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time+conjunctions

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1 AT

I) prep.

A. with dative.

I. Of motion;

1) towards, against;

Otkell laut at Skamkatli, bowed down to S.;

hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge against A.;

2) close atup to;

Brynjólfr gengr alit at honum, quite up to him;

þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters with him;

3) to, at;

koma at landi, to come to land;

ganga at dómi, to go into court;

4) along (= eptir);

ganga at stræti, to walk along the street;

dreki er niðr fór at ánni (went down the river) fyrir strauminum;

refr dró hörpu at ísi, on the ice;

5) denoting hostility;

renna (sœkja) at e-m, to rush at, assault;

gerði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog;

6) around;

vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a veil round one’s head;

bera grjót at e-m, to heap stones upon the body;

7) denoting business, engagement;

ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after horses, watching sheep;

fara at landskuldum, to go collecting rents.

II. Of position, &c.;

1) denoting presence at, near, by, upon;

at kirkju, at church;

at dómi, in court;

at lögbergi, at the hill of laws;

2) denoting participation in;

vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, wedding;

vera at vígi, to be an accessory in man-slaying;

3) ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at;

kvalararnir, er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him;

var þar at kona nökkur at binda (was there busy dressing) sár manna;

4) with proper names of places (farms);

konungr at Danmörku ok Noregi, king of;

biskup at Hólum, bishop of Holar;

at Helgafelli, at Bergþórshváli;

5) used ellipt. with a genitive, at (a person’s) house;

at hans (at his house) gisti fjölmenni mikit;

at Marðar, at Mara’s home;

at hins beilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church;

at Ránar, at Ran’s (abode).

III. Of time;

1) at, in;

at upphafi, at first, in the beginning;

at skilnaði, at parting, when they parted;

at páskum, at Easter;

at kveldi, at eventide;

at þinglausnum, at the close of the Assembly;

at fjöru, at the ebb;

at flœðum, at the floodtide;

2) adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr’;

at ári komanda, next year;

at vári, er kemr, next spring;

generally with ‘komanda’ understood;

at sumri, hausti, vetri, vári, next summer, &c.;

3) used with an absolute dative and present or past part.;

at sér lifanda, duing his lifetime;

at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all;

at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the hearing of the chief;

at upprennandi sólu, at sunrise;

at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks are past;

at honum önduðum, after his death;

4) denoting uninterrupted succession, after;

hverr at öðrum, annarr at öðrum, one after another;

skildu menn at þessu, thereupon, after this;

at því (thereafter) kómu aðrar meyjar.

IV. fig. and in various uses;

1) to, into, with the notion of destruction or change;

brenna (borgina) at ösku, to burn to ashes;

verða at ormi, to become a snake;

2) for, as;

gefa e-t at gjöf, as a present;

eiga e-n at vin, to have one as friend;

3) by;

taka sverð at hjöltum, by the hilt;

draga út björninn at hlustunum, by the ears;

kjósa at afli, álitum, by strength, appearrance;

4) as regards as to;

auðigr at fé, wealthy in goods;

vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face;

5) as a law term, on the grounds of, by reason of;

ryðja ( to challenge) dóm at mægðum, kvið at frændsemi;

6) as a paraphrase of a genitive;

faðir, móðir at barni (= barns, of a child);

aðili at sök = aðili sakar;

7) with adjectives denoting colour, size, age, of;

hvítr, svartr, rauðr at lit, while, black, red of colour;

mikill, lítill at stœrð, vexti, tall, small of stature;

tvítugr at aldri, twenty years of age;

kýr at fyrsta, öðrum kálfi, a cow that has calved once, twice;

8) determining the source from which anything comes, of, from;

Ari nam ok marga frœði at Þuríði (from her);

þiggja, kaupa, geta, leigja e-t at e-m, to receive, buy, obtain, borrow a thing from one;

hafa veg (virðing) styrk at e-m, to derive honour, power, from one;

9) according, to, after (heygðr at fornum sið);

at ráði allra vitrustu manna, by the advice of;

at landslögum, by the law of the land;

at vánum, as was to be expected;

at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave;

10) in adverbial phrases;

gróa (vera grœddr) at heilu, to be quite healed;

bíta af allt gras at snøggu, quite bare;

at fullu, fully;

at vísu, surely;

at frjálsu, freely;

at eilífu, for ever and ever;

at röngu, at réttu, wrongly, rightly;

at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same;

at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent.

B. with acc., after, upon (= eptir);

sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, to take the inheritance after his father;

eiga féránsdóm at e-n, to hold a court of execution upon a person;

at þat (= eptir þat), after that, thereafter;

connected with a past part. or a., at Gamla fallinn, after the fall of Gamli;

at Hrungni dauðan, upon the death of Hrungnir.

II)

1) as the simple mark of the infinitive, to;

at ganga, at ríða, at hlaupa, to walk, to ride, to run;

2) in an objective sense;

hann bauð þeim at fara, sitja, he bade (ordered) them to go, sit;

gefa e-m at eta, at drekka, to give one to eat, to drink;

3) denoting design or purpose, in order to (hann gekk í borg at kaupa silfr).

III)

1) demonstrative particle before a comparative, the, all the, so much the;

hón grét at meir, she wept the more;

þykkir oss at líkara, all the more likely;

þú ert maðr at verri (so much the worse), er þú hefir þetta mælt;

2) rel. pron., who, which, that (= er);

þeir allir, at þau tíðindi heyrðu, all those who heard;

sem þeim er títt, at ( as is the custom of those who) kaupferðir reka.

IV)

conj., that;

1) introducing a subjective or objective clause;

þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, it happened once that H.;

vilda ek, at þú réðist austr í fjörðu, I should like you to go;

2) relative to svá, denoting proportion, degree;

svá mikill lagamaðr, at, so great a lawyer, that;

3) with subj., denoting end or purpose, in order that (skáru þeir fyrir þá (viz. hestana) melinn, at þeir dœi eigi af sulti);

4) since, because, as (= því at);

5) connected with þó, því, svá;

þó at (with subj.), though, although;

því at, because, for;

svá at, so that;

6) temp., þá at (= þá er), when;

þegar at (= þegar er), as soon as;

þar til at (= þar til er), until, till;

áðr at (= á. en), before;

7) used superfluously after an int. pron. or adv.;

Ólafr spurði, hvern styrk at hann mundi fá honum, what help he was likely to give him;

in a relative sense; með fullkomnum ávexti, hverr at (which) þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða.

V)

negative verbal suffix, = ata; var-at, was not.

VI)

n. an incited conflict or fight ( see etja);

odda at, Yggs at, battle.

* * *

1.

and að, prep., often used ellipt. dropping the case and even merely as an adverb, [Lat. ad; Ulf. at = πρός and παρά, A. S. ät; Engl. at; Hel. ad = apud; O. H. G. az; lost in mod. Germ., and rare in Swed. and Dan.; in more freq. use in Engl. than any other kindred language, Icel. only excepted]:—the mod. pronunciation and spelling is að (aþ); this form is very old, and is found in Icel. vellum MSS. of the 12th century, e. g. aþ, 623. 60; yet in earlier times it was sounded with a tenuis, as we may infer from rhymes, e. g. jöfurr hyggi at | hve ek yrkja fat, Egill: Sighvat also makes it rhyme with a t. The verse by Thorodd—þar vastu at er fjáðr klæðið þvat (Skálda 162)—is hardly intelligible unless we accept the spelling with an aspirate (að), and say that þvað is = þvá = þváði, lavabat; it may be that by the time of Thorodd and Ari the pure old pronunciation was lost, or is ‘þvat’ simply the A. S. þvât, secuit? The Icelanders still, however, keep the tenuis in compounds before a vowel, or before h, v, or the liquids l, r, thus—atyrða, atorka, athöfn, athugi, athvarf, athlægi; atvinna, atvik; atlaga, atlíðanði ( slope), atriði, atreið, atróðr: but aðdjúpr, aðfinsla (critic), aðferð, aðkoma, aðsókn, aðsúgr (crowding), aðgæzla. In some words the pronunciation is irregular, e. g. atkvæði not aðkv-; atburðr, but aðbúnaðr; aðhjúkran not athjúkran; atgörvi not aðgörfi. At, to, towards; into; against; along, by; in regard to; after.

Mostly with dat.; rarely with acc.; and sometimes ellipt.—by dropping the words ‘home,’ ‘house,’ or the like—with gen.

WITH DAT.

A. LOC.

I. WITH MOTION; gener. the motion to the borders, limits of an object, and thus opp. to frá:

1. towards, against, with or without the notion of arrival, esp. connected with verbs denoting motion (verba movendi et eundi), e. g. fara, ganga, koma, lúta, snúa, rétta at…; Otkell laut at Skamkatli, O. louted (i. e. bowed down) towards S., Nj. 77, Fms. xi. 102; sendimaðrinn sneri ( turned) hjöltum sverðsins at konungi, towards the king, i. 15; hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge towards A., Nj. 220; rétta e-t at e-m, to reach, hand over, Ld. 132; ganga at, to step towards, Ísl. ii. 259.

2. denoting proximity, close up to, up to; Brynjólfr gengr … allt at honum, B. goes quite up to him, Nj. 58; Gunnarr kom þangat at þeim örunum, G. reached them even there with his arrows, 115; þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters, id.; reið maðr at þeim (up to them), 274; þeir höfðu rakit sporin allt at ( right up to) gammanum, Fms. i. 9; komu þeir at sjó fram, came down to the sea, Bárð. 180.

3. without reference to the space traversed, to or at; koma at landi, to land, Ld. 38, Fms. viii. 358; ríða at dyrum, Boll. 344; hlaupa at e-m, to run up to, run at, Fms. vii. 218, viii. 358; af sjáfarganginum er hann gekk at landinu, of the surf dashing against the shore, xi. 6; vísa ólmum hundi at manni, to set a fierce hound at a man, Grág. ii. 118; leggja e-n at velli, to lay low, Eg. 426, Nj. 117; hníga at jörðu, at grasi, at moldu, to bite the dust, to die, Njarð. 378; ganga at dómi, a law term, to go into court, of a plaintiff, defendant, or bystander, Nj. 87 (freq.)

4. denoting a motion along, into, upon; ganga at stræti, to walk along the street, Korm. 228, Fms. vii. 39; at ísi, on the ice, Skálda 198, Fms. vii. 19, 246, viii. 168, Eb. 112 new Ed. (á is perh. wrong); máttu menn ganga bar yfir at skipum einum, of ships alone used as a bridge, Fas. i. 378; at höfðum, at nám, to trample on the slain on the battle-field, Lex. Poët.; at ám, along the rivers; at merkiósum, at the river’s mouth, Grág. ii. 355; at endilöngu baki, all along its back, Sks. 100.

5. denoting hostility, to rush at, assault; renna at, hlaupa at, ganga, fara, ríða, sækja, at e-m, (v. those words), whence the nouns atrenna, athlaup, atgangr, atför, atreið, atsókn, etc.

β. metaph., kom at þeim svefnhöfgi, deep sleep fell on them, Nj. 104. Esp. of weather, in the impers. phrase, hríð, veðr, vind, storm görir at e-m, to be overtaken by a snow storm, gale, or the like; görði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog, Bárð. 171.

6. denoting around, of clothing or the like; bregða skikkju at höfði sér, to wrap his cloak over his head, Ld. 62; vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a snood round her head, 188; sauma at, to stick, cling close, as though sewn on; sauma at höndum sér, of tight gloves, Bs. i. 453; kyrtill svá þröngr sem saumaðr væri at honum, as though it were stitched to him, Nj. 214; vafit at vándum dreglum, tight laced with sorry tags, id.; hosa strengd fast at beini, of tight hose, Eg. 602; hann sveipar at sér iðrunum ok skyrtunni, he gathers up the entrails close to him and the skirt too, Gísl. 71; laz at síðu, a lace on the side, to keep the clothes tight, Eg. 602.

β. of burying; bera grjót at einum, to heap stones upon the body, Eg. 719; var gör at þeim dys or grjóti, Ld. 152; gora kistu at líki, to make a coffin for a body, Eb. 264, Landn. 56, Ld. 142.

γ. of summoning troops or followers; stefna at sér mönnum, to summon men to him, Nj. 104; stefna at sér liði, Eg. 270; kippa mönnum at sér, to gather men in haste, Ld. 64.

7. denoting a business, engagement; ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after after horses, watching sheep, Glúm. 362, Nj. 75; fara at fé, to go to seek for sheep, Ld. 240; fara at heyi, to go a-haymaking, Dropl. 10; at veiðum, a-hunting; at fuglum, a-fowling; at dýrum, a-sbooting; at fiski, a-fishing; at veiðiskap, Landn. 154, Orkn. 416 (in a verse), Nj. 25; fara at landskuldum, to go a-collecling rents, Eg. 516; at Finnkaupum, a-marketing with Finns, 41; at féföngum, a-plundering, Fms. vii. 78; ganga at beina, to wait on guests, Nj. 50; starfa at matseld, to serve at table, Eb. 266; hitta e-n at nauðsynjum, on matters of business; at máli, to speak with one, etc., Fms. xi. 101; rekast at e-m, to pursue one, ix. 404; ganga at liði sér, to go suing for help, Grág. ii. 384.

β. of festivals; snúa, fá at blóti, veizlu, brullaupi, to prepare for a sacrificial banquet, wedding, or the like, hence at-fangadagr, Eb. 6, Ld. 70; koma at hendi, to happen, befall; ganga at sínu, to come by one’s own, to take it, Ld. 208; Egill drakk hvert full er at honum kom, drained every horn that came to him, Eg. 210; komast at keyptu, to purchase dearly, Húv. 46.

8. denoting imaginary motion, esp. of places, cp. Lat. spectare, vergere ad…, to look or lie towards; horfði botninn at höfðanum, the bight of the bay looked toward the headland, Fms. i. 340, Landn. 35; also, skeiðgata liggr at læknum, leads to the brook, Ísl. ii. 339; á þann arminn er vissi at sjánum, on that wing which looked toward the sea, Fms. viii. 115; sár þau er horft höfðu at Knúti konungi, xi. 309.

β. even connected with verbs denoting motion; Gilsáreyrr gengr austan at Fljótinu, G. extends, projects to F. from the east, Hrafh. 25; hjá sundi því, er at gengr þingstöðinni, Fms. xi. 85.

II. WITHOUT MOTION; denoting presence at, near, by, at the side of, in, upon; connected with verbs like sitja, standa, vera…; at kirkju, at church, Fms. vii. 251, K. f). K. 16, Ld. 328, Ísl. ii. 270, Sks. 36; vera at skála, at húsi, to be in, at home, Landn. 154; at landi, Fms. i. 82; at skipi, on shipboard, Grág. i. 209, 215; at oldri, at a banquet, inter pocula; at áti, at dinner, at a feast, inter edendum, ii. 169, 170; at samförum ok samvistum, at public meetings, id.; at dómi, in a court; standa (to take one’s stand) norðan, sunnan, austan, vestan at dómi, freq. in the proceedings at trials in lawsuits, Nj.; at þingi, present at the parliament, Grág. i. 142; at lögbergi, o n the hill of laws, 17, Nj.; at baki e-m, at the back of.

2. denoting presence, partaking in; sitja at mat, to sit at meat, Fms. i. 241; vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, nuptials, Nj. 51, Ld. 70: a law term, vera at vígi, to be an accessory in manslaying, Nj. 89, 100; vera at e-u simply means to be about, be busy in, Fms. iv. 237; standa at máli, to stand by one in a case, Grág. ii. 165, Nj. 214; vera at fóstri, to be fostered, Fms. i. 2; sitja at hégóma, to listen to nonsense, Ld. 322; vera at smíð, to be at one’s work, Þórð. 62: now absol., vera at, to go on with, be busy at.

3. the law term vinna eið at e-u has a double meaning:

α. vinna eið at bók, at baugi, to make an oath upon the book by laying the band upon it, Landn. 258, Grág., Nj.; cp. Vkv. 31, Gkv. 3. 3, Hkv. 2. 29, etc.: ‘við’ is now used in this sense.

β. to confirm a fact (or the like) by an oath, to swear to, Grág. i. 9, 327.

γ. the law phrase, nefna vátta at e-u, of summoning witnesses to a deed, fact, or the like; nefna vátta at benjum, to produce evidence, witnesses as to the wounds, Nj., Grág.; at görð, Eg. 738; at svörum, Grág. i. 19: this summoning of witnesses served in old lawsuits the same purpose as modern pleadings and depositions; every step in a suit to be lawful must be followed by such a summoning or declaration.

4. used ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at; kvalararnir er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him; þar varstu at, you were there present, Skálda 162; at várum þar, Gísl. (in a verse): as a law term ‘vera at’ means to be guilty, Glúm. 388; vartattu at þar, Eg. (in a verse); hence the ambiguity of Glum’s oath, vask at þar, I was there present: var þar at kona nokkur ( was there busy) at binda sár manna, Fms. v. 91; hann var at ok smíðaði skot, Rd. 313; voru Varbelgir at ( about) at taka af, þau lög …, Fms. ix. 512; ek var at ok vafk, I was about weaving, xi. 49; þeir höfðu verit at þrjú sumur, they had been busy at it for three summers, x. 186 (now very freq.); koma at, come in, to arrive unexpectedly; Gunnarr kom at í því, G. came in at that moment; hvaðan komtú nú at, whence did you come? Nj. 68, Fms. iii. 200.

5. denoting the kingdom or residence of a king or princely person; konungr at Danmörk ok Noregi, king of…, Fms. i. 119, xi. 281; konungr, jarl, at öllum Noregi, king, earl, over all N., íb. 3, 13, Landn. 25; konungr at Dyflinni, king of Dublin, 25; but í or yfir England!, Eg. 263: cp. the phrase, sitja at landi, to reside, of a king when at home, Hkr. i. 34; at Joini, Fms. xi. 74: used of a bishop; biskup at Hólum, bishop of Hólar, Íb. 18, 19; but biskup í Skálaholti, 19: at Rómi, at Rome, Fbr. 198.

6. in denoting a man’s abode (vide p. 5, col. 1, l. 27), the prep. ‘at’ is used where the local name implies the notion of by the side of, and is therefore esp. applied to words denoting a river, brook, rock, mountain, grove, or the like, and in some other instances, by, at, e. g. at Hofi (a temple), Landn. 198; at Borg ( a castle), 57; at Helgafelli (a mountain), Eb. constantly so; at Mosfelli, Landn. 190; at Hálsi (a hill), Fms. xi. 22; at Bjargi, Grett. 90; Hálsum, Landn. 143; at Á ( river), 296, 268; at Bægisá, 212; Giljá, 332; Myrká, 211; Vatnsá, id.; þverá, Glúm. 323; at Fossi (a ‘force’ or waterfall), Landn. 73; at Lækjamoti (waters-meeting), 332; at Hlíðarenda ( end of the lithe or hill), at Bergþórshváli, Nj.; at Lundi (a grove), at Melum (sandhill), Landn. 70: the prep. ‘á’ is now used in most of these cases, e. g. á Á, á Hofi, Helgafelli, Felli, Hálsi, etc.

β. particularly, and without any regard to etymology, used of the abode of kings or princes, to reside at; at Uppsölum, at Haugi, Alreksstöðum, at Hlöðum, Landn., Fms.

γ. konungr lét kalla at stofudyrum, the king made a call at the hall door, Eg. 88; þeir kölluðu at herberginu, they called at the inn, Fms. ix. 475.

7. used ellipt. with a gen., esp. if connected with such words as gista, to be a guest, lodge, dine, sup (of festivals or the like) at one’s home; at Marðar, Nj. 4; at hans, 74; þingfesti at þess bóanda, Grág. i. 152; at sín, at one’s own home, Eg. 371, K. Þ. K. 62; hafa náttstað at Freyju, at the abode of goddess Freyja, Eg. 603; at Ránar, at Ran’s, i. e. at Ran’s house, of drowned men who belong to the queen of the sea, Ran, Eb. 274; at hins heilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church, Fms. vi. 63: cp. ad Veneris, εις Κίμωνος.

B. TEMP.

I. at, denoting a point or period of time; at upphafi, at first, in the beginning, Ld. 104; at lyktum, at síðustu, at lokum, at last; at lesti, at last, Lex. Poët., more freq. á lesti; at skilnaði, at parting, at last, Band. 3; at fornu, in times of yore, formerly, Eg. 267, D. I. i. 635; at sinni, as yet, at present; at nýju, anew, of present time; at eilífu, for ever and ever; at skömmu, soon, shortly, Ísl. ii. 272, v. l.

II. of the very moment when anything happens, the beginning of a term; denoting the seasons of the year, months, weeks, the hours of the day; at Jólum, at Yule, Nj. 46; at Pálmadegi, on Palm Sunday, 273; at Páskum, at Easter; at Ólafsvöku, on St. Olave’s eve, 29th of July, Fms.; at vetri, at the beginning of the winter, on the day when winter sets in, Grág. 1. 151; at sumarmálum, at vetrnáttum; at Tvímánaði, when the Double month (August) begins, Ld. 256, Grág. i. 152; at kveldi, at eventide, Eg. 3; at því meli, at that time; at eindaga, at the term, 395; at eykð, at 4 o’clock p. m., 198; at öndverðri æfi Abra hams, Ver. II; at sinni, now at once, Fms. vi. 71; at öðruhverju, every now and then.

β. where the point of time is marked by some event; at þingi, at the meeting of parliament (18th to the 24th of June), Ld. 182; at féránsdómi, at the court of execution, Grág. i. 132, 133; at þinglausnum, at the close of the parliament (beginning of July), 140; at festarmálum, eðr at eiginorði, at betrothal or nuptials, 174; at skilnaði, when they parted, Nj. 106 (above); at öllum minnum, at the general drinking of the toasts, Eg. 253; at fjöru, at the ebb; at flæðum, at flood tide, Fms. viii. 306, Orkn. 428; at hrörum, at an inquest, Grág. i. 50 (cp. ii. 141, 389); at sökum, at prosecutions, 30; at sinni, now, as yet, v. that word.

III. ellipt., or adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr,’ of the future time:

1. ellipt., komanda or the like being understood, with reference to the seasons of the year; at sumri, at vetri, at hausti, at vári, next summer, winter…, Ísl. ii. 242; at miðju sumri, at ári, at Midsummer, next year, Fas. i. 516; at miðjum vetri, Fms. iv. 237,

2. adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr;’ at ári komanda, Bárð. 177; at vári er kemr, Dipl. iii. 6.

IV. used with an absolute dat. and with a pres. part.:

1. with pres. part.; at morni komanda, on the coming morrow, Fms. i. 263; at sér lifanda, in vivo, in his life time, Grág. ii. 202; at þeim sofundum, illis dormientibus, Hkr. i. 234; at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all, Fms. x. 329; at úvitanda konungi, illo nesciente, without his knowledge, 227; at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the chief’s bearing, 235.

2. of past time with a past part. (Lat. abl. absol.); at hræjum fundnum, on the bodies being found, Grág. ii. 87; at háðum dómum ok föstu þingi, during the session, the courts being set, i. 484; at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks past, Band. 13; at svá búnu, so goru, svá komnu, svá mæltu (Lat. quibus rebus gestis, dictis, quo facto, dicto, etc.), v. those words; at úreyndu, without trial, without put ting one to the test, Ld. 76; at honum önduðum, illo mortuo.

3. ellipt. without ‘at;’ en þessum hlutum fram komnum, when all this has been done, Eb. 132.

V. in some phrases with a slight temp, notion; at görðum gildum, the fences being strong, Gþl. 387; at vörmu spori, at once, whilst the trail is warm; at úvörum, unawares, suddenly, Nj. 95, Ld. 132; at þessu, at this cost, on that condition, Eb. 38, Nj. 55; at illum leiki, to have a narrow escape, now við illan leik, Fms. ix. 473; at því, that granted, Grág. ii. 33: at því, at pessu, thereafter, thereupon, Nj. 76.

2. denoting succession, without interruption, one after another; hverr at öðrum, annarr maðr at öðrum, aðrir at öðrum; eina konu at annarri, Eg. 91, Fms. ii. 236, vi. 25, Bs. i. 22, 625. 80, H. E. i. 522.

C. METAPH. and in various cases:

I. denoting a transformation or change into, to, with the notion of destruction; brenna at ösku, at köldum kolum, to burn to ashes, to be quite destroyed, Fms. i. 105, Edda 3, Sturl. ii. 51: with the notion of transformation or transfiguration, in such phrases as, verða at e-u, göra e-t at e-u, to turn it into:

α. by a spell; verða at ormi, to become a snake, Fms. xi. 158; at flugdrekum, Gullþ. 7; urðu þau bönd at járni, Edda 40.

β. by a natural process it can often be translated by an acc. or by as; göra e-n at urðarmanni, to make him an outlaw, Eg. 728; græða e-n at orkumlamanni, to heal him so as to maim him for life, of bad treatment by a leech, Eb. 244: in the law terms, sár görist at ben, a wound turning into a ben, proving to be mortal, Grág., Nj.; verða at ljúgvætti, to prove to be a false evidence, Grág. i. 44; verða at sætt, to turn into reconciliation, Fms. i. 13; göra e-t at reiði málum, to take offence at, Fs. 20; at nýjum tíðindum, to tell as news, Nj. 14; verða fátt at orðum, to be sparing of words, 18; kveðr (svá) at orði, to speak, utter, 10; verða at þrifnaði, to geton well, Fms. vii. 196: at liði, at skaða, to be a help or hurt to one; at bana, to cause one’s death, Nj. 223, Eg. 21, Grág. ii. 29: at undrum, at hlátri, to become a wonder, a laughing-stock, 623. 35, Eg. 553.

II. denoting capacity, where it may be translated merely by as or for; gefa at Jólagjöf, to give for a Christmas-box, Eg. 516; at gjöf, for a present; at erfð, at láni, launum, as an inheritance, a loan; at kaupum ok sökum, for buying and selling, Ísl. ii. 223, Grág. i. 423; at solum, ii. 204; at herfangi, as spoil or plunder; at sakbótum, at niðgjöldum, as a compensation, weregeld, i. 339, ii. 171, Hkr. ii. 168; taka at gíslingu, to take as an hostage, Edda 15; eiga e-n at vin, at óvin, to have one as friend or foe, illt er at eiga þræl at eingavin, ‘tis ill to have a thrall for one’s bosom friend (a proverb), Nj. 77; fæða, eiga, at sonum (syni), to beget a son, Edda 8, Bs. i. 60 (but eiga at dóttur cannot be said); hafa möttul at yfirhöfn, Fms. vii. 201; verða nökkut at manni (mönnum), to turn out to be a worthy man; verða ekki at manni, to turn out a worthless person, xi. 79, 268.

2. in such phrases as, verða at orðum, to come towards, Nj. 26; var þat at erindum, Eg. 148; hafa at veizlum, to draw veizlur ( dues) from, Fms. iv. 275, Eg. 647; gora e-t at álitum, to take it into consideration, Nj. 3.

III. denoting belonging to, fitting, of parts of the whole or the like; vóru at honum (viz. the sword) hjölt gullbúin, the sword was ornamented with a hilt of gold, Ld. 330; umgörð at ( belonging to) sverði, Fs. 97 (Hs.) in a verse; en ef mór er eigi at landinu, if there be no turf moor belonging to the land, Grág. ii. 338; svá at eigi brotnaði nokkuð at Orminum, so that no harm happened to the ship Worm, Fms. x. 356; hvatki er meiðir at skipinu eðr at reiðinu eðr at viðum, damage done t o …, Grág. ii. 403; lesta ( to injure) hús at lásum, við eðr torfi, 110; ef land hefir batnað at húsum, if the land has been bettered as to its buildings, 210; cp. the phrase, göra at e-u, to repair: hamlaðr at höndum eðr fótum, maimed as to hands or feet, Eg. 14; heill at höndum en hrumr at fótum, sound in band, palsied in foot, Fms. vii. 12; lykill at skrá, a key belonging, fitting, to the latch; hurð at húsi; a key ‘gengr at’ ( fits) skrá; and many other phrases. 2. denoting the part by which a thing is held or to which it belongs, by; fá, taka at…, to grasp by …; þú tókt við sverði hans at hjöltunum, you took it by the bill, Fms. i. 15; draga út björninn at hlustum, to pull out the bear by the ears, Fas. ii. 237; at fótum, by the feet, Fms. viii. 363; mæla ( to measure) at hrygg ok at jaðri, by the edge or middle of the stuff, Grág. i. 498; kasta e-m at höfði, head foremost, Nj. 84; kjósa e-n at fótum, by the feet alone, Edda 46; hefja frændsemi at bræðrum, eða at systkynum, to reckon kinship by the brother’s or the sister’s side, Grág. i. 28; kjósa at afli, at álitum, by strength, sight, Gs. 8, belongs rather to the following.

IV. in respect of, as regards, in regard to, as to; auðigr at fé, wealthy of goods, Nj. 16, 30, 51; beztir hestar at reið, the best racehorses, 186; spekingr at viti, a man of great intellect, Ld. 124; vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face, Nj. 30, Bs. i. 61; kvenna vænst at ásjónu ok vits munum, of surpassing beauty and intellect, Ld. 122; fullkominn at hyggju, 18; um fram aðra menn at vinsældum ok harðfengi, of surpassing popularity and hardihood, Eb. 30.

2. a law term, of challenging jurors, judges, or the like, on account of, by reason of; ryðja ( to challenge) at mægðum, guðsifjum, frændsemi, hrörum …; at leiðarlengd, on account of distance, Grág. i. 30, 50, Nj. (freq.)

3. in arithm. denoting proportion; at helmingi, þriðjungi, fjórðungi, tíunda hluta, cp. Lat. ex asse, quadrante, for the half, third… part; máttr skal at magni (a proverb), might and main go together, Hkr. ii. 236; þú munt vera at því mikill fræðimaðr á kvæði, in the same proportion, as great, Fms. vi. 391, iii. 41; at e-s hluta, at… leiti, for one’s part, in turn, as far as one is con cerned, Grág. i. 322, Eg. 309, Fms. iii. 26 (freq.): at öðrum kosti, in the other case, otherwise (freq.) More gener., at öllu, öngu, in all (no) respects; at sumu, einhverju, nokkru, partly; at flestu, mestu, chiefly.

4. as a paraphrase of a genitive; faðir, móðir at barni (= barns); aðili at sök (= sakar a.); morðingi at barni (= barns), faðerni at barni (barns); illvirki at fé manna (cp. Lat. felo de se), niðrfall at sökum (saka), land gangr at fiskum (fiska), Fms. iv. 274, Grág. i. 277, 416, N. G. L. i. 340, K. Þ. K. 112, Nj. 21.

5. the phrase ‘at sér,’ of himself or in himself, either ellipt. or by adding the participle görr, and with the adverbs vel, ilia, or the like; denoting breeding, bearing, endowments, character …; væn kona, kurteis ok vel at sér, an accomplished, well-bred, gifted lady, Nj. I; vitr maðr ok vel at sér, a wise man and thoroughly good in feeling and bearing, 5; þú ert maðr vaskr ok vel at þér, 49; gerr at sér, accomplished, 51; bezt at sér görr, the finest, best bred man, 39, Ld. 124; en þó er hann svá vel at sér, so generous, Nj. 77; þeir höfðingjar er svá vóru vel at sér, so noble-minded, 198, Fms. i. 160: the phrase ‘at sér’ is now only used of knowledge, thus maðr vel að sér means clever, a man of great knowledge; illa að sér, a blockhead.

6. denoting relations to colour, size, value, age, and the like; hvitr, svartr, grár, rauðr … at lit, white, swarthy, gray, red … of colour, Bjarn. 55, 28, Ísl. ii. 213, etc.; mikill, lítill, at stærð, vexti, tall, small of size, etc.; ungr, gamall, barn, at aldri, young, old, a child of age; tvítugr, þrítugr … at aldri, twenty, thirty … years of age (freq.): of animals; kyr at fyrsta, öðrum … kálfi, a cow having calved once, twice…, Jb. 346: value, amount, currency of money, kaupa e-t at mörk, at a mark, N. G. L. 1. 352; ok er eyririnn at mörk, amounts to a mark, of the value of money, Grág. i. 392; verðr þá at hálfri murk vaðmála eyrir, amounts to a half a mark, 500.

β. metaph. of value, connected with verbs denoting to esteem, hold; meta, hafa, halda at miklu, litlu, vettugi, engu, or the like, to hold in high or low esteem, to care or not to care for (freq.): geta e-s at góðu, illu, öngu, to mention one favourably, unfavourably, indifferently … (freq.), prop. in connection with. In many cases it may be translated by in; ekki er mark at draumum, there is no meaning in dreams, no heed is to be paid to dreams, Sturl. ii. 217; bragð er at þá barnið finnr, it goes too far, when even a child takes offence (a proverb): hvat er at því, what does it mean? Nj. 11; hvert þat skip er vöxtr er at, any ship of mark, i. e. however small, Fms. xi. 20.

V. denoting the source of a thing:

1. source of infor mation, to learn, perceive, get information from; Ari nam ok marga fræði at Þuríði, learnt as her pupil, at her hands, as St. Paul at the feet of Gamaliel, (just as the Scotch say to speer or ask at a person); Ari nam at Þorgeiri afraðskoll, Hkr. (pref.); nema kunnáttu at e-m, used of a pupil, Fms. i. 8; nema fræði at e-m, xi. 396.

2. of receiving, acquiring, buying, from; þiggja e-t at e-m, to receive a thing at his hands, Nj. 51; líf, to be pardoned, Fms. x. 173; kaupa land at e-m, to buy it from, Landn. 72, Íb. II, (now af is more freq. in this sense); geta e-t at e-m, to obtain, procure at one’s hands, impetrare; þeirra manna er þeir megu þat geta at, who are willing to do that, Grág. i. I; heimta e-t at e-m (now af), to call in, demand (a debt, money), 279; fala e-t at e-m (now af), to chaffer for or cheapen anything, Nj. 73; sækja e-t at e-m, to ask, seek for; sækja heilræði ok traust at e-m, 98; leiga e-t at e-m (now af), to borrow, Grág. ii. 334; eiga e-t (fé, skuld) at e-m, to be owed money by any one, i. 399: metaph. to deserve of one, Nj. 113; eiga mikit at e-m, to have much to do with, 138; hafa veg, virðing, styrk, at, to derive honour, power from, Fms. vi. 71, Eg. 44, Bárð. 174; gagn, to be of use, Ld. 216; mein, tálma, mischief, disadvantage, 158, 216, cp. Eg. 546; ótta, awe, Nj. 68.

VI. denoting conformity, according to, Lat. secundum, ex, after; at fornum sið, Fms. i. 112; at sögn Ara prests, as Ari relates, on his authority, 55; at ráði allra vitrustu manna, at the advice of, Ísl. ii. 259, Ld. 62; at lögum, at landslögum, by the law of the land, Grág., Nj.; at líkindum, in all likelihood, Ld. 272; at sköpum, in due course (poet.); at hinum sama hætti, in the very same manner, Grág. i. 90; at vánum, as was to be expected, Nj. 255; at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave, Eg. 35; úlofi, Grág. ii. 215; at ósk, vilja e-s, as one likes…; at mun, id. (poet.); at sólu, happily (following the course of the sun), Bs. i. 70, 137; at því sem …, as to infer from …, Nj. 124: ‘fara, láta, ganga at’ denotes to yield, agree to, to comply with, give in, Ld. 168, Eg. 18, Fms. x. 368.

VII. in phrases nearly or quite adverbial; gróa, vera græddr, at heilu, to be quite healed, Bárð. 167, Eb. 148; bíta at snöggu, to bite it bare, Fms. xi. 6; at þurru, till it becomes dry, Eb. 276; at endilöngu, all along, Fas. ii; vinnast at litlu, to avail little, 655 x. 14; at fullu, fully, Nj. 257, Hkr. i. 171; at vísu, of a surety, surely, Ld. 40; at frjálsu, freely, 308; at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same, Hom. 80, Nj. 267; at röngu, wrongly, 686 B. 2; at hófi, temperately, Lex. Poët.; at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent; at hringum, utterly, all round, (rare), Fms. x. 389; at einu, yet, Orkn. 358; svá at einu, því at einu, allt at einu, yet, however, nevertheless.

VIII. connected with comparatives of adverbs and adjectives, and strengthening the sense, as in Engl. ‘the,’ so much the more, all the more; ‘at’ heldr tveimr, at ek munda gjarna veita yðr öllum, where it may be translated by so much the more to two, as I would willingly grant it to all of you; hon grét at meir, she grat (wept) the more, Eg. 483; þykir oss at líkara, all the more likely, Fms. viii. 6; þess at harðari, all the harder, Sturl. iii. 202 C; svá at hinn sé bana at nær, Grág. ii. 117; at auðnara, at hólpnara, the more happy, Al. 19, Grett. 116 B; þess at meiri, Fms. v. 64; auvirðismaðr at meiri, Sturl. ii. 139; maðr at vaskari, id.; at feigri, any the more fey, Km. 22; maðr at verri, all the worse, Nj. 168; ok er ‘at’ firr…, at ek vil miklu heldr, cp. Lat. tantum abest… ut, Eg. 60.

β. following after a negation; eigi at síðr, no less, Nj. 160, Ld. 146; eigi… at meiri maðr, any better, Eg. 425, 489; erat héra at borgnara, any the better off for that, Fms. vii. 116; eigi at minni, no less for that, Edda (pref.) 146; eigi at minna, Ld. 216, Fms. ix. 50; ekki at verri drengr, not a bit worse for that, Ld. 42; er mér ekki son minn at bættari, þótt…, 216; at eigi vissi at nær, any more, Fas. iii. 74.

IX. following many words:

1. verbs, esp. those denoting, a. to ask, enquire, attend, seek, e. g. spyrja at, to speer (ask) for; leita at, to seek for; gæta, geyma at, to pay attention to; huga, hyggja at; hence atspurn, to enquire, aðgæzla, athugi, attention, etc.

β. verbs denoting laughter, play, joy, game, cp. the Engl. to play at …, to laugh at …; hlæja, brosa at e-u, to laugh, smile at it; leika (sér) at e-u, to play at; þykja gaman at, to enjoy; hæða, göra gys at …, to make sport at …

γ. verbs denoting assistance, help; standa, veita, vinna, hjálpa at; hence atstoð, atvinna, atverk:—mode, proceeding; fara at, to proceed, hence atför and atferli:—compliance; láta, fara at e-u, v. above:— fault; e-t er at e-u, there is some fault in it, Fms. x. 418; skorta at e-u, to fall short of, xi. 98:—care, attendance; hjúkra at, hlýja at, v. these words:—gathering, collecting; draga, reiða, flytja, fá at, congerere:—engagement, arrival, etc.; sækja at, to attack; ganga at, vera at, to be about; koma at, ellipt. to arrive: göra at, to repair: lesta at, to impair (v. above); finna at, to criticise (mod.); telja at, id.: bera at, to happen; kveða at e-m, to address one, 625. 15, (kveða at (ellipt.) now means to pronounce, and of a child to utter (read) whole syllables); falla at, of the flood-tide (ellipt.): metaph. of pains or straits surrounding one; þreyngja, herða at, to press hard: of frost and cold, with regard to the seasons; frjósa at, kólna at, to get really cold (SI. 44), as it were from the cold stiffening all things: also of the seasons themselves; hausta, vetra að, when the season really sets in; esp. the cold seasons, ‘sumra at’ cannot be used, yet we may say ‘vára að’ when the spring sets in, and the air gets mild.

δ. in numberless other cases which may partly be seen below.

2. connected ellipt. with adverbs denoting motion from a place; norðan, austan, sunnan, vestan at, those from the north, east…; utan at, innan at, from the outside or inside.

3. with adjectives (but rarely), e. g. kærr, elskr, virkr (affectionate), vandr (zealous), at e-m; v. these words.

WITH ACC.

TEMP.: Lat. post, after, upon, esp. freq. in poetry, but rare in prose writers, who use eptir; nema reisi niðr at nið (= maðr eptir mann), in succession, of erecting a monument, Hm. 71; in prose, at þat. posthac, deinde, Fms. x. 323, cp. Rm., where it occurs several times, 2, 6, 9, 14, 18, 24, 28, 30, 35; sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, has to take the inheritance after his father, Grág. i. 170 new Ed.; eiga féránsdóm at e-n, Grág. i. 89; at Gamla fallinn, after the death of G., Fms. x. 382; in Edda (Gl.) 113 ought to be restored, grét ok at Oð, gulli Freyja, she grat (wept) tears of gold for her lost husband Od. It is doubtful if it is ever used in a purely loc. sense; at land, Grág. (Sb.)ii. 211, is probably corrupt; at hönd = á hönd, Grág. (Sb.) i. 135; at mót = at móti, v. this word.

☞ In compounds (v. below) at- or að- answers in turn to Lat. ad- or in- or con-; atdráttr e. g. denotes collecting; atkoma is adventus: it may also answer to Lat. ob-, in atburðr = accidence, but might also be compared with Lat. occurrere.

2.

and að, the mark of the infinitive [cp. Goth. du; A. S. and Engl. to; Germ. zu]. Except in the case of a few verbs ‘at’ is always placed immediately before the infinitive, so as to be almost an inseparable part of the verb.

I. it is used either,

1. as, a simple mark of the infinitive, only denoting an action and independent of the subject, e. g. at ganga, at hlaupa, at vita, to go, to run, to know; or,

2. in an objective sense when following such verbs as bjóða segja…, to invite, command …; hann bauð þeim at ganga, at sitja, be bade, ordered them to go, sit, or the like; or as gefa and fá; gefa e-m at drekka, at eta, to give one to drink or to eat, etc. etc.

β. with the additional notion of intention, esp. when following verba cogitandi; hann ætlaði, hafði í hyggju at fara, he had it in his mind to go (where ‘to go’ is the real object to ætlaði and hafði í hyggju).

3. answering to the Gr. ινα, denoting intention, design, in order to; hann gékk í borg at kaupa silfr, in order to buy, Nj. 280; hann sendi riddara sína með þeim at varðveita þær, 623. 45: in order to make the phrase more plain, ‘svá’ and ‘til’ are frequently added, esp. in mod. writers, ‘svá at’ and contr. ‘svát’ (the last however is rare), ‘til at’ and ‘til þess at,’ etc.

II. in the earlier times the infin., as in Greek and Lat., had no such mark; and some verbs remain that cannot be followed by ‘at;’ these verbs are almost the same in Icel. as in Engl.:

α. the auxiliary verbs vil, mun ( μέλλω), skal; as in Engl. to is never used after the auxiliaries shall, will, must; ek vil ganga, I will go; ek mun fara, (as in North. E.) I mun go; ek skal göra þat, I shall do that, etc.

β. the verbs kunna, mega, as in Engl. I can or may do, I dare say; svá hygginn at hann kunni fyrir sökum ráða, Grág. ii. 75; í öllu er prýða má góðan höfðingja, Nj. 90; vera má, it may be; vera kann þat, id.: kunnu, however, takes ‘at’ whenever it means to know, and esp. in common language in phrases such as, það kann að vera, but vera kann þat, v. above.

γ. lata, biðja, as in Engl. to let, to bid; hann lét (bað) þá fara, he let (bade) them go.

δ. þykkja, þykjast, to seem; hann þykir vera, he is thought to be: reflex., hann þykist vera, sibi videtur: impers., mér þykir vera, mibi videtur, in all cases without ‘at.’ So also freq. the verbs hugsa, hyggja, ætla, halda, to think, when denoting merely the act of thinking; but if there be any notion of intention or purpose, they assume the ‘at;’ thus hann ætlaði, hugði, þá vera góða menn, he thought them to be, acc. c. inf.; but ætlaði at fara, meant to go, etc.

