ to grant asylum ∙ предоставлять самому себе
    предоставл|ять -, предоставить
    1. (вн. дт.;
    давать) give* (smb., smth.), let* (smb.) have (smth.) ;
    (права и т. п.) grant (smb., smth.) ;
    ~ что-л. в чьё-л. распоряжение put*/place smth. at smb.`s disposal;
    ~ кому-л. отпуск grant smb. leave;

    2. (дт. + инф.;
    давать возможность сделать) leave* it (to smb. + to inf.), allow( smb. + to inf.) ;
    предоставьте решать это мне leave* it to me to decide;
    я ~яю вам судить, прав я или нет I leave it to you to decide whether I am right;
    ~ что-л. на чьё-л. усмотрение leave* smth. to smb.`s discretion;
    ~ самому себе leave* smb. to his, her own devices, предоставить слово кому-л. give* smb. the floor, allow smb. to speak.

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > предоставлять

  • 72 toss up

    (to toss a coin to decide a matter: We tossed up (to decide) whether to go to the play or the ballet.) jugarse algo a cara o cruz
    1) v + adv
    a) ( vomit) (AmE colloq) devolver*, arrojar, vomitar
    b) (BrE) toss II b)
    2) v + o + adv, v + adv + o ( vomit) (AmE colloq) devolver*, arrojar, vomitar
    1.
    VT + ADV [+ coin] echar a cara o cruz
    2.
    VI + ADV = toss 3., 2)
    * * *
    1) v + adv
    a) ( vomit) (AmE colloq) devolver*, arrojar, vomitar
    b) (BrE) toss II b)
    2) v + o + adv, v + adv + o ( vomit) (AmE colloq) devolver*, arrojar, vomitar

    English-spanish dictionary > toss up

  • 73 Münze werfen

    (to toss a coin to decide a matter: We tossed up (to decide) whether to go to the play or the ballet.) toss up

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Münze werfen

  • 74 toss up

    (to toss a coin to decide a matter: We tossed up (to decide) whether to go to the play or the ballet.) kasta upp á e-ð, varpa hlutkesti

    English-Icelandic dictionary > toss up

  • 75 toss up

    (to toss a coin to decide a matter: We tossed up (to decide) whether to go to the play or the ballet.) pénzfeldobással eldönt

    English-Hungarian dictionary > toss up

  • 76 toss up

    (to toss a coin to decide a matter: We tossed up (to decide) whether to go to the play or the ballet.) jogar cara ou coroa
    * * *
    toss up
    tirar a sorte jogando uma moeda ao ar, jogo de cara ou coroa.

    English-Portuguese dictionary > toss up

  • 77 toss up

    havaya atmak, yazı tura atmak, şansa bırakmak
    * * *
    (to toss a coin to decide a matter: We tossed up (to decide) whether to go to the play or the ballet.) yazı tura atmak

    English-Turkish dictionary > toss up

  • 78 toss up

    (to toss a coin to decide a matter: We tossed up (to decide) whether to go to the play or the ballet.) vreči kovanec
    * * *
    transitive verb vreči, zagnati v zrak; intransitive verb metati, vreči novec v zrak, žrebati; hitro pripraviti, skupaj zmetati (kosilo itd.)

    English-Slovenian dictionary > toss up

  • 79 toss up

    (to toss a coin to decide a matter: We tossed up (to decide) whether to go to the play or the ballet.) heittää kolikolla

    English-Finnish dictionary > toss up

  • 80 toss up

    (to toss a coin to decide a matter: We tossed up (to decide) whether to go to the play or the ballet.) kaste krone og mynt

    English-Norwegian dictionary > toss up

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

  • whether\ ---\ or\ whether — • whether or • whether or whether 1. coord. conj. Used to introduce an indirect question. You must decide whether you should go or stay. I don t know whether Jack or Bill is a better player. Compare: either or 2. Used to show a choice of things,… …   Словарь американских идиом

  • whether\ ---\ or — • whether or • whether or whether 1. coord. conj. Used to introduce an indirect question. You must decide whether you should go or stay. I don t know whether Jack or Bill is a better player. Compare: either or 2. Used to show a choice of things,… …   Словарь американских идиом

  • decide — /dI saId/ verb 1 (I, T) to make a choice or judgment about something, especially after a period of not knowing what to do or in a way that ends disagreement: decide to do sth: Tina s decided to go to Prague for her holidays. | decide that: It was …   Longman dictionary of contemporary English

  • whether — conjunction 1 used when talking about a choice you have to make or about two different possibilities: He asked me whether she was coming. | The decision whether to see her was mine alone. | whether or not: I coudn t decide whether or not to go to …   Longman dictionary of contemporary English

  • decide — de|cide W1S1 [dıˈsaıd] v [Date: 1300 1400; : French; Origin: décider, from Latin decidere to cut off, decide ] 1.) [I and T] to make a choice or judgment about something, especially after considering all the possibilities or arguments →↑decision… …   Dictionary of contemporary English

  • decide */*/*/ — UK [dɪˈsaɪd] / US verb Word forms decide : present tense I/you/we/they decide he/she/it decides present participle deciding past tense decided past participle decided 1) a) [intransitive/transitive] to make a choice about what you are going to do …   English dictionary

  • decide — de|cide [ dı saıd ] verb *** 1. ) intransitive or transitive to make a choice about what you are going to do: decide to do something: He decided to stay and see what would happen. The committee decided unanimously to accept the offer. decide that …   Usage of the words and phrases in modern English

  • decide — 01. They couldn t [decide] whether to have chocolate or vanilla ice cream. 02. We ve [decided] to go to an Italian restaurant for supper. 03. She has [decided] to go travelling for a year before starting university. 04. The game was finally… …   Grammatical examples in English

  • decide — [[t]dɪsa͟ɪd[/t]] ♦ decides, deciding, decided 1) VERB If you decide to do something, you choose to do it, usually after you have thought carefully about the other possibilities. [V to inf] She decided to do a secretarial course... [V that] He has …   English dictionary

  • whether */*/*/ — UK [ˈweðə(r)] / US [ˈweðər] / US [ˈhweðər] conjunction Collocations: Both whether and if can be used to introduce indirect questions of the type that expect a yes/no answer: She asked if/whether I liked jazz. Use whether, but not if, before an… …   English dictionary

  • whether*/*/*/ — [ˈweðə] conjunction 1) used when someone does not know which of two possibilities is true They asked us whether we were married.[/ex] She doesn t even know whether her daughter is dead or alive.[/ex] 2) used when someone can choose between two… …   Dictionary for writing and speaking English

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