ε. the verbs denoting to see, bear; sjá, líta, horfa á … ( videre); heyra, audire, as in Engl. I saw them come, I heard him tell, ek sá þá koma, ek heyrði hann tala.

ζ. sometimes after the verbs eiga and ganga; hann gékk steikja, be went to roast, Vkv. 9; eiga, esp. when a mere periphrasis instead of skal, móður sína á maðr fyrst fram færa (better at færa), Grág. i. 232; á þann kvið einskis meta, 59; but at meta, id. l. 24; ráða, nema, göra …, freq. in poetry, when they are used as simple auxiliary verbs, e. g. nam hann sér Högna hvetja at rúnum, Skv. 3. 43.

η. hljóta and verða, when used in the sense of must (as in Engl. he must go), and when placed after the infin.of another verb; hér muntu vera hljóta, Nj. 129; but hljóta at vera: fara hlýtr þú, Fms. 1. 159; but þú hlýtr at fara: verða vita, ii. 146; but verða at vita: hann man verða sækja, þó verðr (= skal) maðr eptir mann lifa, Fms. viii. 19, Fas. ii. 552, are exceptional cases.

θ. in poetry, verbs with the verbal neg. suffix ‘-at,’ freq. for the case of euphony, take no mark of the infinitive, where it would be indispensable with the simple verb, vide Lex. Poët. Exceptional cases; hvárt sem hann vill ‘at’ verja þá sök, eða, whatever he chooses, either, Grág. i. 64; fyrr viljum vér enga kórónu at bera, en nokkut ófrelsi á oss at taka, we would rather bear no crown than …, Fms. x. 12; the context is peculiar, and the ‘at’ purposely added. It may be left out ellipt.; e. g. þá er guð gefr oss finnast (= at finnast), Dipl. ii. 14; gef honum drekka (= at drekka), Pr. 470; but mostly in unclassical writers, in deeds, or the like, written nastily and in an abrupt style.

3.

and að, conj. [Goth. þatei = οτι; A. S. þät; Engl. that; Germ, dass; the Ormul. and Scot. at, see the quotations sub voce in Jamieson; in all South-Teutonic idioms with an initial dental: the Scandinavian idioms form an exception, having all dropped this consonant; Swed. åt, Dan. at]. In Icel. the Bible translation (of the 16th century) was chiefly based upon that of Luther; the hymns and the great bulk of theol. translations of that time were also derived from Germany; therefore the germanised form það frequently appears in the Bible, and was often employed by theol. authors in sermons since the time of the Reformation. Jón Vidalin, the greatest modern Icel. preacher, who died in 1720, in spite of his thoroughly classical style, abounds in the use of this form; but it never took root in the language, and has never passed into the spoken dialect. After a relative or demonstr. pronoun, it freq. in mod. writers assumes the form eð, hver eð, hverir eð, hvað eð, þar eð. Before the prep. þú (tu), þ changes into t, and is spelt in a single word attú, which is freq. in some MS.;—now, however, pronounced aððú, aððeir, aððið …, = að þú…, with the soft Engl. th sound. It gener. answers to Lat. ut, or to the relat. pron. qui.

I. that, relative to svá, to denote proportion, degree, so…, that, Lat. tam, tantus, tot…, ut; svá mikill lagamaðr, at…, so great a lawyer, that…, Nj. 1; hárið svá mikit, at þat…, 2; svá kom um síðir því máli, at Sigvaldi, it came so far, that…, Fms. xi. 95, Edda 33. Rarely and unclass., ellipt. without svá; Bæringr var til seinn eptir honum, at hann … (= svá at), Bær. 15; hlífði honum, at hann sakaði ekki, Fas. iii. 441.

II. it is used,

1. with indic, in a narrative sense, answering partly to Gr. οτι, Lat. quod, ut, in such phrases as, it came to pass, happened that …; þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, Nj. 2; þat var á palmdrottinsdag, at Ólafr konungr gékk út um stræti, Fms. ii. 244.

2. with subj. answering to Lat. acc. with infin., to mark the relation of an object to the chief verb, e. g. vilda ek at þú réðist, I wished that you would, Nj. 57.

β. or in an oblique sentence, answering to ita ut…; ef svá kann verða at þeir láti…, if it may be so that they might…, Fms. xi. 94.

γ. with a subj. denoting design, answering to ϊνα or Lat. ut with subj., in order that; at öll veraldar bygðin viti, ut sciat totus orbis, Stj.; þeir skáru fyrir þá melinn, at þeir dæi eigi af sulti, ut ne fame perirent, Nj. 265; fyrsti hlutr bókarinnar er Kristindómsbálkr, at menn skili, in order that men may understand, Gþl. p. viii.

III. used in connection with conjunctions,

1. esp. þó, því, svá; þó at freq. contr. þótt; svát is rare and obsolete.

α. þóat, þótt (North. E. ‘thof’), followed by a subjunctive, though, although, Lat. etsi, quamquam (very freq.); þóat nokkurum mönnum sýnist þetta með freku sett… þá viljum vér, Fms. vi. 21: phrases as, gef þú mér þó at úverðugri, etsi indignae (dat.), Stj. MS. col. 315, are unclass., and influenced by the Latin: sometimes ellipt. without ‘þó,’ eigi mundi hón þá meir hvata göngu sinni, at (= þóat) hon hraeddist bana sinn, Edda 7, Nj. 64: ‘þó’ and ‘at’ separated, svarar hann þó rétt, at hann svari svá, Grág. i. 23; þó er rétt at nýta, at hann sé fyrr skorinn, answering to Engl. yet—though, Lat. attamen —etsi, K. Þ. K.

β. því at, because, Lat. nam, quia, with indic.; því at allir vóru gerfiligir synir hans, Ld. 68; því at af íþróttum verðr maðr fróðr, Sks. 16: separated, því þegi ek, at ek undrumst, Fms. iii. 201; því er þessa getið, at þat þótti, it i s mentioned because …, Ld. 68.

γ. svá at, so that, Lat. ut, ita ut; grátrinn kom upp, svá at eingi mátti öðrum segja, Edda 37: separated, so … that, svá úsvúst at …, so bad weather, that, Bs. i. 339, etc.

2. it is freq. used superfluously, esp. after relatives; hver at = hverr, quis; því at = því, igitur; hverr at þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða, Fms. v. 159; hvern stvrk at hann mundi fá, 44; ek undrumst hvé mikil ógnarraust at liggr í þér, iii. 201; því at ek mátti eigi þar vera elligar, því at þar var kristni vel haldin, Fas. i. 340.

IV. as a relat. conj.:

1. temp, when, Lat. quum; jafnan er ( est) mér þá verra er ( quum) ek fer á braut þaðan, en þá at ( quum) ek kem, Grett. 150 A; þar til at vér vitum, till we know, Fms. v. 52; þá at ek lýsta (= þá er), when, Nj. 233.

2. since, because; ek færi yðr (hann), at þér eruð í einum hrepp allir, because of your being all of the same Rape, Grág. i. 260; eigi er kynlegt at ( though) Skarphéðinn sé hraustr, at þat er mælt at…, because (since) it is a saying that…, Nj. 64.

V. in mod. writers it is also freq. superfluously joined to the conjunctions, ef að = ef, si, (Lv. 45 is from a paper MS.), meðan að = meðan, dum; nema að, nisi; fyrst að = fyrst, quoniam; eptir að, síðan að, postquam; hvárt að = hvárt, Lat. an. In the law we find passages such as, þá er um er dæmt eina sök, at þá eigu þeir aptr at ganga í dóminn, Grág. i. 79; ef þing ber á hina helgu viku, at þat á eigi fyrir þeim málum at standa, 106; þat er ok, at þeir skulu reifa mál manna, 64; at þeir skulu með váttorð þá sök sækja, 65: in all these cases ‘at’ is either superfluous or, which is more likely, of an ellipt. nature, ‘the law decrees’ or ‘it is decreed’ being understood. The passages Sks. 551, 552, 568, 718 B, at lokit (= at ek hefi lokit), at hugleitt (= at ek hefi h.), at sent (= at ek hefi sent) are quite exceptional.

4.

and að, an indecl. relat. pronoun [Ulf. þatei = ος, ος αν, οστις, οσπερ, οιος, etc.; Engl. that, Ormul. at], with the initial letter dropped, as in the conj. at, (cp. also the Old Engl. at, which is both a conj. and a pronoun, e. g. Barbour vi. 24 in Jamieson: ‘I drede that his gret wassalage, | And his travail may bring till end, | That at men quhilc full litil wend.’ | ‘His mestyr speryt quhat tithings a t he saw.’—Wyntoun v. 3. 89.) In Icel. ‘er’ (the relat. pronoun) and ‘at’ are used indifferently, so that where one MS. reads ‘er,’ another reads ‘at,’ and vice versâ; this may easily be seen by looking at the MSS.; yet as a rule ‘er’ is much more freq. used. In mod. writers ‘at’ is freq. turned into ‘eð,’ esp. as a superfluous particle after the relative pron. hverr (hver eð, hvað eð, hverir eð, etc.), or the demonstr. sá (sá eð, þeir eð, hinir eð, etc.):—who, which, that, enn bezta grip at ( which) hafði til Íslands komið, Ld. 202; en engi mun sá at ( cui) minnisamara mun vera, 242; sem blótnaut at ( quae) stærst verða, Fms. iii. 214; þau tiðendi, at mér þætti verri, Nj. 64, etc. etc.

5.

n. collision (poët.); odda at, crossing of spears, crash of spears, Höfuðl. 8.

β. a fight or bait of wild animals, esp. of horses, v. hesta-at and etja.

6.

the negative verbal suffix, v. -a.

Íslensk-ensk orðabók > AT
2 δή

δή, prop. a temporal Particle (cf. ἤδη),

A at this or that point: hence, now, then, already, or at length:

I in [dialect] Ep. (rarely Lyr.) sts. at the beginning of a sentence or clause, Τεῦκρε πέπον, δὴ νῶϊν ἀπέκτατο πιστὸς ἑταῖρος Il.15.437
; δὴ πάμπαν ἀποίχεαι ἀνδρὸς ἑῆος 19.342
; δὴ γὰρ μέγα νεῖκος ὄρωρεν 13.122
; δὴ τότε, δή ῥα τότε, 1.476, 13.719, al., cf. Pi.O.3.25, A.Th. 214 (lyr.): but usu. second (or nearly so), freq. with Numerals and temporal Particles, ὀκτὼ δὴ προέηκα.. ὀϊστούς Il. 8.297
; ἐννέα δὴ βεβάασι.. ἐνιαυτοί full nine years, 2.134; ἕκτον δὲ δὴ τόδ' ἦμαρ this is just the sixth day, E.Or.39, cf. Il.24.107, etc.: also after Advbs. of Time, πολλάκι δή many a time and oft, often ere now, 19.85; ὀψὲ δὲ δή 7.94
; τρὶς δή Pi.P.9.91
; πάλαι δή, Lat. jamdudum, S.Ph. 806; νῦν δή just now, Ar.Av. 923 (freq. written νυνδή, Pl.Tht. 145b, etc.); νῦν τε καὶ ἄλλοτε δή ib. 187d; now at length, Id.R. 353a, etc.; τότε δή at that very time, Th.1.49, etc.; αὐτίκα δὴ μάλα this very instant, Pl.R. 338b, etc.; ὕστερον δή yet later, Th.2.17: freq. with temporal Conjunctions, ἐπεὶ δή (written ἐπειδή, q. v.), etc.

II without temporal significance, as a Particle of emphasis, in fact, of course, certainly, ναὶ δή, ἦ δή, Il.1.286, 518, etc.; οὐ δή surely not, S.Ph. 246, cf. E.Or. 1069, etc.; δῆλα δή, v. δῆλος; with Verbs, δὴ γὰρ ἴδον ὀφθαλμοῖσι Il.15.488
; νῦν δὲ ὁρᾶτε δή X.Cyr. 3.2.12
; καὶ ἴστε δὴ οἷος.. Pl.Ap. 21a
: less freq. with Substs., σοφιστὴν δή τοι ὀνομάζουσι τὸν ἄνδρα εἶναι they call the man a sophist as you know, Id.Prt. 311e: with Conjunctions, ἵνα δή, ὡς δή, Il.23.207, 5.24, etc.; ὅπως δή Th.5.85
; γὰρ δή for manifestly, A.Ch. 874, 891, Pl.Tht. 156c; οὐ γὰρ δή S.OC 265
: hence with a part. representing Conjunction and Verb, ἅτε δὴ ἐόντες since they evidently are, Hdt. 8.90; but ὡς φόνον νίζουσα δή as though she were.., E.IT 1338, cf. Hdt.1.66, X.Cyr.5.4.4, etc.; and so, ironically, ὡς δή Il.1.110
, Ar.V. 1315, Eq. 693, Pl.Prt. 342c, al.; freq. with σύ, ὡς δὴ σύ μοι τύραννος Ἀργείων ἔσῃ A.Ag. 1633
, cf. S.OC 809, E.Andr. 235, etc.; also ἵνα δή .. Pl.R. 420e, Men. 86d; ὅτι δή.. Id.Phdr. 268d
; also εἰσήγαγε τὰς ἑταιρίδας δή the pretended courtesans, X.HG5.4.6, cf. E. Ion 1181, Th.4.67,6.80.

2 freq. placed immediately after Pronouns, ἐμὲ δή me of all persons, Hdt.3.155; σὺ δή you of all persons, Id.1.115, S.Aj. 1226; οὗτος δή this and no other, Hdt.1.43; ὑμεῖς δὲ κεῖνοι δὴ οἵ.. S.Tr. 1091
; οὗτος δὴ ὁ Σωκράτης, ironically, Pl.Tht. 166a; τὸ λεγόμενον δὴ τοῦτο as the well-known saying goes, Id.Grg. 514e, cf. E.Hipp. 962; δή τις some one you know of, Pl.Phd. 108c, al.: with possess. Pronouns, τὸ σὸν δὴ τοῦτο Pl.Smp. 221b
, cf. Grg. 5c8d, etc.: with relatives, ὃς δὴ νῦν κρατέει Il.21.315
; τὰ δὴ καὶ ἐγένετο Hdt.1.22
; οἷος δὴ σύ just such as thou, Il.24.376, cf. Od.1.32, S.Aj. 995, etc.; ὅσα δή Ar.Ach.1
, etc.: with Adjs., οἴη δή, μοῦνος δή, Od.12.69, Hdt.1.25; ἐν πολλῇ δὴ ἀπορίᾳ ἦσαν X.An.3.1.2
: freq. with Superlatives, μάχη ἐγένετο πλείστου δὴ χρόνου μεγίστη δὴ τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν Th.5.74
; ἁπάντων δὴ ἄλγιστον S.Aj. 992
, etc.

III to mark a transition, with or without inference, so, then, νίκη μὲν δὴ φαίνετ'.. Il.3.457
; τὴν μὲν δὴ τυραννίδα οὕτω ἔσχον Hdt.1.14
; τοῦτο δὴ τὸ ἄγος οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι ἐκέλευον ἐλαύνειν Th.1.127
.

IV with Indef. Particles, v. δήποθεν, δήποτε, δήπω, δήπουθεν: with interrogatives, τοῦ δὴ ἕνεκα; Pl.Grg. 457e
; τίδὲδή..; Id.Phd. 58c
(simply τί δή; what then? R. 357d); πότερα δή; S.Ph. 1235
(and with Advbs., ποῖ δὴ καὶ πόθεν; Pl.Phdr.
init.; ποῦ δή; πῇ δή; ib. 228e, Il.2.339, etc.): with Indef. Pronouns, δή strengthens the indef. notion, ἄλλοισιν δὴ ταῦτ' ἐπιτέλλεο others be they who they may, Il.1.295; μηδεὶς δή no one at all, Pl.Tht. 170e; δή τις some one or other, Id.R. 498a (pl.), etc. (rarely τις δή E.IT 946
); the neut. δή τι is common, ἦ ἄρα δή τι ἐΐσκομεν ἄξιον εἶναι; in any way, whatever it be, Il.13.446; τὸ ἱππικόν, τῷ δή τι καὶ ἐπεῖχε ἐλλάμψεσθαι Hdt.1.80
; οὕτω δή τι Id.3.108
, etc.;
θεῶν ὅτεῳ δή
whosoever it be, Id.1.86
; ἐπὶ μισθῷ ὅσῳ δή, Lat. quantocumque, ib. 160, etc.; οἵα δή γε.. E.Heracl. 632
, cf. Supp. 162; but θαυμαστὰ δὴ ὅσα Pl.Smp. 220b
; ὡς δή Il.5.24
, etc.; so almost, = ἤδη, ἀναπέτομαι δὴ πρὸς Ὄλυμπον Anacr.24; καὶ δὴ φίλον τις ἔκταν' ἀγνοίας ὕπο A. Supp. 499
; ἤκουσα δή S.Ant. 823
; πάθη μὲν οὖν δὴ πόλλ' ἔγωγ' ἐκλαυσάμην Id.Tr. 153
; οἶσθα μὲν δή ib. 627; so καὶ δή already, in fact, freq. not at the beginning of the sentence, κεῖται καὶ δὴ πάνθ' ἅπερ εἶπας Ar.Ec. 514
, cf. Nu. 906, Theoc.5.83; but καὶ δή σφε λείπω A.Supp. 507
.

2 to continue a narrative, freq. after μέν, then, so, τότε μὲν δὴ.. ἡσυχίην εἶχε Hdt.1.11
; Σόλων μὲν δὴ ἔνεμε ib. 32; τὸν μὲν δὴ πέμπει ib. 116; alone, εἷς δὴ τούτων.. <*> one of these.., ib. 114, etc.: freq. in summing up, τοιαῦτα μὲν δὴ ταῦτα, Lat. haec hactenus, A.Pr. 500, cf. Hdt.1.14, Th.2.4; τούτων δὴ ἕνεκα X. Cyr.3.2.28
, etc.; in summing up numbers, γίγνονται δὴ οὗτοι χίλιοι these then amount to 1, 000, ib.1.5.5; in resuming after a parenthesis, Ἀνδρομάχη, θυγάτηρ μεγαλήτορος Ἠετίωνος.., τοῦ περ δὴ θυγάτηρ Il.6.395
; οὗτος δὴ.., ὁ μὲν δή Hdt.1.43
.

b with imper. and subj., μὴ δὴ.. ἐπιέλπεο Il.1.545
, cf. 5.684, etc.; χωρῶμεν δὴ πάντες S.Ph. 1469
; ἐννοεῖτε γὰρ δή for do but consider, X.Cyr.4.3.5; ἄγε δή, φέρε δή, ἴθι δή, σκόπει δή, λέγε δή, Pl.Sph. 235a, Phd. 63b, Sph. 224c, Phd. 80a, Prt. 312c.

3 to express what follows a fortiori, καὶ μετὰ ὅπλων γε δή above all with arms, Th.4.78; μή τί γε δή not to mention, D.2.23; εἰ δὲ δὴ πόλεμος ἥξει Id. 1.27.

4 καὶ δή and what is more, adding an emphatic statement, Il.1.161, 15.251, Hdt.5.67, Lys.13.4; in Prose, freq. καὶ δὴ καί.., ἐς Αἴγυπτον ἀπίκετο.., καὶ δὴ καὶ ἐς Σάρδις Hdt.1.30
, etc.; καὶ δὴ καὶ νῦν τί φῄς; and now what do you say? Pl.Tht. 187c; καὶ δὴ μὲν οὖν παρόντα yes, and actually here present, S.OC31; esp. in a series, ὑγίεια καὶ ἰσχὺς καὶ κάλλος καὶ πλοῦτος δή and of course riches, Pl.Men. 87e, cf. Tht. 159c, R. 367d; εἴτ'.. εἴτ'.. εἴτεδή ib. 493d.

b καὶ δή is also used in answers, ἦ καὶ παρέστη κἀπὶ τέρμ' ἀφίκετο; Answ. καὶ δὴ 'πὶ δισσαῖς ἦν.. πύλαις yes, he was even so far as.., S.Aj.49; βλέψον κάτω. Answ. καὶ δὴ βλέπω well, I am looking, Ar. Av. 175, cf. Pax 327, Pl. 227 sq., S.El. 317 sq., 1436, etc.; πρόσθιγέ νύν μου. Answ. ψαύω καὶ δή S.OC 173
; without καί, ἀποκρίνου περὶ ὧν ἂν ἐρωτῶ. Answ. ἐρώτα δή Pl.Tht. 157d
; ἐρώτα. Answ. ἐρωτῶ δή Id.Grg. 448b
.

c in assumptions or suppositions, καὶ δὴ δέδεγμαι and now suppose I have accepted, A.Eu. 894, cf. Ch. 565, E.Med. 386, Hel. 1059, not found in S., once in Ar.V. 1224.

5 δή in apodosi, after εἰ or ἐάν, Il.5.898, Hdt.1.108, Pl.R. 524e, etc.; after ὅτε, ἡνίκα, even then, S.Ant. 170 sq., El. 954; after ἐπεί, ἐπειδάν, X.Cyr.1.6.14, Pl. Cra. 435e, etc.; after ὡς, X.Cyr.7.2.4;
ἐν ᾧ δὲ ταῦτα ἐβουλεύοντο, καὶ δὴ ὁ βασιλεύς..
already, Id.An.1.10.10
.

Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > δή
3 ignorar

v.

1 not to know, to be ignorant of.

Ella ignora el hecho de que Mary llegó She is ignorant of the fact that...

2 to ignore (no tener en cuenta).

Ella ignoró sus advertencias She ignored his warnings.

Ella ignoró sus deseos She ignored=disrespected his wishes.

Ella ignoró a Ricardo She ignored Richard.

* * *

ignorar

► verbo transitivo

1 (desconocer) not to know, not be aware of, be unaware of

■ ignoraba que fueran vecinos I didn't know they were neighbours

■ se ignora el paradero del delincuente the criminal's whereabouts are unknown

2 (no hacer caso) to ignore

* * *

verb

1) to ignore

2) be unaware of

* * *

VT

1) (=desconocer) to not know, be ignorant of

ignoramos su paradero — we don't know his whereabouts

lo ignoro por completo — I've absolutely no idea

no ignoro que... — I am fully aware that..., I am not unaware that...

2) (=no tener en cuenta) to ignore

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) ( desconocer)

lo ignoro — I've no idea

ignoran las causas del accidente — they have no idea what caused the accident

ignora los peligros que le acechan — he's unaware of the dangers which await him

b) ( no hacer caso de) to ignore

* * *

= be ignorant of, be ignorant of, ignore, overlook, turn + a blind eye to, leave + aside, outdistance, close + the door on, block off, brush past, pretend + not to have heard, pretend + not to have seen, turn + a deaf ear to, give + Nombre + the cold shoulder, turn + a cold shoulder to, cold-shoulder, diss.

Nota: Derivado del verbo disrespect.

Ex. Clearly, the originators of the major schemes cannot be criticised for be ignorant of these principles.

Ex. Clearly, the originators of the major schemes cannot be criticised for be ignorant of these principles.

Ex. Thus we can easily start to compile a list of prepositions, conjunctions and articles, for example, an, a, the, and, for, this, these, which can be ignored in indexing.

Ex. This can only achieved by examining the literature of the subject area thoroughly for any isolates that might possibly have been overlooked.

Ex. Teachers and librarians cannot afford to turn a blind eye to the literature a child is brought up with at home, no matter how anemic and worthless it may seem to be.

Ex. Leaving aside the heretical thought that perhaps 'all things to all men' is exactly what the public library should be, this alone is not enough.

Ex. The public library cannot outdistance the intellectual climate in which it finds itself.

Ex. Librarians cannot afford to close the door on current issues.

Ex. A globalizing world so devoted to 'diversity,' as the present one is, can ill afford to block off one particular communication channel in favor of any other.

Ex. Physical harassment may occur as bottom pinching, breast grabbing, 'accidental' brushing past or invasion of a woman's space.

Ex. The women will either look uncomfortable and make a hasty exit or will stand there with blank looks on their faces pretending not to have heard.

Ex. She deliberately refused to rise to her feet when he entered a room as was customary, often pretending not to have seen him.

Ex. This is not simply another story of the powerful and comfortable turning a deaf ear to the cries of the sick and poor.

Ex. Sorry Castlegr, I thought that by giving you the cold shoulder you might get the hint and realise the bond has gone.

Ex. With its usual rhetoric, Iran has turned a cold shoulder to the latest sanctions.

Ex. He cold-shouldered his teammates, who cold-shouldered him back.

Ex. And she has the gall to diss a Nobel Prize winner who isn't even in the academic world.

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) ( desconocer)

lo ignoro — I've no idea

ignoran las causas del accidente — they have no idea what caused the accident

ignora los peligros que le acechan — he's unaware of the dangers which await him

b) ( no hacer caso de) to ignore

* * *

= be ignorant of, be ignorant of, ignore, overlook, turn + a blind eye to, leave + aside, outdistance, close + the door on, block off, brush past, pretend + not to have heard, pretend + not to have seen, turn + a deaf ear to, give + Nombre + the cold shoulder, turn + a cold shoulder to, cold-shoulder, diss.

Nota: Derivado del verbo disrespect.

Ex: Clearly, the originators of the major schemes cannot be criticised for be ignorant of these principles.

Ex: Clearly, the originators of the major schemes cannot be criticised for be ignorant of these principles.

Ex: Thus we can easily start to compile a list of prepositions, conjunctions and articles, for example, an, a, the, and, for, this, these, which can be ignored in indexing.

Ex: This can only achieved by examining the literature of the subject area thoroughly for any isolates that might possibly have been overlooked.

Ex: Teachers and librarians cannot afford to turn a blind eye to the literature a child is brought up with at home, no matter how anemic and worthless it may seem to be.

Ex: Leaving aside the heretical thought that perhaps 'all things to all men' is exactly what the public library should be, this alone is not enough.

Ex: The public library cannot outdistance the intellectual climate in which it finds itself.

Ex: Librarians cannot afford to close the door on current issues.

Ex: A globalizing world so devoted to 'diversity,' as the present one is, can ill afford to block off one particular communication channel in favor of any other.

Ex: Physical harassment may occur as bottom pinching, breast grabbing, 'accidental' brushing past or invasion of a woman's space.

Ex: The women will either look uncomfortable and make a hasty exit or will stand there with blank looks on their faces pretending not to have heard.

Ex: She deliberately refused to rise to her feet when he entered a room as was customary, often pretending not to have seen him.

Ex: This is not simply another story of the powerful and comfortable turning a deaf ear to the cries of the sick and poor.

Ex: Sorry Castlegr, I thought that by giving you the cold shoulder you might get the hint and realise the bond has gone.

Ex: With its usual rhetoric, Iran has turned a cold shoulder to the latest sanctions.

Ex: He cold-shouldered his teammates, who cold-shouldered him back.

Ex: And she has the gall to diss a Nobel Prize winner who isn't even in the academic world.

* * *

ignorar [A1 ]

vt

1

(desconocer): lo ignoro por completo I've absolutely no idea

ignoran las causas del accidente they do not know what caused the accident

ignoran lo grave que puede ser el asunto they are unaware of o they don't know how serious things could be

2 (no hacer caso de) to ignore

ignoró totalmente mi presencia he completely ignored my presence

* * *

ignorar ( conjugate ignorar) verbo transitivo
a) ( desconocer):

◊ lo ignoro I've no idea;

ignoran las causas del accidente they do not know what caused the accident;
ignora los peligros que le acechan he's unaware of the dangers which await him
b) ( no hacer caso de) to ignore

ignorar verbo transitivo
1 (desconocer algo) not to know
2 (no dar importancia a algo/alguien) to ignore: ignoró mis consejos, she ignored my advice
nos estuvo ignorando toda la tarde, he didn't pay us the slightest bit of attention all afternoon
' ignorar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
anular
English:
brush off
- cold
- ignorant
- ignore
- unaware
- disregard
- snub

* * *

ignorar vt

1. [desconocer] not to know;

ignoro su dirección I don't know her address;

ignoro por qué lo hizo I don't know why he did it;

lo ignoro por completo I have absolutely no idea;

se ignoran las causas del accidente the cause of the accident is unknown;

no ignoro que es una empresa arriesgada I'm not unaware of the fact that it's a risky venture

2. [hacer caso omiso de] to ignore;

lleva tiempo ignorándome she's been ignoring me for some time

* * *

ignorar

v/t not know, not be aware of;

ignoro cómo sucedió I don’t know how it happened

* * *

ignorar vt

1) : to ignore

2) desconocer: to be unaware of

lo ignoramos por absoluto: we have no idea

* * *

ignorar vb

1. (desconocer) not to know

ignoraba cómo resolver el problema she didn't know how to solve the problem

2. (no hacer caso) to ignore

me ignoró durante todo el día he ignored me all day

Spanish-English dictionary > ignorar
4 semol

sĭmŭl (ante-class. also sĕmŭl, Plaut. Trin. prol. p. 97 Ritschl; v. infra; and sĕmŏl, C. I. L. 1175 fin.; cf. Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 96; cf. also simitu. The final l of simul was scarcely pronounced in the vulg. lang., and in comic poetry does not make position with an initial consonant following; v. Corss. Ausspr. 2, p. 643 sq.; Lorenz ad Plaut. Ps. 567), adv. [Sanscr. sama-; Gr. hama, homos]; cf. semel, = eodem tempore, una, at the same time, together, at once, as soon as.
I.
Referring, as temporal adverb, to plural nouns of the same sentence, and representing persons or things as acting, happening, etc., simultaneously.
1.
After a plural subject:
hunc ambo in saxo semul sedent ejecti,
Plaut. Rud. prol. 72:
multa concurrunt simul,
Ter. And. 3, 2, 31:
(duo homines) simul cenare voluerunt,
Cic. Inv. 2, 4, 14:
Zmyrnae cum simul essemus compluris dies,
id. Rep. 1, 8, 13:
tres simul soles effulserunt,
Liv. 41, 21 fin.:
tria simul agmina populabantur Indos,
Curt. 9, 10, 7:
duo simul hujusmodi personae Ciceroni obstiterunt,
Quint. 11, 1, 69:
Othonem multa simul exstimulabant,
Tac. H. 1, 21; Cic. Fam. 9, 1, 2; id. Att. 5, 10, 5; Liv. 21, 33, 3; 41, 2 init.; Curt. 4, 15, 22.—Sometimes the logical subject is understood:
multos modios salis simul (i. e. amicis) edendos esse,
Cic. Lael. 19, 67.—Sometimes both the subject and predicate are understood:
quare si simul (i. e. nos agere) placebit,
Cic. Fam. 5, 19, 2.—
2.
With a plur. object:
(Alcumena) uno partu duos peperit semul,
Plaut. Am. 5, 2, 8:
duas res simul nunc agere decretum'st mihi,
Plaut. Merc. prol. 1:
si duos consules simul ex Italia ejectos... res publica tenere potuisset,
Cic. Phil. 13, 14, 29:
ambo cum simul conspicimus,
Liv. 40, 46 init.:
simul omnibus portis erupit,
id. 40, 48 fin.; cf. Auct. Her. 3, 12, 22; Liv. 8, 37, 5; 21, 60; 40, 30; 42, 7; Curt. 5, 9, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 76; 10, 3, 23; 10, 7, 16.—So with singular implying a plural:
tota (urbs) simul exsurgere aedificiis coepit,
Liv. 6, 4, 6:
totam simul causam ponit ante oculos,
Quint. 6, 1, 1.—After an adverb. implying a plural noun:
igitur undique simul (i. e. ex omnibus locis simul) speculatores citi sese ostendunt,
Sall. J. 101, 1.—
3.
Referring [p. 1703] to plural attributes:
omnium simul rerum... discrimine proposito,
Liv. 6, 35, 6:
multarum simul civitatium legati Romam convenerunt,
id. 43, 6, 1.—
4.
Referring to an attributive participle understood:
multitudo plurium simul gentium (= simul eodem loco versantium),
Liv. 44, 45:
trium simul bellorum victor (= eodem tempore gestorum),
id. 6, 4, 1:
inter duo simul bella,
id. 7, 27, 7:
tot simul malis victi,
Curt. 4, 4, 12.
II.
Referring to nouns, etc., connected by the preposition cum: simul cum = una cum (v. una, s. v. unus), together with:
novi (illum) cum Calcha semul,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 48:
jube in urbem veniat jam tecum semul,
id. Most. 4, 2, 26:
qui ipsus equidem nunc primum istanc tecum conspicio semul?
id. Am. 2, 2, 122:
me misisti ad portum cum luci semul,
id. Stich. 2, 2, 40:
quae (amicitia) incepta a parvis cum aetate adcrevit simul,
Ter. And. 3, 3, 7:
simul consilium cum re amisti?
id. Eun. 2, 2, 10:
Critolaum simul cum Diogene venisse commemoras,
Cic. Or. 2, 38, 100:
Hortensius tecum simul pro Appio Claudio dixit,
id. Brut. 64, 230:
cum corporibus simul animos interire,
id. Lael. 4, 13:
vobiscum simul considerantis,
id. Rep. 1, 46, 70:
testamentum Cyri simul obsignavi cum Clodio,
id. Mil. 18, 48:
simul cum lege Aelia magistratum iniit,
id. Att. 1, 16, 13:
simul cum lumine pandit,
id. Arat. 704 (452):
simul cum moribus immutatur fortuna,
Sall. C. 2, 5:
cum anima simul,
id. ib. 33, 4:
simul cum occasu solis,
id. J. 91, 2:
simul cum dono designavit templi finis,
Liv. 1, 10, 5:
si (dictator) se (Fabium) simul cum gloria rei gestae extinxisset,
id. 8, 31, 7:
ut cresceret simul et neglegentia cum audacia hosti,
id. 31, 36, 7; cf. Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 136; id. Aul. 4, 4, 28; id. Bacch. 4, 1, 5; id. Cist. 4, 2, 105; id. Ep. 1, 1, 39; id. Men. prol. 27; 2, 3, 54; 5, 1, 36; id. Merc. 2, 1, 31; id. Most. 1, 2, 17; Cic. Ac. 1, 1, 13; id. Tusc. 3, 18, 40; id. de Or. 2, 33, 142; 3, 3, 10; id. Arch. 12, 30; id. Sest. 22, 50; id. Fam. 15, 4, 8; Liv. 1, 31, 3; Nep. 3, 2; 11, 3; 18, 3; 23, 6; Quint. 11, 3, 65; Hor. Epod. 1, 8; id. S. 1, 1, 58.—Strengthened by una:
quippe omnes semul didicimus tecum una,
Plaut. Poen. 3, 1, 50; cf. id. Most. 4, 3, 43.—With ellipsis of mecum:
qui scribis morderi te interdum quod non simul sis,
Cic. Att. 6, 2, 8.—Freq. cum eo (eis, etc.) must be supplied after simul, likewise, together with him, them, etc.:
in vigiliam quando ibat miles, tum tu ibas semul (i. e. cum eo)?
Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 86:
cum simul P. Rutilius venisset,
Cic. Rep. 1, 11, 17:
hos qui simul erant missi, fallere,
id. Rosc. Am. 38, 110:
prae metu ne simul (i. e. cum iis) Romanus irrumperet,
Liv. 5, 13, 13:
extra turbam ordinem conlocuntur semul (i. e. inter se),
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 69; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 180; Cic. Pis. 34, 84; Liv. 6, 11, 5; Curt. 8, 13, 3.—Simul with abl. alone = cum with abl. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose; cf. Gr. hama with dat.):
simul his,
Hor. S. 1, 10, 86:
quippe simul nobis habitat,
Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 29:
his simul,
Sil. 3, 268:
Magnetibus simul transmissi,
Tac. A. 4, 55:
quindecimviri septemviris simul,
id. ib. 3, 64; cf. id. ib. 6, 9; Sil. 5, 418; Sen. Troad. 1049.
III.
Referring to a preceding adverb. clause, at the same time, i.e. as that of the action described:
juris ubi dicitur dies, simul patronis dicitur,
Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 17:
quamquam ego vinum bibo, at mandata hau consuevi semul bibere una (= bibere quom vinum bibo, una cum vino),
id. Pers. 2, 1, 3:
quando nihil sit (quod det), semul amare desinat,
id. Ps. 1, 3, 73 Fleck.:
ubi res prolatae sunt, quom rus homines eunt, semul prolatae res sunt nostris dentibus,
id. Capt. 1, 1, 10; id. Ps. 4, 7, 84; cf.:
domum numquam introibis, nisi feres pallam simul (i. e. cum introibis),
Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 104.
IV.
Referring to two or more co-ordinate terms or facts representing these as simultaneous, and at the same time, and also, both... and ( at once), together.
1.
Referring to co-ordinate terms of the same sentence.
a.
Simul preceding all the coordinate terms which are connected by et, ac, atque, que, or by et... et (freq. in the histt.):
semul flere sorbereque haud facile est,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 104:
Q. Hortensi ingenium simul aspectum et probatum est,
Cic. Brut. 64, 228: Bomilcar, simul cupidus incepta patrandi, et timore socii anxius, Sall. J. 70, 5:
dicenti lacrimae simul spiritum et vocem intercluserunt,
Liv. 40, 16 init.:
quae simul auxilio tribunicio et consensu plebis impediri coepta,
id. 6, 27, 9:
Lycios sub Rhodiorum simul imperio et tutela esse,
id. 41, 6 fin.:
Priverni qui simul a Fundanis ac Romanis defecerunt,
id. 8, 19, 11:
simul divinae humanaeque spei pleni pugnam poscunt,
id. 10, 40, 1:
eximio simul honoribus atque virtutibus,
id. 6, 11, 3:
obruit animum simul luctus metusque,
id. 42, 28; 5, 26, 10; Val. Max. 5, 2, 6:
simul ipsum Vitellium contemnebant metuebantque,
Tac. H. 2, 92; cf. Liv. 3, 38, 12; 3, 50, 12; 5, 7, 3; 6, 18, 5; 6, 33, 9; 6, 40, 4; 9, 12, 4; 27, 51, 12; Caes. B. G. 7, 48; Curt. 5, 4, 30; Sen. Q. N. 2, 54, 2.—So with three or more co-ordinate terms, either all connected by et, Caes. B. G. 4, 24, 2; Quint. 1, 12, 3; 10, 7, 23;
or asyndetic: nunc simul res, fides, fama, virtus, decus deseruerunt,
Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 60.—
b.
Simul after all the coordinate terms (mostly ante-class.):
nunc operam potestis ambo mihi dare et vobis simul,
Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 40:
faxo et operam et vinum perdiderit simul,
id. Aul. 3, 6, 42:
ut si quis sacrilegii et homicidii simul accusetur,
Quint. 12, 1, 4; cf. Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 92; id. Men. 3, 3, 16; Mart. 11, 58, 10.—
c.
Simul after the first of the co-ordinate terms (so not in Cic.):
convenit regnum simul atque locos ut haberet,
Naev. Bell. Pun. 1, 6, fr. 3:
oculis simul ac mente turbatum,
Liv. 7, 26, 5:
quod ubi auditum simul visumque est,
id. 8, 39, 7:
pulvere simul ac sudore perfusum,
Curt. 3, 5, 2:
terrestri simul navalique clade,
id. 4, 3, 14:
vota nuncupabantur simul et solvebantur,
Val. Max. 6, 9, ext. 5:
qui ima simul ac summa foveret aequaliter,
Sen. Ep. 90, 25; cf. Liv. 4, 32, 12; Curt. 3, 8, 23; 6, 5, 19; 8, 5, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 30.—In post-Aug. prose without any temporal idea, = as well as:
populi Romani facta simul ac dicta memoratu digna... deligere constitui,
Val. Max. 1 prol.; so id. 1, 1, 9.—
d.
Placed before the last term.
(α).
Simul et (= simul etiam), and at the same time, and also:
Jugurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam aliosque locos munitos, simul et magnam pecuniam amiserat,
Sall. J. 97, 1:
Marium fatigantem de profectione, simul et invisum et offensum,
id. ib. 73, 2:
Marius hortandi causa, simul et nobilitatem exagitandi, contionem advocavit,
id. ib. 84, 5:
milites modesto imperio habiti, simul et locupletes,
id. ib. 92, 2:
Perseus cum adventu consulis, simul et veris principio strepere omnia cerneret,
Liv. 44, 34 fin.; cf. Hor. C. 1, 20, 6.—
(β).
Simulque (rare):
ut (materia) fragilis incumberet, simulque terra umore diluta,
Curt. 8, 10, 25.—
(γ).
Simul, without any conjunction (so in Cic., but only poet.):
Neptuno grates habeo et tempestatibus, semul Mercurio qui, etc.,
Plaut. Stich. 3, 1, 3:
Electra Stereopeque, simul sanctissima Maja,
Cic. Arat. 270 (36):
inter solis iter, simul inter flamina venti,
id. ib. 342 (101):
ambiguus consilii, num Dyrrhachium pedite atque equite, simul longis navibus mare clauderet,
Tac. H. 2, 83. —
e.
Inserted in the last term ( poet.):
memor Actae non alio rege puertiae, Mutataeque simul togae,
Hor. C. 1, 36, 9;
interea Maecenas advenit atque Coccejus, Capitoque simul Fontejus,
id. S. 1, 5, 32.—
2.
Referring to two or more co-ordinate clauses or sentences.
a.
Et simul or simulque:
contundam facta Talthybi, contem namque omnes nuntios, semulque cursuram meditabor ad ludos Olympios,
Plaut. Stich. 2, 1, 34:
eamus, et de istac simul consilium volo capere una tecum,
i. e. while going, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 65:
quod... et simul quia,
Lucr. 5, 1181:
ratio Ecquaenam fuerit origo... et simul ecquae sit finis, etc.,
id. 5, 1213:
sed iidem illi ita mecum loquuntur... et simul admonent quiddam quod cavebimus, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 1, 11, 28:
ex tuis litteris cognovi festinationem tuam, et simul sum admiratus cur, etc.,
id. Fam. 7, 8, 1:
emergit Nixi caput, et simul effert sese clara Fides et, etc.,
id. Arat. 713 (460):
postquam Rutilium consedisse accepit, simulque ex Jugurthae proelio clamorem augeri,
Sall. J. 52, 6:
equites ex equis desiliunt, simulque et hosti se opponunt, et animos peditum accendunt,
Liv. 3, 62, 8:
tum rigere omnibus corpora... et simul lassitudine et... fame etiam deficere,
id. 21, 54, 9; 41, 3; Cic. Arat. 504 (259); 545 (299); Curt. 4, 2, 21; Quint. 2, 5, 13.—
b.
Simul with autem or enim, introducing the second sentence:
salve! simul autem vale!
Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1: augeamus sane suspicionem tuam;
simul enim augebimus diligentiam,
Cic. Marc. 7, 22.—
c.
Simul preceding co-ordinate sentences, generally connected by et... et, but also by a single copulative conjunction:
simul enim et rei publicae consules, et propones ei exempla ad imitandum,
Cic. Phil. 10, 2, 5:
illa autem altera ratio quae simul et opinionem falsam tollit, et aegritudinem detrahit,
id. Tusc. 4, 28, 60:
simul et inopiam frumenti lenire, et ignaris omnibus parare,
Sall. J. 91, 1:
nullus portus erat qui simul et omnis onerarias caperet, et tecta legionibus praeberet,
Liv. 32, 18, 3:
simul et cohors invasit, et ex omnibus oppidi partibus... concurrerunt,
id. 32, 24, 3: simul Metelli imagines dereptae, et missi qui Antonio nuntiarent. Tac. H. 3, 13; cf. Suet. Caes. 57.—
3.
Referring to co-ordinate clauses introduced by subordinating conjunctions:
Mnesilochum ut requiram atque ut eum mecum ad te adducam semul,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 5, 2:
tantum faciam ut notam apponam... et simul significem, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 13, 6, 2:
quod eo liberius ad te seribo, quia nostrae laudi favisti, simulque quod video non novitati esse invisum meae,
id. ib. 1, 7, 8; 7, 10, 3.—If used in connecting dependent clauses, simul often stands for a co-ordinating conjunction; v. VI. infra.
V.
Introducing an independent sentence, at the same time, also, likewise (cf.: itaque, igitur, deinde, tum, etc.).
1.
Simul alone:
ego Tiresiam consulam quid faciundum censeat: semul hanc rem ut facta est eloquar,
Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 77:
sequimini! simul circumspicite ne quis adsit arbiter,
id. Mil. 4, 4, 1:
alterum ipse efficiam ut attente audiatis. Simul illud oro: si, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10:
hoc proprium virtutis existimant... simul hoc se fore tutiores arbitrantur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 23:
Valerio Samnitium legiones occurrunt... simul in Campanos stimulabat ira,
Liv. 7, 32, 3:
tibi (Apollo) decimam partem praedae voveo. Te simul, Juno, precor ut, etc.,
id. 5, 21, 3.—
2.
More freq. simul et (= etiam):
quia videbitur Magis verisimile id esse... simul et conficiam facilius ego quod volo,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 55:
nolite committere ut in re tam inveterata quidquam novi sentiatis. Simul et illa omnia ante oculos vestros proponite, etc.,
Cic. Balb. 28, 65:
demonstravi haec Caecilio. Simul et illud ostendi, me ei satisfacturum,
id. Att. 1, 1, 4:
legati jam reverterant... simul venerant et ab rege Perseo oratores qui, etc.,
Liv. 41, 19 med.:
ipse ad Sycurium progressus, opperiri ibi hostium adventum statuit. Simul et frumentari passim exercitum jubet,
id. 42, 54 fin.; cf. Plaut. Stich. 5, 5, 14; Cic. Or. 2, 85, 349; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 12, § 34; id. Prov. Cons. 15, 36; id. Balb. 25, 56; id. Arat. 618 (372); 628 (382); 707 (454); 721 (468); Caes. B. G. 1, 19; 6, 8; Sall. C. 30, 2; id. J. 100, 3; Liv. 8, 9, 13; 8, 32, 5; 10, 3, 2; 40, 32; 4, 49, 3; Tac. H. 1, 1; 1, 52; 2, 53; 3, 15; 3, 18; 3, 20; 3, 29; 3, 42; 3, 82.
VI.
Simul itself stands as co-ordinating conjunction, to connect dependent clauses represented as contemporaneous, and at the same time, and also (not ante-class.; rare in Cic.;
freq. in the histt.): ei Verres possessionem negat se daturum, ne posset patronum suum juvare, simul ut esset poena quod, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 47, § 124:
omnes vocat ad diripiendos Eburones, ut potius Gallorum vita quam legionarius miles periclitetur, simul ut... pro tali facinore stirps et nomen civitatis tollatur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 34: quippe foedum hominem a republica procul esse volebat;
simul quia boni complures praesidium in eo putabant,
Sall. C. 19, 2:
cujus de virtute, quia multi dixere, praetereundum puto, simul ne per insolentiam quis existumet memet studium meum laudando extollere,
id. J. 4, 2:
nihil horum... discere cum cerneret posse, simul et tirocinio et perturbatione juvenis moveretur, etc.,
Liv. 39, 47:
a sermone Graeco puerum incipere malo, quia Latinum vel nobis nolentibus perhibet, simul quia disciplinis quoque Graecis prius instruendus est,
Quint. 1, 1, 12; Sall. J. 20, 1; Liv. 39, 33, 1; 8, 6, 11; Caes. B. C. 43, 2; Sall. C. 20, 3; 56, 5; Liv. 3, 50, 10; 40, 36 init.; Tac. H. 1, [p. 1704] 70;
2, 15.—So, connecting participial expressions or adverbial phrases with dependent clauses: his amicis confisus Catilina, simul quod aes alienum ingens erat, et quod... opprimendae reipublicae consilium cepit,
Sall. C. 16, 4:
hi, quod res in invidia erat, simul et ab Numidis obsecrati,
id. J. 25, 5:
ob eam iram, simul ut praeda militem aleret, duo milia peditum... populari agrum jussit,
Liv. 21, 52, 5; 3, 66, 3:
equites praemisit speculatum, simul ut ignem exstinguerent,
Curt. 4, 10, 11:
Otho, quamquam turbidis rebus, etc., simul reputans non posse, etc.,
Tac. H. 1, 83 init.:
committere igitur eum (locum) non fidelissimis sociis noluit, simul quod ab illa parte urbis navibus aditus ex alto est,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 32, § 84; Liv. 9, 2, 5; Tac. H. 1, 70 fin.; 2, 28; 2, 30.
VII.
Simul. as co-ordinating conjunction, is frequently placed before each of the co-ordinate terms (simul... simul = hama men... hama de), partly... partly; not only... but at the same time (not anteAug.).
1.
With independent clauses:
simul castra oppugnabantur, simul pars exercitus ad populandum agrum Romanum missa,
Liv. 3, 5, 2:
accolas Hannibal simul perlicit ad naves fabricandas, simul et ipsi traici exercitum cupiebant,
id. 21, 26, 7:
ab his simul custodes trucidari coepti, simul datum signum armatis ut ex insidiis concurrerent,
id. 9, 25, 8:
simul gratias agit, simul gratulatur quod, etc.,
Curt. 6, 7, 15; cf. Verg. A. 1, 631 sq.; 2, 220 sqq.; 12, 268; Liv. 1, 9, 5.—
2.
With dependent clauses:
venit ad quaerendum, simul quod non deducerent praesidia, simul quod in Bithyniam auxilia missi forent,
Liv. 39, 46 fin.:
Perseus cum audisset, simul Meliboeam a consulis exercitu oppugnari, simul classem Iolci stare,
id. 44, 13 init.:
consul ad Phylan ducit, simul ut praesidium firmaret, simul ut militi frumentum divideret,
id. 44, 8, 1:
simul questi... simul nuntiantes,
id. 42, 46:
plus quam imponebatur oneris recepi, simul ut pleniore obsequio demererer amantissimos mei, simul ne... alienis vestigiis insisterem, Quint. prooem. 3.—Rarely connecting a dependent clause with an independent sentence: Athenas ierant, simul ut pro legatione praemio esset honos, simul peritos legum peregrinarum ad condenda nova jura usui fore credebant,
Liv. 3, 35, 5; cf. Verg. A. 12, 758.—
3.
Co-ordinating dependent clauses with adverbial phrases:
Germani frequenter in castra venerunt, simul sui purgandi causa, simul ut de induciis impetrarent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 13:
Philippus, simul ne ocio miles deterior fieret, simul avertendae suspicionis causa... in Maedicam ducere pergit,
Liv. 40, 21, 1. —
4.
Connecting single nouns or phrases belonging to the same predicate:
cum simul fragor rupti pontis, simul clamor Romanorum impetum sustinuit,
Liv. 2, 10, 10:
ad se simul legatos, simul milites missos,
id. 42, 52 med.:
et Romae simul dilectu, simul tributo conferendo laboratum est,
id. 5, 10, 3:
increpando simul temeritatem, simul ignaviam,
id. 2, 65, 4:
tum vero si mul ab hostibus, simul ab iniquitate loco rum Poeni oppugnabantur,
id. 21, 33, 5:
inter simul complorationem feminarum, simul nefandam caedem,
id. 41, 11:
simul a mari, simul a terra ingredienti,
id. 44, 12 med.; cf. Tac. A. 1, 49; 14, 40; id. Agr. 25; 36; 41; Verg. G. 3, 201; id. A. 1, 513; Hor. S. 2, 2, 73.
VIII.
Simul, in connection with ac, atque (also written in one word,
sĭmŭlac
, sĭmŭlatque), rarely with ut, and very rarely with et, is used as subordinating, temporal conjunction, as soon as. For simulac, etc., simul alone is freq.
1.
Simul ac: simul ac lacrimas de ore noegeo (i. e. candido) detersit, Liv. And. ap. Fest. p. 174 Mull.:
Demenaetum simul ac conspexero hodie,
Plaut. As. 2, 4, 73:
non simul ac se ipse commovit, sensit quid intersit,
Cic. Ac. 2, 16, 51:
si simul ac procul conspexit armatos, recessisset,
id. Caecil. 16, 46:
dicebam, simul ac timere desisses, similem te futurum tui,
id. Phil. 2, 35, 89:
Alcibiades, simul ac se remiserat, dissolutus reperiebatur,
Nep. Alcib. 1. 4:
at mihi plaudo Ipse domi, simul ac nummos contemplor in arca,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 67; cf. Cic. N. D. 1, 38, 108; id. Fam. 15, 16, 2; id. Planc. 41, 98; id. Phil. 4, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 2, 19, § 46; id. Or. 2, 27, 117; Verg. A. 4, 90; 12, 222; Ov. M. 2, 167; Hor. S. 1, 2, 33; 1, 4, 119; 1, 8, 21.—Strengthened by primum (= ut primum):
simul ac primum ei occasio visa est, quaestor consulem deseruit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 13, § 34; so id. ib. 2, 1, 52, § 138; id. Phil. 4, 1, 1; Suet. Caes. 30; id. Ner. 43.—
2.
Simul atque:
L. Clodius, simul atque introductus est, rem conficit,
Cic. Clu. 14, 40:
simul atque increpuit suspicio tumultus, artes ilico nostrae conticescunt,
id. Mur. 10, 22:
simul atque audivit ejus interitum, suo Marte res suas recuperavit,
id. Phil. 2, 37, 95:
simul atque enim se infiexit hic rex in dominatum injustiorem, fit continuo tyrannus,
id. Rep. 2, 26, 49:
simul atque sibi hic adnuisset, numeraturum se dicebat,
id. Quint. 5, 18:
qui, simul atque in oppidum venerat, inmittebantur illi continuo Cibyratici canes,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 21, § 47:
simul atque de Caesaris adventu cognitum est,
Caes. B. G. 5, 3, 3; cf. Cic. Planc. 41, 98; id. Phil. 8, 10, 31; Suet. Caes. 29; id. Galb. 7.—
3.
Simul ut (v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33):
simul ut experrecti sumus, visa illa contemnimus,
Cic. Ac. 2, 16, 51:
simul ut accepi a Seleuco litteras tuas, statim quaesivi, etc.,
id. Fam. 6, 18, 1:
nostros omnia consequi potuisse, simul ut velle coepissent,
id. Tusc. 4, 2, 5; id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 3 (6, 2):
simul ut, qui sint professi, videro, dicam,
id. Planc. 6, 14; id. Att. 10, 4, 12:
nam simul ut supero se totum lumine Cancer extulit, extemplo cedit delapsa Corona,
id. Arat. 596 (349).—
4.
Simul et:
simul et quid erit certi, scribam ad te,
Cic. Att. 2, 20, 2:
ego ad te statim habebo quod scribam, simul et videro Curionem,
id. ib. 10, 4, 12:
quam accepi simul et in Cumanum veni,
id. ib. 10, 16, 4; 16, 11, 6; id. Q. Fr. 2, 6, 3. In all these passages the Cod. Med. has simul et, which the editors variously changed into simulatque, simulac, simul ut, simul; so,
omne animal simul et ortum est, se ipsum diligit,
Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33, where the vulg. has simul ut, and Madv. reads simul [et] ortum.—
5.
Simul ubi:
quod simul ubi conspexit, equites emisit,
Liv. 4, 18, 7 dub. Weissenb. ad loc.—
6.
Simul alone, = simul atque:
simul herbae inceperint nasci,
Cato, R. R. 48:
hic simul argentum repperit, cura sese expedivit,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 4, 4: simul limen intrabo, illi extrabunt illico, Afran. ap. Non. 104, 21 (Com. Rel. v. 5 Rib.):
simul inflavit tibicen, a perito carmen agnoscitur,
Cic. Ac. 2, 27, 86:
nostri, simul in arido constiterunt, in hostes impetum fecerunt,
Caes. B. G. 4, 26 fin.:
simul increpuere arma, hostis pedem rettulit,
Liv. 6, 24, 1; cf. Cic. Tusc. 4, 6, 12; id. Fin. 3, 6, 21; id. Arat. 594 (349); Caes. B. C. 1, 30, 3; Liv. 3, 62, 6; 4, 18, 6; 4, 31, 5; 4, 32, 6; 5, 25, 11; 8, 32, 2; 21, 55, 9; 44, 8 med.; 44, 19; 44, 44 fin.; Curt. 3, 11, 4; Phaedr. 3, 16, 16; Hor. C. 1, 12, 27; 3, 4, 37; Verg. G. 4, 232; Ov. F. 1, 567.—Strengthened by primum:
simul primum magistratio abiit, dicta dies est,
Liv. 6, 1, 6:
simul primum anni tempus navigabile praebuisset mare,
id. 35, 44, 5 Weissenb. ad loc.; Suet. Caes. 30.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > semol
5 semul

sĭmŭl (ante-class. also sĕmŭl, Plaut. Trin. prol. p. 97 Ritschl; v. infra; and sĕmŏl, C. I. L. 1175 fin.; cf. Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 96; cf. also simitu. The final l of simul was scarcely pronounced in the vulg. lang., and in comic poetry does not make position with an initial consonant following; v. Corss. Ausspr. 2, p. 643 sq.; Lorenz ad Plaut. Ps. 567), adv. [Sanscr. sama-; Gr. hama, homos]; cf. semel, = eodem tempore, una, at the same time, together, at once, as soon as.
I.
Referring, as temporal adverb, to plural nouns of the same sentence, and representing persons or things as acting, happening, etc., simultaneously.
1.
After a plural subject:
hunc ambo in saxo semul sedent ejecti,
Plaut. Rud. prol. 72:
multa concurrunt simul,
Ter. And. 3, 2, 31:
(duo homines) simul cenare voluerunt,
Cic. Inv. 2, 4, 14:
Zmyrnae cum simul essemus compluris dies,
id. Rep. 1, 8, 13:
tres simul soles effulserunt,
Liv. 41, 21 fin.:
tria simul agmina populabantur Indos,
Curt. 9, 10, 7:
duo simul hujusmodi personae Ciceroni obstiterunt,
Quint. 11, 1, 69:
Othonem multa simul exstimulabant,
Tac. H. 1, 21; Cic. Fam. 9, 1, 2; id. Att. 5, 10, 5; Liv. 21, 33, 3; 41, 2 init.; Curt. 4, 15, 22.—Sometimes the logical subject is understood:
multos modios salis simul (i. e. amicis) edendos esse,
Cic. Lael. 19, 67.—Sometimes both the subject and predicate are understood:
quare si simul (i. e. nos agere) placebit,
Cic. Fam. 5, 19, 2.—
2.
With a plur. object:
(Alcumena) uno partu duos peperit semul,
Plaut. Am. 5, 2, 8:
duas res simul nunc agere decretum'st mihi,
Plaut. Merc. prol. 1:
si duos consules simul ex Italia ejectos... res publica tenere potuisset,
Cic. Phil. 13, 14, 29:
ambo cum simul conspicimus,
Liv. 40, 46 init.:
simul omnibus portis erupit,
id. 40, 48 fin.; cf. Auct. Her. 3, 12, 22; Liv. 8, 37, 5; 21, 60; 40, 30; 42, 7; Curt. 5, 9, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 76; 10, 3, 23; 10, 7, 16.—So with singular implying a plural:
tota (urbs) simul exsurgere aedificiis coepit,
Liv. 6, 4, 6:
totam simul causam ponit ante oculos,
Quint. 6, 1, 1.—After an adverb. implying a plural noun:
igitur undique simul (i. e. ex omnibus locis simul) speculatores citi sese ostendunt,
Sall. J. 101, 1.—
3.
Referring [p. 1703] to plural attributes:
omnium simul rerum... discrimine proposito,
Liv. 6, 35, 6:
multarum simul civitatium legati Romam convenerunt,
id. 43, 6, 1.—
4.
Referring to an attributive participle understood:
multitudo plurium simul gentium (= simul eodem loco versantium),
Liv. 44, 45:
trium simul bellorum victor (= eodem tempore gestorum),
id. 6, 4, 1:
inter duo simul bella,
id. 7, 27, 7:
tot simul malis victi,
Curt. 4, 4, 12.
II.
Referring to nouns, etc., connected by the preposition cum: simul cum = una cum (v. una, s. v. unus), together with:
novi (illum) cum Calcha semul,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 48:
jube in urbem veniat jam tecum semul,
id. Most. 4, 2, 26:
qui ipsus equidem nunc primum istanc tecum conspicio semul?
id. Am. 2, 2, 122:
me misisti ad portum cum luci semul,
id. Stich. 2, 2, 40:
quae (amicitia) incepta a parvis cum aetate adcrevit simul,
Ter. And. 3, 3, 7:
simul consilium cum re amisti?
id. Eun. 2, 2, 10:
Critolaum simul cum Diogene venisse commemoras,
Cic. Or. 2, 38, 100:
Hortensius tecum simul pro Appio Claudio dixit,
id. Brut. 64, 230:
cum corporibus simul animos interire,
id. Lael. 4, 13:
vobiscum simul considerantis,
id. Rep. 1, 46, 70:
testamentum Cyri simul obsignavi cum Clodio,
id. Mil. 18, 48:
simul cum lege Aelia magistratum iniit,
id. Att. 1, 16, 13:
simul cum lumine pandit,
id. Arat. 704 (452):
simul cum moribus immutatur fortuna,
Sall. C. 2, 5:
cum anima simul,
id. ib. 33, 4:
simul cum occasu solis,
id. J. 91, 2:
simul cum dono designavit templi finis,
Liv. 1, 10, 5:
si (dictator) se (Fabium) simul cum gloria rei gestae extinxisset,
id. 8, 31, 7:
ut cresceret simul et neglegentia cum audacia hosti,
id. 31, 36, 7; cf. Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 136; id. Aul. 4, 4, 28; id. Bacch. 4, 1, 5; id. Cist. 4, 2, 105; id. Ep. 1, 1, 39; id. Men. prol. 27; 2, 3, 54; 5, 1, 36; id. Merc. 2, 1, 31; id. Most. 1, 2, 17; Cic. Ac. 1, 1, 13; id. Tusc. 3, 18, 40; id. de Or. 2, 33, 142; 3, 3, 10; id. Arch. 12, 30; id. Sest. 22, 50; id. Fam. 15, 4, 8; Liv. 1, 31, 3; Nep. 3, 2; 11, 3; 18, 3; 23, 6; Quint. 11, 3, 65; Hor. Epod. 1, 8; id. S. 1, 1, 58.—Strengthened by una:
quippe omnes semul didicimus tecum una,
Plaut. Poen. 3, 1, 50; cf. id. Most. 4, 3, 43.—With ellipsis of mecum:
qui scribis morderi te interdum quod non simul sis,
Cic. Att. 6, 2, 8.—Freq. cum eo (eis, etc.) must be supplied after simul, likewise, together with him, them, etc.:
in vigiliam quando ibat miles, tum tu ibas semul (i. e. cum eo)?
Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 86:
cum simul P. Rutilius venisset,
Cic. Rep. 1, 11, 17:
hos qui simul erant missi, fallere,
id. Rosc. Am. 38, 110:
prae metu ne simul (i. e. cum iis) Romanus irrumperet,
Liv. 5, 13, 13:
extra turbam ordinem conlocuntur semul (i. e. inter se),
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 69; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 180; Cic. Pis. 34, 84; Liv. 6, 11, 5; Curt. 8, 13, 3.—Simul with abl. alone = cum with abl. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose; cf. Gr. hama with dat.):
simul his,
Hor. S. 1, 10, 86:
quippe simul nobis habitat,
Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 29:
his simul,
Sil. 3, 268:
Magnetibus simul transmissi,
Tac. A. 4, 55:
quindecimviri septemviris simul,
id. ib. 3, 64; cf. id. ib. 6, 9; Sil. 5, 418; Sen. Troad. 1049.
III.
Referring to a preceding adverb. clause, at the same time, i.e. as that of the action described:
juris ubi dicitur dies, simul patronis dicitur,
Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 17:
quamquam ego vinum bibo, at mandata hau consuevi semul bibere una (= bibere quom vinum bibo, una cum vino),
id. Pers. 2, 1, 3:
quando nihil sit (quod det), semul amare desinat,
id. Ps. 1, 3, 73 Fleck.:
ubi res prolatae sunt, quom rus homines eunt, semul prolatae res sunt nostris dentibus,
id. Capt. 1, 1, 10; id. Ps. 4, 7, 84; cf.:
domum numquam introibis, nisi feres pallam simul (i. e. cum introibis),
Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 104.
IV.
Referring to two or more co-ordinate terms or facts representing these as simultaneous, and at the same time, and also, both... and ( at once), together.
1.
Referring to co-ordinate terms of the same sentence.
a.
Simul preceding all the coordinate terms which are connected by et, ac, atque, que, or by et... et (freq. in the histt.):
semul flere sorbereque haud facile est,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 104:
Q. Hortensi ingenium simul aspectum et probatum est,
Cic. Brut. 64, 228: Bomilcar, simul cupidus incepta patrandi, et timore socii anxius, Sall. J. 70, 5:
dicenti lacrimae simul spiritum et vocem intercluserunt,
Liv. 40, 16 init.:
quae simul auxilio tribunicio et consensu plebis impediri coepta,
id. 6, 27, 9:
Lycios sub Rhodiorum simul imperio et tutela esse,
id. 41, 6 fin.:
Priverni qui simul a Fundanis ac Romanis defecerunt,
id. 8, 19, 11:
simul divinae humanaeque spei pleni pugnam poscunt,
id. 10, 40, 1:
eximio simul honoribus atque virtutibus,
id. 6, 11, 3:
obruit animum simul luctus metusque,
id. 42, 28; 5, 26, 10; Val. Max. 5, 2, 6:
simul ipsum Vitellium contemnebant metuebantque,
Tac. H. 2, 92; cf. Liv. 3, 38, 12; 3, 50, 12; 5, 7, 3; 6, 18, 5; 6, 33, 9; 6, 40, 4; 9, 12, 4; 27, 51, 12; Caes. B. G. 7, 48; Curt. 5, 4, 30; Sen. Q. N. 2, 54, 2.—So with three or more co-ordinate terms, either all connected by et, Caes. B. G. 4, 24, 2; Quint. 1, 12, 3; 10, 7, 23;
or asyndetic: nunc simul res, fides, fama, virtus, decus deseruerunt,
Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 60.—
b.
Simul after all the coordinate terms (mostly ante-class.):
nunc operam potestis ambo mihi dare et vobis simul,
Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 40:
faxo et operam et vinum perdiderit simul,
id. Aul. 3, 6, 42:
ut si quis sacrilegii et homicidii simul accusetur,
Quint. 12, 1, 4; cf. Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 92; id. Men. 3, 3, 16; Mart. 11, 58, 10.—
c.
Simul after the first of the co-ordinate terms (so not in Cic.):
convenit regnum simul atque locos ut haberet,
Naev. Bell. Pun. 1, 6, fr. 3:
oculis simul ac mente turbatum,
Liv. 7, 26, 5:
quod ubi auditum simul visumque est,
id. 8, 39, 7:
pulvere simul ac sudore perfusum,
Curt. 3, 5, 2:
terrestri simul navalique clade,
id. 4, 3, 14:
vota nuncupabantur simul et solvebantur,
Val. Max. 6, 9, ext. 5:
qui ima simul ac summa foveret aequaliter,
Sen. Ep. 90, 25; cf. Liv. 4, 32, 12; Curt. 3, 8, 23; 6, 5, 19; 8, 5, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 30.—In post-Aug. prose without any temporal idea, = as well as:
populi Romani facta simul ac dicta memoratu digna... deligere constitui,
Val. Max. 1 prol.; so id. 1, 1, 9.—
d.
Placed before the last term.
(α).
Simul et (= simul etiam), and at the same time, and also:
Jugurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam aliosque locos munitos, simul et magnam pecuniam amiserat,
Sall. J. 97, 1:
Marium fatigantem de profectione, simul et invisum et offensum,
id. ib. 73, 2:
Marius hortandi causa, simul et nobilitatem exagitandi, contionem advocavit,
id. ib. 84, 5:
milites modesto imperio habiti, simul et locupletes,
id. ib. 92, 2:
Perseus cum adventu consulis, simul et veris principio strepere omnia cerneret,
Liv. 44, 34 fin.; cf. Hor. C. 1, 20, 6.—
(β).
Simulque (rare):
ut (materia) fragilis incumberet, simulque terra umore diluta,
Curt. 8, 10, 25.—
(γ).
Simul, without any conjunction (so in Cic., but only poet.):
Neptuno grates habeo et tempestatibus, semul Mercurio qui, etc.,
Plaut. Stich. 3, 1, 3:
Electra Stereopeque, simul sanctissima Maja,
Cic. Arat. 270 (36):
inter solis iter, simul inter flamina venti,
id. ib. 342 (101):
ambiguus consilii, num Dyrrhachium pedite atque equite, simul longis navibus mare clauderet,
Tac. H. 2, 83. —
e.
Inserted in the last term ( poet.):
memor Actae non alio rege puertiae, Mutataeque simul togae,
Hor. C. 1, 36, 9;
interea Maecenas advenit atque Coccejus, Capitoque simul Fontejus,
id. S. 1, 5, 32.—
2.
Referring to two or more co-ordinate clauses or sentences.
a.
Et simul or simulque:
contundam facta Talthybi, contem namque omnes nuntios, semulque cursuram meditabor ad ludos Olympios,
Plaut. Stich. 2, 1, 34:
eamus, et de istac simul consilium volo capere una tecum,
i. e. while going, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 65:
quod... et simul quia,
Lucr. 5, 1181:
ratio Ecquaenam fuerit origo... et simul ecquae sit finis, etc.,
id. 5, 1213:
sed iidem illi ita mecum loquuntur... et simul admonent quiddam quod cavebimus, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 1, 11, 28:
ex tuis litteris cognovi festinationem tuam, et simul sum admiratus cur, etc.,
id. Fam. 7, 8, 1:
emergit Nixi caput, et simul effert sese clara Fides et, etc.,
id. Arat. 713 (460):
postquam Rutilium consedisse accepit, simulque ex Jugurthae proelio clamorem augeri,
Sall. J. 52, 6:
equites ex equis desiliunt, simulque et hosti se opponunt, et animos peditum accendunt,
Liv. 3, 62, 8:
tum rigere omnibus corpora... et simul lassitudine et... fame etiam deficere,
id. 21, 54, 9; 41, 3; Cic. Arat. 504 (259); 545 (299); Curt. 4, 2, 21; Quint. 2, 5, 13.—
b.
Simul with autem or enim, introducing the second sentence:
salve! simul autem vale!
Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1: augeamus sane suspicionem tuam;
simul enim augebimus diligentiam,
Cic. Marc. 7, 22.—
c.
Simul preceding co-ordinate sentences, generally connected by et... et, but also by a single copulative conjunction:
simul enim et rei publicae consules, et propones ei exempla ad imitandum,
Cic. Phil. 10, 2, 5:
illa autem altera ratio quae simul et opinionem falsam tollit, et aegritudinem detrahit,
id. Tusc. 4, 28, 60:
simul et inopiam frumenti lenire, et ignaris omnibus parare,
Sall. J. 91, 1:
nullus portus erat qui simul et omnis onerarias caperet, et tecta legionibus praeberet,
Liv. 32, 18, 3:
simul et cohors invasit, et ex omnibus oppidi partibus... concurrerunt,
id. 32, 24, 3: simul Metelli imagines dereptae, et missi qui Antonio nuntiarent. Tac. H. 3, 13; cf. Suet. Caes. 57.—
3.
Referring to co-ordinate clauses introduced by subordinating conjunctions:
Mnesilochum ut requiram atque ut eum mecum ad te adducam semul,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 5, 2:
tantum faciam ut notam apponam... et simul significem, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 13, 6, 2:
quod eo liberius ad te seribo, quia nostrae laudi favisti, simulque quod video non novitati esse invisum meae,
id. ib. 1, 7, 8; 7, 10, 3.—If used in connecting dependent clauses, simul often stands for a co-ordinating conjunction; v. VI. infra.
V.
Introducing an independent sentence, at the same time, also, likewise (cf.: itaque, igitur, deinde, tum, etc.).
1.
Simul alone:
ego Tiresiam consulam quid faciundum censeat: semul hanc rem ut facta est eloquar,
Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 77:
sequimini! simul circumspicite ne quis adsit arbiter,
id. Mil. 4, 4, 1:
alterum ipse efficiam ut attente audiatis. Simul illud oro: si, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10:
hoc proprium virtutis existimant... simul hoc se fore tutiores arbitrantur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 23:
Valerio Samnitium legiones occurrunt... simul in Campanos stimulabat ira,
Liv. 7, 32, 3:
tibi (Apollo) decimam partem praedae voveo. Te simul, Juno, precor ut, etc.,
id. 5, 21, 3.—
2.
More freq. simul et (= etiam):
quia videbitur Magis verisimile id esse... simul et conficiam facilius ego quod volo,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 55:
nolite committere ut in re tam inveterata quidquam novi sentiatis. Simul et illa omnia ante oculos vestros proponite, etc.,
Cic. Balb. 28, 65:
demonstravi haec Caecilio. Simul et illud ostendi, me ei satisfacturum,
id. Att. 1, 1, 4:
legati jam reverterant... simul venerant et ab rege Perseo oratores qui, etc.,
Liv. 41, 19 med.:
ipse ad Sycurium progressus, opperiri ibi hostium adventum statuit. Simul et frumentari passim exercitum jubet,
id. 42, 54 fin.; cf. Plaut. Stich. 5, 5, 14; Cic. Or. 2, 85, 349; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 12, § 34; id. Prov. Cons. 15, 36; id. Balb. 25, 56; id. Arat. 618 (372); 628 (382); 707 (454); 721 (468); Caes. B. G. 1, 19; 6, 8; Sall. C. 30, 2; id. J. 100, 3; Liv. 8, 9, 13; 8, 32, 5; 10, 3, 2; 40, 32; 4, 49, 3; Tac. H. 1, 1; 1, 52; 2, 53; 3, 15; 3, 18; 3, 20; 3, 29; 3, 42; 3, 82.
VI.
Simul itself stands as co-ordinating conjunction, to connect dependent clauses represented as contemporaneous, and at the same time, and also (not ante-class.; rare in Cic.;
freq. in the histt.): ei Verres possessionem negat se daturum, ne posset patronum suum juvare, simul ut esset poena quod, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 47, § 124:
omnes vocat ad diripiendos Eburones, ut potius Gallorum vita quam legionarius miles periclitetur, simul ut... pro tali facinore stirps et nomen civitatis tollatur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 34: quippe foedum hominem a republica procul esse volebat;
simul quia boni complures praesidium in eo putabant,
Sall. C. 19, 2:
cujus de virtute, quia multi dixere, praetereundum puto, simul ne per insolentiam quis existumet memet studium meum laudando extollere,
id. J. 4, 2:
nihil horum... discere cum cerneret posse, simul et tirocinio et perturbatione juvenis moveretur, etc.,
Liv. 39, 47:
a sermone Graeco puerum incipere malo, quia Latinum vel nobis nolentibus perhibet, simul quia disciplinis quoque Graecis prius instruendus est,
Quint. 1, 1, 12; Sall. J. 20, 1; Liv. 39, 33, 1; 8, 6, 11; Caes. B. C. 43, 2; Sall. C. 20, 3; 56, 5; Liv. 3, 50, 10; 40, 36 init.; Tac. H. 1, [p. 1704] 70;
2, 15.—So, connecting participial expressions or adverbial phrases with dependent clauses: his amicis confisus Catilina, simul quod aes alienum ingens erat, et quod... opprimendae reipublicae consilium cepit,
Sall. C. 16, 4:
hi, quod res in invidia erat, simul et ab Numidis obsecrati,
id. J. 25, 5:
ob eam iram, simul ut praeda militem aleret, duo milia peditum... populari agrum jussit,
Liv. 21, 52, 5; 3, 66, 3:
equites praemisit speculatum, simul ut ignem exstinguerent,
Curt. 4, 10, 11:
Otho, quamquam turbidis rebus, etc., simul reputans non posse, etc.,
Tac. H. 1, 83 init.:
committere igitur eum (locum) non fidelissimis sociis noluit, simul quod ab illa parte urbis navibus aditus ex alto est,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 32, § 84; Liv. 9, 2, 5; Tac. H. 1, 70 fin.; 2, 28; 2, 30.
VII.
Simul. as co-ordinating conjunction, is frequently placed before each of the co-ordinate terms (simul... simul = hama men... hama de), partly... partly; not only... but at the same time (not anteAug.).
1.
With independent clauses:
simul castra oppugnabantur, simul pars exercitus ad populandum agrum Romanum missa,
Liv. 3, 5, 2:
accolas Hannibal simul perlicit ad naves fabricandas, simul et ipsi traici exercitum cupiebant,
id. 21, 26, 7:
ab his simul custodes trucidari coepti, simul datum signum armatis ut ex insidiis concurrerent,
id. 9, 25, 8:
simul gratias agit, simul gratulatur quod, etc.,
Curt. 6, 7, 15; cf. Verg. A. 1, 631 sq.; 2, 220 sqq.; 12, 268; Liv. 1, 9, 5.—
2.
With dependent clauses:
venit ad quaerendum, simul quod non deducerent praesidia, simul quod in Bithyniam auxilia missi forent,
Liv. 39, 46 fin.:
Perseus cum audisset, simul Meliboeam a consulis exercitu oppugnari, simul classem Iolci stare,
id. 44, 13 init.:
consul ad Phylan ducit, simul ut praesidium firmaret, simul ut militi frumentum divideret,
id. 44, 8, 1:
simul questi... simul nuntiantes,
id. 42, 46:
plus quam imponebatur oneris recepi, simul ut pleniore obsequio demererer amantissimos mei, simul ne... alienis vestigiis insisterem, Quint. prooem. 3.—Rarely connecting a dependent clause with an independent sentence: Athenas ierant, simul ut pro legatione praemio esset honos, simul peritos legum peregrinarum ad condenda nova jura usui fore credebant,
Liv. 3, 35, 5; cf. Verg. A. 12, 758.—
3.
Co-ordinating dependent clauses with adverbial phrases:
Germani frequenter in castra venerunt, simul sui purgandi causa, simul ut de induciis impetrarent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 13:
Philippus, simul ne ocio miles deterior fieret, simul avertendae suspicionis causa... in Maedicam ducere pergit,
Liv. 40, 21, 1. —
4.
Connecting single nouns or phrases belonging to the same predicate:
cum simul fragor rupti pontis, simul clamor Romanorum impetum sustinuit,
Liv. 2, 10, 10:
ad se simul legatos, simul milites missos,
id. 42, 52 med.:
et Romae simul dilectu, simul tributo conferendo laboratum est,
id. 5, 10, 3:
increpando simul temeritatem, simul ignaviam,
id. 2, 65, 4:
tum vero si mul ab hostibus, simul ab iniquitate loco rum Poeni oppugnabantur,
id. 21, 33, 5:
inter simul complorationem feminarum, simul nefandam caedem,
id. 41, 11:
simul a mari, simul a terra ingredienti,
id. 44, 12 med.; cf. Tac. A. 1, 49; 14, 40; id. Agr. 25; 36; 41; Verg. G. 3, 201; id. A. 1, 513; Hor. S. 2, 2, 73.
VIII.
Simul, in connection with ac, atque (also written in one word,
sĭmŭlac
, sĭmŭlatque), rarely with ut, and very rarely with et, is used as subordinating, temporal conjunction, as soon as. For simulac, etc., simul alone is freq.
1.
Simul ac: simul ac lacrimas de ore noegeo (i. e. candido) detersit, Liv. And. ap. Fest. p. 174 Mull.:
Demenaetum simul ac conspexero hodie,
Plaut. As. 2, 4, 73:
non simul ac se ipse commovit, sensit quid intersit,
Cic. Ac. 2, 16, 51:
si simul ac procul conspexit armatos, recessisset,
id. Caecil. 16, 46:
dicebam, simul ac timere desisses, similem te futurum tui,
id. Phil. 2, 35, 89:
Alcibiades, simul ac se remiserat, dissolutus reperiebatur,
Nep. Alcib. 1. 4:
at mihi plaudo Ipse domi, simul ac nummos contemplor in arca,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 67; cf. Cic. N. D. 1, 38, 108; id. Fam. 15, 16, 2; id. Planc. 41, 98; id. Phil. 4, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 2, 19, § 46; id. Or. 2, 27, 117; Verg. A. 4, 90; 12, 222; Ov. M. 2, 167; Hor. S. 1, 2, 33; 1, 4, 119; 1, 8, 21.—Strengthened by primum (= ut primum):
simul ac primum ei occasio visa est, quaestor consulem deseruit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 13, § 34; so id. ib. 2, 1, 52, § 138; id. Phil. 4, 1, 1; Suet. Caes. 30; id. Ner. 43.—
2.
Simul atque:
L. Clodius, simul atque introductus est, rem conficit,
Cic. Clu. 14, 40:
simul atque increpuit suspicio tumultus, artes ilico nostrae conticescunt,
id. Mur. 10, 22:
simul atque audivit ejus interitum, suo Marte res suas recuperavit,
id. Phil. 2, 37, 95:
simul atque enim se infiexit hic rex in dominatum injustiorem, fit continuo tyrannus,
id. Rep. 2, 26, 49:
simul atque sibi hic adnuisset, numeraturum se dicebat,
id. Quint. 5, 18:
qui, simul atque in oppidum venerat, inmittebantur illi continuo Cibyratici canes,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 21, § 47:
simul atque de Caesaris adventu cognitum est,
Caes. B. G. 5, 3, 3; cf. Cic. Planc. 41, 98; id. Phil. 8, 10, 31; Suet. Caes. 29; id. Galb. 7.—
3.
Simul ut (v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33):
simul ut experrecti sumus, visa illa contemnimus,
Cic. Ac. 2, 16, 51:
simul ut accepi a Seleuco litteras tuas, statim quaesivi, etc.,
id. Fam. 6, 18, 1:
nostros omnia consequi potuisse, simul ut velle coepissent,
id. Tusc. 4, 2, 5; id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 3 (6, 2):
simul ut, qui sint professi, videro, dicam,
id. Planc. 6, 14; id. Att. 10, 4, 12:
nam simul ut supero se totum lumine Cancer extulit, extemplo cedit delapsa Corona,
id. Arat. 596 (349).—
4.
Simul et:
simul et quid erit certi, scribam ad te,
Cic. Att. 2, 20, 2:
ego ad te statim habebo quod scribam, simul et videro Curionem,
id. ib. 10, 4, 12:
quam accepi simul et in Cumanum veni,
id. ib. 10, 16, 4; 16, 11, 6; id. Q. Fr. 2, 6, 3. In all these passages the Cod. Med. has simul et, which the editors variously changed into simulatque, simulac, simul ut, simul; so,
omne animal simul et ortum est, se ipsum diligit,
Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33, where the vulg. has simul ut, and Madv. reads simul [et] ortum.—
5.
Simul ubi:
quod simul ubi conspexit, equites emisit,
Liv. 4, 18, 7 dub. Weissenb. ad loc.—
6.
Simul alone, = simul atque:
simul herbae inceperint nasci,
Cato, R. R. 48:
hic simul argentum repperit, cura sese expedivit,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 4, 4: simul limen intrabo, illi extrabunt illico, Afran. ap. Non. 104, 21 (Com. Rel. v. 5 Rib.):
simul inflavit tibicen, a perito carmen agnoscitur,
Cic. Ac. 2, 27, 86:
nostri, simul in arido constiterunt, in hostes impetum fecerunt,
Caes. B. G. 4, 26 fin.:
simul increpuere arma, hostis pedem rettulit,
Liv. 6, 24, 1; cf. Cic. Tusc. 4, 6, 12; id. Fin. 3, 6, 21; id. Arat. 594 (349); Caes. B. C. 1, 30, 3; Liv. 3, 62, 6; 4, 18, 6; 4, 31, 5; 4, 32, 6; 5, 25, 11; 8, 32, 2; 21, 55, 9; 44, 8 med.; 44, 19; 44, 44 fin.; Curt. 3, 11, 4; Phaedr. 3, 16, 16; Hor. C. 1, 12, 27; 3, 4, 37; Verg. G. 4, 232; Ov. F. 1, 567.—Strengthened by primum:
simul primum magistratio abiit, dicta dies est,
Liv. 6, 1, 6:
simul primum anni tempus navigabile praebuisset mare,
id. 35, 44, 5 Weissenb. ad loc.; Suet. Caes. 30.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > semul
6 simul

sĭmŭl (ante-class. also sĕmŭl, Plaut. Trin. prol. p. 97 Ritschl; v. infra; and sĕmŏl, C. I. L. 1175 fin.; cf. Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 96; cf. also simitu. The final l of simul was scarcely pronounced in the vulg. lang., and in comic poetry does not make position with an initial consonant following; v. Corss. Ausspr. 2, p. 643 sq.; Lorenz ad Plaut. Ps. 567), adv. [Sanscr. sama-; Gr. hama, homos]; cf. semel, = eodem tempore, una, at the same time, together, at once, as soon as.
I.
Referring, as temporal adverb, to plural nouns of the same sentence, and representing persons or things as acting, happening, etc., simultaneously.
1.
After a plural subject:
hunc ambo in saxo semul sedent ejecti,
Plaut. Rud. prol. 72:
multa concurrunt simul,
Ter. And. 3, 2, 31:
(duo homines) simul cenare voluerunt,
Cic. Inv. 2, 4, 14:
Zmyrnae cum simul essemus compluris dies,
id. Rep. 1, 8, 13:
tres simul soles effulserunt,
Liv. 41, 21 fin.:
tria simul agmina populabantur Indos,
Curt. 9, 10, 7:
duo simul hujusmodi personae Ciceroni obstiterunt,
Quint. 11, 1, 69:
Othonem multa simul exstimulabant,
Tac. H. 1, 21; Cic. Fam. 9, 1, 2; id. Att. 5, 10, 5; Liv. 21, 33, 3; 41, 2 init.; Curt. 4, 15, 22.—Sometimes the logical subject is understood:
multos modios salis simul (i. e. amicis) edendos esse,
Cic. Lael. 19, 67.—Sometimes both the subject and predicate are understood:
quare si simul (i. e. nos agere) placebit,
Cic. Fam. 5, 19, 2.—
2.
With a plur. object:
(Alcumena) uno partu duos peperit semul,
Plaut. Am. 5, 2, 8:
duas res simul nunc agere decretum'st mihi,
Plaut. Merc. prol. 1:
si duos consules simul ex Italia ejectos... res publica tenere potuisset,
Cic. Phil. 13, 14, 29:
ambo cum simul conspicimus,
Liv. 40, 46 init.:
simul omnibus portis erupit,
id. 40, 48 fin.; cf. Auct. Her. 3, 12, 22; Liv. 8, 37, 5; 21, 60; 40, 30; 42, 7; Curt. 5, 9, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 76; 10, 3, 23; 10, 7, 16.—So with singular implying a plural:
tota (urbs) simul exsurgere aedificiis coepit,
Liv. 6, 4, 6:
totam simul causam ponit ante oculos,
Quint. 6, 1, 1.—After an adverb. implying a plural noun:
igitur undique simul (i. e. ex omnibus locis simul) speculatores citi sese ostendunt,
Sall. J. 101, 1.—
3.
Referring [p. 1703] to plural attributes:
omnium simul rerum... discrimine proposito,
Liv. 6, 35, 6:
multarum simul civitatium legati Romam convenerunt,
id. 43, 6, 1.—
4.
Referring to an attributive participle understood:
multitudo plurium simul gentium (= simul eodem loco versantium),
Liv. 44, 45:
trium simul bellorum victor (= eodem tempore gestorum),
id. 6, 4, 1:
inter duo simul bella,
id. 7, 27, 7:
tot simul malis victi,
Curt. 4, 4, 12.
II.
Referring to nouns, etc., connected by the preposition cum: simul cum = una cum (v. una, s. v. unus), together with:
novi (illum) cum Calcha semul,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 48:
jube in urbem veniat jam tecum semul,
id. Most. 4, 2, 26:
qui ipsus equidem nunc primum istanc tecum conspicio semul?
id. Am. 2, 2, 122:
me misisti ad portum cum luci semul,
id. Stich. 2, 2, 40:
quae (amicitia) incepta a parvis cum aetate adcrevit simul,
Ter. And. 3, 3, 7:
simul consilium cum re amisti?
id. Eun. 2, 2, 10:
Critolaum simul cum Diogene venisse commemoras,
Cic. Or. 2, 38, 100:
Hortensius tecum simul pro Appio Claudio dixit,
id. Brut. 64, 230:
cum corporibus simul animos interire,
id. Lael. 4, 13:
vobiscum simul considerantis,
id. Rep. 1, 46, 70:
testamentum Cyri simul obsignavi cum Clodio,
id. Mil. 18, 48:
simul cum lege Aelia magistratum iniit,
id. Att. 1, 16, 13:
simul cum lumine pandit,
id. Arat. 704 (452):
simul cum moribus immutatur fortuna,
Sall. C. 2, 5:
cum anima simul,
id. ib. 33, 4:
simul cum occasu solis,
id. J. 91, 2:
simul cum dono designavit templi finis,
Liv. 1, 10, 5:
si (dictator) se (Fabium) simul cum gloria rei gestae extinxisset,
id. 8, 31, 7:
ut cresceret simul et neglegentia cum audacia hosti,
id. 31, 36, 7; cf. Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 136; id. Aul. 4, 4, 28; id. Bacch. 4, 1, 5; id. Cist. 4, 2, 105; id. Ep. 1, 1, 39; id. Men. prol. 27; 2, 3, 54; 5, 1, 36; id. Merc. 2, 1, 31; id. Most. 1, 2, 17; Cic. Ac. 1, 1, 13; id. Tusc. 3, 18, 40; id. de Or. 2, 33, 142; 3, 3, 10; id. Arch. 12, 30; id. Sest. 22, 50; id. Fam. 15, 4, 8; Liv. 1, 31, 3; Nep. 3, 2; 11, 3; 18, 3; 23, 6; Quint. 11, 3, 65; Hor. Epod. 1, 8; id. S. 1, 1, 58.—Strengthened by una:
quippe omnes semul didicimus tecum una,
Plaut. Poen. 3, 1, 50; cf. id. Most. 4, 3, 43.—With ellipsis of mecum:
qui scribis morderi te interdum quod non simul sis,
Cic. Att. 6, 2, 8.—Freq. cum eo (eis, etc.) must be supplied after simul, likewise, together with him, them, etc.:
in vigiliam quando ibat miles, tum tu ibas semul (i. e. cum eo)?
Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 86:
cum simul P. Rutilius venisset,
Cic. Rep. 1, 11, 17:
hos qui simul erant missi, fallere,
id. Rosc. Am. 38, 110:
prae metu ne simul (i. e. cum iis) Romanus irrumperet,
Liv. 5, 13, 13:
extra turbam ordinem conlocuntur semul (i. e. inter se),
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 69; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 180; Cic. Pis. 34, 84; Liv. 6, 11, 5; Curt. 8, 13, 3.—Simul with abl. alone = cum with abl. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose; cf. Gr. hama with dat.):
simul his,
Hor. S. 1, 10, 86:
quippe simul nobis habitat,
Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 29:
his simul,
Sil. 3, 268:
Magnetibus simul transmissi,
Tac. A. 4, 55:
quindecimviri septemviris simul,
id. ib. 3, 64; cf. id. ib. 6, 9; Sil. 5, 418; Sen. Troad. 1049.
III.
Referring to a preceding adverb. clause, at the same time, i.e. as that of the action described:
juris ubi dicitur dies, simul patronis dicitur,
Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 17:
quamquam ego vinum bibo, at mandata hau consuevi semul bibere una (= bibere quom vinum bibo, una cum vino),
id. Pers. 2, 1, 3:
quando nihil sit (quod det), semul amare desinat,
id. Ps. 1, 3, 73 Fleck.:
ubi res prolatae sunt, quom rus homines eunt, semul prolatae res sunt nostris dentibus,
id. Capt. 1, 1, 10; id. Ps. 4, 7, 84; cf.:
domum numquam introibis, nisi feres pallam simul (i. e. cum introibis),
Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 104.
IV.
Referring to two or more co-ordinate terms or facts representing these as simultaneous, and at the same time, and also, both... and ( at once), together.
1.
Referring to co-ordinate terms of the same sentence.
a.
Simul preceding all the coordinate terms which are connected by et, ac, atque, que, or by et... et (freq. in the histt.):
semul flere sorbereque haud facile est,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 104:
Q. Hortensi ingenium simul aspectum et probatum est,
Cic. Brut. 64, 228: Bomilcar, simul cupidus incepta patrandi, et timore socii anxius, Sall. J. 70, 5:
dicenti lacrimae simul spiritum et vocem intercluserunt,
Liv. 40, 16 init.:
quae simul auxilio tribunicio et consensu plebis impediri coepta,
id. 6, 27, 9:
Lycios sub Rhodiorum simul imperio et tutela esse,
id. 41, 6 fin.:
Priverni qui simul a Fundanis ac Romanis defecerunt,
id. 8, 19, 11:
simul divinae humanaeque spei pleni pugnam poscunt,
id. 10, 40, 1:
eximio simul honoribus atque virtutibus,
id. 6, 11, 3:
obruit animum simul luctus metusque,
id. 42, 28; 5, 26, 10; Val. Max. 5, 2, 6:
simul ipsum Vitellium contemnebant metuebantque,
Tac. H. 2, 92; cf. Liv. 3, 38, 12; 3, 50, 12; 5, 7, 3; 6, 18, 5; 6, 33, 9; 6, 40, 4; 9, 12, 4; 27, 51, 12; Caes. B. G. 7, 48; Curt. 5, 4, 30; Sen. Q. N. 2, 54, 2.—So with three or more co-ordinate terms, either all connected by et, Caes. B. G. 4, 24, 2; Quint. 1, 12, 3; 10, 7, 23;
or asyndetic: nunc simul res, fides, fama, virtus, decus deseruerunt,
Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 60.—
b.
Simul after all the coordinate terms (mostly ante-class.):
nunc operam potestis ambo mihi dare et vobis simul,
Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 40:
faxo et operam et vinum perdiderit simul,
id. Aul. 3, 6, 42:
ut si quis sacrilegii et homicidii simul accusetur,
Quint. 12, 1, 4; cf. Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 92; id. Men. 3, 3, 16; Mart. 11, 58, 10.—
c.
Simul after the first of the co-ordinate terms (so not in Cic.):
convenit regnum simul atque locos ut haberet,
Naev. Bell. Pun. 1, 6, fr. 3:
oculis simul ac mente turbatum,
Liv. 7, 26, 5:
quod ubi auditum simul visumque est,
id. 8, 39, 7:
pulvere simul ac sudore perfusum,
Curt. 3, 5, 2:
terrestri simul navalique clade,
id. 4, 3, 14:
vota nuncupabantur simul et solvebantur,
Val. Max. 6, 9, ext. 5:
qui ima simul ac summa foveret aequaliter,
Sen. Ep. 90, 25; cf. Liv. 4, 32, 12; Curt. 3, 8, 23; 6, 5, 19; 8, 5, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 30.—In post-Aug. prose without any temporal idea, = as well as:
populi Romani facta simul ac dicta memoratu digna... deligere constitui,
Val. Max. 1 prol.; so id. 1, 1, 9.—
d.
Placed before the last term.
(α).
Simul et (= simul etiam), and at the same time, and also:
Jugurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam aliosque locos munitos, simul et magnam pecuniam amiserat,
Sall. J. 97, 1:
Marium fatigantem de profectione, simul et invisum et offensum,
id. ib. 73, 2:
Marius hortandi causa, simul et nobilitatem exagitandi, contionem advocavit,
id. ib. 84, 5:
milites modesto imperio habiti, simul et locupletes,
id. ib. 92, 2:
Perseus cum adventu consulis, simul et veris principio strepere omnia cerneret,
Liv. 44, 34 fin.; cf. Hor. C. 1, 20, 6.—
(β).
Simulque (rare):
ut (materia) fragilis incumberet, simulque terra umore diluta,
Curt. 8, 10, 25.—
(γ).
Simul, without any conjunction (so in Cic., but only poet.):
Neptuno grates habeo et tempestatibus, semul Mercurio qui, etc.,
Plaut. Stich. 3, 1, 3:
Electra Stereopeque, simul sanctissima Maja,
Cic. Arat. 270 (36):
inter solis iter, simul inter flamina venti,
id. ib. 342 (101):
ambiguus consilii, num Dyrrhachium pedite atque equite, simul longis navibus mare clauderet,
Tac. H. 2, 83. —
e.
Inserted in the last term ( poet.):
memor Actae non alio rege puertiae, Mutataeque simul togae,
Hor. C. 1, 36, 9;
interea Maecenas advenit atque Coccejus, Capitoque simul Fontejus,
id. S. 1, 5, 32.—
2.
Referring to two or more co-ordinate clauses or sentences.
a.
Et simul or simulque:
contundam facta Talthybi, contem namque omnes nuntios, semulque cursuram meditabor ad ludos Olympios,
Plaut. Stich. 2, 1, 34:
eamus, et de istac simul consilium volo capere una tecum,
i. e. while going, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 65:
quod... et simul quia,
Lucr. 5, 1181:
ratio Ecquaenam fuerit origo... et simul ecquae sit finis, etc.,
id. 5, 1213:
sed iidem illi ita mecum loquuntur... et simul admonent quiddam quod cavebimus, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 1, 11, 28:
ex tuis litteris cognovi festinationem tuam, et simul sum admiratus cur, etc.,
id. Fam. 7, 8, 1:
emergit Nixi caput, et simul effert sese clara Fides et, etc.,
id. Arat. 713 (460):
postquam Rutilium consedisse accepit, simulque ex Jugurthae proelio clamorem augeri,
Sall. J. 52, 6:
equites ex equis desiliunt, simulque et hosti se opponunt, et animos peditum accendunt,
Liv. 3, 62, 8:
tum rigere omnibus corpora... et simul lassitudine et... fame etiam deficere,
id. 21, 54, 9; 41, 3; Cic. Arat. 504 (259); 545 (299); Curt. 4, 2, 21; Quint. 2, 5, 13.—
b.
Simul with autem or enim, introducing the second sentence:
salve! simul autem vale!
Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1: augeamus sane suspicionem tuam;
simul enim augebimus diligentiam,
Cic. Marc. 7, 22.—
c.
Simul preceding co-ordinate sentences, generally connected by et... et, but also by a single copulative conjunction:
simul enim et rei publicae consules, et propones ei exempla ad imitandum,
Cic. Phil. 10, 2, 5:
illa autem altera ratio quae simul et opinionem falsam tollit, et aegritudinem detrahit,
id. Tusc. 4, 28, 60:
simul et inopiam frumenti lenire, et ignaris omnibus parare,
Sall. J. 91, 1:
nullus portus erat qui simul et omnis onerarias caperet, et tecta legionibus praeberet,
Liv. 32, 18, 3:
simul et cohors invasit, et ex omnibus oppidi partibus... concurrerunt,
id. 32, 24, 3: simul Metelli imagines dereptae, et missi qui Antonio nuntiarent. Tac. H. 3, 13; cf. Suet. Caes. 57.—
3.
Referring to co-ordinate clauses introduced by subordinating conjunctions:
Mnesilochum ut requiram atque ut eum mecum ad te adducam semul,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 5, 2:
tantum faciam ut notam apponam... et simul significem, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 13, 6, 2:
quod eo liberius ad te seribo, quia nostrae laudi favisti, simulque quod video non novitati esse invisum meae,
id. ib. 1, 7, 8; 7, 10, 3.—If used in connecting dependent clauses, simul often stands for a co-ordinating conjunction; v. VI. infra.
V.
Introducing an independent sentence, at the same time, also, likewise (cf.: itaque, igitur, deinde, tum, etc.).
1.
Simul alone:
ego Tiresiam consulam quid faciundum censeat: semul hanc rem ut facta est eloquar,
Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 77:
sequimini! simul circumspicite ne quis adsit arbiter,
id. Mil. 4, 4, 1:
alterum ipse efficiam ut attente audiatis. Simul illud oro: si, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10:
hoc proprium virtutis existimant... simul hoc se fore tutiores arbitrantur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 23:
Valerio Samnitium legiones occurrunt... simul in Campanos stimulabat ira,
Liv. 7, 32, 3:
tibi (Apollo) decimam partem praedae voveo. Te simul, Juno, precor ut, etc.,
id. 5, 21, 3.—
2.
More freq. simul et (= etiam):
quia videbitur Magis verisimile id esse... simul et conficiam facilius ego quod volo,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 55:
nolite committere ut in re tam inveterata quidquam novi sentiatis. Simul et illa omnia ante oculos vestros proponite, etc.,
Cic. Balb. 28, 65:
demonstravi haec Caecilio. Simul et illud ostendi, me ei satisfacturum,
id. Att. 1, 1, 4:
legati jam reverterant... simul venerant et ab rege Perseo oratores qui, etc.,
Liv. 41, 19 med.:
ipse ad Sycurium progressus, opperiri ibi hostium adventum statuit. Simul et frumentari passim exercitum jubet,
id. 42, 54 fin.; cf. Plaut. Stich. 5, 5, 14; Cic. Or. 2, 85, 349; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 12, § 34; id. Prov. Cons. 15, 36; id. Balb. 25, 56; id. Arat. 618 (372); 628 (382); 707 (454); 721 (468); Caes. B. G. 1, 19; 6, 8; Sall. C. 30, 2; id. J. 100, 3; Liv. 8, 9, 13; 8, 32, 5; 10, 3, 2; 40, 32; 4, 49, 3; Tac. H. 1, 1; 1, 52; 2, 53; 3, 15; 3, 18; 3, 20; 3, 29; 3, 42; 3, 82.
VI.
Simul itself stands as co-ordinating conjunction, to connect dependent clauses represented as contemporaneous, and at the same time, and also (not ante-class.; rare in Cic.;
freq. in the histt.): ei Verres possessionem negat se daturum, ne posset patronum suum juvare, simul ut esset poena quod, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 47, § 124:
omnes vocat ad diripiendos Eburones, ut potius Gallorum vita quam legionarius miles periclitetur, simul ut... pro tali facinore stirps et nomen civitatis tollatur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 34: quippe foedum hominem a republica procul esse volebat;
simul quia boni complures praesidium in eo putabant,
Sall. C. 19, 2:
cujus de virtute, quia multi dixere, praetereundum puto, simul ne per insolentiam quis existumet memet studium meum laudando extollere,
id. J. 4, 2:
nihil horum... discere cum cerneret posse, simul et tirocinio et perturbatione juvenis moveretur, etc.,
Liv. 39, 47:
a sermone Graeco puerum incipere malo, quia Latinum vel nobis nolentibus perhibet, simul quia disciplinis quoque Graecis prius instruendus est,
Quint. 1, 1, 12; Sall. J. 20, 1; Liv. 39, 33, 1; 8, 6, 11; Caes. B. C. 43, 2; Sall. C. 20, 3; 56, 5; Liv. 3, 50, 10; 40, 36 init.; Tac. H. 1, [p. 1704] 70;
2, 15.—So, connecting participial expressions or adverbial phrases with dependent clauses: his amicis confisus Catilina, simul quod aes alienum ingens erat, et quod... opprimendae reipublicae consilium cepit,
Sall. C. 16, 4:
hi, quod res in invidia erat, simul et ab Numidis obsecrati,
id. J. 25, 5:
ob eam iram, simul ut praeda militem aleret, duo milia peditum... populari agrum jussit,
Liv. 21, 52, 5; 3, 66, 3:
equites praemisit speculatum, simul ut ignem exstinguerent,
Curt. 4, 10, 11:
Otho, quamquam turbidis rebus, etc., simul reputans non posse, etc.,
Tac. H. 1, 83 init.:
committere igitur eum (locum) non fidelissimis sociis noluit, simul quod ab illa parte urbis navibus aditus ex alto est,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 32, § 84; Liv. 9, 2, 5; Tac. H. 1, 70 fin.; 2, 28; 2, 30.
VII.
Simul. as co-ordinating conjunction, is frequently placed before each of the co-ordinate terms (simul... simul = hama men... hama de), partly... partly; not only... but at the same time (not anteAug.).
1.
With independent clauses:
simul castra oppugnabantur, simul pars exercitus ad populandum agrum Romanum missa,
Liv. 3, 5, 2:
accolas Hannibal simul perlicit ad naves fabricandas, simul et ipsi traici exercitum cupiebant,
id. 21, 26, 7:
ab his simul custodes trucidari coepti, simul datum signum armatis ut ex insidiis concurrerent,
id. 9, 25, 8:
simul gratias agit, simul gratulatur quod, etc.,
Curt. 6, 7, 15; cf. Verg. A. 1, 631 sq.; 2, 220 sqq.; 12, 268; Liv. 1, 9, 5.—
2.
With dependent clauses:
venit ad quaerendum, simul quod non deducerent praesidia, simul quod in Bithyniam auxilia missi forent,
Liv. 39, 46 fin.:
Perseus cum audisset, simul Meliboeam a consulis exercitu oppugnari, simul classem Iolci stare,
id. 44, 13 init.:
consul ad Phylan ducit, simul ut praesidium firmaret, simul ut militi frumentum divideret,
id. 44, 8, 1:
simul questi... simul nuntiantes,
id. 42, 46:
plus quam imponebatur oneris recepi, simul ut pleniore obsequio demererer amantissimos mei, simul ne... alienis vestigiis insisterem, Quint. prooem. 3.—Rarely connecting a dependent clause with an independent sentence: Athenas ierant, simul ut pro legatione praemio esset honos, simul peritos legum peregrinarum ad condenda nova jura usui fore credebant,
Liv. 3, 35, 5; cf. Verg. A. 12, 758.—
3.
Co-ordinating dependent clauses with adverbial phrases:
Germani frequenter in castra venerunt, simul sui purgandi causa, simul ut de induciis impetrarent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 13:
Philippus, simul ne ocio miles deterior fieret, simul avertendae suspicionis causa... in Maedicam ducere pergit,
Liv. 40, 21, 1. —
4.
Connecting single nouns or phrases belonging to the same predicate:
cum simul fragor rupti pontis, simul clamor Romanorum impetum sustinuit,
Liv. 2, 10, 10:
ad se simul legatos, simul milites missos,
id. 42, 52 med.:
et Romae simul dilectu, simul tributo conferendo laboratum est,
id. 5, 10, 3:
increpando simul temeritatem, simul ignaviam,
id. 2, 65, 4:
tum vero si mul ab hostibus, simul ab iniquitate loco rum Poeni oppugnabantur,
id. 21, 33, 5:
inter simul complorationem feminarum, simul nefandam caedem,
id. 41, 11:
simul a mari, simul a terra ingredienti,
id. 44, 12 med.; cf. Tac. A. 1, 49; 14, 40; id. Agr. 25; 36; 41; Verg. G. 3, 201; id. A. 1, 513; Hor. S. 2, 2, 73.
VIII.
Simul, in connection with ac, atque (also written in one word,
sĭmŭlac
, sĭmŭlatque), rarely with ut, and very rarely with et, is used as subordinating, temporal conjunction, as soon as. For simulac, etc., simul alone is freq.
1.
Simul ac: simul ac lacrimas de ore noegeo (i. e. candido) detersit, Liv. And. ap. Fest. p. 174 Mull.:
Demenaetum simul ac conspexero hodie,
Plaut. As. 2, 4, 73:
non simul ac se ipse commovit, sensit quid intersit,
Cic. Ac. 2, 16, 51:
si simul ac procul conspexit armatos, recessisset,
id. Caecil. 16, 46:
dicebam, simul ac timere desisses, similem te futurum tui,
id. Phil. 2, 35, 89:
Alcibiades, simul ac se remiserat, dissolutus reperiebatur,
Nep. Alcib. 1. 4:
at mihi plaudo Ipse domi, simul ac nummos contemplor in arca,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 67; cf. Cic. N. D. 1, 38, 108; id. Fam. 15, 16, 2; id. Planc. 41, 98; id. Phil. 4, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 2, 19, § 46; id. Or. 2, 27, 117; Verg. A. 4, 90; 12, 222; Ov. M. 2, 167; Hor. S. 1, 2, 33; 1, 4, 119; 1, 8, 21.—Strengthened by primum (= ut primum):
simul ac primum ei occasio visa est, quaestor consulem deseruit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 13, § 34; so id. ib. 2, 1, 52, § 138; id. Phil. 4, 1, 1; Suet. Caes. 30; id. Ner. 43.—
2.
Simul atque:
L. Clodius, simul atque introductus est, rem conficit,
Cic. Clu. 14, 40:
simul atque increpuit suspicio tumultus, artes ilico nostrae conticescunt,
id. Mur. 10, 22:
simul atque audivit ejus interitum, suo Marte res suas recuperavit,
id. Phil. 2, 37, 95:
simul atque enim se infiexit hic rex in dominatum injustiorem, fit continuo tyrannus,
id. Rep. 2, 26, 49:
simul atque sibi hic adnuisset, numeraturum se dicebat,
id. Quint. 5, 18:
qui, simul atque in oppidum venerat, inmittebantur illi continuo Cibyratici canes,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 21, § 47:
simul atque de Caesaris adventu cognitum est,
Caes. B. G. 5, 3, 3; cf. Cic. Planc. 41, 98; id. Phil. 8, 10, 31; Suet. Caes. 29; id. Galb. 7.—
3.
Simul ut (v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33):
simul ut experrecti sumus, visa illa contemnimus,
Cic. Ac. 2, 16, 51:
simul ut accepi a Seleuco litteras tuas, statim quaesivi, etc.,
id. Fam. 6, 18, 1:
nostros omnia consequi potuisse, simul ut velle coepissent,
id. Tusc. 4, 2, 5; id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 3 (6, 2):
simul ut, qui sint professi, videro, dicam,
id. Planc. 6, 14; id. Att. 10, 4, 12:
nam simul ut supero se totum lumine Cancer extulit, extemplo cedit delapsa Corona,
id. Arat. 596 (349).—
4.
Simul et:
simul et quid erit certi, scribam ad te,
Cic. Att. 2, 20, 2:
ego ad te statim habebo quod scribam, simul et videro Curionem,
id. ib. 10, 4, 12:
quam accepi simul et in Cumanum veni,
id. ib. 10, 16, 4; 16, 11, 6; id. Q. Fr. 2, 6, 3. In all these passages the Cod. Med. has simul et, which the editors variously changed into simulatque, simulac, simul ut, simul; so,
omne animal simul et ortum est, se ipsum diligit,
Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33, where the vulg. has simul ut, and Madv. reads simul [et] ortum.—
5.
Simul ubi:
quod simul ubi conspexit, equites emisit,
Liv. 4, 18, 7 dub. Weissenb. ad loc.—
6.
Simul alone, = simul atque:
simul herbae inceperint nasci,
Cato, R. R. 48:
hic simul argentum repperit, cura sese expedivit,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 4, 4: simul limen intrabo, illi extrabunt illico, Afran. ap. Non. 104, 21 (Com. Rel. v. 5 Rib.):
simul inflavit tibicen, a perito carmen agnoscitur,
Cic. Ac. 2, 27, 86:
nostri, simul in arido constiterunt, in hostes impetum fecerunt,
Caes. B. G. 4, 26 fin.:
simul increpuere arma, hostis pedem rettulit,
Liv. 6, 24, 1; cf. Cic. Tusc. 4, 6, 12; id. Fin. 3, 6, 21; id. Arat. 594 (349); Caes. B. C. 1, 30, 3; Liv. 3, 62, 6; 4, 18, 6; 4, 31, 5; 4, 32, 6; 5, 25, 11; 8, 32, 2; 21, 55, 9; 44, 8 med.; 44, 19; 44, 44 fin.; Curt. 3, 11, 4; Phaedr. 3, 16, 16; Hor. C. 1, 12, 27; 3, 4, 37; Verg. G. 4, 232; Ov. F. 1, 567.—Strengthened by primum:
simul primum magistratio abiit, dicta dies est,
Liv. 6, 1, 6:
simul primum anni tempus navigabile praebuisset mare,
id. 35, 44, 5 Weissenb. ad loc.; Suet. Caes. 30.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > simul
7 ac

atque or āc (atque is used before vowels and consonants, ac, in class. lang., only before consonants; v. infra, I.), conj. [at has regularly in the compound atque a continuative, as in atqui it has an adversative force; pr. and further, and besides, and also; cf. in Gr. pros de, pros de eti, eti kai, eti de, and te kai; v. at init., and for the change of form atque, ac, cf. neque, nec; in MSS. and inscriptions sometimes written adque, and sometimes by confusion atqui ], a copulative particle, and also, and besides, and even, and (indicating a close internal connection between single words or whole clauses; while et designates an external connection of diff. objects with each other, v. et; syn.: et, -que, autem, praeterea, porro, ad hoc, ad haec).
I.
In joining single words, which is its most common use.
A.
In gen. (The following representation is based on a collection of all the instances of the use of atque and ac in Cic. Imp. Pomp., Phil. 2, Tusc. 1, and Off. 1; in Caes. B. G. 1 and 2; in Sall. C.; and in Liv. 21; and wherever in the account either author or work is not cited, there atque or ac does not occur.)
1.
The form atque.
a.
Before vowels and h. —Before a (very freq.):
sociorum atque amicorum,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 2, 6; 3, 7; id. Phil. 2, 13, 33; id. Tusc. 1, 34, 122; Caes. B. G. 1, 2; 1, 18; 1, 26; 2, 14; Sall. C. 5, 8; 7, 5; Liv. 21, 3; 21, 12.—Before e (very freq.):
deposci atque expeti,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 2, 5; 6, 16; 10, 28; id. Phil, 2, 21, 51; 2, 21, 52; id. Tusc. 1, 20, 46; Caes. B. G. 1, 6; 1, 15; 1, 18; 2, 19; Sall. C. 14, 6; 49, 4; Liv. 21, 4; 21, 37.—Before i (very freq.):
excitare atque inflammare,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 2, 6; 3, 7; 7, 18; id. Phil. 2, 15, 37; 2, 21, 50; id. Tusc. 1, 20, 46; 1, 40, 97; Caes. B. G. 1, 17; 1, 20; 1, 22; 2, 1 bis; Sall. C. 2, 3; 3, 5; 14, 4; Liv. 21, 4; 21, 6; 21, 10.—Before o (freq. in Cic.):
honestissimus atque ornatissimus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 17; 8, 21; 11, 31; id. Off. 1, 25, 86; 1, 27, 94; Caes. B. G. 1, 40; 2, 14; Sall. C. 10, 6; Liv. 21, 8.—Before u (very rare), Cic. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7; 5, 11; 6, 15; Caes. B. G. 1, 26; 2, 20; Sall. C. 31, 6; 42, 1.—Before h (not infreq.):
Sertorianae atque Hispaniensis,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; 7, 19; id. Tusc. 1, 28, 69; id. Off. 1, 24, 87; Caes. B. G. 1, 19; 2, 9; 2, 10; Sall. C. 6, 1; 12, 2; Liv. 21, 37.—
b.
Before consonants.—Before b (very rare):
Gallorum atque Belgarum,
Caes. B. G. 1, 6; so,
Cassius atque Brutus,
Tac. A. 3, 76.—Before c (infreq. in Cic., freq. in Sall.):
in portubus atque custodiis,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 6, 16; 8, 21; id. Phil. 2, 8, 18; id. Tusc. 1, 18, 42; id. Off. 1, 25, 88; Sall. C. 2, 3; 7, 4; 16, 3; 26, 4; 29, 3.—Before d (infreq.):
superatam esse atque depressam,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 8, 21; id. Phil. 2, 44, 114: id. Off. 1, 6, 19; 1, 25, 85; 1, 33, 119; Sall. C. 4, 1; 20, 7; 20, 10.—Before f (infreq.):
vitiis atque flagitiis,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 30, 72; id. Off. 1, 28, 98; 1, 28, 100; Caes. B. G. 1, 2; Sall. C. 1, 4; 2, 9; 11, 2.— Before g (very rare):
dignitate atque gloria,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 11; 5, 12:
virtute atque gloria,
Sall. C. 3, 2; 61, 9.—Before j (very rare):
labore atque justitia,
Sall. C. 10, 1; 29, 3.—Before l (rare):
hilari atque laeto,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 100; id. Off. 1, 19, 64; Sall. C. 14, 3; 21, 2; 28, 4.—Before m (infreq. in Cic., once in Caes.):
multae atque magnae,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 9, 23; 17, 50; id. Phil. 2, 39, 100; id. Off. 1, 29, 103; 1, 31, 110; Caes. B. G. 1, 34; Sall. C. 18, 4; 31, 7; 34, 1; 51, 1.—Before n (infreq.):
adventu atque nomine,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 5, 13; 20, 60; id. Off. 1, 28, 101; Sall. C. 2, 2 bis. —Before p (infreq. in Cic.):
magna atque praeclara,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; 11, 31; 16, 48; id. Off. 1, 44, 156; Sall. C. 4, 1; 4, 4; 16, 2; 20, 3.—Before q (does not occur).—Before r (rare):
se conlegit atque recreavit,
Cic. Phil. 2, 24, 58.— Before s (rare in Cic.):
provinciarum atque sociorum,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 24, 71; id. Off. 1, 9, 30; 1, 21, 72; Sall. C. 2, 5; 2, 7; 6, 1.— Before t (infreq.):
parietum atque tectorum,
Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 69; id. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; id. Off. 1, 35, 126; Sall. C. 42, 2; 50, 3; 51, 38.—Before v (infreq.):
gravis atque vehemens,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 9, 23; 9, 25; id. Tusc. 1, 23, 54; Sall. C. 1, 1; 12, 3; 45, 4; Liv. 21, 4; 21, 30.—
2.
The form ac before consonants.—Before b (very rare):
sentientes ac bene meritos,
Cic. Off. 1, 41, 149:
feri ac barbari,
Caes. B. G. 1, 31 and 33.—Before c (very rare):
liberis ac conjugibus,
Liv. 21, 30:
Romae ac circa urbem,
id. 21, 62.—Before d (freq. in Cic.):
periculum ac discrimen,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12; 9, 23; 12, 33; id. Tusc. 1, 17, 40; 1, 28, 69; id. Off. 1, 14, 42:
usus ac disciplina,
Caes. B. G. 1, 40; 2, 31; Sall. C. 5, 4; 5, 8; 28, 1; Liv. 21, 10; 21, 18; 21, 19.—Before f (infreq.):
opima est ac fertilis,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14; 7, 19; id. Tusc. 1, 1, 2; 1, 27, 66; id. Off. 1, 29, 103:
potentissimos ac firmissimos,
Caes. B. G. 1, 3; 1, 48; 2, 12;
2, 13: pessuma ac flagitiosissima,
Sall. C. 5, 9; Liv. 21, 17; 21, 20.—Before g (does not occur).—Before j (very rare):
nobilitatis ac juventutis,
Cic. Phil. 2, 15, 37.—Before l (not infreq. in Liv.), Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 9; 23, 66; id. Phil. 2, 22, 54; Caes. B. G. 1, 12; 1, 23; 2, 23; Liv. 21, 13; 21, 14; 21, 35.—Before m (not infreq. in Cic.):
terrore ac metu,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 9, 23; 18, 54 bis; 20, 59; id. Tusc. 1, 40, 95; id. Off. 1, 30, 106; Caes. B. G. 1, 39; 2, 14; Sall. C. 2, 4; 10, 1; Liv. 21, 8; 21, 60.—Before n (not infreq. in Cic.):
insedit ac nimis inveteravit,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7:
gentes ac nationes,
id. ib. 11, 31; 12, 35 bis; id. Phil. 2, 21, 50; id. Tusc. 1, 21, 48; Caes. B. G. 1, 20; 2, 28; Liv. 21, 32.—Before p (not infreq. in Cic., Caes., and Liv.):
celeberrimum ac plenissimum,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; 12, 35; 13, 36; id. Phil. 2, 15, 39; id. Tusc. 1, 17, 41; id. Off. 1, 20, 68; Caes. B. G. 1, 18; 1, 20; 2, 13; 2, 19; Sall. C. 5, 9; Liv. 21, 25; 21, 34; 21, 35.—Before q (does not occur).—Before r (infreq.):
firmamenti ac roboris,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; 8, 21; 15, 45; id. Off. 1, 5, 15; Caes. B. G. 1, 25; Liv. 21, 41; 21, 44.—Before s (freq. in Cic. and Liv., infreq. in Caes.):
vectigalibus ac sociis,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 2, 4; 4, 10; 11, 30; id. Phil. 2, 27, 66; Caes. B. G. 1, 25; 1, 31; 1, 33; 2, 24; Liv. 21, 4; 21, 33 bis; 21, 36.—Before t (infreq. in Cic., freq. in Liv.):
tantis rebus ac tanto bello,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27 bis; 19, 56; 20, 59; Caes. B. G. 1, 26; 1, 39; 2, 6; Liv. 21, 7 ter; 21, 10; 21, 14; 21, 25.—Before v (not in Cic., only once in Caes. and Sall., but freq. in Liv.):
armatos ac victores,
Caes. B. G. 1, 40:
inconsulte ac veluti etc.,
Sall. C. 42, 2:
opera ac vineae,
Liv. 21, 7; 21, 22; 21, 40; 21, 43. —(So in the phrases treated below: atque adeo, atque alter or alius, atque eccum, atque eo, atque etiam, atque illuc, atque is or hic, atque iterum, atque omnia, atque ut, atque late, atque sic, atque velut, but ac ne, ac si, and ac tamen).—With simul:
Britannorum acies in speciem simul ac terrorem editioribus locis constiterat,
Tac. Agr. 35:
in se simul atque in Herculem,
id. G. 34:
suos prosequitur simul ac deponit,
id. ib. 30; so,
sociis pariter atque hostibus,
id. H. 4, 73:
innocentes ac noxios juxta cadere,
id. A. 1, 48.—Hence, sometimes syn. with et—et, ut—ita, aeque ac; both—and, as—so, as well—as, as well as: hodie sero ac nequiquam [p. 190] voles, Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 103 (cf. Cic. Quinct. 25, 79:
verum et sero et nequidquam pudet): copia sententiarum atque verborum,
Cic. Cael. 19, 45:
omnia honesta atque inhonesta,
Sall. C. 30, 4:
nobiles atque ignobiles,
id. ib. 20, 7:
caloris ac frigoris patientia par,
Liv. 21, 4; 6, 41; Vell. 2, 127:
vir bonus et prudens dici delector ego ac tu,
Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 32.—
B.
Esp.
a.
In a hendiadys:
utinam isto animo atque virtute in summa re publica versari quam in municipali maluisset,
with this virtuous feeling, Cic. Leg. 3, 16, 36:
de conplexu ejus ac sinu,
of his bosom embrace, id. Cat. 2, 10, 22:
me eadem, quae ceteros, fama atque invidia vexabat, i. e. invidiosa fama,
Sall. C. 3 fin.:
clamore atque adsensu,
shout of applause, Liv. 21, 3.—
b.
In joining to the idea of a preceding word one more important, and indeed, and even, and especially (v. Kritz ad Sall. J. 4, 3).
(α).
Absol.: Pa. Nempe tu istic ais esse erilem concubinam? Sc. Atque arguo me etc., yea and I maintain that I etc., Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 66: Ph. Tun vidisti? Sc. Atque his quidem oculis, id. ib. 2, 4, 15: Ps. Ecquid habet is homo aceti in pectore? Ch. Atque acidissimi, id. Ps. 2, 4, 49; so id. Bacch. 3, 6, 9; id. Men. 1, 2, 40: Py. Cognoscitne (ea)? Ch. Ac memoriter, Ter. Eun. 5, 3, 6:
Faciam boni tibi aliquid pro ista re ac lubens,
and with a good will, id. Heaut. 4, 5, 15:
rem difficilem (dii immortales) atque omnium difficillimam,
and indeed, Cic. Or. 16, 52:
magna diis immortalibus habenda est gratia atque huic ipsi Jovi Statori, etc.,
and especially, id. Cat. 1, 5, 11:
hebeti ingenio atque nullo,
and in fact, id. Tusc. 5, 15, 45:
ex plurimis periculis et insidiis atque ex media morte,
and even, id. Cat. 4, 9:
fratre meo atque eodem propinquo suo interfecto,
and at the same time, Sall. J. 14, 11:
intra moenia atque in sinu urbis,
id. C. 52, 35.—
(β).
With adeo, and that too, and even:
intra moenia atque adeo in senatu,
Cic. Cat. 1, 2, 5:
qui in urbe remanserunt atque adeo qui contra urbis salutem etc.,
id. ib. 2, 12, 27:
insto atque urgeo, insector, posco atque adeo flagito crimen,
id. Planc. 19 fin.:
non petentem atque adeo etiam absentem,
Liv. 10, 5.—And with autem also added:
atque adeo autem quor etc.,
Ter. Eun. 5, 4, 42.—
(γ).
With etiam:
id jam populare atque etiam plausibile factum est,
and also, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 3, 8:
ne Verginio commeatum dent atque etiam in custodia habeant,
Liv. 3, 46.—
(δ).
With the dem. pron. hic, is:
negotium magnum est navigare atque id mense Quintili,
and besides, and that, and that too, Cic. Att. 5, 12; 1, 14:
maximis defixis trabibus atque eis praeacutis,
Caes. B. C. 1, 27:
Asseres pedum XII. cuspidibus praefixis atque hi maximis ballistis missi,
id. ib. 2, 2:
duabus missis subsidio cohortibus a Caesare, atque his primis legionum duarum,
id. B. G. 5, 15; id. B. C. 3, 70:
flumen uno omnino loco pedibus atque hoc aegre transiri potest,
id. B. G. 5, 18:
ad celeritatem onerandi subductionesque paulo facit humiliores... atque id eo magis, quod, etc.,
id. ib. 5, 1; cf. without id (perh. to avoid the repetition of the pron.): qua (sc. virtute) nostri milites facile superabant, atque eo magis, quod, etc., and that the more because etc., id. ib. 3, 8 fin.:
dicendi artem apta trepidatione occultans atque eo validior,
Tac. H. 1, 69; 2, 37; id. A. 4, 22; 4, 46.—
II.
In comparisons.
A.
Of equality (Rudd. II. p. 94; Zumpt, § 340); with par, idem, item, aequus, similis, juxta, talis, totidem, etc., as: et nota, quod ex hujus modi structura Graeca (sc. homoios kai, etc.) frequenter Latini ac et atque in significatione similitudinis accipiunt, Prisc. pp. 1192 and 1193 P.; cf. Gell. 10, 29; Lidd. and Scott, s. v. kai, III.:
si parem sententiam hic habet ac formam,
Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 36: quom opulenti loquuntur pariter atque ignobiles, Enn. ap. Gell. 11, 4:
Ecastor pariter hoc atque alias res soles,
Plaut. Men. 5, 1, 52:
pariter nunc opera me adjuves ac re dudum opitulata es,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 3, 3:
neque enim mihi par ratio cum Lucilio est ac tecum fuit,
Cic. N. D. 3, 1, 3:
parique eum atque illos imperio esse jussit,
Nep. Dat. 3, 5:
magistrum equitum pari ac dictatorem imperio fugavit,
id. Hann. 5, 3:
pariter patribus ac plebi carus,
Liv. 2, 33: nam et vita est eadem et animus te erga idem ac fuit, Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 24:
In hanc argumentationes ex eisdem locis sumendae sunt atque in causam negotialem,
Cic. Inv. 2, 23, 70:
equi quod alii sunt ad rem militarem idonei, alii ad vecturam... non item sunt spectandi atque habendi,
Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 15; id. L. L. 10, § 74 Mull.:
cum ex provincia populi Romani aequam partem tu tibi sumpseris atque populo Romano miseris,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 19:
Modo ne in aequo (jure) hostes apud vos sint ac nos socii,
Liv. 39, 37 (exs. with aeque; v. aeque, d); Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 83 fin.:
et simili jure tu ulcisceris patrui mortem atque ille persequeretur fratris sui, si, etc.,
id. Rab. Perd. 5; id. Phil. 1, 4; id. Agr. 1, 4 fin.:
similem pavorem inde ac fugam fore, ac bello Gallico fuerit,
Liv. 6, 28; Col. 5, 7, 3:
contendant, se juxta hieme atque aestate bella gerere posse,
Liv. 5, 6; cf. Drak. ad Liv. 1, 54, 9:
faxo eum tali mactatum, atque hic est, infortunio,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 9, 39; Cic. Vatin. 4, 10:
cum totidem navibus atque erat profectus,
Nep. Milt. 7, 4.—
B.
Of difference; with alius and its derivv., with dissimile, contra, contrarius, secus, etc., than:
illi sunt alio ingenio atque tu,
other than, different from, Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 35 al.; v. the passages under alius, I. B. a:
aliter tuum amorem atque est accipis,
Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 23 al.; v. the passages under aliter, 1. a.; cf.
also aliorsum, II., and aliusmodi: quod est non dissimile atque ire in Solonium,
Cic. Att. 2, 3:
simulacrum in excelso collocare et, contra atque ante fuerat, ad orientem convertere,
id. Cat. 3, 8, 20:
vides, omnia fere contra ac dicta sint evenisse,
id. Div. 2, 24 fin.; id. Verr. 2, 1, 46:
qui versantur retro, contrario motu atque caelum,
id. Rep. 6, 17, 17:
membra paulo secus a me atque ab illo partita,
id. de Or. 3, 30, 119:
cujus ego salutem non secus ac meam tueri debeo,
id. Planc. 1 fin. al.; v. contra, contrarius, secus, etc.—
C.
Sometimes, in cases of equality or difference, atque with ut or ac with si (with aliter affirm. Cic. appears to connect only atque ut, not ac si;
once, however, non aliter, ac si,
Cic. Att. 13, 51;
v. aliter, 1. b.): pariter hoc fit atque ut alia facta sunt,
Plaut. Am. 4, 1, 11:
nec fallaciam Astutiorem ullus fecit poeta atque Ut haec est fabre facta a nobis,
id. Cas. 5, 1, 6 sqq.:
quod iste aliter atque ut edixerat decrevisset,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 46:
et qui suos casus aliter ferunt atque ut auctores aliis ipsi fuerunt, etc.,
id. Tusc. 3, 30, 73:
si mentionem fecerint, quo aliter ager possideretur atque ut ex legibus Juliis,
id. Att. 2, 18, 2; 16, 13, c; cf. Wopk. Lect. Tull. 1, 15, p. 118; Dig. 43, 13, 11:
Egnatii absentis rem ut tueare, aeque a te peto ac si mea negotia essent,
just as if, Cic. Fam. 13, 43:
tu autem similiter facis ac si me roges, etc.,
id. N. D. 3, 3, 8:
reliquis officiis, juxta ac si meus frater esset, sustentavit,
id. Post. Red. in Sen. 8, 20:
quod dandum est amicitiae, large dabitur a me non secus ac si meus esset frater,
id. Mur. 4 fin.:
haec sunt, tribuni, consilia vestra, non, hercule, dissimilia, ac si quis, etc.,
Liv. 5, 5 fin. al. —
D.
More rare with nimis, in partem, pro eo, etc.;
in Plaut. also with mutare or demutare = aliud esse: nimis bellus, atque ut esse maxume optabam, locus,
Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 73:
haud centensumam Partem dixi atque, otium rei si sit, possim expromere,
id. Mil. 3, 1, 168: sane quam pro eo ac debui graviter molesteque tuli, just as was my duty, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5:
debeo sperare, omnes deos, qui huic urbi praesident, pro eo mihi, ac mereor, relaturos gratiam esse,
Cic. Cat. 4, 2:
pro eo, ac si concessum sit, concludere oportebit argumentationem,
id. Inv. 1, 32, 54:
non possum ego non aut proxime atque ille aut etiam aeque laborare,
nearly the same as he, id. Fam. 9, 13, 2:
neque se luna quoquam mutat atque uti exorta est semel,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 118:
num quid videtur demutare atque ut quidem Dixi?
id. Mil. 4, 3, 37.—
E.
Sometimes the word indicating comparison (aeque, tantopere, etc.) is to be supplied from the connection (in the class. per. perh. used only once by Cassius in epist. style):
nebula haud est mollis atque hujus est,
Plaut. Cas. 4, 4, 21:
quem esse amicum ratus sum atque ipsus sum mihi,
id. Bacch. 3, 6, 20:
quae suco caret atque putris pumex,
Priap. 32, 7 (Mull., est putusque): digne ac mereor commendatus esse, Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 13; Dig. 2, 14, 4; 19, 2, 54.—
F.
Poet. or in post-Aug. prose with comparatives (for quam), than:
amicior mihi nullus vivit atque is est,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 2, 56:
non Apollinis magis verum atque hoc responsum est,
Ter. And. 4, 2, 15 Ruhnk.:
Illi non minus ac tibi Pectore uritur intimo Flamma,
Cat. 61, 172:
haud minus ac jussi faciunt,
Verg. A. 3, 561:
Non tuus hoc capiet venter plus ac meus,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 46 Bentl. and Heind. (cf. infra:
nihilo plus accipias quam Qui nil portarit): qui peccas minus atque ego,
id. ib. 2, 7, 96:
Artius atque hedera procera adstringitur ilex,
id. Epod. 15, 5; Suet. Caes. 14 Ruhnk. —
G.
In the comparison of two periods of time, most freq. with simul (v. examples under simul); ante- or post-class. with principio, statim:
principio Atque animus ephebis aetate exiit,
as soon as, Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 40:
judici enim, statim atque factus est, omnium rerum officium incumbit,
Dig. 21, 1, 25:
quamvis, statim atque intercessit, mulier competierat,
ib. 16, 1, 24.—
III.
To connect a negative clause which explains or corrects what precedes; hence sometimes with potius (class.; in Cic. very freq., but rare in the poets), and not, and not rather.
a.
Absol.:
Decipiam ac non veniam,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 4, 6:
si fidem habeat,... ac non id metuat, ne etc.,
id. Eun. 1, 2, 60:
perparvam vero controversiam dicis, ac non eam, quae dirimat omnia,
Cic. Leg. 1, 20, 54:
quasi nunc id agatur, quis ex tanta multitudine occiderit, ac non hoc quaeratur, eum, etc.,
id. Rosc. Am. 33:
si (mundum) tuum ac non deorum immortalium domicilium putes, nonne plane desipere videare?
id. N. D. 2, 6, 17:
nemo erat, qui illum reum ac non miliens condemnatum arbitraretur,
id. Att. 1, 16:
si hoc dissuadere est, ac non disturbare ac pervertere,
id. Agr. 2, 37, 101:
si res verba desideraret ac non pro se ipsa loqueretur,
id. Fam. 3, 2 fin.: hoc te exspectare tempus tibi turpe est ac non ei rei sapientia tua te occurrere, Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 6:
velut destituti ac non qui ipsi destituissent,
Liv. 8, 27; 7, 3 fin.:
si mihi mea sententia proferenda ac non disertissimorum,
Tac. Or. 1.—
b.
With potius:
Quam ob rem scriba deducet, ac non potius mulio, qui advexit?
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 79 (B. and K., et):
quis (eum) ita aspexit, ut perditum civem, ac non potius ut importunissimum hostem?
id. Cat. 2, 6, 12.— Pliny the elder commonly employs in this sense atque non, not ac non:
concremasse ea (scrinia) optuma fide atque non legisse,
Plin. 7, 25, 26, § 94; 22, 24, 50, § 108; 29, 2, 9, § 29; 27, 9, 55, § 78; 31, 7, 39, § 73 et saep. —
IV.
In connecting clauses and beginning periods.
1.
In gen., and, and so, and even, and too: Pamph. Antiquam adeo tuam venustatem obtines. Bacch. Ac tu ecastor morem antiquom atque ingenium obtines, And you too, Ter. Hec. 5, 4, 20:
atque illi (philosopho) ordiri placet etc.,
Cic. de Or. 3, 47, 183: Africanus indigens mei? Minime hercle. Ac ne ego quidem illius, And I indeed not, etc., id. Lael. 9, 30; id. Fin. 5, 11, 33:
cum versus facias, te ipsum percontor, etc.... Atque ego cum Graecos facerem, natus mare citra, Versiculos, etc.,
Hor. S. 1, 10, 31:
multa quippe et diversa angebant: validior per Germaniam exercitus, etc.... quos igitur anteferret? ac (i. e. similiter angebat), ne postpositi contumelia incenderentur,
Tac. A. 1, 47:
Minime, minime, inquit Secundus, atque adeo vellem maturius intervenisses,
Tac. Or. 14:
ac similiter in translatione, etc.,
Quint. 3, 6, 77.—
2.
In adducing new arguments of similar force in favor of any assertion or making further statements about a subject, etc.; cf. Beier ad Cic. Off. 3, 11, 487.
a.
Absol.:
maxima est enim vis vetustatis et consuetudinis: atque in ipso equo, cujus modo mentionem feci, si, etc.,
and furthermore, and moreover, Cic. Lael. 19, 68: Atque, si natura confirmatura jus non erit, virtutes omnes tollentur, id. Leg. 1, 15, 42 B. and K. —
b.
Often with etiam:
Atque alias etiam dicendi virtutes sequitur,
Cic. Or. 40, 139:
Atque hoc etiam animadvertendum non esse omnia etc.,
id. de Or. 2, 61, 251; so id. Off. 1, 26, 90; id. N. D. 2, 11, 30; Col. 2, 2, 3.—
c.
Sometimes with quoque:
Atque occidi quoque Potius quam cibum praehiberem,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 133; so Cic. N. D. 2, 12, 32; Col. 2, 13, 3, and Cels. 2, 3; 3, 22.—
d.
And even with quoque etiam: Atque ego [p. 191] quoque etiam, qui Jovis sum filius, Contagione etc., Plaut. Am. prol. 30.—
3.
In narration:
aegre submoventes obvios intrare portam, qui adducebant Philopoemenem, potuerunt: atque conferta turba iter reliquum clauserat,
Liv. 39, 49; 5, 21 fin.:
completur caede, quantum inter castra murosque vacui fuit: ac rursus nova laborum facies,
Tac. H. 3, 30; cf. Caes. B. C. 2, 28 fin. and 2, 29 init. —
4.
In introducing comparisons, atque ut, atque velut (mostly poet., esp. in epic poetry):
Atque ut perspicio, profecto etc.,
Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 53:
ac veluti magno in populo cum saepe coorta est Seditio.... Sic cunctus pelagi cecidit fragor, etc.,
Verg. A. 1, 148; so id. G. 4, 170; id. A. 2, 626; 4, 402; 4, 441; 6, 707; 9, 59; 10, 405; 10, 707; 10, 803; 11, 809; 12, 365; 12, 521; 12, 684; 12, 715;
12, 908: Inclinare meridiem Sentis ac, veluti stet volucris dies, Parcis deripere etc.,
Hor. C. 3, 28, 6; Val. Fl. 6, 664;
and so, Ac velut in nigro jactatis turbine nautis, etc.... Tale fuit nobis Manius auxilium,
Cat. 68, 63 (for which Sillig and Muller read:
Hic velut, etc.): Atque ut magnas utilitates adipiscimur, etc.,
Cic. Off. 2, 5, 16:
Atque ut hujus mores veros amicos parere non potuerunt, sic etc.,
id. Lael. 15, 54.—
5.
In connecting two acts or events.
a.
In the order of time, and then; hence the ancient grammarians assume in it the notion of quick succession, and explain it, though improperly, as syn. with statim, ilico, without any accompanying copulative, v. Gell. 10, 29; Non. p. 530, 1 sq. (only in the poets and histt.): Atque atque accedit muros Romana juventus (the repetition of the atque represents the approach step by step), Enn. ap. Gell. and Non. l. l. (Ann. v. 527 Mull.): Quo imus una;
ad prandium? Atque illi tacent,
And then they are silent, Plaut. Capt. 3, 1, 19:
Ubi cenamus? inquam, atque illi abnuunt,
and upon this they shake their head, id. ib. 3, 1, 21; id. Ep. 2, 2, 33:
dum circumspecto atque ego lembum conspicor,
id. Bacch. 2, 3, 45; so id. Merc. 2, 1, 32; 2, 1, 35; id. Most. 5, 1, 9:
lucernam forte oblitus fueram exstinguere: Atque ille exclamat derepente maximum,
and then he suddenly exclaims, id. ib. 2, 2, 57: cui fidus Achates It comes... atque illi Misenum in litore sicco Ut venere, vident, etc., and as they thus came, etc., Verg. A. 6, 162:
dixerat, atque illi sese deus obtulit ultro,
Stat. Th. 9, 481; 12, 360; Liv. 26, 39, 16; Tac. H. 3, 17:
tum Otho ingredi castra ausus: atque illum tribuni centurionesque circumsistunt,
id. ib. 1, 82. —Sometimes with two imperatives, in order to indicate vividly the necessity of a quicker succession, or the close connection between two actions:
cape hoc argentum atque defer,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 7, 3:
abi domum ac deos comprecare,
id. Ad. 4, 5, 65:
tace modo ac sequere hac,
id. ib. 2, 4, 16:
Accipe carmina atque hanc sine tempora circum hederam tibi serpere,
Verg. E. 8, 12; id. G. 1, 40; 3, 65; 4, 330:
Da auxilium, pater, atque haec omina firma,
id. A. 2, 691; 3, 89; 3, 250; 3, 639; 4, 424; 9, 90; 10, 624; 11, 370.—
b.
In the order of thought, and so, and thus, and therefore.
(α).
Absol.:
si nunc de tuo jure concessisses paululum, Atque adulescenti morigerasses,
and so, Ter. Ad. 2, 2, 10.—
(β).
With ita or sic:
Ventum deinde ad multo angustiorem rupem, atque ita rectis saxis, etc.,
Liv. 21, 36; Plin. 10, 58, 79, § 158:
ac sic prope innumerabiles species reperiuntur,
Quint. 12, 10, 67.—
c.
Connecting conclusion and condition, so, then (cf. at, II. F.):
non aliter quam qui adverso vix flumine lembum Remigiis subigit, si bracchia forte remisit, Atque illum praeceps prono rapit alveus amni,
Verg. G. 1, 203 (here explained by statim by Gell. 10, 29, and by Servius, but thus its connective force is wholly lost; cf. also Forbig ad h. l. for still another explanation).—
6.
(As supra, I. c.) To annex a thought of more importance:
Satisne videtur declarasse Dionysius nihil esse ei beatum, cui semper aliqui terror impendeat? atque ei ne integrum quidem erat, ut ad justitiam remigraret,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 21, 62; id. Tull. 4:
hoc enim spectant leges, hoc volunt, incolumem esse civium conjunctionem, quam qui dirimunt, eos morte... coercent. Atque hoc multo magis efficit ipsa naturae ratio,
id. Off. 3, 5, 23; id. Fam. 6, 1, 4: hac spe lapsus Induciomarus... exsules damnatosque tota Gallia magnis praemiis ad se allicere coepit;
ac tantam sibi jam iis rebus in Gallia auctoritatem comparaverat, ut, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 5, 55 fin.; Nep. Hann. 13, 2; Quint. 1, 10, 16.—Hence also in answers, in order to confirm a question or assertion:
Sed videone ego Pamphilippum cum fratre Epignomo? Atque is est,
And he it is, Yes, it is he, Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 4; so id. Truc. 1, 2, 24: Th. Mihin malum minitare? Ca. Atque edepol non minitabor, sed dabo, id. Curc. 4, 4, 15: Ch. Egon formidulosus? nemost hominum, qui vivat, minus. Th. Atque ita opust, Ter. Eun. 4, 6, 20.—
7.
In expressing a wish, atque utinam:
Veritus sum arbitros, atque utinam memet possim obliscier! Att., Trag. Rel. p. 160 Rib.: videmus enim fuisse quosdam, qui idem ornate ac graviter, idem versute et subtiliter dicerent. Atque utinam in Latinis talis oratoris simulacrum reperire possemus!
Cic. Or. 7, 22; so id. Rep. 3, 5, 8:
Atque utinam pro decore etc.,
Liv. 21, 41, 13:
Atque utinam ex vobis unus etc.,
Verg. E. 10, 35; id. A. 1, 575:
Atque utinam... Ille vir in medio fiat amore lapis!
Prop. 2, 9, 47; 3, 6, 15; 3, 7, 25; 3, 8, 19 al.—
8.
To connect an adversative clause, and often fully with tamen, and yet, notwithstanding, nevertheless.
a.
Absol.: Mihi quidem hercle non fit veri simile;
atque ipsis commentum placet,
Ter. And. 1, 3, 20 Ruhnk. (atque pro tamen, Don.):
ego quia non rediit filius, quae cogito!... Atque ex me hic natus non est, sed ex fratre,
id. Ad. 1, 1, 15 (Quasi dicat, ex me non est, et sic afficior: quid paterer si genuissem? Don.; cf. Acron. ap. Charis. p. 204 P.); Cic. Off. 3, 11, 48 Beier; id. Mur. 34, 71 Matth.:
ceterum ex aliis negotiis, quae ingenio exercentur, in primis magno usui est memoria rerum gestarum... Atque ego credo fore qui, etc.,
and yet I believe, Sall. J. 4, 1 and 3 Corte; id. C. 51, 35:
observare principis egressum in publicum, insidere vias examina infantium futurusque populus solebat. Labor parentibus erat ostentare parvulos... Ac plerique insitis precibus surdas principis aures obstrepebant,
Plin. Pan. 26.—
b.
With tamen:
nihil praeterea est magnopere dicendum. Ac tamen, ne cui loco non videatur esse responsum, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 85:
discipulos dissimilis inter se ac tamen laudandos,
id. de Or. 3, 10, 35; id. Rep. 1, 7, 12:
Atque in his tamen tribus generibus etc.,
id. Off. 3, 33, 118; id. Pis. 1, 3; 13, 30; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 16; 7, 15 fin. (cf. in reference to the last four passages Wund. Varr. Lectt. p. lviii. sq.):
ac tamen initia fastigii etc.,
Tac. A. 3, 29; 3, 56; 12, 56;
14, 21: pauciores cum pluribus certasse, ac tamen fusos Germanos,
id. H. 5, 16.—
9.
To connect a minor affirmative proposition (the assumptio or propositio minor of logical lang.) in syllogisms, now, but, but now (while atqui is used to connect either an affirmative or negative minor premiss: v. atqui): Scaptius quaternas postulabat. Metui, si impetrasset, ne tu ipse me amare desineres;
... Atque hoc tempore ipso impingit mihi epistulam etc.,
Cic. Att. 6, 1, 6.—Sometimes the conclusion is to be supplied:
nisi qui naturas hominum, penitus perspexerit, dicendo, quod volet, perficere non poterit. Atque totus hic locus philosophorum putatur proprius (conclusion: ergo oratorem philosophiam cognoscere oportet),
Cic. de Or. 1, 12, 53 and 54.—
10.
In introducing a purpose (freq. in Cic.).
a.
A negative purpose, and esp. in anticipating an objection:
Ac ne sine causa videretur edixisse,
Cic. Phil. 3, 9, 24:
Ac ne forte hoc magnum ac mirabile esse videatur,
id. de Or. 2, 46, 191; so id. Fam. 5, 12, 30:
Ac ne saepius dicendum sit,
Cels. 8, 1:
Ac ne forte roges, quo me duce, quo lare tuter,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 13:
Ac ne forte putes,
id. ib. 2, 1, 208:
Ac ne forte putes etc.,
Ov. R. Am. 465 (Merkel, Et).—
b.
A positive purpose:
Atque ut ejus diversa studia in dissimili ratione perspicere possitis, nemo etc.,
Cic. Cat. 2, 5, 9:
Atque ut omnes intellegant me etc.... dico etc.,
id. Imp. Pomp. 8, 20; 2, 4; id. Clu. 14, 43; id. Sull. 2, 5; id. de Or. 3, 11, 40:
Atque ut C. Flaminium relinquam etc.,
id. Leg. 3, 9, 20; id. Fin. 3, 2, 4.—
11.
a.. In continuing a thought in assertions or narration, and, now, and now, Plaut. Aul. prol. 18: audistis, cum pro se diceret, genus orationis, etc.,... perspexistis. Atque in eo non solum ingenium ejus videbatis, etc., Cic. Cael. 19, 45; so id. de Or. 3, 32, 130; 2, 7, 27; 3, 10, 39 al.; Caes. B. G. 2, 29; Nep. Ages. 7, 3; 8, 1, Eum. 10, 3 Bremi; Tac. A. 14, 64; 15, 3; Verg. A. 9, 1; Sil. 4, 1 al.: ac si, sublato illo, depelli a vobis omne periculum judicarem, now if I, etc., Cic. Cat. 2, 2, 3:
atque si etiam hoc natura praescribit, etc.,
id. Off. 3, 6, 27; so Quint. 10, 1, 26; 10, 2, 8.—
b.
In introducing parentheses:
vulgo credere, Penino (atque inde nomen et jugo Alpium inditum) transgressum,
Liv. 21, 38:
omne adfectus genus (atque ea maxime jucundam et ornatam faciunt orationem) de luxuria, etc.,
Quint. 4, 3, 15 MSS., where Halm after Spalding reads et quae. —
c.
At the conclusion of a discourse (not infreq. in Cic.): Atque in primis duabus dicendi partibus qualis esset, summatim breviterque descripsimus, And thus have we, then, briefly described, etc., Cic. Or. 15, 50:
Ac de primo quidem officii fonte diximus,
id. Off. 1, 6, 19:
Ac de inferenda quidem injuria satis dictum est,
id. ib. 1, 8, 27; id. Inv. 2, 39, 115 al.—
V.
In particular connections and phrases.
A.
Unus atque alter, one and the other; alius atque alius, one and another; now this, now that:
unae atque alterae scalae,
Sall. J. 60, 7:
quarum (coclearum) cum unam atque alteram, dein plures peteret,
id. ib. 93, 2:
unum atque alterum lacum integer perfluit,
Tac. H. 5, 6:
dilatisque alia atque alia de causa comitiis,
Liv. 8, 23, 17; Col. 9, 8, 10:
alius atque alius,
Tac. H. 1, 46; 1, 50 (v. alius, II. D.).—Also separated by several words:
aliud ejus subinde atque aliud facientes initium,
Sen. Ep. 32, 2.—
B.
Etiam atque etiam. again and again:
temo Stellas cogens etiam atque etiam Noctis sublime iter, Enn., Trag. Rel. p. 39 Rib.: etiam atque etiam cogita,
Ter. Eun. 1, 1, 11:
etiam atque etiam considera,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 14, 46:
monitos eos etiam atque etiam volo,
id. Cat. 2, 12, 27.—So, semel atque iterum, Cic. Font. 26; id. Clu. 49; Tac. Or. 17; and:
iterum atque iterum,
Verg. A. 8, 527; Hor. S. 1, 10, 39.—
C.
Huc atque illuc, hither and thither, Cic. Q. Rosc. 37; id. de Or. 1, 40, 184; Verg. A. 9, 57; Ov. M. 2, 357; 10, 376; Tac. Agr. 10; id. H. 1, 85.—
D.
Longe atque late, far and wide, Cic. Marcell. 29:
atque eccum or atque eccum video, in colloquial lang.: Heus vocate huc Davom. Atque eccum,
but here he is, Ter. And. 3, 3, 48:
Audire vocem visa sum modo militis. Atque eccum,
and here he is, id. Eun. 3, 2, 2; so id. Hec. 4, 1, 8.—
E.
Atque omnia, in making an assertion general, and so generally:
Atque in eis omnibus, quae sunt actionis, inest quaedam vis a natura data,
Cic. de Or. 3, 59, 223:
quorum (verborum) descriptus ordo alias alia terminatione concluditur, atque omnia illa et prima et media verba spectare debent ad ultimum,
id. Or. 59, 200; id. de Or. 2, 64, 257: commoda civium non divellere, atque omnes aequitate eadem continere, and so rather, etc., id. Off. 2, 23, 83:
nihil acerbum esse, nihil crudele, atque omnia plena clementiae, humanitatis,
id. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8:
Atque omnis vitae ratio sic constat, ut, quae probamus in aliis, facere ipsi velimus,
Quint. 10, 2, 2.—
F.
With other conjunctions.
1.
After et:
equidem putabam virtutem hominibus instituendo et persuadendo, non minis et vi ac metu tradi,
Cic. de Or. 1, 58, 247:
Magnifica vero vox et magno viro ac sapiente digna,
id. Off. 3, 1, 1; id. Cael. 13:
vanus aspectus et auri fulgor atque argenti,
Tac. Agr. 32.:
denuntiarent, ut ab Saguntinis abstineret et Carthaginem in Africam traicerent ac sociorum querimonias deferrent,
Liv. 21, 6, 4:
ubi et fratrem consilii ac periculi socium haberem,
id. 21, 41, 2:
et uti liter demum ac Latine perspicueque,
Quint. 8, 3, 3:
Nam et subtili plenius aliquid atque subtilius et vehementi remissius atque vehementius invenitur,
id. 12, 10, 67. —
2.
After que, as in Gr. te kai: litterisque ac laudibus aeternare, Varr. ap. Non. p. 75, 20:
submoverique atque in castra redigi,
Liv. 26, 10:
terrorem caedemque ac fugam fecere,
id. 21, 52:
mus Sub terris posuitque domos atque horrea fecit,
Verg. G. 1, 182; 3, 434; id. A. 8, 486.—
3.
Before et:
caelum ipsum ac mare et silvas circum spectantes,
Tac. Agr. 32.—
4.
After neque (only in the poets and post - Aug. prose):
nec clavis nec canis atque calix,
Mart. 1, 32, 4: naturam Oceani atque aestus [p. 192] neque quaerere hujus operis est, ac multi retulere, Tac. Agr. 10:
mediocritatem pristinam neque dissimulavit umquam ac frequenter etiam prae se tulit,
Suet. Vesp. 12.—
G.
Atque repeated, esp. in arch. Lat.: Scio solere plerisque hominibus in rebus secundis atque prolixis atque prosperis animum excellere atque superbiam atque ferociam augescere atque crescere, Cato ap. Gell. 7, 3: Dicere possum quibus villae atque aedes aedificatae atque expolitae maximo opere citro atque ebore atque pavimentis Poenicis stent, Cato ap. Fest. p. 242 Mull.:
atque ut C. Flamininum atque ea, quae jam prisca videntur, propter vetustatem relinquam,
Cic. Leg. 3, 9, 20:
omnem dignitatem tuam in virtute atque in rebus gestis atque in tua gravitate positam existimare,
id. Fam. 1, 5, 8.—Esp. freq. in enumerations in the poets:
Haec atque illa dies atque alia atque alia,
Cat. 68, 152:
Mavortia tellus Atque Getae atque Hebrus,
Verg. G. 4, 463:
Clioque et Beroe atque Ephyre Atque Opis et Asia,
id. ib. 4, 343.—And sometimes forming a double connective, both— and = et—et:
Multus ut in terras deplueretque lapis: Atque tubas atque arma ferunt crepitantia caelo Audita,
Tib. 2, 5, 73:
complexa sui corpus miserabile nati Atque deos atque astra vocat crudelia mater,
Verg. E. 5, 23; Sil. 1, 93; v. Forbig ad Verg. l. l.

► Atque regularly stands at the beginning of its sentence or clause or before the word it connects, but in poetry it sometimes, like et and at, stands:
a.
In the second place:
Jamque novum terrae stupeant lucescere solem, Altius atque cadant imbres,
Verg. E. 6, 38 Rib., ubi v. Forbig.:
Accipite ergo animis atque haec mea figite dicta,
id. A. 3, 250, and 10, 104 (animis may, however, here be taken with Accipite, as in id. ib. 5, 304):
Esto beata, funus atque imagines Ducant triumphales tuum,
Hor. Epod. 8, 11; id. S. 1, 5, 4; 1, 6, 111; 1, 7, 12 (ubi v. Fritzsche).—
b.
In the third place:
quod pubes hedera virente Gaudeant pulla magis atque myrto,
Hor. C. 1, 25, 18; cf. at fin. (Vid. more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 452-513.)

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > ac
8 adque

atque or āc (atque is used before vowels and consonants, ac, in class. lang., only before consonants; v. infra, I.), conj. [at has regularly in the compound atque a continuative, as in atqui it has an adversative force; pr. and further, and besides, and also; cf. in Gr. pros de, pros de eti, eti kai, eti de, and te kai; v. at init., and for the change of form atque, ac, cf. neque, nec; in MSS. and inscriptions sometimes written adque, and sometimes by confusion atqui ], a copulative particle, and also, and besides, and even, and (indicating a close internal connection between single words or whole clauses; while et designates an external connection of diff. objects with each other, v. et; syn.: et, -que, autem, praeterea, porro, ad hoc, ad haec).
I.
In joining single words, which is its most common use.
A.
In gen. (The following representation is based on a collection of all the instances of the use of atque and ac in Cic. Imp. Pomp., Phil. 2, Tusc. 1, and Off. 1; in Caes. B. G. 1 and 2; in Sall. C.; and in Liv. 21; and wherever in the account either author or work is not cited, there atque or ac does not occur.)
1.
The form atque.
a.
Before vowels and h. —Before a (very freq.):
sociorum atque amicorum,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 2, 6; 3, 7; id. Phil. 2, 13, 33; id. Tusc. 1, 34, 122; Caes. B. G. 1, 2; 1, 18; 1, 26; 2, 14; Sall. C. 5, 8; 7, 5; Liv. 21, 3; 21, 12.—Before e (very freq.):
deposci atque expeti,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 2, 5; 6, 16; 10, 28; id. Phil, 2, 21, 51; 2, 21, 52; id. Tusc. 1, 20, 46; Caes. B. G. 1, 6; 1, 15; 1, 18; 2, 19; Sall. C. 14, 6; 49, 4; Liv. 21, 4; 21, 37.—Before i (very freq.):
excitare atque inflammare,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 2, 6; 3, 7; 7, 18; id. Phil. 2, 15, 37; 2, 21, 50; id. Tusc. 1, 20, 46; 1, 40, 97; Caes. B. G. 1, 17; 1, 20; 1, 22; 2, 1 bis; Sall. C. 2, 3; 3, 5; 14, 4; Liv. 21, 4; 21, 6; 21, 10.—Before o (freq. in Cic.):
honestissimus atque ornatissimus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 17; 8, 21; 11, 31; id. Off. 1, 25, 86; 1, 27, 94; Caes. B. G. 1, 40; 2, 14; Sall. C. 10, 6; Liv. 21, 8.—Before u (very rare), Cic. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7; 5, 11; 6, 15; Caes. B. G. 1, 26; 2, 20; Sall. C. 31, 6; 42, 1.—Before h (not infreq.):
Sertorianae atque Hispaniensis,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; 7, 19; id. Tusc. 1, 28, 69; id. Off. 1, 24, 87; Caes. B. G. 1, 19; 2, 9; 2, 10; Sall. C. 6, 1; 12, 2; Liv. 21, 37.—
b.
Before consonants.—Before b (very rare):
Gallorum atque Belgarum,
Caes. B. G. 1, 6; so,
Cassius atque Brutus,
Tac. A. 3, 76.—Before c (infreq. in Cic., freq. in Sall.):
in portubus atque custodiis,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 6, 16; 8, 21; id. Phil. 2, 8, 18; id. Tusc. 1, 18, 42; id. Off. 1, 25, 88; Sall. C. 2, 3; 7, 4; 16, 3; 26, 4; 29, 3.—Before d (infreq.):
superatam esse atque depressam,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 8, 21; id. Phil. 2, 44, 114: id. Off. 1, 6, 19; 1, 25, 85; 1, 33, 119; Sall. C. 4, 1; 20, 7; 20, 10.—Before f (infreq.):
vitiis atque flagitiis,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 30, 72; id. Off. 1, 28, 98; 1, 28, 100; Caes. B. G. 1, 2; Sall. C. 1, 4; 2, 9; 11, 2.— Before g (very rare):
dignitate atque gloria,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 11; 5, 12:
virtute atque gloria,
Sall. C. 3, 2; 61, 9.—Before j (very rare):
labore atque justitia,
Sall. C. 10, 1; 29, 3.—Before l (rare):
hilari atque laeto,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 100; id. Off. 1, 19, 64; Sall. C. 14, 3; 21, 2; 28, 4.—Before m (infreq. in Cic., once in Caes.):
multae atque magnae,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 9, 23; 17, 50; id. Phil. 2, 39, 100; id. Off. 1, 29, 103; 1, 31, 110; Caes. B. G. 1, 34; Sall. C. 18, 4; 31, 7; 34, 1; 51, 1.—Before n (infreq.):
adventu atque nomine,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 5, 13; 20, 60; id. Off. 1, 28, 101; Sall. C. 2, 2 bis. —Before p (infreq. in Cic.):
magna atque praeclara,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; 11, 31; 16, 48; id. Off. 1, 44, 156; Sall. C. 4, 1; 4, 4; 16, 2; 20, 3.—Before q (does not occur).—Before r (rare):
se conlegit atque recreavit,
Cic. Phil. 2, 24, 58.— Before s (rare in Cic.):
provinciarum atque sociorum,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 24, 71; id. Off. 1, 9, 30; 1, 21, 72; Sall. C. 2, 5; 2, 7; 6, 1.— Before t (infreq.):
parietum atque tectorum,
Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 69; id. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; id. Off. 1, 35, 126; Sall. C. 42, 2; 50, 3; 51, 38.—Before v (infreq.):
gravis atque vehemens,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 9, 23; 9, 25; id. Tusc. 1, 23, 54; Sall. C. 1, 1; 12, 3; 45, 4; Liv. 21, 4; 21, 30.—
2.
The form ac before consonants.—Before b (very rare):
sentientes ac bene meritos,
Cic. Off. 1, 41, 149:
feri ac barbari,
Caes. B. G. 1, 31 and 33.—Before c (very rare):
liberis ac conjugibus,
Liv. 21, 30:
Romae ac circa urbem,
id. 21, 62.—Before d (freq. in Cic.):
periculum ac discrimen,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12; 9, 23; 12, 33; id. Tusc. 1, 17, 40; 1, 28, 69; id. Off. 1, 14, 42:
usus ac disciplina,
Caes. B. G. 1, 40; 2, 31; Sall. C. 5, 4; 5, 8; 28, 1; Liv. 21, 10; 21, 18; 21, 19.—Before f (infreq.):
opima est ac fertilis,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14; 7, 19; id. Tusc. 1, 1, 2; 1, 27, 66; id. Off. 1, 29, 103:
potentissimos ac firmissimos,
Caes. B. G. 1, 3; 1, 48; 2, 12;
2, 13: pessuma ac flagitiosissima,
Sall. C. 5, 9; Liv. 21, 17; 21, 20.—Before g (does not occur).—Before j (very rare):
nobilitatis ac juventutis,
Cic. Phil. 2, 15, 37.—Before l (not infreq. in Liv.), Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 9; 23, 66; id. Phil. 2, 22, 54; Caes. B. G. 1, 12; 1, 23; 2, 23; Liv. 21, 13; 21, 14; 21, 35.—Before m (not infreq. in Cic.):
terrore ac metu,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 9, 23; 18, 54 bis; 20, 59; id. Tusc. 1, 40, 95; id. Off. 1, 30, 106; Caes. B. G. 1, 39; 2, 14; Sall. C. 2, 4; 10, 1; Liv. 21, 8; 21, 60.—Before n (not infreq. in Cic.):
insedit ac nimis inveteravit,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7:
gentes ac nationes,
id. ib. 11, 31; 12, 35 bis; id. Phil. 2, 21, 50; id. Tusc. 1, 21, 48; Caes. B. G. 1, 20; 2, 28; Liv. 21, 32.—Before p (not infreq. in Cic., Caes., and Liv.):
celeberrimum ac plenissimum,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; 12, 35; 13, 36; id. Phil. 2, 15, 39; id. Tusc. 1, 17, 41; id. Off. 1, 20, 68; Caes. B. G. 1, 18; 1, 20; 2, 13; 2, 19; Sall. C. 5, 9; Liv. 21, 25; 21, 34; 21, 35.—Before q (does not occur).—Before r (infreq.):
firmamenti ac roboris,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; 8, 21; 15, 45; id. Off. 1, 5, 15; Caes. B. G. 1, 25; Liv. 21, 41; 21, 44.—Before s (freq. in Cic. and Liv., infreq. in Caes.):
vectigalibus ac sociis,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 2, 4; 4, 10; 11, 30; id. Phil. 2, 27, 66; Caes. B. G. 1, 25; 1, 31; 1, 33; 2, 24; Liv. 21, 4; 21, 33 bis; 21, 36.—Before t (infreq. in Cic., freq. in Liv.):
tantis rebus ac tanto bello,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27 bis; 19, 56; 20, 59; Caes. B. G. 1, 26; 1, 39; 2, 6; Liv. 21, 7 ter; 21, 10; 21, 14; 21, 25.—Before v (not in Cic., only once in Caes. and Sall., but freq. in Liv.):
armatos ac victores,
Caes. B. G. 1, 40:
inconsulte ac veluti etc.,
Sall. C. 42, 2:
opera ac vineae,
Liv. 21, 7; 21, 22; 21, 40; 21, 43. —(So in the phrases treated below: atque adeo, atque alter or alius, atque eccum, atque eo, atque etiam, atque illuc, atque is or hic, atque iterum, atque omnia, atque ut, atque late, atque sic, atque velut, but ac ne, ac si, and ac tamen).—With simul:
Britannorum acies in speciem simul ac terrorem editioribus locis constiterat,
Tac. Agr. 35:
in se simul atque in Herculem,
id. G. 34:
suos prosequitur simul ac deponit,
id. ib. 30; so,
sociis pariter atque hostibus,
id. H. 4, 73:
innocentes ac noxios juxta cadere,
id. A. 1, 48.—Hence, sometimes syn. with et—et, ut—ita, aeque ac; both—and, as—so, as well—as, as well as: hodie sero ac nequiquam [p. 190] voles, Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 103 (cf. Cic. Quinct. 25, 79:
verum et sero et nequidquam pudet): copia sententiarum atque verborum,
Cic. Cael. 19, 45:
omnia honesta atque inhonesta,
Sall. C. 30, 4:
nobiles atque ignobiles,
id. ib. 20, 7:
caloris ac frigoris patientia par,
Liv. 21, 4; 6, 41; Vell. 2, 127:
vir bonus et prudens dici delector ego ac tu,
Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 32.—
B.
Esp.
a.
In a hendiadys:
utinam isto animo atque virtute in summa re publica versari quam in municipali maluisset,
with this virtuous feeling, Cic. Leg. 3, 16, 36:
de conplexu ejus ac sinu,
of his bosom embrace, id. Cat. 2, 10, 22:
me eadem, quae ceteros, fama atque invidia vexabat, i. e. invidiosa fama,
Sall. C. 3 fin.:
clamore atque adsensu,
shout of applause, Liv. 21, 3.—
b.
In joining to the idea of a preceding word one more important, and indeed, and even, and especially (v. Kritz ad Sall. J. 4, 3).
(α).
Absol.: Pa. Nempe tu istic ais esse erilem concubinam? Sc. Atque arguo me etc., yea and I maintain that I etc., Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 66: Ph. Tun vidisti? Sc. Atque his quidem oculis, id. ib. 2, 4, 15: Ps. Ecquid habet is homo aceti in pectore? Ch. Atque acidissimi, id. Ps. 2, 4, 49; so id. Bacch. 3, 6, 9; id. Men. 1, 2, 40: Py. Cognoscitne (ea)? Ch. Ac memoriter, Ter. Eun. 5, 3, 6:
Faciam boni tibi aliquid pro ista re ac lubens,
and with a good will, id. Heaut. 4, 5, 15:
rem difficilem (dii immortales) atque omnium difficillimam,
and indeed, Cic. Or. 16, 52:
magna diis immortalibus habenda est gratia atque huic ipsi Jovi Statori, etc.,
and especially, id. Cat. 1, 5, 11:
hebeti ingenio atque nullo,
and in fact, id. Tusc. 5, 15, 45:
ex plurimis periculis et insidiis atque ex media morte,
and even, id. Cat. 4, 9:
fratre meo atque eodem propinquo suo interfecto,
and at the same time, Sall. J. 14, 11:
intra moenia atque in sinu urbis,
id. C. 52, 35.—
(β).
With adeo, and that too, and even:
intra moenia atque adeo in senatu,
Cic. Cat. 1, 2, 5:
qui in urbe remanserunt atque adeo qui contra urbis salutem etc.,
id. ib. 2, 12, 27:
insto atque urgeo, insector, posco atque adeo flagito crimen,
id. Planc. 19 fin.:
non petentem atque adeo etiam absentem,
Liv. 10, 5.—And with autem also added:
atque adeo autem quor etc.,
Ter. Eun. 5, 4, 42.—
(γ).
With etiam:
id jam populare atque etiam plausibile factum est,
and also, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 3, 8:
ne Verginio commeatum dent atque etiam in custodia habeant,
Liv. 3, 46.—
(δ).
With the dem. pron. hic, is:
negotium magnum est navigare atque id mense Quintili,
and besides, and that, and that too, Cic. Att. 5, 12; 1, 14:
maximis defixis trabibus atque eis praeacutis,
Caes. B. C. 1, 27:
Asseres pedum XII. cuspidibus praefixis atque hi maximis ballistis missi,
id. ib. 2, 2:
duabus missis subsidio cohortibus a Caesare, atque his primis legionum duarum,
id. B. G. 5, 15; id. B. C. 3, 70:
flumen uno omnino loco pedibus atque hoc aegre transiri potest,
id. B. G. 5, 18:
ad celeritatem onerandi subductionesque paulo facit humiliores... atque id eo magis, quod, etc.,
id. ib. 5, 1; cf. without id (perh. to avoid the repetition of the pron.): qua (sc. virtute) nostri milites facile superabant, atque eo magis, quod, etc., and that the more because etc., id. ib. 3, 8 fin.:
dicendi artem apta trepidatione occultans atque eo validior,
Tac. H. 1, 69; 2, 37; id. A. 4, 22; 4, 46.—
II.
In comparisons.
A.
Of equality (Rudd. II. p. 94; Zumpt, § 340); with par, idem, item, aequus, similis, juxta, talis, totidem, etc., as: et nota, quod ex hujus modi structura Graeca (sc. homoios kai, etc.) frequenter Latini ac et atque in significatione similitudinis accipiunt, Prisc. pp. 1192 and 1193 P.; cf. Gell. 10, 29; Lidd. and Scott, s. v. kai, III.:
si parem sententiam hic habet ac formam,
Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 36: quom opulenti loquuntur pariter atque ignobiles, Enn. ap. Gell. 11, 4:
Ecastor pariter hoc atque alias res soles,
Plaut. Men. 5, 1, 52:
pariter nunc opera me adjuves ac re dudum opitulata es,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 3, 3:
neque enim mihi par ratio cum Lucilio est ac tecum fuit,
Cic. N. D. 3, 1, 3:
parique eum atque illos imperio esse jussit,
Nep. Dat. 3, 5:
magistrum equitum pari ac dictatorem imperio fugavit,
id. Hann. 5, 3:
pariter patribus ac plebi carus,
Liv. 2, 33: nam et vita est eadem et animus te erga idem ac fuit, Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 24:
In hanc argumentationes ex eisdem locis sumendae sunt atque in causam negotialem,
Cic. Inv. 2, 23, 70:
equi quod alii sunt ad rem militarem idonei, alii ad vecturam... non item sunt spectandi atque habendi,
Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 15; id. L. L. 10, § 74 Mull.:
cum ex provincia populi Romani aequam partem tu tibi sumpseris atque populo Romano miseris,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 19:
Modo ne in aequo (jure) hostes apud vos sint ac nos socii,
Liv. 39, 37 (exs. with aeque; v. aeque, d); Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 83 fin.:
et simili jure tu ulcisceris patrui mortem atque ille persequeretur fratris sui, si, etc.,
id. Rab. Perd. 5; id. Phil. 1, 4; id. Agr. 1, 4 fin.:
similem pavorem inde ac fugam fore, ac bello Gallico fuerit,
Liv. 6, 28; Col. 5, 7, 3:
contendant, se juxta hieme atque aestate bella gerere posse,
Liv. 5, 6; cf. Drak. ad Liv. 1, 54, 9:
faxo eum tali mactatum, atque hic est, infortunio,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 9, 39; Cic. Vatin. 4, 10:
cum totidem navibus atque erat profectus,
Nep. Milt. 7, 4.—
B.
Of difference; with alius and its derivv., with dissimile, contra, contrarius, secus, etc., than:
illi sunt alio ingenio atque tu,
other than, different from, Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 35 al.; v. the passages under alius, I. B. a:
aliter tuum amorem atque est accipis,
Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 23 al.; v. the passages under aliter, 1. a.; cf.
also aliorsum, II., and aliusmodi: quod est non dissimile atque ire in Solonium,
Cic. Att. 2, 3:
simulacrum in excelso collocare et, contra atque ante fuerat, ad orientem convertere,
id. Cat. 3, 8, 20:
vides, omnia fere contra ac dicta sint evenisse,
id. Div. 2, 24 fin.; id. Verr. 2, 1, 46:
qui versantur retro, contrario motu atque caelum,
id. Rep. 6, 17, 17:
membra paulo secus a me atque ab illo partita,
id. de Or. 3, 30, 119:
cujus ego salutem non secus ac meam tueri debeo,
id. Planc. 1 fin. al.; v. contra, contrarius, secus, etc.—
C.
Sometimes, in cases of equality or difference, atque with ut or ac with si (with aliter affirm. Cic. appears to connect only atque ut, not ac si;
once, however, non aliter, ac si,
Cic. Att. 13, 51;
v. aliter, 1. b.): pariter hoc fit atque ut alia facta sunt,
Plaut. Am. 4, 1, 11:
nec fallaciam Astutiorem ullus fecit poeta atque Ut haec est fabre facta a nobis,
id. Cas. 5, 1, 6 sqq.:
quod iste aliter atque ut edixerat decrevisset,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 46:
et qui suos casus aliter ferunt atque ut auctores aliis ipsi fuerunt, etc.,
id. Tusc. 3, 30, 73:
si mentionem fecerint, quo aliter ager possideretur atque ut ex legibus Juliis,
id. Att. 2, 18, 2; 16, 13, c; cf. Wopk. Lect. Tull. 1, 15, p. 118; Dig. 43, 13, 11:
Egnatii absentis rem ut tueare, aeque a te peto ac si mea negotia essent,
just as if, Cic. Fam. 13, 43:
tu autem similiter facis ac si me roges, etc.,
id. N. D. 3, 3, 8:
reliquis officiis, juxta ac si meus frater esset, sustentavit,
id. Post. Red. in Sen. 8, 20:
quod dandum est amicitiae, large dabitur a me non secus ac si meus esset frater,
id. Mur. 4 fin.:
haec sunt, tribuni, consilia vestra, non, hercule, dissimilia, ac si quis, etc.,
Liv. 5, 5 fin. al. —
D.
More rare with nimis, in partem, pro eo, etc.;
in Plaut. also with mutare or demutare = aliud esse: nimis bellus, atque ut esse maxume optabam, locus,
Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 73:
haud centensumam Partem dixi atque, otium rei si sit, possim expromere,
id. Mil. 3, 1, 168: sane quam pro eo ac debui graviter molesteque tuli, just as was my duty, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5:
debeo sperare, omnes deos, qui huic urbi praesident, pro eo mihi, ac mereor, relaturos gratiam esse,
Cic. Cat. 4, 2:
pro eo, ac si concessum sit, concludere oportebit argumentationem,
id. Inv. 1, 32, 54:
non possum ego non aut proxime atque ille aut etiam aeque laborare,
nearly the same as he, id. Fam. 9, 13, 2:
neque se luna quoquam mutat atque uti exorta est semel,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 118:
num quid videtur demutare atque ut quidem Dixi?
id. Mil. 4, 3, 37.—
E.
Sometimes the word indicating comparison (aeque, tantopere, etc.) is to be supplied from the connection (in the class. per. perh. used only once by Cassius in epist. style):
nebula haud est mollis atque hujus est,
Plaut. Cas. 4, 4, 21:
quem esse amicum ratus sum atque ipsus sum mihi,
id. Bacch. 3, 6, 20:
quae suco caret atque putris pumex,
Priap. 32, 7 (Mull., est putusque): digne ac mereor commendatus esse, Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 13; Dig. 2, 14, 4; 19, 2, 54.—
F.
Poet. or in post-Aug. prose with comparatives (for quam), than:
amicior mihi nullus vivit atque is est,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 2, 56:
non Apollinis magis verum atque hoc responsum est,
Ter. And. 4, 2, 15 Ruhnk.:
Illi non minus ac tibi Pectore uritur intimo Flamma,
Cat. 61, 172:
haud minus ac jussi faciunt,
Verg. A. 3, 561:
Non tuus hoc capiet venter plus ac meus,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 46 Bentl. and Heind. (cf. infra:
nihilo plus accipias quam Qui nil portarit): qui peccas minus atque ego,
id. ib. 2, 7, 96:
Artius atque hedera procera adstringitur ilex,
id. Epod. 15, 5; Suet. Caes. 14 Ruhnk. —
G.
In the comparison of two periods of time, most freq. with simul (v. examples under simul); ante- or post-class. with principio, statim:
principio Atque animus ephebis aetate exiit,
as soon as, Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 40:
judici enim, statim atque factus est, omnium rerum officium incumbit,
Dig. 21, 1, 25:
quamvis, statim atque intercessit, mulier competierat,
ib. 16, 1, 24.—
III.
To connect a negative clause which explains or corrects what precedes; hence sometimes with potius (class.; in Cic. very freq., but rare in the poets), and not, and not rather.
a.
Absol.:
Decipiam ac non veniam,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 4, 6:
si fidem habeat,... ac non id metuat, ne etc.,
id. Eun. 1, 2, 60:
perparvam vero controversiam dicis, ac non eam, quae dirimat omnia,
Cic. Leg. 1, 20, 54:
quasi nunc id agatur, quis ex tanta multitudine occiderit, ac non hoc quaeratur, eum, etc.,
id. Rosc. Am. 33:
si (mundum) tuum ac non deorum immortalium domicilium putes, nonne plane desipere videare?
id. N. D. 2, 6, 17:
nemo erat, qui illum reum ac non miliens condemnatum arbitraretur,
id. Att. 1, 16:
si hoc dissuadere est, ac non disturbare ac pervertere,
id. Agr. 2, 37, 101:
si res verba desideraret ac non pro se ipsa loqueretur,
id. Fam. 3, 2 fin.: hoc te exspectare tempus tibi turpe est ac non ei rei sapientia tua te occurrere, Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 6:
velut destituti ac non qui ipsi destituissent,
Liv. 8, 27; 7, 3 fin.:
si mihi mea sententia proferenda ac non disertissimorum,
Tac. Or. 1.—
b.
With potius:
Quam ob rem scriba deducet, ac non potius mulio, qui advexit?
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 79 (B. and K., et):
quis (eum) ita aspexit, ut perditum civem, ac non potius ut importunissimum hostem?
id. Cat. 2, 6, 12.— Pliny the elder commonly employs in this sense atque non, not ac non:
concremasse ea (scrinia) optuma fide atque non legisse,
Plin. 7, 25, 26, § 94; 22, 24, 50, § 108; 29, 2, 9, § 29; 27, 9, 55, § 78; 31, 7, 39, § 73 et saep. —
IV.
In connecting clauses and beginning periods.
1.
In gen., and, and so, and even, and too: Pamph. Antiquam adeo tuam venustatem obtines. Bacch. Ac tu ecastor morem antiquom atque ingenium obtines, And you too, Ter. Hec. 5, 4, 20:
atque illi (philosopho) ordiri placet etc.,
Cic. de Or. 3, 47, 183: Africanus indigens mei? Minime hercle. Ac ne ego quidem illius, And I indeed not, etc., id. Lael. 9, 30; id. Fin. 5, 11, 33:
cum versus facias, te ipsum percontor, etc.... Atque ego cum Graecos facerem, natus mare citra, Versiculos, etc.,
Hor. S. 1, 10, 31:
multa quippe et diversa angebant: validior per Germaniam exercitus, etc.... quos igitur anteferret? ac (i. e. similiter angebat), ne postpositi contumelia incenderentur,
Tac. A. 1, 47:
Minime, minime, inquit Secundus, atque adeo vellem maturius intervenisses,
Tac. Or. 14:
ac similiter in translatione, etc.,
Quint. 3, 6, 77.—
2.
In adducing new arguments of similar force in favor of any assertion or making further statements about a subject, etc.; cf. Beier ad Cic. Off. 3, 11, 487.
a.
Absol.:
maxima est enim vis vetustatis et consuetudinis: atque in ipso equo, cujus modo mentionem feci, si, etc.,
and furthermore, and moreover, Cic. Lael. 19, 68: Atque, si natura confirmatura jus non erit, virtutes omnes tollentur, id. Leg. 1, 15, 42 B. and K. —
b.
Often with etiam:
Atque alias etiam dicendi virtutes sequitur,
Cic. Or. 40, 139:
Atque hoc etiam animadvertendum non esse omnia etc.,
id. de Or. 2, 61, 251; so id. Off. 1, 26, 90; id. N. D. 2, 11, 30; Col. 2, 2, 3.—
c.
Sometimes with quoque:
Atque occidi quoque Potius quam cibum praehiberem,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 133; so Cic. N. D. 2, 12, 32; Col. 2, 13, 3, and Cels. 2, 3; 3, 22.—
d.
And even with quoque etiam: Atque ego [p. 191] quoque etiam, qui Jovis sum filius, Contagione etc., Plaut. Am. prol. 30.—
3.
In narration:
aegre submoventes obvios intrare portam, qui adducebant Philopoemenem, potuerunt: atque conferta turba iter reliquum clauserat,
Liv. 39, 49; 5, 21 fin.:
completur caede, quantum inter castra murosque vacui fuit: ac rursus nova laborum facies,
Tac. H. 3, 30; cf. Caes. B. C. 2, 28 fin. and 2, 29 init. —
4.
In introducing comparisons, atque ut, atque velut (mostly poet., esp. in epic poetry):
Atque ut perspicio, profecto etc.,
Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 53:
ac veluti magno in populo cum saepe coorta est Seditio.... Sic cunctus pelagi cecidit fragor, etc.,
Verg. A. 1, 148; so id. G. 4, 170; id. A. 2, 626; 4, 402; 4, 441; 6, 707; 9, 59; 10, 405; 10, 707; 10, 803; 11, 809; 12, 365; 12, 521; 12, 684; 12, 715;
12, 908: Inclinare meridiem Sentis ac, veluti stet volucris dies, Parcis deripere etc.,
Hor. C. 3, 28, 6; Val. Fl. 6, 664;
and so, Ac velut in nigro jactatis turbine nautis, etc.... Tale fuit nobis Manius auxilium,
Cat. 68, 63 (for which Sillig and Muller read:
Hic velut, etc.): Atque ut magnas utilitates adipiscimur, etc.,
Cic. Off. 2, 5, 16:
Atque ut hujus mores veros amicos parere non potuerunt, sic etc.,
id. Lael. 15, 54.—
5.
In connecting two acts or events.
a.
In the order of time, and then; hence the ancient grammarians assume in it the notion of quick succession, and explain it, though improperly, as syn. with statim, ilico, without any accompanying copulative, v. Gell. 10, 29; Non. p. 530, 1 sq. (only in the poets and histt.): Atque atque accedit muros Romana juventus (the repetition of the atque represents the approach step by step), Enn. ap. Gell. and Non. l. l. (Ann. v. 527 Mull.): Quo imus una;
ad prandium? Atque illi tacent,
And then they are silent, Plaut. Capt. 3, 1, 19:
Ubi cenamus? inquam, atque illi abnuunt,
and upon this they shake their head, id. ib. 3, 1, 21; id. Ep. 2, 2, 33:
dum circumspecto atque ego lembum conspicor,
id. Bacch. 2, 3, 45; so id. Merc. 2, 1, 32; 2, 1, 35; id. Most. 5, 1, 9:
lucernam forte oblitus fueram exstinguere: Atque ille exclamat derepente maximum,
and then he suddenly exclaims, id. ib. 2, 2, 57: cui fidus Achates It comes... atque illi Misenum in litore sicco Ut venere, vident, etc., and as they thus came, etc., Verg. A. 6, 162:
dixerat, atque illi sese deus obtulit ultro,
Stat. Th. 9, 481; 12, 360; Liv. 26, 39, 16; Tac. H. 3, 17:
tum Otho ingredi castra ausus: atque illum tribuni centurionesque circumsistunt,
id. ib. 1, 82. —Sometimes with two imperatives, in order to indicate vividly the necessity of a quicker succession, or the close connection between two actions:
cape hoc argentum atque defer,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 7, 3:
abi domum ac deos comprecare,
id. Ad. 4, 5, 65:
tace modo ac sequere hac,
id. ib. 2, 4, 16:
Accipe carmina atque hanc sine tempora circum hederam tibi serpere,
Verg. E. 8, 12; id. G. 1, 40; 3, 65; 4, 330:
Da auxilium, pater, atque haec omina firma,
id. A. 2, 691; 3, 89; 3, 250; 3, 639; 4, 424; 9, 90; 10, 624; 11, 370.—
b.
In the order of thought, and so, and thus, and therefore.
(α).
Absol.:
si nunc de tuo jure concessisses paululum, Atque adulescenti morigerasses,
and so, Ter. Ad. 2, 2, 10.—
(β).
With ita or sic:
Ventum deinde ad multo angustiorem rupem, atque ita rectis saxis, etc.,
Liv. 21, 36; Plin. 10, 58, 79, § 158:
ac sic prope innumerabiles species reperiuntur,
Quint. 12, 10, 67.—
c.
Connecting conclusion and condition, so, then (cf. at, II. F.):
non aliter quam qui adverso vix flumine lembum Remigiis subigit, si bracchia forte remisit, Atque illum praeceps prono rapit alveus amni,
Verg. G. 1, 203 (here explained by statim by Gell. 10, 29, and by Servius, but thus its connective force is wholly lost; cf. also Forbig ad h. l. for still another explanation).—
6.
(As supra, I. c.) To annex a thought of more importance:
Satisne videtur declarasse Dionysius nihil esse ei beatum, cui semper aliqui terror impendeat? atque ei ne integrum quidem erat, ut ad justitiam remigraret,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 21, 62; id. Tull. 4:
hoc enim spectant leges, hoc volunt, incolumem esse civium conjunctionem, quam qui dirimunt, eos morte... coercent. Atque hoc multo magis efficit ipsa naturae ratio,
id. Off. 3, 5, 23; id. Fam. 6, 1, 4: hac spe lapsus Induciomarus... exsules damnatosque tota Gallia magnis praemiis ad se allicere coepit;
ac tantam sibi jam iis rebus in Gallia auctoritatem comparaverat, ut, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 5, 55 fin.; Nep. Hann. 13, 2; Quint. 1, 10, 16.—Hence also in answers, in order to confirm a question or assertion:
Sed videone ego Pamphilippum cum fratre Epignomo? Atque is est,
And he it is, Yes, it is he, Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 4; so id. Truc. 1, 2, 24: Th. Mihin malum minitare? Ca. Atque edepol non minitabor, sed dabo, id. Curc. 4, 4, 15: Ch. Egon formidulosus? nemost hominum, qui vivat, minus. Th. Atque ita opust, Ter. Eun. 4, 6, 20.—
7.
In expressing a wish, atque utinam:
Veritus sum arbitros, atque utinam memet possim obliscier! Att., Trag. Rel. p. 160 Rib.: videmus enim fuisse quosdam, qui idem ornate ac graviter, idem versute et subtiliter dicerent. Atque utinam in Latinis talis oratoris simulacrum reperire possemus!
Cic. Or. 7, 22; so id. Rep. 3, 5, 8:
Atque utinam pro decore etc.,
Liv. 21, 41, 13:
Atque utinam ex vobis unus etc.,
Verg. E. 10, 35; id. A. 1, 575:
Atque utinam... Ille vir in medio fiat amore lapis!
Prop. 2, 9, 47; 3, 6, 15; 3, 7, 25; 3, 8, 19 al.—
8.
To connect an adversative clause, and often fully with tamen, and yet, notwithstanding, nevertheless.
a.
Absol.: Mihi quidem hercle non fit veri simile;
atque ipsis commentum placet,
Ter. And. 1, 3, 20 Ruhnk. (atque pro tamen, Don.):
ego quia non rediit filius, quae cogito!... Atque ex me hic natus non est, sed ex fratre,
id. Ad. 1, 1, 15 (Quasi dicat, ex me non est, et sic afficior: quid paterer si genuissem? Don.; cf. Acron. ap. Charis. p. 204 P.); Cic. Off. 3, 11, 48 Beier; id. Mur. 34, 71 Matth.:
ceterum ex aliis negotiis, quae ingenio exercentur, in primis magno usui est memoria rerum gestarum... Atque ego credo fore qui, etc.,
and yet I believe, Sall. J. 4, 1 and 3 Corte; id. C. 51, 35:
observare principis egressum in publicum, insidere vias examina infantium futurusque populus solebat. Labor parentibus erat ostentare parvulos... Ac plerique insitis precibus surdas principis aures obstrepebant,
Plin. Pan. 26.—
b.
With tamen:
nihil praeterea est magnopere dicendum. Ac tamen, ne cui loco non videatur esse responsum, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 85:
discipulos dissimilis inter se ac tamen laudandos,
id. de Or. 3, 10, 35; id. Rep. 1, 7, 12:
Atque in his tamen tribus generibus etc.,
id. Off. 3, 33, 118; id. Pis. 1, 3; 13, 30; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 16; 7, 15 fin. (cf. in reference to the last four passages Wund. Varr. Lectt. p. lviii. sq.):
ac tamen initia fastigii etc.,
Tac. A. 3, 29; 3, 56; 12, 56;
14, 21: pauciores cum pluribus certasse, ac tamen fusos Germanos,
id. H. 5, 16.—
9.
To connect a minor affirmative proposition (the assumptio or propositio minor of logical lang.) in syllogisms, now, but, but now (while atqui is used to connect either an affirmative or negative minor premiss: v. atqui): Scaptius quaternas postulabat. Metui, si impetrasset, ne tu ipse me amare desineres;
... Atque hoc tempore ipso impingit mihi epistulam etc.,
Cic. Att. 6, 1, 6.—Sometimes the conclusion is to be supplied:
nisi qui naturas hominum, penitus perspexerit, dicendo, quod volet, perficere non poterit. Atque totus hic locus philosophorum putatur proprius (conclusion: ergo oratorem philosophiam cognoscere oportet),
Cic. de Or. 1, 12, 53 and 54.—
10.
In introducing a purpose (freq. in Cic.).
a.
A negative purpose, and esp. in anticipating an objection:
Ac ne sine causa videretur edixisse,
Cic. Phil. 3, 9, 24:
Ac ne forte hoc magnum ac mirabile esse videatur,
id. de Or. 2, 46, 191; so id. Fam. 5, 12, 30:
Ac ne saepius dicendum sit,
Cels. 8, 1:
Ac ne forte roges, quo me duce, quo lare tuter,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 13:
Ac ne forte putes,
id. ib. 2, 1, 208:
Ac ne forte putes etc.,
Ov. R. Am. 465 (Merkel, Et).—
b.
A positive purpose:
Atque ut ejus diversa studia in dissimili ratione perspicere possitis, nemo etc.,
Cic. Cat. 2, 5, 9:
Atque ut omnes intellegant me etc.... dico etc.,
id. Imp. Pomp. 8, 20; 2, 4; id. Clu. 14, 43; id. Sull. 2, 5; id. de Or. 3, 11, 40:
Atque ut C. Flaminium relinquam etc.,
id. Leg. 3, 9, 20; id. Fin. 3, 2, 4.—
11.
a.. In continuing a thought in assertions or narration, and, now, and now, Plaut. Aul. prol. 18: audistis, cum pro se diceret, genus orationis, etc.,... perspexistis. Atque in eo non solum ingenium ejus videbatis, etc., Cic. Cael. 19, 45; so id. de Or. 3, 32, 130; 2, 7, 27; 3, 10, 39 al.; Caes. B. G. 2, 29; Nep. Ages. 7, 3; 8, 1, Eum. 10, 3 Bremi; Tac. A. 14, 64; 15, 3; Verg. A. 9, 1; Sil. 4, 1 al.: ac si, sublato illo, depelli a vobis omne periculum judicarem, now if I, etc., Cic. Cat. 2, 2, 3:
atque si etiam hoc natura praescribit, etc.,
id. Off. 3, 6, 27; so Quint. 10, 1, 26; 10, 2, 8.—
b.
In introducing parentheses:
vulgo credere, Penino (atque inde nomen et jugo Alpium inditum) transgressum,
Liv. 21, 38:
omne adfectus genus (atque ea maxime jucundam et ornatam faciunt orationem) de luxuria, etc.,
Quint. 4, 3, 15 MSS., where Halm after Spalding reads et quae. —
c.
At the conclusion of a discourse (not infreq. in Cic.): Atque in primis duabus dicendi partibus qualis esset, summatim breviterque descripsimus, And thus have we, then, briefly described, etc., Cic. Or. 15, 50:
Ac de primo quidem officii fonte diximus,
id. Off. 1, 6, 19:
Ac de inferenda quidem injuria satis dictum est,
id. ib. 1, 8, 27; id. Inv. 2, 39, 115 al.—
V.
In particular connections and phrases.
A.
Unus atque alter, one and the other; alius atque alius, one and another; now this, now that:
unae atque alterae scalae,
Sall. J. 60, 7:
quarum (coclearum) cum unam atque alteram, dein plures peteret,
id. ib. 93, 2:
unum atque alterum lacum integer perfluit,
Tac. H. 5, 6:
dilatisque alia atque alia de causa comitiis,
Liv. 8, 23, 17; Col. 9, 8, 10:
alius atque alius,
Tac. H. 1, 46; 1, 50 (v. alius, II. D.).—Also separated by several words:
aliud ejus subinde atque aliud facientes initium,
Sen. Ep. 32, 2.—
B.
Etiam atque etiam. again and again:
temo Stellas cogens etiam atque etiam Noctis sublime iter, Enn., Trag. Rel. p. 39 Rib.: etiam atque etiam cogita,
Ter. Eun. 1, 1, 11:
etiam atque etiam considera,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 14, 46:
monitos eos etiam atque etiam volo,
id. Cat. 2, 12, 27.—So, semel atque iterum, Cic. Font. 26; id. Clu. 49; Tac. Or. 17; and:
iterum atque iterum,
Verg. A. 8, 527; Hor. S. 1, 10, 39.—
C.
Huc atque illuc, hither and thither, Cic. Q. Rosc. 37; id. de Or. 1, 40, 184; Verg. A. 9, 57; Ov. M. 2, 357; 10, 376; Tac. Agr. 10; id. H. 1, 85.—
D.
Longe atque late, far and wide, Cic. Marcell. 29:
atque eccum or atque eccum video, in colloquial lang.: Heus vocate huc Davom. Atque eccum,
but here he is, Ter. And. 3, 3, 48:
Audire vocem visa sum modo militis. Atque eccum,
and here he is, id. Eun. 3, 2, 2; so id. Hec. 4, 1, 8.—
E.
Atque omnia, in making an assertion general, and so generally:
Atque in eis omnibus, quae sunt actionis, inest quaedam vis a natura data,
Cic. de Or. 3, 59, 223:
quorum (verborum) descriptus ordo alias alia terminatione concluditur, atque omnia illa et prima et media verba spectare debent ad ultimum,
id. Or. 59, 200; id. de Or. 2, 64, 257: commoda civium non divellere, atque omnes aequitate eadem continere, and so rather, etc., id. Off. 2, 23, 83:
nihil acerbum esse, nihil crudele, atque omnia plena clementiae, humanitatis,
id. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8:
Atque omnis vitae ratio sic constat, ut, quae probamus in aliis, facere ipsi velimus,
Quint. 10, 2, 2.—
F.
With other conjunctions.
1.
After et:
equidem putabam virtutem hominibus instituendo et persuadendo, non minis et vi ac metu tradi,
Cic. de Or. 1, 58, 247:
Magnifica vero vox et magno viro ac sapiente digna,
id. Off. 3, 1, 1; id. Cael. 13:
vanus aspectus et auri fulgor atque argenti,
Tac. Agr. 32.:
denuntiarent, ut ab Saguntinis abstineret et Carthaginem in Africam traicerent ac sociorum querimonias deferrent,
Liv. 21, 6, 4:
ubi et fratrem consilii ac periculi socium haberem,
id. 21, 41, 2:
et uti liter demum ac Latine perspicueque,
Quint. 8, 3, 3:
Nam et subtili plenius aliquid atque subtilius et vehementi remissius atque vehementius invenitur,
id. 12, 10, 67. —
2.
After que, as in Gr. te kai: litterisque ac laudibus aeternare, Varr. ap. Non. p. 75, 20:
submoverique atque in castra redigi,
Liv. 26, 10:
terrorem caedemque ac fugam fecere,
id. 21, 52:
mus Sub terris posuitque domos atque horrea fecit,
Verg. G. 1, 182; 3, 434; id. A. 8, 486.—
3.
Before et:
caelum ipsum ac mare et silvas circum spectantes,
Tac. Agr. 32.—
4.
After neque (only in the poets and post - Aug. prose):
nec clavis nec canis atque calix,
Mart. 1, 32, 4: naturam Oceani atque aestus [p. 192] neque quaerere hujus operis est, ac multi retulere, Tac. Agr. 10:
mediocritatem pristinam neque dissimulavit umquam ac frequenter etiam prae se tulit,
Suet. Vesp. 12.—
G.
Atque repeated, esp. in arch. Lat.: Scio solere plerisque hominibus in rebus secundis atque prolixis atque prosperis animum excellere atque superbiam atque ferociam augescere atque crescere, Cato ap. Gell. 7, 3: Dicere possum quibus villae atque aedes aedificatae atque expolitae maximo opere citro atque ebore atque pavimentis Poenicis stent, Cato ap. Fest. p. 242 Mull.:
atque ut C. Flamininum atque ea, quae jam prisca videntur, propter vetustatem relinquam,
Cic. Leg. 3, 9, 20:
omnem dignitatem tuam in virtute atque in rebus gestis atque in tua gravitate positam existimare,
id. Fam. 1, 5, 8.—Esp. freq. in enumerations in the poets:
Haec atque illa dies atque alia atque alia,
Cat. 68, 152:
Mavortia tellus Atque Getae atque Hebrus,
Verg. G. 4, 463:
Clioque et Beroe atque Ephyre Atque Opis et Asia,
id. ib. 4, 343.—And sometimes forming a double connective, both— and = et—et:
Multus ut in terras deplueretque lapis: Atque tubas atque arma ferunt crepitantia caelo Audita,
Tib. 2, 5, 73:
complexa sui corpus miserabile nati Atque deos atque astra vocat crudelia mater,
Verg. E. 5, 23; Sil. 1, 93; v. Forbig ad Verg. l. l.

► Atque regularly stands at the beginning of its sentence or clause or before the word it connects, but in poetry it sometimes, like et and at, stands:
a.
In the second place:
Jamque novum terrae stupeant lucescere solem, Altius atque cadant imbres,
Verg. E. 6, 38 Rib., ubi v. Forbig.:
Accipite ergo animis atque haec mea figite dicta,
id. A. 3, 250, and 10, 104 (animis may, however, here be taken with Accipite, as in id. ib. 5, 304):
Esto beata, funus atque imagines Ducant triumphales tuum,
Hor. Epod. 8, 11; id. S. 1, 5, 4; 1, 6, 111; 1, 7, 12 (ubi v. Fritzsche).—
b.
In the third place:
quod pubes hedera virente Gaudeant pulla magis atque myrto,
Hor. C. 1, 25, 18; cf. at fin. (Vid. more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 452-513.)

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > adque
9 atque

atque or āc (atque is used before vowels and consonants, ac, in class. lang., only before consonants; v. infra, I.), conj. [at has regularly in the compound atque a continuative, as in atqui it has an adversative force; pr. and further, and besides, and also; cf. in Gr. pros de, pros de eti, eti kai, eti de, and te kai; v. at init., and for the change of form atque, ac, cf. neque, nec; in MSS. and inscriptions sometimes written adque, and sometimes by confusion atqui ], a copulative particle, and also, and besides, and even, and (indicating a close internal connection between single words or whole clauses; while et designates an external connection of diff. objects with each other, v. et; syn.: et, -que, autem, praeterea, porro, ad hoc, ad haec).
I.
In joining single words, which is its most common use.
A.
In gen. (The following representation is based on a collection of all the instances of the use of atque and ac in Cic. Imp. Pomp., Phil. 2, Tusc. 1, and Off. 1; in Caes. B. G. 1 and 2; in Sall. C.; and in Liv. 21; and wherever in the account either author or work is not cited, there atque or ac does not occur.)
1.
The form atque.
a.
Before vowels and h. —Before a (very freq.):
sociorum atque amicorum,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 2, 6; 3, 7; id. Phil. 2, 13, 33; id. Tusc. 1, 34, 122; Caes. B. G. 1, 2; 1, 18; 1, 26; 2, 14; Sall. C. 5, 8; 7, 5; Liv. 21, 3; 21, 12.—Before e (very freq.):
deposci atque expeti,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 2, 5; 6, 16; 10, 28; id. Phil, 2, 21, 51; 2, 21, 52; id. Tusc. 1, 20, 46; Caes. B. G. 1, 6; 1, 15; 1, 18; 2, 19; Sall. C. 14, 6; 49, 4; Liv. 21, 4; 21, 37.—Before i (very freq.):
excitare atque inflammare,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 2, 6; 3, 7; 7, 18; id. Phil. 2, 15, 37; 2, 21, 50; id. Tusc. 1, 20, 46; 1, 40, 97; Caes. B. G. 1, 17; 1, 20; 1, 22; 2, 1 bis; Sall. C. 2, 3; 3, 5; 14, 4; Liv. 21, 4; 21, 6; 21, 10.—Before o (freq. in Cic.):
honestissimus atque ornatissimus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 17; 8, 21; 11, 31; id. Off. 1, 25, 86; 1, 27, 94; Caes. B. G. 1, 40; 2, 14; Sall. C. 10, 6; Liv. 21, 8.—Before u (very rare), Cic. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7; 5, 11; 6, 15; Caes. B. G. 1, 26; 2, 20; Sall. C. 31, 6; 42, 1.—Before h (not infreq.):
Sertorianae atque Hispaniensis,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; 7, 19; id. Tusc. 1, 28, 69; id. Off. 1, 24, 87; Caes. B. G. 1, 19; 2, 9; 2, 10; Sall. C. 6, 1; 12, 2; Liv. 21, 37.—
b.
Before consonants.—Before b (very rare):
Gallorum atque Belgarum,
Caes. B. G. 1, 6; so,
Cassius atque Brutus,
Tac. A. 3, 76.—Before c (infreq. in Cic., freq. in Sall.):
in portubus atque custodiis,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 6, 16; 8, 21; id. Phil. 2, 8, 18; id. Tusc. 1, 18, 42; id. Off. 1, 25, 88; Sall. C. 2, 3; 7, 4; 16, 3; 26, 4; 29, 3.—Before d (infreq.):
superatam esse atque depressam,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 8, 21; id. Phil. 2, 44, 114: id. Off. 1, 6, 19; 1, 25, 85; 1, 33, 119; Sall. C. 4, 1; 20, 7; 20, 10.—Before f (infreq.):
vitiis atque flagitiis,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 30, 72; id. Off. 1, 28, 98; 1, 28, 100; Caes. B. G. 1, 2; Sall. C. 1, 4; 2, 9; 11, 2.— Before g (very rare):
dignitate atque gloria,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 11; 5, 12:
virtute atque gloria,
Sall. C. 3, 2; 61, 9.—Before j (very rare):
labore atque justitia,
Sall. C. 10, 1; 29, 3.—Before l (rare):
hilari atque laeto,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 100; id. Off. 1, 19, 64; Sall. C. 14, 3; 21, 2; 28, 4.—Before m (infreq. in Cic., once in Caes.):
multae atque magnae,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 9, 23; 17, 50; id. Phil. 2, 39, 100; id. Off. 1, 29, 103; 1, 31, 110; Caes. B. G. 1, 34; Sall. C. 18, 4; 31, 7; 34, 1; 51, 1.—Before n (infreq.):
adventu atque nomine,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 5, 13; 20, 60; id. Off. 1, 28, 101; Sall. C. 2, 2 bis. —Before p (infreq. in Cic.):
magna atque praeclara,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; 11, 31; 16, 48; id. Off. 1, 44, 156; Sall. C. 4, 1; 4, 4; 16, 2; 20, 3.—Before q (does not occur).—Before r (rare):
se conlegit atque recreavit,
Cic. Phil. 2, 24, 58.— Before s (rare in Cic.):
provinciarum atque sociorum,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 24, 71; id. Off. 1, 9, 30; 1, 21, 72; Sall. C. 2, 5; 2, 7; 6, 1.— Before t (infreq.):
parietum atque tectorum,
Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 69; id. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; id. Off. 1, 35, 126; Sall. C. 42, 2; 50, 3; 51, 38.—Before v (infreq.):
gravis atque vehemens,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 9, 23; 9, 25; id. Tusc. 1, 23, 54; Sall. C. 1, 1; 12, 3; 45, 4; Liv. 21, 4; 21, 30.—
2.
The form ac before consonants.—Before b (very rare):
sentientes ac bene meritos,
Cic. Off. 1, 41, 149:
feri ac barbari,
Caes. B. G. 1, 31 and 33.—Before c (very rare):
liberis ac conjugibus,
Liv. 21, 30:
Romae ac circa urbem,
id. 21, 62.—Before d (freq. in Cic.):
periculum ac discrimen,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12; 9, 23; 12, 33; id. Tusc. 1, 17, 40; 1, 28, 69; id. Off. 1, 14, 42:
usus ac disciplina,
Caes. B. G. 1, 40; 2, 31; Sall. C. 5, 4; 5, 8; 28, 1; Liv. 21, 10; 21, 18; 21, 19.—Before f (infreq.):
opima est ac fertilis,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14; 7, 19; id. Tusc. 1, 1, 2; 1, 27, 66; id. Off. 1, 29, 103:
potentissimos ac firmissimos,
Caes. B. G. 1, 3; 1, 48; 2, 12;
2, 13: pessuma ac flagitiosissima,
Sall. C. 5, 9; Liv. 21, 17; 21, 20.—Before g (does not occur).—Before j (very rare):
nobilitatis ac juventutis,
Cic. Phil. 2, 15, 37.—Before l (not infreq. in Liv.), Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 9; 23, 66; id. Phil. 2, 22, 54; Caes. B. G. 1, 12; 1, 23; 2, 23; Liv. 21, 13; 21, 14; 21, 35.—Before m (not infreq. in Cic.):
terrore ac metu,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 9, 23; 18, 54 bis; 20, 59; id. Tusc. 1, 40, 95; id. Off. 1, 30, 106; Caes. B. G. 1, 39; 2, 14; Sall. C. 2, 4; 10, 1; Liv. 21, 8; 21, 60.—Before n (not infreq. in Cic.):
insedit ac nimis inveteravit,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7:
gentes ac nationes,
id. ib. 11, 31; 12, 35 bis; id. Phil. 2, 21, 50; id. Tusc. 1, 21, 48; Caes. B. G. 1, 20; 2, 28; Liv. 21, 32.—Before p (not infreq. in Cic., Caes., and Liv.):
celeberrimum ac plenissimum,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; 12, 35; 13, 36; id. Phil. 2, 15, 39; id. Tusc. 1, 17, 41; id. Off. 1, 20, 68; Caes. B. G. 1, 18; 1, 20; 2, 13; 2, 19; Sall. C. 5, 9; Liv. 21, 25; 21, 34; 21, 35.—Before q (does not occur).—Before r (infreq.):
firmamenti ac roboris,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; 8, 21; 15, 45; id. Off. 1, 5, 15; Caes. B. G. 1, 25; Liv. 21, 41; 21, 44.—Before s (freq. in Cic. and Liv., infreq. in Caes.):
vectigalibus ac sociis,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 2, 4; 4, 10; 11, 30; id. Phil. 2, 27, 66; Caes. B. G. 1, 25; 1, 31; 1, 33; 2, 24; Liv. 21, 4; 21, 33 bis; 21, 36.—Before t (infreq. in Cic., freq. in Liv.):
tantis rebus ac tanto bello,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27 bis; 19, 56; 20, 59; Caes. B. G. 1, 26; 1, 39; 2, 6; Liv. 21, 7 ter; 21, 10; 21, 14; 21, 25.—Before v (not in Cic., only once in Caes. and Sall., but freq. in Liv.):
armatos ac victores,
Caes. B. G. 1, 40:
inconsulte ac veluti etc.,
Sall. C. 42, 2:
opera ac vineae,
Liv. 21, 7; 21, 22; 21, 40; 21, 43. —(So in the phrases treated below: atque adeo, atque alter or alius, atque eccum, atque eo, atque etiam, atque illuc, atque is or hic, atque iterum, atque omnia, atque ut, atque late, atque sic, atque velut, but ac ne, ac si, and ac tamen).—With simul:
Britannorum acies in speciem simul ac terrorem editioribus locis constiterat,
Tac. Agr. 35:
in se simul atque in Herculem,
id. G. 34:
suos prosequitur simul ac deponit,
id. ib. 30; so,
sociis pariter atque hostibus,
id. H. 4, 73:
innocentes ac noxios juxta cadere,
id. A. 1, 48.—Hence, sometimes syn. with et—et, ut—ita, aeque ac; both—and, as—so, as well—as, as well as: hodie sero ac nequiquam [p. 190] voles, Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 103 (cf. Cic. Quinct. 25, 79:
verum et sero et nequidquam pudet): copia sententiarum atque verborum,
Cic. Cael. 19, 45:
omnia honesta atque inhonesta,
Sall. C. 30, 4:
nobiles atque ignobiles,
id. ib. 20, 7:
caloris ac frigoris patientia par,
Liv. 21, 4; 6, 41; Vell. 2, 127:
vir bonus et prudens dici delector ego ac tu,
Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 32.—
B.
Esp.
a.
In a hendiadys:
utinam isto animo atque virtute in summa re publica versari quam in municipali maluisset,
with this virtuous feeling, Cic. Leg. 3, 16, 36:
de conplexu ejus ac sinu,
of his bosom embrace, id. Cat. 2, 10, 22:
me eadem, quae ceteros, fama atque invidia vexabat, i. e. invidiosa fama,
Sall. C. 3 fin.:
clamore atque adsensu,
shout of applause, Liv. 21, 3.—
b.
In joining to the idea of a preceding word one more important, and indeed, and even, and especially (v. Kritz ad Sall. J. 4, 3).
(α).
Absol.: Pa. Nempe tu istic ais esse erilem concubinam? Sc. Atque arguo me etc., yea and I maintain that I etc., Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 66: Ph. Tun vidisti? Sc. Atque his quidem oculis, id. ib. 2, 4, 15: Ps. Ecquid habet is homo aceti in pectore? Ch. Atque acidissimi, id. Ps. 2, 4, 49; so id. Bacch. 3, 6, 9; id. Men. 1, 2, 40: Py. Cognoscitne (ea)? Ch. Ac memoriter, Ter. Eun. 5, 3, 6:
Faciam boni tibi aliquid pro ista re ac lubens,
and with a good will, id. Heaut. 4, 5, 15:
rem difficilem (dii immortales) atque omnium difficillimam,
and indeed, Cic. Or. 16, 52:
magna diis immortalibus habenda est gratia atque huic ipsi Jovi Statori, etc.,
and especially, id. Cat. 1, 5, 11:
hebeti ingenio atque nullo,
and in fact, id. Tusc. 5, 15, 45:
ex plurimis periculis et insidiis atque ex media morte,
and even, id. Cat. 4, 9:
fratre meo atque eodem propinquo suo interfecto,
and at the same time, Sall. J. 14, 11:
intra moenia atque in sinu urbis,
id. C. 52, 35.—
(β).
With adeo, and that too, and even:
intra moenia atque adeo in senatu,
Cic. Cat. 1, 2, 5:
qui in urbe remanserunt atque adeo qui contra urbis salutem etc.,
id. ib. 2, 12, 27:
insto atque urgeo, insector, posco atque adeo flagito crimen,
id. Planc. 19 fin.:
non petentem atque adeo etiam absentem,
Liv. 10, 5.—And with autem also added:
atque adeo autem quor etc.,
Ter. Eun. 5, 4, 42.—
(γ).
With etiam:
id jam populare atque etiam plausibile factum est,
and also, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 3, 8:
ne Verginio commeatum dent atque etiam in custodia habeant,
Liv. 3, 46.—
(δ).
With the dem. pron. hic, is:
negotium magnum est navigare atque id mense Quintili,
and besides, and that, and that too, Cic. Att. 5, 12; 1, 14:
maximis defixis trabibus atque eis praeacutis,
Caes. B. C. 1, 27:
Asseres pedum XII. cuspidibus praefixis atque hi maximis ballistis missi,
id. ib. 2, 2:
duabus missis subsidio cohortibus a Caesare, atque his primis legionum duarum,
id. B. G. 5, 15; id. B. C. 3, 70:
flumen uno omnino loco pedibus atque hoc aegre transiri potest,
id. B. G. 5, 18:
ad celeritatem onerandi subductionesque paulo facit humiliores... atque id eo magis, quod, etc.,
id. ib. 5, 1; cf. without id (perh. to avoid the repetition of the pron.): qua (sc. virtute) nostri milites facile superabant, atque eo magis, quod, etc., and that the more because etc., id. ib. 3, 8 fin.:
dicendi artem apta trepidatione occultans atque eo validior,
Tac. H. 1, 69; 2, 37; id. A. 4, 22; 4, 46.—
II.
In comparisons.
A.
Of equality (Rudd. II. p. 94; Zumpt, § 340); with par, idem, item, aequus, similis, juxta, talis, totidem, etc., as: et nota, quod ex hujus modi structura Graeca (sc. homoios kai, etc.) frequenter Latini ac et atque in significatione similitudinis accipiunt, Prisc. pp. 1192 and 1193 P.; cf. Gell. 10, 29; Lidd. and Scott, s. v. kai, III.:
si parem sententiam hic habet ac formam,
Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 36: quom opulenti loquuntur pariter atque ignobiles, Enn. ap. Gell. 11, 4:
Ecastor pariter hoc atque alias res soles,
Plaut. Men. 5, 1, 52:
pariter nunc opera me adjuves ac re dudum opitulata es,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 3, 3:
neque enim mihi par ratio cum Lucilio est ac tecum fuit,
Cic. N. D. 3, 1, 3:
parique eum atque illos imperio esse jussit,
Nep. Dat. 3, 5:
magistrum equitum pari ac dictatorem imperio fugavit,
id. Hann. 5, 3:
pariter patribus ac plebi carus,
Liv. 2, 33: nam et vita est eadem et animus te erga idem ac fuit, Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 24:
In hanc argumentationes ex eisdem locis sumendae sunt atque in causam negotialem,
Cic. Inv. 2, 23, 70:
equi quod alii sunt ad rem militarem idonei, alii ad vecturam... non item sunt spectandi atque habendi,
Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 15; id. L. L. 10, § 74 Mull.:
cum ex provincia populi Romani aequam partem tu tibi sumpseris atque populo Romano miseris,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 19:
Modo ne in aequo (jure) hostes apud vos sint ac nos socii,
Liv. 39, 37 (exs. with aeque; v. aeque, d); Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 83 fin.:
et simili jure tu ulcisceris patrui mortem atque ille persequeretur fratris sui, si, etc.,
id. Rab. Perd. 5; id. Phil. 1, 4; id. Agr. 1, 4 fin.:
similem pavorem inde ac fugam fore, ac bello Gallico fuerit,
Liv. 6, 28; Col. 5, 7, 3:
contendant, se juxta hieme atque aestate bella gerere posse,
Liv. 5, 6; cf. Drak. ad Liv. 1, 54, 9:
faxo eum tali mactatum, atque hic est, infortunio,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 9, 39; Cic. Vatin. 4, 10:
cum totidem navibus atque erat profectus,
Nep. Milt. 7, 4.—
B.
Of difference; with alius and its derivv., with dissimile, contra, contrarius, secus, etc., than:
illi sunt alio ingenio atque tu,
other than, different from, Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 35 al.; v. the passages under alius, I. B. a:
aliter tuum amorem atque est accipis,
Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 23 al.; v. the passages under aliter, 1. a.; cf.
also aliorsum, II., and aliusmodi: quod est non dissimile atque ire in Solonium,
Cic. Att. 2, 3:
simulacrum in excelso collocare et, contra atque ante fuerat, ad orientem convertere,
id. Cat. 3, 8, 20:
vides, omnia fere contra ac dicta sint evenisse,
id. Div. 2, 24 fin.; id. Verr. 2, 1, 46:
qui versantur retro, contrario motu atque caelum,
id. Rep. 6, 17, 17:
membra paulo secus a me atque ab illo partita,
id. de Or. 3, 30, 119:
cujus ego salutem non secus ac meam tueri debeo,
id. Planc. 1 fin. al.; v. contra, contrarius, secus, etc.—
C.
Sometimes, in cases of equality or difference, atque with ut or ac with si (with aliter affirm. Cic. appears to connect only atque ut, not ac si;
once, however, non aliter, ac si,
Cic. Att. 13, 51;
v. aliter, 1. b.): pariter hoc fit atque ut alia facta sunt,
Plaut. Am. 4, 1, 11:
nec fallaciam Astutiorem ullus fecit poeta atque Ut haec est fabre facta a nobis,
id. Cas. 5, 1, 6 sqq.:
quod iste aliter atque ut edixerat decrevisset,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 46:
et qui suos casus aliter ferunt atque ut auctores aliis ipsi fuerunt, etc.,
id. Tusc. 3, 30, 73:
si mentionem fecerint, quo aliter ager possideretur atque ut ex legibus Juliis,
id. Att. 2, 18, 2; 16, 13, c; cf. Wopk. Lect. Tull. 1, 15, p. 118; Dig. 43, 13, 11:
Egnatii absentis rem ut tueare, aeque a te peto ac si mea negotia essent,
just as if, Cic. Fam. 13, 43:
tu autem similiter facis ac si me roges, etc.,
id. N. D. 3, 3, 8:
reliquis officiis, juxta ac si meus frater esset, sustentavit,
id. Post. Red. in Sen. 8, 20:
quod dandum est amicitiae, large dabitur a me non secus ac si meus esset frater,
id. Mur. 4 fin.:
haec sunt, tribuni, consilia vestra, non, hercule, dissimilia, ac si quis, etc.,
Liv. 5, 5 fin. al. —
D.
More rare with nimis, in partem, pro eo, etc.;
in Plaut. also with mutare or demutare = aliud esse: nimis bellus, atque ut esse maxume optabam, locus,
Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 73:
haud centensumam Partem dixi atque, otium rei si sit, possim expromere,
id. Mil. 3, 1, 168: sane quam pro eo ac debui graviter molesteque tuli, just as was my duty, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5:
debeo sperare, omnes deos, qui huic urbi praesident, pro eo mihi, ac mereor, relaturos gratiam esse,
Cic. Cat. 4, 2:
pro eo, ac si concessum sit, concludere oportebit argumentationem,
id. Inv. 1, 32, 54:
non possum ego non aut proxime atque ille aut etiam aeque laborare,
nearly the same as he, id. Fam. 9, 13, 2:
neque se luna quoquam mutat atque uti exorta est semel,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 118:
num quid videtur demutare atque ut quidem Dixi?
id. Mil. 4, 3, 37.—
E.
Sometimes the word indicating comparison (aeque, tantopere, etc.) is to be supplied from the connection (in the class. per. perh. used only once by Cassius in epist. style):
nebula haud est mollis atque hujus est,
Plaut. Cas. 4, 4, 21:
quem esse amicum ratus sum atque ipsus sum mihi,
id. Bacch. 3, 6, 20:
quae suco caret atque putris pumex,
Priap. 32, 7 (Mull., est putusque): digne ac mereor commendatus esse, Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 13; Dig. 2, 14, 4; 19, 2, 54.—
F.
Poet. or in post-Aug. prose with comparatives (for quam), than:
amicior mihi nullus vivit atque is est,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 2, 56:
non Apollinis magis verum atque hoc responsum est,
Ter. And. 4, 2, 15 Ruhnk.:
Illi non minus ac tibi Pectore uritur intimo Flamma,
Cat. 61, 172:
haud minus ac jussi faciunt,
Verg. A. 3, 561:
Non tuus hoc capiet venter plus ac meus,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 46 Bentl. and Heind. (cf. infra:
nihilo plus accipias quam Qui nil portarit): qui peccas minus atque ego,
id. ib. 2, 7, 96:
Artius atque hedera procera adstringitur ilex,
id. Epod. 15, 5; Suet. Caes. 14 Ruhnk. —
G.
In the comparison of two periods of time, most freq. with simul (v. examples under simul); ante- or post-class. with principio, statim:
principio Atque animus ephebis aetate exiit,
as soon as, Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 40:
judici enim, statim atque factus est, omnium rerum officium incumbit,
Dig. 21, 1, 25:
quamvis, statim atque intercessit, mulier competierat,
ib. 16, 1, 24.—
III.
To connect a negative clause which explains or corrects what precedes; hence sometimes with potius (class.; in Cic. very freq., but rare in the poets), and not, and not rather.
a.
Absol.:
Decipiam ac non veniam,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 4, 6:
si fidem habeat,... ac non id metuat, ne etc.,
id. Eun. 1, 2, 60:
perparvam vero controversiam dicis, ac non eam, quae dirimat omnia,
Cic. Leg. 1, 20, 54:
quasi nunc id agatur, quis ex tanta multitudine occiderit, ac non hoc quaeratur, eum, etc.,
id. Rosc. Am. 33:
si (mundum) tuum ac non deorum immortalium domicilium putes, nonne plane desipere videare?
id. N. D. 2, 6, 17:
nemo erat, qui illum reum ac non miliens condemnatum arbitraretur,
id. Att. 1, 16:
si hoc dissuadere est, ac non disturbare ac pervertere,
id. Agr. 2, 37, 101:
si res verba desideraret ac non pro se ipsa loqueretur,
id. Fam. 3, 2 fin.: hoc te exspectare tempus tibi turpe est ac non ei rei sapientia tua te occurrere, Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 6:
velut destituti ac non qui ipsi destituissent,
Liv. 8, 27; 7, 3 fin.:
si mihi mea sententia proferenda ac non disertissimorum,
Tac. Or. 1.—
b.
With potius:
Quam ob rem scriba deducet, ac non potius mulio, qui advexit?
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 79 (B. and K., et):
quis (eum) ita aspexit, ut perditum civem, ac non potius ut importunissimum hostem?
id. Cat. 2, 6, 12.— Pliny the elder commonly employs in this sense atque non, not ac non:
concremasse ea (scrinia) optuma fide atque non legisse,
Plin. 7, 25, 26, § 94; 22, 24, 50, § 108; 29, 2, 9, § 29; 27, 9, 55, § 78; 31, 7, 39, § 73 et saep. —
IV.
In connecting clauses and beginning periods.
1.
In gen., and, and so, and even, and too: Pamph. Antiquam adeo tuam venustatem obtines. Bacch. Ac tu ecastor morem antiquom atque ingenium obtines, And you too, Ter. Hec. 5, 4, 20:
atque illi (philosopho) ordiri placet etc.,
Cic. de Or. 3, 47, 183: Africanus indigens mei? Minime hercle. Ac ne ego quidem illius, And I indeed not, etc., id. Lael. 9, 30; id. Fin. 5, 11, 33:
cum versus facias, te ipsum percontor, etc.... Atque ego cum Graecos facerem, natus mare citra, Versiculos, etc.,
Hor. S. 1, 10, 31:
multa quippe et diversa angebant: validior per Germaniam exercitus, etc.... quos igitur anteferret? ac (i. e. similiter angebat), ne postpositi contumelia incenderentur,
Tac. A. 1, 47:
Minime, minime, inquit Secundus, atque adeo vellem maturius intervenisses,
Tac. Or. 14:
ac similiter in translatione, etc.,
Quint. 3, 6, 77.—
2.
In adducing new arguments of similar force in favor of any assertion or making further statements about a subject, etc.; cf. Beier ad Cic. Off. 3, 11, 487.
a.
Absol.:
maxima est enim vis vetustatis et consuetudinis: atque in ipso equo, cujus modo mentionem feci, si, etc.,
and furthermore, and moreover, Cic. Lael. 19, 68: Atque, si natura confirmatura jus non erit, virtutes omnes tollentur, id. Leg. 1, 15, 42 B. and K. —
b.
Often with etiam:
Atque alias etiam dicendi virtutes sequitur,
Cic. Or. 40, 139:
Atque hoc etiam animadvertendum non esse omnia etc.,
id. de Or. 2, 61, 251; so id. Off. 1, 26, 90; id. N. D. 2, 11, 30; Col. 2, 2, 3.—
c.
Sometimes with quoque:
Atque occidi quoque Potius quam cibum praehiberem,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 133; so Cic. N. D. 2, 12, 32; Col. 2, 13, 3, and Cels. 2, 3; 3, 22.—
d.
And even with quoque etiam: Atque ego [p. 191] quoque etiam, qui Jovis sum filius, Contagione etc., Plaut. Am. prol. 30.—
3.
In narration:
aegre submoventes obvios intrare portam, qui adducebant Philopoemenem, potuerunt: atque conferta turba iter reliquum clauserat,
Liv. 39, 49; 5, 21 fin.:
completur caede, quantum inter castra murosque vacui fuit: ac rursus nova laborum facies,
Tac. H. 3, 30; cf. Caes. B. C. 2, 28 fin. and 2, 29 init. —
4.
In introducing comparisons, atque ut, atque velut (mostly poet., esp. in epic poetry):
Atque ut perspicio, profecto etc.,
Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 53:
ac veluti magno in populo cum saepe coorta est Seditio.... Sic cunctus pelagi cecidit fragor, etc.,
Verg. A. 1, 148; so id. G. 4, 170; id. A. 2, 626; 4, 402; 4, 441; 6, 707; 9, 59; 10, 405; 10, 707; 10, 803; 11, 809; 12, 365; 12, 521; 12, 684; 12, 715;
12, 908: Inclinare meridiem Sentis ac, veluti stet volucris dies, Parcis deripere etc.,
Hor. C. 3, 28, 6; Val. Fl. 6, 664;
and so, Ac velut in nigro jactatis turbine nautis, etc.... Tale fuit nobis Manius auxilium,
Cat. 68, 63 (for which Sillig and Muller read:
Hic velut, etc.): Atque ut magnas utilitates adipiscimur, etc.,
Cic. Off. 2, 5, 16:
Atque ut hujus mores veros amicos parere non potuerunt, sic etc.,
id. Lael. 15, 54.—
5.
In connecting two acts or events.
a.
In the order of time, and then; hence the ancient grammarians assume in it the notion of quick succession, and explain it, though improperly, as syn. with statim, ilico, without any accompanying copulative, v. Gell. 10, 29; Non. p. 530, 1 sq. (only in the poets and histt.): Atque atque accedit muros Romana juventus (the repetition of the atque represents the approach step by step), Enn. ap. Gell. and Non. l. l. (Ann. v. 527 Mull.): Quo imus una;
ad prandium? Atque illi tacent,
And then they are silent, Plaut. Capt. 3, 1, 19:
Ubi cenamus? inquam, atque illi abnuunt,
and upon this they shake their head, id. ib. 3, 1, 21; id. Ep. 2, 2, 33:
dum circumspecto atque ego lembum conspicor,
id. Bacch. 2, 3, 45; so id. Merc. 2, 1, 32; 2, 1, 35; id. Most. 5, 1, 9:
lucernam forte oblitus fueram exstinguere: Atque ille exclamat derepente maximum,
and then he suddenly exclaims, id. ib. 2, 2, 57: cui fidus Achates It comes... atque illi Misenum in litore sicco Ut venere, vident, etc., and as they thus came, etc., Verg. A. 6, 162:
dixerat, atque illi sese deus obtulit ultro,
Stat. Th. 9, 481; 12, 360; Liv. 26, 39, 16; Tac. H. 3, 17:
tum Otho ingredi castra ausus: atque illum tribuni centurionesque circumsistunt,
id. ib. 1, 82. —Sometimes with two imperatives, in order to indicate vividly the necessity of a quicker succession, or the close connection between two actions:
cape hoc argentum atque defer,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 7, 3:
abi domum ac deos comprecare,
id. Ad. 4, 5, 65:
tace modo ac sequere hac,
id. ib. 2, 4, 16:
Accipe carmina atque hanc sine tempora circum hederam tibi serpere,
Verg. E. 8, 12; id. G. 1, 40; 3, 65; 4, 330:
Da auxilium, pater, atque haec omina firma,
id. A. 2, 691; 3, 89; 3, 250; 3, 639; 4, 424; 9, 90; 10, 624; 11, 370.—
b.
In the order of thought, and so, and thus, and therefore.
(α).
Absol.:
si nunc de tuo jure concessisses paululum, Atque adulescenti morigerasses,
and so, Ter. Ad. 2, 2, 10.—
(β).
With ita or sic:
Ventum deinde ad multo angustiorem rupem, atque ita rectis saxis, etc.,
Liv. 21, 36; Plin. 10, 58, 79, § 158:
ac sic prope innumerabiles species reperiuntur,
Quint. 12, 10, 67.—
c.
Connecting conclusion and condition, so, then (cf. at, II. F.):
non aliter quam qui adverso vix flumine lembum Remigiis subigit, si bracchia forte remisit, Atque illum praeceps prono rapit alveus amni,
Verg. G. 1, 203 (here explained by statim by Gell. 10, 29, and by Servius, but thus its connective force is wholly lost; cf. also Forbig ad h. l. for still another explanation).—
6.
(As supra, I. c.) To annex a thought of more importance:
Satisne videtur declarasse Dionysius nihil esse ei beatum, cui semper aliqui terror impendeat? atque ei ne integrum quidem erat, ut ad justitiam remigraret,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 21, 62; id. Tull. 4:
hoc enim spectant leges, hoc volunt, incolumem esse civium conjunctionem, quam qui dirimunt, eos morte... coercent. Atque hoc multo magis efficit ipsa naturae ratio,
id. Off. 3, 5, 23; id. Fam. 6, 1, 4: hac spe lapsus Induciomarus... exsules damnatosque tota Gallia magnis praemiis ad se allicere coepit;
ac tantam sibi jam iis rebus in Gallia auctoritatem comparaverat, ut, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 5, 55 fin.; Nep. Hann. 13, 2; Quint. 1, 10, 16.—Hence also in answers, in order to confirm a question or assertion:
Sed videone ego Pamphilippum cum fratre Epignomo? Atque is est,
And he it is, Yes, it is he, Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 4; so id. Truc. 1, 2, 24: Th. Mihin malum minitare? Ca. Atque edepol non minitabor, sed dabo, id. Curc. 4, 4, 15: Ch. Egon formidulosus? nemost hominum, qui vivat, minus. Th. Atque ita opust, Ter. Eun. 4, 6, 20.—
7.
In expressing a wish, atque utinam:
Veritus sum arbitros, atque utinam memet possim obliscier! Att., Trag. Rel. p. 160 Rib.: videmus enim fuisse quosdam, qui idem ornate ac graviter, idem versute et subtiliter dicerent. Atque utinam in Latinis talis oratoris simulacrum reperire possemus!
Cic. Or. 7, 22; so id. Rep. 3, 5, 8:
Atque utinam pro decore etc.,
Liv. 21, 41, 13:
Atque utinam ex vobis unus etc.,
Verg. E. 10, 35; id. A. 1, 575:
Atque utinam... Ille vir in medio fiat amore lapis!
Prop. 2, 9, 47; 3, 6, 15; 3, 7, 25; 3, 8, 19 al.—
8.
To connect an adversative clause, and often fully with tamen, and yet, notwithstanding, nevertheless.
a.
Absol.: Mihi quidem hercle non fit veri simile;
atque ipsis commentum placet,
Ter. And. 1, 3, 20 Ruhnk. (atque pro tamen, Don.):
ego quia non rediit filius, quae cogito!... Atque ex me hic natus non est, sed ex fratre,
id. Ad. 1, 1, 15 (Quasi dicat, ex me non est, et sic afficior: quid paterer si genuissem? Don.; cf. Acron. ap. Charis. p. 204 P.); Cic. Off. 3, 11, 48 Beier; id. Mur. 34, 71 Matth.:
ceterum ex aliis negotiis, quae ingenio exercentur, in primis magno usui est memoria rerum gestarum... Atque ego credo fore qui, etc.,
and yet I believe, Sall. J. 4, 1 and 3 Corte; id. C. 51, 35:
observare principis egressum in publicum, insidere vias examina infantium futurusque populus solebat. Labor parentibus erat ostentare parvulos... Ac plerique insitis precibus surdas principis aures obstrepebant,
Plin. Pan. 26.—
b.
With tamen:
nihil praeterea est magnopere dicendum. Ac tamen, ne cui loco non videatur esse responsum, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 85:
discipulos dissimilis inter se ac tamen laudandos,
id. de Or. 3, 10, 35; id. Rep. 1, 7, 12:
Atque in his tamen tribus generibus etc.,
id. Off. 3, 33, 118; id. Pis. 1, 3; 13, 30; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 16; 7, 15 fin. (cf. in reference to the last four passages Wund. Varr. Lectt. p. lviii. sq.):
ac tamen initia fastigii etc.,
Tac. A. 3, 29; 3, 56; 12, 56;
14, 21: pauciores cum pluribus certasse, ac tamen fusos Germanos,
id. H. 5, 16.—
9.
To connect a minor affirmative proposition (the assumptio or propositio minor of logical lang.) in syllogisms, now, but, but now (while atqui is used to connect either an affirmative or negative minor premiss: v. atqui): Scaptius quaternas postulabat. Metui, si impetrasset, ne tu ipse me amare desineres;
... Atque hoc tempore ipso impingit mihi epistulam etc.,
Cic. Att. 6, 1, 6.—Sometimes the conclusion is to be supplied:
nisi qui naturas hominum, penitus perspexerit, dicendo, quod volet, perficere non poterit. Atque totus hic locus philosophorum putatur proprius (conclusion: ergo oratorem philosophiam cognoscere oportet),
Cic. de Or. 1, 12, 53 and 54.—
10.
In introducing a purpose (freq. in Cic.).
a.
A negative purpose, and esp. in anticipating an objection:
Ac ne sine causa videretur edixisse,
Cic. Phil. 3, 9, 24:
Ac ne forte hoc magnum ac mirabile esse videatur,
id. de Or. 2, 46, 191; so id. Fam. 5, 12, 30:
Ac ne saepius dicendum sit,
Cels. 8, 1:
Ac ne forte roges, quo me duce, quo lare tuter,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 13:
Ac ne forte putes,
id. ib. 2, 1, 208:
Ac ne forte putes etc.,
Ov. R. Am. 465 (Merkel, Et).—
b.
A positive purpose:
Atque ut ejus diversa studia in dissimili ratione perspicere possitis, nemo etc.,
Cic. Cat. 2, 5, 9:
Atque ut omnes intellegant me etc.... dico etc.,
id. Imp. Pomp. 8, 20; 2, 4; id. Clu. 14, 43; id. Sull. 2, 5; id. de Or. 3, 11, 40:
Atque ut C. Flaminium relinquam etc.,
id. Leg. 3, 9, 20; id. Fin. 3, 2, 4.—
11.
a.. In continuing a thought in assertions or narration, and, now, and now, Plaut. Aul. prol. 18: audistis, cum pro se diceret, genus orationis, etc.,... perspexistis. Atque in eo non solum ingenium ejus videbatis, etc., Cic. Cael. 19, 45; so id. de Or. 3, 32, 130; 2, 7, 27; 3, 10, 39 al.; Caes. B. G. 2, 29; Nep. Ages. 7, 3; 8, 1, Eum. 10, 3 Bremi; Tac. A. 14, 64; 15, 3; Verg. A. 9, 1; Sil. 4, 1 al.: ac si, sublato illo, depelli a vobis omne periculum judicarem, now if I, etc., Cic. Cat. 2, 2, 3:
atque si etiam hoc natura praescribit, etc.,
id. Off. 3, 6, 27; so Quint. 10, 1, 26; 10, 2, 8.—
b.
In introducing parentheses:
vulgo credere, Penino (atque inde nomen et jugo Alpium inditum) transgressum,
Liv. 21, 38:
omne adfectus genus (atque ea maxime jucundam et ornatam faciunt orationem) de luxuria, etc.,
Quint. 4, 3, 15 MSS., where Halm after Spalding reads et quae. —
c.
At the conclusion of a discourse (not infreq. in Cic.): Atque in primis duabus dicendi partibus qualis esset, summatim breviterque descripsimus, And thus have we, then, briefly described, etc., Cic. Or. 15, 50:
Ac de primo quidem officii fonte diximus,
id. Off. 1, 6, 19:
Ac de inferenda quidem injuria satis dictum est,
id. ib. 1, 8, 27; id. Inv. 2, 39, 115 al.—
V.
In particular connections and phrases.
A.
Unus atque alter, one and the other; alius atque alius, one and another; now this, now that:
unae atque alterae scalae,
Sall. J. 60, 7:
quarum (coclearum) cum unam atque alteram, dein plures peteret,
id. ib. 93, 2:
unum atque alterum lacum integer perfluit,
Tac. H. 5, 6:
dilatisque alia atque alia de causa comitiis,
Liv. 8, 23, 17; Col. 9, 8, 10:
alius atque alius,
Tac. H. 1, 46; 1, 50 (v. alius, II. D.).—Also separated by several words:
aliud ejus subinde atque aliud facientes initium,
Sen. Ep. 32, 2.—
B.
Etiam atque etiam. again and again:
temo Stellas cogens etiam atque etiam Noctis sublime iter, Enn., Trag. Rel. p. 39 Rib.: etiam atque etiam cogita,
Ter. Eun. 1, 1, 11:
etiam atque etiam considera,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 14, 46:
monitos eos etiam atque etiam volo,
id. Cat. 2, 12, 27.—So, semel atque iterum, Cic. Font. 26; id. Clu. 49; Tac. Or. 17; and:
iterum atque iterum,
Verg. A. 8, 527; Hor. S. 1, 10, 39.—
C.
Huc atque illuc, hither and thither, Cic. Q. Rosc. 37; id. de Or. 1, 40, 184; Verg. A. 9, 57; Ov. M. 2, 357; 10, 376; Tac. Agr. 10; id. H. 1, 85.—
D.
Longe atque late, far and wide, Cic. Marcell. 29:
atque eccum or atque eccum video, in colloquial lang.: Heus vocate huc Davom. Atque eccum,
but here he is, Ter. And. 3, 3, 48:
Audire vocem visa sum modo militis. Atque eccum,
and here he is, id. Eun. 3, 2, 2; so id. Hec. 4, 1, 8.—
E.
Atque omnia, in making an assertion general, and so generally:
Atque in eis omnibus, quae sunt actionis, inest quaedam vis a natura data,
Cic. de Or. 3, 59, 223:
quorum (verborum) descriptus ordo alias alia terminatione concluditur, atque omnia illa et prima et media verba spectare debent ad ultimum,
id. Or. 59, 200; id. de Or. 2, 64, 257: commoda civium non divellere, atque omnes aequitate eadem continere, and so rather, etc., id. Off. 2, 23, 83:
nihil acerbum esse, nihil crudele, atque omnia plena clementiae, humanitatis,
id. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8:
Atque omnis vitae ratio sic constat, ut, quae probamus in aliis, facere ipsi velimus,
Quint. 10, 2, 2.—
F.
With other conjunctions.
1.
After et:
equidem putabam virtutem hominibus instituendo et persuadendo, non minis et vi ac metu tradi,
Cic. de Or. 1, 58, 247:
Magnifica vero vox et magno viro ac sapiente digna,
id. Off. 3, 1, 1; id. Cael. 13:
vanus aspectus et auri fulgor atque argenti,
Tac. Agr. 32.:
denuntiarent, ut ab Saguntinis abstineret et Carthaginem in Africam traicerent ac sociorum querimonias deferrent,
Liv. 21, 6, 4:
ubi et fratrem consilii ac periculi socium haberem,
id. 21, 41, 2:
et uti liter demum ac Latine perspicueque,
Quint. 8, 3, 3:
Nam et subtili plenius aliquid atque subtilius et vehementi remissius atque vehementius invenitur,
id. 12, 10, 67. —
2.
After que, as in Gr. te kai: litterisque ac laudibus aeternare, Varr. ap. Non. p. 75, 20:
submoverique atque in castra redigi,
Liv. 26, 10:
terrorem caedemque ac fugam fecere,
id. 21, 52:
mus Sub terris posuitque domos atque horrea fecit,
Verg. G. 1, 182; 3, 434; id. A. 8, 486.—
3.
Before et:
caelum ipsum ac mare et silvas circum spectantes,
Tac. Agr. 32.—
4.
After neque (only in the poets and post - Aug. prose):
nec clavis nec canis atque calix,
Mart. 1, 32, 4: naturam Oceani atque aestus [p. 192] neque quaerere hujus operis est, ac multi retulere, Tac. Agr. 10:
mediocritatem pristinam neque dissimulavit umquam ac frequenter etiam prae se tulit,
Suet. Vesp. 12.—
G.
Atque repeated, esp. in arch. Lat.: Scio solere plerisque hominibus in rebus secundis atque prolixis atque prosperis animum excellere atque superbiam atque ferociam augescere atque crescere, Cato ap. Gell. 7, 3: Dicere possum quibus villae atque aedes aedificatae atque expolitae maximo opere citro atque ebore atque pavimentis Poenicis stent, Cato ap. Fest. p. 242 Mull.:
atque ut C. Flamininum atque ea, quae jam prisca videntur, propter vetustatem relinquam,
Cic. Leg. 3, 9, 20:
omnem dignitatem tuam in virtute atque in rebus gestis atque in tua gravitate positam existimare,
id. Fam. 1, 5, 8.—Esp. freq. in enumerations in the poets:
Haec atque illa dies atque alia atque alia,
Cat. 68, 152:
Mavortia tellus Atque Getae atque Hebrus,
Verg. G. 4, 463:
Clioque et Beroe atque Ephyre Atque Opis et Asia,
id. ib. 4, 343.—And sometimes forming a double connective, both— and = et—et:
Multus ut in terras deplueretque lapis: Atque tubas atque arma ferunt crepitantia caelo Audita,
Tib. 2, 5, 73:
complexa sui corpus miserabile nati Atque deos atque astra vocat crudelia mater,
Verg. E. 5, 23; Sil. 1, 93; v. Forbig ad Verg. l. l.

► Atque regularly stands at the beginning of its sentence or clause or before the word it connects, but in poetry it sometimes, like et and at, stands:
a.
In the second place:
Jamque novum terrae stupeant lucescere solem, Altius atque cadant imbres,
Verg. E. 6, 38 Rib., ubi v. Forbig.:
Accipite ergo animis atque haec mea figite dicta,
id. A. 3, 250, and 10, 104 (animis may, however, here be taken with Accipite, as in id. ib. 5, 304):
Esto beata, funus atque imagines Ducant triumphales tuum,
Hor. Epod. 8, 11; id. S. 1, 5, 4; 1, 6, 111; 1, 7, 12 (ubi v. Fritzsche).—
b.
In the third place:
quod pubes hedera virente Gaudeant pulla magis atque myrto,
Hor. C. 1, 25, 18; cf. at fin. (Vid. more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 452-513.)

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > atque
10 dudum

dūdum, adv. temp. [diu-dum, it is some time since; cf. Don. Ter. And. 3, 4, 3; Prisc. p. 1018 P. Hence].
I.
A short time ago, a little while ago (in Plaut. and Ter. freq., and repeatedly in Cicero's philos. writings and letters, and in Vergil; elsewh., except in the compound jamdudum, very rare; not in Caes.; cf.
also diu, pridem): quid ille revortitur, qui dudum properare se aibat,
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 29; 1, 1, 231; 2, 1, 73; 3, 2, 35; id. Trin. 2, 4, 29 et saep.; Ter And. 3, 4, 12; id. Heaut. 3, 3, 34 et saep.; Cic. Tusc. 1, 31, 76; id. de Or. 2, 65, 262; id. Att. 11, 24; Verg. A. 5, 650; Stat. Th. 1, 670. —
B.
Before, formerly.
a.
Opp. nunc:
nunc assentatrix scelesta est, dudum adversatrix erat,
Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 100; id. Men. 5, 5, 33; 5, 1, 29:
etiam si dudum fuerat ambiguom hoc mihi, nunc non est,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 26 al.; id. And. 4, 1, 29; 5, 1, 5; id. Eun. 4, 4, 16; Cic. Brut. 36, 138; Verg. A. 2, 726; 12, 632.—
b.
Opp. nunc demum, Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 78; cf. id. Epid. 3, 4, 22; id. Mil. 2, 4, 52.—
c.
Without such oppos. particles, Plaut. Epid. 5, 1, 54; id. Truc. 4, 3, 29; Ter. Ph. 2, 4, 19; Cic. Brut. 72, 252; Verg. A. 10, 599:
quid tu me sic salutas, quasi dudum non videris,
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 52 (dub. Ussing ad loc.).—
C.
In Plaut. connected with ut or cum, to denote immediately past or present time, just as:
nam ut dudum hinc abii, accessi ad adolescentes in foro,
Plaut. Capt. 3, 1, 18; cf. id. Aul. 4, 8, 5; id. Bacch. 4, 9, 33:
scilicet qui dudum tecum venit, cum pallam mihi Detulisti,
just now, id. Men. 2, 3, 41; cf. ib. 5, 1, 1.—Less freq. without these conjunctions:
is se ad portum dixerat Ire dudum,
just now, Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 135, ed. Ritschl.—
II.
To designate a remoter past, only in two combinations.
1.
Haud dudum, not long ago, i. e. just now, = modo: To. E Persia ad me allatae modo sunt istae, a meo domino. Do. Quando? To. Haud dudum, Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 29.—
2.
Quam dudum, how long:
vide quam dudum hic asto et pulto!
id. Stich. 2, 1, 38; Ter. And. 5, 2, 9; id. Eun. 4, 4, 30: Al. Qui non abiisti, ita ut dudum dixeras? Am. Dudum? Quam dudum istuc factum'st? Al. Temptas;
jam dudum, modo,
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 59.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > dudum
11 eo

1.
ĕo, īvi or ii (īt, Verg. A. 9, 418 al.; cf.
Lachm. ad Lucr. vol. 2, p. 206 sq.: isse, issem, etc., for ivisse, etc.,
Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 25; Cic. Rosc. Am. 23, 64; id. Phil. 14, 1, 1; Ov. M. 7, 350 et saep.: isti, Turp. ap. Non. 4, 242:
istis,
Luc. 7, 834, etc., v. Neue Formenl. 2, 515), īre ( inf. pass. irier, Plaut. Rud. 4, 7, 16), ĭtum, v. n. [root i-, Sanscr. ēmi, go; Gr. eimi; causat. hiêmi = jacio, Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 403], to go (of every kind of motion of animate or inanimate things), to walk, ride, sail, fly, move, pass, etc. (very freq. in all periods and sorts of writing).
I.
Lit.
A.
In gen.:
eo ad forum,
Plaut. As. 1, 1, 95:
i domum,
id. ib. 5, 2, 71 sq.:
nos priores ibimus,
id. Poen. 3, 2, 34:
i in crucem,
go and be hanged! id. As. 5, 2, 91; cf.:
i in malam crucem,
id. Cas. 3, 5, 17; id. Ps. 3, 2, 57; 4, 7, 86:
i in malam rem hinc,
Ter. Ph. 5, 7, 37:
iens in Pompeianum,
Cic. Att. 4, 9 fin.:
subsidio suis ierunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 62, 8:
quom it dormitum,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 23; id Most. 3, 2, 4; 16; Hor. S. 1, 6, 119 et saep, cf.:
dormitum, lusum,
id. ib. 1, 5, 48:
cubitum,
Plaut. Cas. 4, 4, 27; 5, 4, 8; id. Ps. 3, 2, 57; Cic. Rosc. Am. 23; id. Div. 2, 59, 122 et saep.— Poet. with the acc. of the terminus:
ibis Cecropios portus,
Ov. H. 10, 125 Loers.:
Sardoos recessus,
Sil. 12, 368; cf.:
hinc Afros,
Verg. E. 1, 65.—With a cognate acc.:
ire vias,
Prop. 1, 1, 17:
exsequias,
Ter. Ph. 5, 8, 37:
pompam funeris,
Ov. F. 6, 663 et saep.:
non explorantur eundae vitandaeque viae,
Claud. in Eutrop. 2, 419:
animae ad lumen iturae,
Verg. A. 6, 680:
ego ire in Piraeum volo,
Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 63; cf.:
visere ad aliquam,
Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 114; id. Phorm. 1, 2, 52:
videre,
Prop. 1, 1, 12:
ire pedibus,
on foot, Liv. 28, 17:
equis,
id. 1, 15:
curru,
id. 28, 9; Ov. H. 1, 46; cf.:
in equis,
id. A. A. 1, 214:
in raeda,
Mart. 3, 47:
super equos,
Just. 41, 3;
and with equis to be supplied,
Verg. A. 5, 554:
puppibus,
Ov. H. 19, 180; cf.:
cum classe Pisas,
Liv. 41, 17 et saep.:
concedere quo poterunt undae, cum pisces ire nequibunt?
Lucr. 1, 380.—
b.
Of things:
alvus non it,
Cato R. R. 157, 7; so,
sanguis naribus,
Lucr. 6, 1203:
Euphrates jam mollior undis,
Verg. A. 8, 726:
sudor per artus,
id. ib. 2, 174:
fucus in artus,
Lucr. 2, 683:
telum (with volare),
id. 1, 971:
trabes,
i. e. to give way, sink, id. 6, 564 et saep.:
in semen ire (asparagum),
to go to seed, Cato, R. R. 161, 3; so Plin. 18, 17, 45, § 159; cf.:
in corpus (juvenes),
Quint. 2, 10, 5:
sanguis it in sucos,
turns into, Ov. M. 10, 493.—
B.
In partic.
1.
To go or proceed against with hostile intent, to march against:
quos fugere credebant, infestis signis ad se ire viderunt,
Caes. B. G. 6, 8, 6:
ad hostem,
Liv. 42, 49:
contra hostem,
Caes. B. G. 7, 67, 2; cf. id. B. C. 3, 31 fin.:
adversus hostem,
Liv. 42, 49:
in hostem,
id. 2, 6; Verg. A. 9, 424 et saep.; cf.:
in Capitolium,
to go against, to attack, Liv. 3, 17.—
2.
Pregn., to pass away, disappear (very rare):
saepe hominem paulatim cernimus ire,
Lucr. 3, 526; cf. ib. 530; 594.
II.
Trop.
A.
In gen., to go, pass, proceed, move, advance:
ire in opus alienum,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 6:
in dubiam imperii servitiique aleam,
Liv. 1, 23 fin.:
in alteram causam praeceps ierat,
id. 2, 27:
in rixam,
Quint. 6, 4, 13:
in lacrimas,
Verg. A. 4, 413; Stat. Th. 11, 193:
in poenas,
Ov. M. 5, 668 et saep.:
ire per singula,
Quint. 6, 1, 12; cf. id. 4, 2, 32; 7, 1, 64; 10, 5, 21:
ad quem (modum) non per gradus itur,
id. 8, 4, 7 et saep.:
dicite qua sit eundum,
Ov. Tr. 3, 1, 19:
ire infitias, v. infitiae: Latina debent cito pariter ire,
Quint. 1, 1, 14:
aliae contradictiones eunt interim longius,
id. 5, 13, 54: in eosdem semper pedes ire (compositio), [p. 649] id. 9, 4, 142:
cum per omnes et personas et affectus eat (comoedia),
id. 1, 8, 7; cf. id. 1, 2, 13; Juv. 1, 142:
Phrygiae per oppida facti Rumor it,
Ov. M. 6, 146:
it clamor caelo,
Verg. A. 5, 451:
factoque in secula ituro, Laetantur tribuisse locum,
to go down to posterity, Sil. 12, 312; cf.
with a subject-sentence: ibit in saecula, fuisse principem, cui, etc.,
Plin. Pan. 55.—
B.
In partic.
1.
Pub. law t. t.
a.
Pedibus ire, or simply ire in aliquam sententiam, in voting, to go over or accede to any opinion (opp. discedere, v. h. v. II. B. 2. b.):
cum omnes in sententiam ejus pedibus irent,
Liv. 9, 8, 13:
pars major eorum qui aderant in eandem sententiam ibat,
id. 1, 32 fin.; 34, 43; 42, 3 fin.—Pass. impers.:
in quam sententiam cum pedibus iretur,
Liv. 5, 9, 2:
ibatur in eam sententiam,
Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1 fin.:
itum in sententiam,
Tac. A. 3, 23; 12, 48.—And opp. to the above,
b.
Ire in alia omnia, to vote against a bill, v. alius, II.—
2.
Mercant. t. t. for vēneo, to go for, be sold at a certain price, Plin. 18, 23, 53, § 194:
tot Pontus eat, tot Lydia nummis,
Claud. Eutr. 1, 203.—
3.
Pregn., of time, to pass by, pass away:
it dies,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 12; Hor. C. 2, 14, 5; 4, 5, 7:
anni,
id. Ep. 2, 2, 55; cf.:
anni more fluentis aquae,
Ov. A. A. 3, 62.—
4.
With the accessory notion of result, to go, proceed, turn out, happen:
incipit res melius ire quam putaram,
Cic. Att. 14, 15; cf. Tac. A. 12, 68:
prorsus ibat res,
Cic. Att. 14, 20 fin.; Curt. 8, 5:
postquam omnia fatis Caesaris ire videt,
Luc. 4, 144.—Hence the wish: sic eat, so may he fare:
sic eat quaecunque Romana lugebit hostem,
Liv. 1, 26; Luc. 5, 297 Cort.; 2, 304; Claud. in Eutr. 2, 155. —
5.
Constr. with a supine, like the Gr. mellein, to go or set about, to prepare, to wish, to be about to do any thing:
si opulentus it petitum pauperioris gratiam, etc.,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 69; id. Bacch. 3, 6, 36: quod uti prohibitum irem, quod in me esset, meo labori non parsi, Cato ap. Fest. s. v. PARSI, p. 242 Müll.; so,
perditum gentem universam,
Liv. 32, 22:
ultum injurias, scelera,
id. 2, 6; Quint. 11, 1, 42:
servitum Grais matribus,
Verg. A. 2, 786 et saep.:
bonorum praemia ereptum eunt,
Sall. J. 85, 42.—Hence the construction of the inf. pass. iri with the supine, in place of an inf. fut. pass.:
mihi omne argentum redditum iri,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 5:
mihi istaec videtur praeda praedatum irier,
id. Rud. 4, 7, 16 et saep.— Poet. also with inf.:
seu pontum carpere remis Ibis,
Prop. 1, 6, 34:
attollere facta regum,
Stat. S. 5, 3, 11:
fateri,
id. Th. 3, 61 al. —
6.
Imp. i, eas, eat, etc., since the Aug. period more freq. a mocking or indignant expression, go then, go now:
i nunc et cupidi nomen amantis habe,
Ov. H. 3, 26; so,
i nunc,
id. ib. 4, 127; 9, 105; 17, 57; id. Am. 1, 7, 35; Prop. 2, 29, 22 (3, 27, 22 M.); Verg. A. 7, 425; Juv. 6, 306 al.:
i, sequere Italiam ventis,
Verg. A. 4, 381; so,
i,
id. ib. 9, 634:
fremunt omnibus locis: Irent, crearent consules ex plebe,
Liv. 7, 6 fin.
2.
ĕō, adv. [old dat. and abl. form of pron. stem i; cf. is].
I.
In locat. and abl. uses,
A.
Of place=in eo loco, there, in that place (rare):
quid (facturus est) cum tu eo quinque legiones haberes?
Cic. Ep. ad Brut. 1, 2, 1:
quo loco... ibi... eoque,
Cels. 8, 9, 1:
eo loci,
Tac. A. 15, 74; Plin. 11, 37, 50, § 136; so trop.: eo loci, in that condition:
res erat eo jam loci, ut, etc.,
Cic. Sest. 13, 68; Tac. A. 14, 61; Dig. 5, 1, 52, § 3.—
B.
Of cause=eā re.
1.
Referring to a cause or reason before given, therefore, on that account, for that reason:
is nunc dicitur venturus peregre: eo nunc commenta est dolum,
Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 66; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 41:
dederam litteras ad te: eo nunc ero brevior,
Cic. Fam. 6, 20, 1; Sall. C. 21, 3; Liv. 8, 8, 8; Tac. H. 2, 65; Nep. Pelop. 1, 3; id. Milt. 2, 3 et saep.—So with conjunctions, eoque, et eo, eo quoque, in adding any thing as a consequence of what precedes, and for that reason:
absolute pares, et eo quoque innumerabiles,
Cic. Ac. 2, 17, 55:
impeditius eoque hostibus incautum,
Tac. A. 1, 50:
per gentes integras et eo feroces,
Vell. 2, 115, 2; Quint. 4, 1, 42 al. —
2.
Referring to a foll. clause, giving
(α).
a cause or reason, with quia, quoniam, quod, etc.; so with quia:
eo fit, quia mihi plurimum credo,
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 124; id. Capt. 1, 1, 2:
nunc eo videtur foedus, quia, etc.,
Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 17; 3, 1, 25:
quia scripseras, eo te censebam, etc.,
Cic. Att. 10, 17, 4; Sall. C. 20, 3; Tac. Agr. 22.—With quoniam:
haec eo notavi, quoniam, etc.,
Gell. 7, 13.—With quod:
quod... non potueritis, eo vobis potestas erepta sit,
Cic. Verr. 1, 8, 22; Nep. Eum. 11, 5; Liv. 9, 2, 4; Caes. B. G. 1, 23; so,
neque eo... quod,
Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 43; Varr. R. R. 1, 5.—
(β).
A purpose, motive or reason, with quo, ut, ne; and after negatives, with quo, quin, and subj. —So with quo:
eo scripsi, quo plus auctoritatis haberem,
Cic. Att. 8, 9, 1; Sall. C. 22, 2; so,
non eo... quo,
Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 16:
neque eo... quo,
Cic. Att. 3, 15, 4; id. Rosc. Am. 18, 51.—With ut:
haec eo scripsi, ut intellegeres,
Cic. Fam. 13, 69, 2; id. de Or. 3, 49, 187; Lact. 4, 5, 9.—With ne: Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 63; Ter. Ph. 5, 1, 17:
quod ego non eo vereor, ne mihi noceat,
Cic. Att. 9, 2; id. Rab. Perd. 3, 9.—With quin:
non eo haec dico, quin quae tu vis ego velim,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 60; id. As. 5, 1, 16. —
C.
Of measure or degree—with words of comparison, so much, by so much —followed by quo (= tanto... quanto):
quae eo fructuosiores fiunt, quo calidior terra aratur,
Varr. R. R. 1, 32, 1:
eo gravior est dolor, quo culpa major,
Cic. Att. 11, 11, 2; id. Fam. 2, 19, 1; so with quantum:
quantum juniores patrum plebi se magis insinuabant, eo acrius contra tribuni tendebant, etc.,
Liv. 3, 15, 2; id. 44, 7, 6:
quanto longius abscederent, eo, etc.,
id. 30, 30, 23. —Esp. freq. the formulae, eo magis, eo minus, so much the worse ( the less), followed by quo, quod, quoniam, si, ut, ne:
eo magis, quo tanta penuria est in omni honoris gradu,
Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 7:
eo minus veritus navibus, quod in littore molli, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 5, 9; Cic. Off. 3, 22, 88; id. Att. 15, 9 fin.:
eo magis, quoniam, etc., Cels. praef. p. 14, 12 Müll.: nihil admirabilius fieri potest, eoque magis, si ea sunt in adulescente,
Cic. Off. 2, 14, 48; id. Tusc. 1, 39, 94:
eo diligentius ut ne parvula quidem titubatione impediremur,
Auct. Her. 2, 8, 12; Cic. Rab. Perd. 3, 9:
ego illa extuli et eo quidem magis, ne quid ille superiorum meminisse me putaret,
id. Att. 9, 13, 3.—
In this combination eo often expresses also the idea of cause (cf. B. 1. supra): hoc probis pretiumst. Eo mihi magis lubet cum probis potius quam cum improbis vivere,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 37: solliciti tamen et anxii sunt;
eoque magis, quod se ipsi continent et coercent,
Cic. Tusc. 4, 33, 70;
and some passages may be classed under either head: dederam triduo ante litteras ad te. Eo nunc ero brevior,
Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1; id. Inv 1, 4, 5; id. Off. 2, 13, 45; id. Fam. 9, 16, 9; Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 8.
II.
In dat. uses.
A.
With the idea of motion, to that place, thither (=in eum locum):
eo se recipere coeperunt,
Caes. B. G. 1, 25, 5:
uti eo cum introeas, circumspicias, uti inde exire possit,
Cato, R. R. 1, 2:
eo tela conicere, Auct. B. Afr. 72: eo respicere,
Sall. J. 35, 10; so,
followed by quo, ubi, unde: non potuit melius pervenirier eo, quo nos volumus,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 35:
venio nunc eo, quo me fides ducit,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 30, 83:
ibit eo quo vis, etc.,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 40:
(venit) eo, ubi non modo res erat, etc.,
Cic. Quint. 11; Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 21; Vell. 2, 108, 2:
eo, unde discedere non oportuit, revertamur,
Cic. Att. 2, 16, 3; Liv. 6, 35, 2; Sall. C. 60, 2;
so (late Lat.) with loci: perducendum eo loci, ubi actum sit,
Dig. 10, 4, 11, § 1; ib. 47, 2, 3, § 2.—
B.
Transf.
1.
With the idea of addition, thereto, in addition to that, besides:
accessit eo, ut milites ejus, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 10, 21, 4:
accedit eo, quod, etc.,
id. Att. 1, 13, 1.—
2.
With the idea of tendency, to that end, with that purpose, to this result:
hoc autem eo spectabat, ut eam a Philippo corruptam diceret,
Cic. Div. 2, 57, 118:
haec eo pertinet oratio, ut ipsa virtus se sustentare posse videretur,
id. Fam. 6, 1, 12:
hoc eo valebat, ut, etc.,
Nep. Them. 4, 4.—
3.
With the idea of degree or extent, to that degree or extent, so far, to such a point:
eo scientiae progredi,
Quint. 2, 1, 6:
postquam res publica eo magnificentiae venerit, gliscere singulos,
Tac. A. 2, 33; id. H. 1, 16; id. Agr. 28:
eo magnitudinis procedere,
Sall. J. 1, 5; 5, 2; 14, 3:
ubi jam eo consuetudinis adducta res est, ut, etc.,
Liv. 25, 8, 11; 28, 27, 12; 32, 18, 8 al.; Just. 3, 5:
eo insolentiae processit,
Plin. Pan. 16:
eo rerum ventum erat, ut, etc.,
Curt. 5, 12, 3; 7, 1, 35.— With gen., Val. Max. 3, 7, 1 al.; Flor. 1, 24, 2; 2, 18, 12; Suet. Caes. 77; Plin. Pan. 16, 5; Sen. Q. N. 4 praef. §
9: eo rem jam adducam, ut nihil divinationis opus sit,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 96:
res eo est deducta, ut, etc.,
id. Att. 2, 18, 2; Hor. C. 2, 1, 226; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 18.—
C.
Of time, up to the time, until, so long, usually with usque, and followed by dum, donec:
usque eo premere capita, dum illae captum amitterent,
Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 124; Liv. 23, 19, 14; Tac. A. 4, 18:
eo usque flagitatus est, donec ad exitium dederetur,
id. ib. 1, 32; Quint. 11, 3, 53:
eo usque vivere, donec, etc.,
Liv. 40, 8; cf. Col. 4, 24, 20; 4, 30, 4.—Rarely by quamdiu:
eo usque, quamdiu ad fines barbaricos veniretur,
Lampr. Alex. Sev. 45.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > eo
12 ipse

ipse ( ipsus, Cato, R. R. 70; 71; Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 43; id. Trin. 2, 2, 40; 3, 1, 10 et saep.; Ter. And. 3, 2, 15; id. Eun. 3, 4, 8, id. Hec. 3, 5, 5; Jusjur. Milit. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 4 al.), a, um (ipsud, Gloss. Philox.); gen. ipsīus ( poet. also ipsĭus, Cat. 64, 43; Verg. A. 1, 114; 2, 772 al.; and dissyl. Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 15; id. Phorm. 4, 5, 13: ipsi, Afran. ap. Prisc. 694); dat. ipsi (ipso, App. M. 10, p. 243, 24); pron. demonstr. [is - pse for pte; cf. sua-pte and -pote in ut-pote; root in potis; Sanscr. patis, lord, master; hence, = he, the master, himself, etc.; cf. Pott. Etym. Forsch. 2, 866 sq.; Fick, Vergl. Wörterb. p. 116. Hence, in the original form, the pronoun is was declined, while the suffix was unchanged; thus eopte = eo ipso, Paul. ex Fest. p. 110:
eapse = ea ipsa,
id. p. 77; nom. sing. eapse, Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, 4; id. Cist. 1, 2, 17; id. Rud. 2, 3, 80; 2, 5, 21 al.; acc. eumpse, Plaut. Most. 1, 4, 32:
eampse,
Plaut. Aul. 5, 7; id. Cist. 1, 3, 22; id. Men. 5, 2, 22 al.; abl. eopse, Plaut. Curc, 4, 3, 6:
eāpse,
id. Trin. 4, 2, 132; id. Curc. 4, 3, 2; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 197 sq.], = autos, self, in person, he (emphatic), himself, herself, itself, used both substantively and adjectively, to denote that person (thing) of which something is eminently or exclusively predicated.
I.
In gen.
A.
With substt. or pronn.
1.
Expressing eminence or distinction:
ipse ille Gorgias... in illo ipso Platonis libro,
Cic. de Or. 3, 32, 129:
ille ipse Marcellus,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 2, § 4:
natura ipsa,
id. Brut. 29, 112:
dicet pro me ipsa virtus,
id. Fin. 2, 20, 65:
ipsa res publica,
id. Fam. 3, 11, 3:
neque enim ipse Caesar est alienus a nobis,
id. ib. 6, 10, 2:
ipse Moeris,
Verg. E. 8, 96:
rex ipse Aeneas,
id. A. 1, 575:
ipse aries,
id. E. 3, 95:
ductores ipsi,
id. A. 1, 189:
si in ipsa arce habitarem,
Liv. 2, 7, 10;
esp. freq. with names of gods, etc.: naturas quas Juppiter ipse Addidit,
Verg. G. 4, 149; id. A. 3, 222; Hor. C. 1, 16, 12:
Pater ipse,
Verg. G. 1, 121; Tib. 1, 4, 23:
Venus ipsa,
Hor. C. 2, 8, 13; Ov. H. 19, 159:
ipse pater Pluton,
Verg. A. 7, 327 et saep.—Prov.:
audentes deus ipse juvat,
Ov. M. 10, 586.—
2.
For emphasis or in contrast, very, just, precisely, self, in person:
adest optime ipse frater,
Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 66:
in orationibus hisce ipsis,
Cic. de Or. 1, 16, 73:
ea ipsa hora,
id. Fam. 7, 23, 4:
nec carmina nobis Ipsa placent: ipsae rursus concedite silvae,
Verg. E. 10, 63:
tute ipse his rebus finem praescripsti,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 124:
lepide ipsi hi sunt capti,
Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 91:
ego enim ipse cum eodem isto non invitus erraverim,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40:
ipse ille divinationis auctor,
id. Div. 2, 28, 61:
cariorem esse patriam quam nosmet ipsos,
id. Fin. 3, 19, 64:
eaque ipsa causa belli fuit,
the very, the true cause, Liv. 1, 57, 1; esp. with is, in all persons and numbers:
estne hic Philto? Is hercle'st ipsus,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 31:
cui tutor is fuerat ipse,
Liv. 5, 33, 3:
jam id ipsum absurdum, maximum malum neglegi,
even, Cic. Fin. 2, 28, 93 (Madv.); id. de Or. 2, 30, 132:
tempus ad id ipsum congruere,
Liv. 1, 5, 5:
duum vir ad id ipsum creatus,
id. 2, 42, 5:
Tullius et eos ipsos et per eos multitudinem aliam deduxit,
id. 2, 38, 1:
eorum ipsorum facta (opp. loca in quibus, etc.),
Cic. Fin. 5, 1, 2:
nec vero clarorum virorum post mortem honores permanerent, si nihil eorum ipsorum animi efficerent,
id. de Sen. 22, 80:
ad eum ipsum honorem deferre,
Liv. 3, 51, 3; so sometimes with an inf. or subst.-clause:
ipsum dicere ineptum,
Cic. de Or. 1, 24, 112:
quid juvat quod ante initum tribunatum veni, si ipsum, quod veni, nihil juvat?
the mere fact, the fact alone, id. Att. 11, 9, 1:
ipsum, quod habuisti,
Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 12, 2:
et ipsum, quod sum victus, ama,
Luc. 8, 78.— Esp. in legal phrase: ipso jure, by the letter of the law, in legal strictness or precision, Gai Inst. 2, 198; 3, 181; 4, 106 sqq. et saep.—
B.
Alone, emphatically taking the place of an omitted person. or demonstr. pron.: Ar. Ubi is nunc est? He. Ubi ego minume atque ipsus se volt maxume, Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 108; 4, 1, 10: Su. Is ipsusne's? Ch. Aio: Su. Ipsus es? id. Trin. 4, 2, 146:
atque ipsis, ad quorum commodum pertinebat, durior inventus est Coelius,
Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4:
quaeram ex ipsā,
Cic. Cael. 14:
tempus, quo ipse eos sustulisset, ad id ipsum congruere,
Liv. 1, 5, 5:
agrum dare immunem ipsi, qui accepisset, liberisque,
id. 21, 45, 5; 9, 34, 18; 10, [p. 999] 6, 10:
laeta et ipsis qui rem gessere expugnatio fuit,
id. 28, 4, 1:
a nobis exposita, ut ab ipsis, qui eam disciplinam probant,
Cic. Fin. 1, 5, 13.—So freq. in Cic. before a rel.:
ut de ipso, qui judicarit, judicium fieri videretur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 44, 82:
ipsi omnia, quorum negotium est, ad nos deferunt,
id. de Or. 1, 58, 250; 2, 14, 60; id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 13; v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 2, 28, 93:
nullis definitionibus utuntur, ipsique dicunt ea se modo probare, quibus natura tacita assentiatur,
Cic. Fin. 3, 12, 40 Madv. —
C.
To make prominent one of two or more subjects of any predicate, he ( she, il), for his part, he too, also, as well.
1.
Ipse alone:
litterae Metello Capuam adlatae sunt a Clodia, quae ipsa transiit,
i. e. also, in person, Cic. Att. 9, 6, 3:
Italiam ornare quam domum suam maluit: quamquam Italia ornata domus ipsa mihi videtur ornatior,
id. Off. 2, 22, 76:
tris ipse excitavit recitatores,
he too, id. Clu. 51, 141:
neque tanti timoris sum ut ipse deficiam,
Caes. B. C. 2, 31, 8:
Jugurtha, tametsi regem ficta locutum intellegebat, et ipse longe aliter animo agitabat,
Sall. J. 11, 1:
hoc Rhipeus, hoc ipse Dymas omnisque juventus Laeta facit,
Verg. A. 2, 394.—
2.
With conjunctions.
(α).
With etiam (class.):
ipse etiam Fufidius in numero fuit,
Cic. Brut. 29, 112: scribebat orationes quas alii dicerent: quamquam is etiam ipse scripsit eas, quibus pro se est usus, sed non sine Aelio;
his enim scriptis etiam ipse interfui,
id. ib. 56, 206 sq. —
(β).
With quoque:
quippe quia plebs senatus consultum solvit, ipsi quoque solutum vultis,
Liv. 3, 21, 4:
consul, quia collegae decretum triumphum audivit, ipse quoque triumphi flagitator Romam rediit,
id. 8, 12, 9:
cum subito Sulpicius et Albinovanus objecissent catervas, ipse quoque (Sulla) jaculatus, etc.,
Flor. 3, 21, 7.—
(γ).
With et (et ipse = kai autos, ipse etiam; rare in Cic.; cf.
Zumpt, Gram. § 698): tamen et ipsi tuae familiae genere et nomine continebuntur,
Cic. Caecin. 20, 58:
deseret eos quos una scis esse, cum habeat praesertim et ipse cohortis triginta?
id. Att. 8, 7, 1; id. de Or. 1, 46, 202:
Cornelius dictatorem Aemilium dixit, et ipse ab eo magister equitum est dictus,
Liv. 4, 31, 5:
credo ego vos, socii, et ipsos cernere,
id. 21, 21, 3:
Cornelio minus copiarum datum, quia L. Manlius praetor et ipse cum praesidio in Galliam mittebatur,
id. 21, 17, 7:
qui et ipse crus fregerat,
Suet. Aug. 43:
Antoninus Commodus nihil paternum habuit, nisi quod contra Germanos feliciter et ipse pugnavit,
Eutr. 8, 7:
virtutes et ipsae taedium pariunt,
Quint. 9, 4, 43. —
(δ).
With nec ( = ne ipse quidem):
primis repulsis Maharbal cum majore robore virorum missus nec ipse eruptionem cohortium sustinuit,
Liv. 23, 18, 4:
nihil moveri viderunt, nec ipsi quicquam mutarunt,
id. 37, 20, 8:
neque ipsi,
id. 30, 42, 7: crimina non quidem nec ipsa mediocria;
sed quid ista sunt prae iis, etc.,
id. 34, 32, 9.
II.
Esp.
A.
By way of eminence, ipse is used to indicate the chief person, host, master, teacher, etc.:
ipsa, the mistress, etc.: ipsus tristis,
Ter. And. 2, 2, 23:
ipsum praesto video,
id. ib. 2, 5, 3:
ego eo quo me ipsa misit,
Plaut. Cas. 4, 2, 10:
suam norat ipsam tam bene, quam puella matrem,
Cat. 3, 7 (Müll., ipsa); cf.:
Pythagorei respondere solebant, ipse dixit,
i. e. Pythagoras, Cic. N. D. 1, 5, 10; cf.:
nec hoc oratori contingere inter adversarios quod Pythagorae inter discipulos potest ipse dixit,
Quint. 11, 1, 27:
cum veniat lectica Mathonis plena ipso,
the great man, Juv. 1, 33:
anseris ante ipsum jecur,
before the host, id. 5, 114.—
B.
Of or by one ' s self, of one ' s own accord = suā sponte, ultro:
videar non ipse promisisse (opp. to fortuito),
Cic. de Or. 1, 24, 111:
de manibus delapsa arma ipsa ceciderunt,
id. Off. 1, 22, 77:
valvae clausae se ipsae aperuerunt,
id. Div. 1, 37, 74:
ipsae lacte domum referent distenta capellae Ubera,
Verg. E. 4, 21:
ipsi potum venient juvenci,
id. ib. 7, 11; cf.:
aliae ipsae Sponte sua veniunt,
id. G. 2, 10:
fruges sponte sua (tellus) primum ipsa creavit,
Lucr. 2, 11, 58; and autai for automatoi, Theocr. Idyll. 11, 12.—
C.
Himself exclusively.
1.
By or in one ' s self, alone:
haec ipse suo tristi cum corde volutat,
Verg. A. 6, 185:
his actis, aliud genitor secum ipse volutat,
id. ib. 12, 843: tempus secum ipsa Exigit, id. ib. 4, 475:
quam facile exercitu soclos conservaturus sit, qui ipso nomine ac rumore defenderit,
Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 15, 45:
multa secum ipse volvens,
Sall. C. 32, 1:
aestimando ipse secum,
Liv. 25, 23, 11.—
2.
In one ' s self, for one ' s own sake:
ipsam aequitatem et jus ipsum amare,
Cic. Leg. 1, 18, 48.—
3.
Of one ' s self, of one ' s own nature, etc.:
erat ipse immani acerbāque naturā Oppianicus,
Cic. Clu. 15, 44:
duo imperatores, ipsi pares, ceterum opibus disparibus,
Sall. J. 52, 1:
natura serpentium, ipsa perniciosa, siti accenditur,
id. ib. 89, 5.—
D.
With advv. of time.
1.
Nunc ipsum, just now, at this very time:
nunc ipsum exurit,
Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 16:
nunc ipsum non dubitabo rem tantam adicere,
Cic. Att. 7, 3, 2; 8, 9, 2:
nunc tamen ipsum sine te esse non possum,
id. ib. 12, 16. —
2.
Tum ipsum, just then, at that very time:
id, quod aliquando posset accidere, ne tum ipsum accideret, timere,
Cic. de Or. 1, 27, 124:
ratio largitionum vitiosa est, temporibus necessaria, et tum ipsum ad facultates accommodanda est,
id. Off. 2, 17, 60:
et tum ipsum, cum immolare velis, extorum fieri mutatio potest,
id. Div. 1, 52, 118; cf. id. Fin. 2, 20, 65 Madv.—
E.
With numerals, just, exactly, precisely (opp. fere):
triginta dies erant ipsi, cum, etc.,
Cic. Att. 3, 21 init.:
ipsas undecim esse legiones,
id. Fam. 6, 18, 2:
nam cum dixisset minus 1000 (sc. milia), populus cum risu acclamavit, ipsa esse,
id. Caecin. 10, 28; cf. id. Brut. 15, 61; 43, 162:
ipso vigesimo anno,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 9, § 25. —
F.
In reflexive uses,
1.
Ipse strengthens the subject when opposed in thought to other agents; the object, when opposed to other objects; cf. Zumpt, Gram. § 696; Kennedy, Gram. § 67, 3; Madv. Gram. § 487, 6. — Hence,
a.
With subject.
(α).
In gen.:
non egeo medicina (i. e. ut alii me consolentur), me ipse consolor,
Cic. Lael. 3, 10:
Junius necem sibi ipse conscivit,
id. N. D. 2, 3, 7:
neque potest exercitum is continere imperator, qui se ipse non continet,
id. de Imp. Pomp. 13, 38:
Artaxerxes se ipse reprehendit,
Nep. Dat. 5:
ipsa se virtus satis ostendit,
Sall. J. 85; cf.:
deponendo tutelam ipse in se unum omnium vires convertit,
Liv. 24, 4, 9:
deforme etiam est de se ipsum praedicare,
Cic. Off. 1, 38, 137.—
(β).
With special emphasis, ipse is joined to the subject to indicate its relation to itself as both subject and object, though the antithesis would suggest another case (Cic.):
cum iste sic erat humilis atque demissus, ut non modo populo Romano, sed etiam sibi ipse condemnatus videretur,
Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17:
si quis ipse sibi inimicus est,
id. Fin. 5, 10, 28:
qui ipsi sibi bellum indixissent,
id. ib. 5, 10, 29:
quoniam se ipsi omnes natura diligant,
id. ib. 3, 18, 59:
nam si ex scriptis cognosci ipsi suis potuissent,
id. de Or. 2, 2, 8.—
b.
With object:
neque vero ipsam amicitiam tueri (possumus), nisi aeque amicos et nosmet ipsos diligamus,
Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 67:
omne animal se ipsum diligit,
id. ib. 5, 9, 24:
fac ut diligentissime te ipsum custodias,
id. Fam. 9, 14, 8:
Pompeianus miles fratrem suum, dein se ipsum interfecit,
Tac. H. 3, 51:
Lentulum, quem mihi ipsi antepono,
Cic. Fam. 3, 7, 5.—
2.
Ipse defines the subject of a reflexive pronoun:
natura movet infantem, sed tantum ut se ipse diligat (where ipse shows that se refers to infantem),
Cic. Fin. 2, 10, 33: proinde consulant sibi ipsi;
jubeant abire se,
Just. 16, 4, 15:
neque prius vim adhibendam putaverunt, quam se ipse indicasset,
Nep. Paus. 4:
in portis murisque sibimet ipsos tecta coëgerat aedificare,
Liv. 27, 3, 2 (cf. 1. a. supra).—
3.
Ipse stands for the reflexive pronoun,
a.
Where the person or thing referred to is to be emphatically distinguished from others (class.):
cum omnes se expetendos putent, nec id ob aliam rem, sed propter ipsos, necesse est ejus etiam partes propter se expeti, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 5, 17, 46:
quis umquam consul senatum ipsius decretis parere prohibuit?
id. Sest. 14, 32:
quos, quidquid ipsis expediat, facturos arbitrabimur,
id. Fin. 2, 35, 117:
qui negant se recusare, quo minus, ipsis mortuis, terrarum deflagratio consequatur,
id. ib. 3, 19, 64:
nec quid ipsius natura sit intellegit,
id. ib. 5, 9, 24.—
b.
In a subordinate clause, to point out either the subject of the principal clause, or the chief agent or speaker;
esp. where se or sibi is already applied to the subject of the subordinate clause: ne ob eam rem aut suae magnopere virtuti tribueret aut ipsos despiceret,
Caes. B. G. 1, 13, 5:
legatos ad consulem mittit, qui tantum modo ipsi liberisque vitam peterent,
Sall. J. 16, 2; cf.:
ipsis mortuis,
Cic. Fin. 3, 19, 64:
supra nihil, quantum in ipso est, praetermittere quo minus, etc.,
id. Leg. 1, 21, 56:
ipsius,
id. ib. 2, 22, 55:
nihil umquam audivi... nihil de re publica gravius, nihil de ipso modestius, i. e. de ipso dicente,
id. Balb. 1, 2: id quod ipsum adjuvat (i. e. dicentem;
opp. id quod adversario prodest),
id. Inv. 1, 21, 30.—
c.
In gen., for an emphatic se or sibi (mostly post-Aug.; v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 3, 12, 40):
nam ipsis certum esse, etc.,
Liv. 35, 46, 13:
pravitas consulum discordiaque inter ipsos,
id. 4, 26, 6:
inexperta remedia haud injuria ipsis esse suspecta,
Curt. 3, 5, 15:
Graecis nuntiare jubet, ipsum quidem gratias agere, etc.,
id. 3, 8, 7:
dixit, ab illo deo ipsos genus ducere,
id. 4, 2, 3:
a quibus nec acceperunt injuriam nec accepisse ipsos existimant, Sen. de Ira, 2, 5, 1: intemperantiam in morbo suam experti parere ipsis vetant,
id. ib. 3, 13, 5:
sciunt ipsos omnia habere communia,
id. Ep. 6, 3; 22, 10 et saep.; cf.:
verum est etiam iis, qui aliquando futuri sint, esse propter ipsos consulendum,
Cic. Fin. 3, 19, 64.—
4.
Ipse stands in free constr. with abl. absol. as with finite verb (cf. also quisque;
only freq. in Liv. and post-Aug. writers): cum dies venit, causa ipse pro se dicta, quindecim milibus aeris damnatur,
Liv. 4, 44, 10 Weissenb. ad loc.:
Romani imperatores, junctis et ipsi exercitibus... ad sedem hostium pervenere,
id. 29, 2, 2:
C. Popilius, dimissis et ipse Atticis navibus... pergit,
id. 45, 10, 2; cf.:
Catilina et Autronius parabant consules interficere, ipsi fascibus conreptis Pisonem cum exercitu mittere,
Sall. C. 18, 5:
amisso et ipse Pacoro,
Tac. G. 37; cf. also the emphatic use of ipse (like quisque) with abl. of gerund (freq. in Liv.):
adsentando indignandoque et ipse,
Liv. 40, 23, 1:
cogendo ipse,
id. 39, 49, 3:
agendo ipse,
id. 41, 24, 2:
aestimando ipse secum,
id. 25, 23, 11 et saep.
► Ipse is very rarely strengthened by the suffix -met:
ipsemet abiit,
Plaut.
Am. prol. 102:
ipsimet nobis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 1, § 3:
ipsemet profugiam,
Sen. Ep. 117, 21; also Front. Aq. 74 ex conj.— Sup.: Com. Ergo ipsusne es? Charm. Ipsissumus, his own very self, Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 146; cf. Gr. autotatos, Aristoph. Plut. 83; so,
ipsimus and ipsima, for dominus and domina (cf II. A. supra),
Petr. 75, 11; and:
ipsimi nostri,
id. 63, 3 Büch. ex conj.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > ipse
13 ipsus

ipse ( ipsus, Cato, R. R. 70; 71; Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 43; id. Trin. 2, 2, 40; 3, 1, 10 et saep.; Ter. And. 3, 2, 15; id. Eun. 3, 4, 8, id. Hec. 3, 5, 5; Jusjur. Milit. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 4 al.), a, um (ipsud, Gloss. Philox.); gen. ipsīus ( poet. also ipsĭus, Cat. 64, 43; Verg. A. 1, 114; 2, 772 al.; and dissyl. Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 15; id. Phorm. 4, 5, 13: ipsi, Afran. ap. Prisc. 694); dat. ipsi (ipso, App. M. 10, p. 243, 24); pron. demonstr. [is - pse for pte; cf. sua-pte and -pote in ut-pote; root in potis; Sanscr. patis, lord, master; hence, = he, the master, himself, etc.; cf. Pott. Etym. Forsch. 2, 866 sq.; Fick, Vergl. Wörterb. p. 116. Hence, in the original form, the pronoun is was declined, while the suffix was unchanged; thus eopte = eo ipso, Paul. ex Fest. p. 110:
eapse = ea ipsa,
id. p. 77; nom. sing. eapse, Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, 4; id. Cist. 1, 2, 17; id. Rud. 2, 3, 80; 2, 5, 21 al.; acc. eumpse, Plaut. Most. 1, 4, 32:
eampse,
Plaut. Aul. 5, 7; id. Cist. 1, 3, 22; id. Men. 5, 2, 22 al.; abl. eopse, Plaut. Curc, 4, 3, 6:
eāpse,
id. Trin. 4, 2, 132; id. Curc. 4, 3, 2; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 197 sq.], = autos, self, in person, he (emphatic), himself, herself, itself, used both substantively and adjectively, to denote that person (thing) of which something is eminently or exclusively predicated.
I.
In gen.
A.
With substt. or pronn.
1.
Expressing eminence or distinction:
ipse ille Gorgias... in illo ipso Platonis libro,
Cic. de Or. 3, 32, 129:
ille ipse Marcellus,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 2, § 4:
natura ipsa,
id. Brut. 29, 112:
dicet pro me ipsa virtus,
id. Fin. 2, 20, 65:
ipsa res publica,
id. Fam. 3, 11, 3:
neque enim ipse Caesar est alienus a nobis,
id. ib. 6, 10, 2:
ipse Moeris,
Verg. E. 8, 96:
rex ipse Aeneas,
id. A. 1, 575:
ipse aries,
id. E. 3, 95:
ductores ipsi,
id. A. 1, 189:
si in ipsa arce habitarem,
Liv. 2, 7, 10;
esp. freq. with names of gods, etc.: naturas quas Juppiter ipse Addidit,
Verg. G. 4, 149; id. A. 3, 222; Hor. C. 1, 16, 12:
Pater ipse,
Verg. G. 1, 121; Tib. 1, 4, 23:
Venus ipsa,
Hor. C. 2, 8, 13; Ov. H. 19, 159:
ipse pater Pluton,
Verg. A. 7, 327 et saep.—Prov.:
audentes deus ipse juvat,
Ov. M. 10, 586.—
2.
For emphasis or in contrast, very, just, precisely, self, in person:
adest optime ipse frater,
Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 66:
in orationibus hisce ipsis,
Cic. de Or. 1, 16, 73:
ea ipsa hora,
id. Fam. 7, 23, 4:
nec carmina nobis Ipsa placent: ipsae rursus concedite silvae,
Verg. E. 10, 63:
tute ipse his rebus finem praescripsti,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 124:
lepide ipsi hi sunt capti,
Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 91:
ego enim ipse cum eodem isto non invitus erraverim,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40:
ipse ille divinationis auctor,
id. Div. 2, 28, 61:
cariorem esse patriam quam nosmet ipsos,
id. Fin. 3, 19, 64:
eaque ipsa causa belli fuit,
the very, the true cause, Liv. 1, 57, 1; esp. with is, in all persons and numbers:
estne hic Philto? Is hercle'st ipsus,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 31:
cui tutor is fuerat ipse,
Liv. 5, 33, 3:
jam id ipsum absurdum, maximum malum neglegi,
even, Cic. Fin. 2, 28, 93 (Madv.); id. de Or. 2, 30, 132:
tempus ad id ipsum congruere,
Liv. 1, 5, 5:
duum vir ad id ipsum creatus,
id. 2, 42, 5:
Tullius et eos ipsos et per eos multitudinem aliam deduxit,
id. 2, 38, 1:
eorum ipsorum facta (opp. loca in quibus, etc.),
Cic. Fin. 5, 1, 2:
nec vero clarorum virorum post mortem honores permanerent, si nihil eorum ipsorum animi efficerent,
id. de Sen. 22, 80:
ad eum ipsum honorem deferre,
Liv. 3, 51, 3; so sometimes with an inf. or subst.-clause:
ipsum dicere ineptum,
Cic. de Or. 1, 24, 112:
quid juvat quod ante initum tribunatum veni, si ipsum, quod veni, nihil juvat?
the mere fact, the fact alone, id. Att. 11, 9, 1:
ipsum, quod habuisti,
Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 12, 2:
et ipsum, quod sum victus, ama,
Luc. 8, 78.— Esp. in legal phrase: ipso jure, by the letter of the law, in legal strictness or precision, Gai Inst. 2, 198; 3, 181; 4, 106 sqq. et saep.—
B.
Alone, emphatically taking the place of an omitted person. or demonstr. pron.: Ar. Ubi is nunc est? He. Ubi ego minume atque ipsus se volt maxume, Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 108; 4, 1, 10: Su. Is ipsusne's? Ch. Aio: Su. Ipsus es? id. Trin. 4, 2, 146:
atque ipsis, ad quorum commodum pertinebat, durior inventus est Coelius,
Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4:
quaeram ex ipsā,
Cic. Cael. 14:
tempus, quo ipse eos sustulisset, ad id ipsum congruere,
Liv. 1, 5, 5:
agrum dare immunem ipsi, qui accepisset, liberisque,
id. 21, 45, 5; 9, 34, 18; 10, [p. 999] 6, 10:
laeta et ipsis qui rem gessere expugnatio fuit,
id. 28, 4, 1:
a nobis exposita, ut ab ipsis, qui eam disciplinam probant,
Cic. Fin. 1, 5, 13.—So freq. in Cic. before a rel.:
ut de ipso, qui judicarit, judicium fieri videretur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 44, 82:
ipsi omnia, quorum negotium est, ad nos deferunt,
id. de Or. 1, 58, 250; 2, 14, 60; id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 13; v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 2, 28, 93:
nullis definitionibus utuntur, ipsique dicunt ea se modo probare, quibus natura tacita assentiatur,
Cic. Fin. 3, 12, 40 Madv. —
C.
To make prominent one of two or more subjects of any predicate, he ( she, il), for his part, he too, also, as well.
1.
Ipse alone:
litterae Metello Capuam adlatae sunt a Clodia, quae ipsa transiit,
i. e. also, in person, Cic. Att. 9, 6, 3:
Italiam ornare quam domum suam maluit: quamquam Italia ornata domus ipsa mihi videtur ornatior,
id. Off. 2, 22, 76:
tris ipse excitavit recitatores,
he too, id. Clu. 51, 141:
neque tanti timoris sum ut ipse deficiam,
Caes. B. C. 2, 31, 8:
Jugurtha, tametsi regem ficta locutum intellegebat, et ipse longe aliter animo agitabat,
Sall. J. 11, 1:
hoc Rhipeus, hoc ipse Dymas omnisque juventus Laeta facit,
Verg. A. 2, 394.—
2.
With conjunctions.
(α).
With etiam (class.):
ipse etiam Fufidius in numero fuit,
Cic. Brut. 29, 112: scribebat orationes quas alii dicerent: quamquam is etiam ipse scripsit eas, quibus pro se est usus, sed non sine Aelio;
his enim scriptis etiam ipse interfui,
id. ib. 56, 206 sq. —
(β).
With quoque:
quippe quia plebs senatus consultum solvit, ipsi quoque solutum vultis,
Liv. 3, 21, 4:
consul, quia collegae decretum triumphum audivit, ipse quoque triumphi flagitator Romam rediit,
id. 8, 12, 9:
cum subito Sulpicius et Albinovanus objecissent catervas, ipse quoque (Sulla) jaculatus, etc.,
Flor. 3, 21, 7.—
(γ).
With et (et ipse = kai autos, ipse etiam; rare in Cic.; cf.
Zumpt, Gram. § 698): tamen et ipsi tuae familiae genere et nomine continebuntur,
Cic. Caecin. 20, 58:
deseret eos quos una scis esse, cum habeat praesertim et ipse cohortis triginta?
id. Att. 8, 7, 1; id. de Or. 1, 46, 202:
Cornelius dictatorem Aemilium dixit, et ipse ab eo magister equitum est dictus,
Liv. 4, 31, 5:
credo ego vos, socii, et ipsos cernere,
id. 21, 21, 3:
Cornelio minus copiarum datum, quia L. Manlius praetor et ipse cum praesidio in Galliam mittebatur,
id. 21, 17, 7:
qui et ipse crus fregerat,
Suet. Aug. 43:
Antoninus Commodus nihil paternum habuit, nisi quod contra Germanos feliciter et ipse pugnavit,
Eutr. 8, 7:
virtutes et ipsae taedium pariunt,
Quint. 9, 4, 43. —
(δ).
With nec ( = ne ipse quidem):
primis repulsis Maharbal cum majore robore virorum missus nec ipse eruptionem cohortium sustinuit,
Liv. 23, 18, 4:
nihil moveri viderunt, nec ipsi quicquam mutarunt,
id. 37, 20, 8:
neque ipsi,
id. 30, 42, 7: crimina non quidem nec ipsa mediocria;
sed quid ista sunt prae iis, etc.,
id. 34, 32, 9.
II.
Esp.
A.
By way of eminence, ipse is used to indicate the chief person, host, master, teacher, etc.:
ipsa, the mistress, etc.: ipsus tristis,
Ter. And. 2, 2, 23:
ipsum praesto video,
id. ib. 2, 5, 3:
ego eo quo me ipsa misit,
Plaut. Cas. 4, 2, 10:
suam norat ipsam tam bene, quam puella matrem,
Cat. 3, 7 (Müll., ipsa); cf.:
Pythagorei respondere solebant, ipse dixit,
i. e. Pythagoras, Cic. N. D. 1, 5, 10; cf.:
nec hoc oratori contingere inter adversarios quod Pythagorae inter discipulos potest ipse dixit,
Quint. 11, 1, 27:
cum veniat lectica Mathonis plena ipso,
the great man, Juv. 1, 33:
anseris ante ipsum jecur,
before the host, id. 5, 114.—
B.
Of or by one ' s self, of one ' s own accord = suā sponte, ultro:
videar non ipse promisisse (opp. to fortuito),
Cic. de Or. 1, 24, 111:
de manibus delapsa arma ipsa ceciderunt,
id. Off. 1, 22, 77:
valvae clausae se ipsae aperuerunt,
id. Div. 1, 37, 74:
ipsae lacte domum referent distenta capellae Ubera,
Verg. E. 4, 21:
ipsi potum venient juvenci,
id. ib. 7, 11; cf.:
aliae ipsae Sponte sua veniunt,
id. G. 2, 10:
fruges sponte sua (tellus) primum ipsa creavit,
Lucr. 2, 11, 58; and autai for automatoi, Theocr. Idyll. 11, 12.—
C.
Himself exclusively.
1.
By or in one ' s self, alone:
haec ipse suo tristi cum corde volutat,
Verg. A. 6, 185:
his actis, aliud genitor secum ipse volutat,
id. ib. 12, 843: tempus secum ipsa Exigit, id. ib. 4, 475:
quam facile exercitu soclos conservaturus sit, qui ipso nomine ac rumore defenderit,
Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 15, 45:
multa secum ipse volvens,
Sall. C. 32, 1:
aestimando ipse secum,
Liv. 25, 23, 11.—
2.
In one ' s self, for one ' s own sake:
ipsam aequitatem et jus ipsum amare,
Cic. Leg. 1, 18, 48.—
3.
Of one ' s self, of one ' s own nature, etc.:
erat ipse immani acerbāque naturā Oppianicus,
Cic. Clu. 15, 44:
duo imperatores, ipsi pares, ceterum opibus disparibus,
Sall. J. 52, 1:
natura serpentium, ipsa perniciosa, siti accenditur,
id. ib. 89, 5.—
D.
With advv. of time.
1.
Nunc ipsum, just now, at this very time:
nunc ipsum exurit,
Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 16:
nunc ipsum non dubitabo rem tantam adicere,
Cic. Att. 7, 3, 2; 8, 9, 2:
nunc tamen ipsum sine te esse non possum,
id. ib. 12, 16. —
2.
Tum ipsum, just then, at that very time:
id, quod aliquando posset accidere, ne tum ipsum accideret, timere,
Cic. de Or. 1, 27, 124:
ratio largitionum vitiosa est, temporibus necessaria, et tum ipsum ad facultates accommodanda est,
id. Off. 2, 17, 60:
et tum ipsum, cum immolare velis, extorum fieri mutatio potest,
id. Div. 1, 52, 118; cf. id. Fin. 2, 20, 65 Madv.—
E.
With numerals, just, exactly, precisely (opp. fere):
triginta dies erant ipsi, cum, etc.,
Cic. Att. 3, 21 init.:
ipsas undecim esse legiones,
id. Fam. 6, 18, 2:
nam cum dixisset minus 1000 (sc. milia), populus cum risu acclamavit, ipsa esse,
id. Caecin. 10, 28; cf. id. Brut. 15, 61; 43, 162:
ipso vigesimo anno,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 9, § 25. —
F.
In reflexive uses,
1.
Ipse strengthens the subject when opposed in thought to other agents; the object, when opposed to other objects; cf. Zumpt, Gram. § 696; Kennedy, Gram. § 67, 3; Madv. Gram. § 487, 6. — Hence,
a.
With subject.
(α).
In gen.:
non egeo medicina (i. e. ut alii me consolentur), me ipse consolor,
Cic. Lael. 3, 10:
Junius necem sibi ipse conscivit,
id. N. D. 2, 3, 7:
neque potest exercitum is continere imperator, qui se ipse non continet,
id. de Imp. Pomp. 13, 38:
Artaxerxes se ipse reprehendit,
Nep. Dat. 5:
ipsa se virtus satis ostendit,
Sall. J. 85; cf.:
deponendo tutelam ipse in se unum omnium vires convertit,
Liv. 24, 4, 9:
deforme etiam est de se ipsum praedicare,
Cic. Off. 1, 38, 137.—
(β).
With special emphasis, ipse is joined to the subject to indicate its relation to itself as both subject and object, though the antithesis would suggest another case (Cic.):
cum iste sic erat humilis atque demissus, ut non modo populo Romano, sed etiam sibi ipse condemnatus videretur,
Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17:
si quis ipse sibi inimicus est,
id. Fin. 5, 10, 28:
qui ipsi sibi bellum indixissent,
id. ib. 5, 10, 29:
quoniam se ipsi omnes natura diligant,
id. ib. 3, 18, 59:
nam si ex scriptis cognosci ipsi suis potuissent,
id. de Or. 2, 2, 8.—
b.
With object:
neque vero ipsam amicitiam tueri (possumus), nisi aeque amicos et nosmet ipsos diligamus,
Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 67:
omne animal se ipsum diligit,
id. ib. 5, 9, 24:
fac ut diligentissime te ipsum custodias,
id. Fam. 9, 14, 8:
Pompeianus miles fratrem suum, dein se ipsum interfecit,
Tac. H. 3, 51:
Lentulum, quem mihi ipsi antepono,
Cic. Fam. 3, 7, 5.—
2.
Ipse defines the subject of a reflexive pronoun:
natura movet infantem, sed tantum ut se ipse diligat (where ipse shows that se refers to infantem),
Cic. Fin. 2, 10, 33: proinde consulant sibi ipsi;
jubeant abire se,
Just. 16, 4, 15:
neque prius vim adhibendam putaverunt, quam se ipse indicasset,
Nep. Paus. 4:
in portis murisque sibimet ipsos tecta coëgerat aedificare,
Liv. 27, 3, 2 (cf. 1. a. supra).—
3.
Ipse stands for the reflexive pronoun,
a.
Where the person or thing referred to is to be emphatically distinguished from others (class.):
cum omnes se expetendos putent, nec id ob aliam rem, sed propter ipsos, necesse est ejus etiam partes propter se expeti, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 5, 17, 46:
quis umquam consul senatum ipsius decretis parere prohibuit?
id. Sest. 14, 32:
quos, quidquid ipsis expediat, facturos arbitrabimur,
id. Fin. 2, 35, 117:
qui negant se recusare, quo minus, ipsis mortuis, terrarum deflagratio consequatur,
id. ib. 3, 19, 64:
nec quid ipsius natura sit intellegit,
id. ib. 5, 9, 24.—
b.
In a subordinate clause, to point out either the subject of the principal clause, or the chief agent or speaker;
esp. where se or sibi is already applied to the subject of the subordinate clause: ne ob eam rem aut suae magnopere virtuti tribueret aut ipsos despiceret,
Caes. B. G. 1, 13, 5:
legatos ad consulem mittit, qui tantum modo ipsi liberisque vitam peterent,
Sall. J. 16, 2; cf.:
ipsis mortuis,
Cic. Fin. 3, 19, 64:
supra nihil, quantum in ipso est, praetermittere quo minus, etc.,
id. Leg. 1, 21, 56:
ipsius,
id. ib. 2, 22, 55:
nihil umquam audivi... nihil de re publica gravius, nihil de ipso modestius, i. e. de ipso dicente,
id. Balb. 1, 2: id quod ipsum adjuvat (i. e. dicentem;
opp. id quod adversario prodest),
id. Inv. 1, 21, 30.—
c.
In gen., for an emphatic se or sibi (mostly post-Aug.; v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 3, 12, 40):
nam ipsis certum esse, etc.,
Liv. 35, 46, 13:
pravitas consulum discordiaque inter ipsos,
id. 4, 26, 6:
inexperta remedia haud injuria ipsis esse suspecta,
Curt. 3, 5, 15:
Graecis nuntiare jubet, ipsum quidem gratias agere, etc.,
id. 3, 8, 7:
dixit, ab illo deo ipsos genus ducere,
id. 4, 2, 3:
a quibus nec acceperunt injuriam nec accepisse ipsos existimant, Sen. de Ira, 2, 5, 1: intemperantiam in morbo suam experti parere ipsis vetant,
id. ib. 3, 13, 5:
sciunt ipsos omnia habere communia,
id. Ep. 6, 3; 22, 10 et saep.; cf.:
verum est etiam iis, qui aliquando futuri sint, esse propter ipsos consulendum,
Cic. Fin. 3, 19, 64.—
4.
Ipse stands in free constr. with abl. absol. as with finite verb (cf. also quisque;
only freq. in Liv. and post-Aug. writers): cum dies venit, causa ipse pro se dicta, quindecim milibus aeris damnatur,
Liv. 4, 44, 10 Weissenb. ad loc.:
Romani imperatores, junctis et ipsi exercitibus... ad sedem hostium pervenere,
id. 29, 2, 2:
C. Popilius, dimissis et ipse Atticis navibus... pergit,
id. 45, 10, 2; cf.:
Catilina et Autronius parabant consules interficere, ipsi fascibus conreptis Pisonem cum exercitu mittere,
Sall. C. 18, 5:
amisso et ipse Pacoro,
Tac. G. 37; cf. also the emphatic use of ipse (like quisque) with abl. of gerund (freq. in Liv.):
adsentando indignandoque et ipse,
Liv. 40, 23, 1:
cogendo ipse,
id. 39, 49, 3:
agendo ipse,
id. 41, 24, 2:
aestimando ipse secum,
id. 25, 23, 11 et saep.
► Ipse is very rarely strengthened by the suffix -met:
ipsemet abiit,
Plaut.
Am. prol. 102:
ipsimet nobis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 1, § 3:
ipsemet profugiam,
Sen. Ep. 117, 21; also Front. Aq. 74 ex conj.— Sup.: Com. Ergo ipsusne es? Charm. Ipsissumus, his own very self, Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 146; cf. Gr. autotatos, Aristoph. Plut. 83; so,
ipsimus and ipsima, for dominus and domina (cf II. A. supra),
Petr. 75, 11; and:
ipsimi nostri,
id. 63, 3 Büch. ex conj.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > ipsus
14 ἀλλά

ἀλλά, Conj., orig. neut. pl. of ἄλλος,

A otheruise: used adversatively to limit or oppose words, sentences, or clauses, stronger than δέ:

I in simple oppositions, but,

1 after neg. clauses, οὐ κακός, ἀλλ' ἀγαθός Thgn.212
; οὐδὲ μὲν Ἕκτωρ μίμνεν, ἀλλ'.. ἐφορμᾶται Il.15.690
, etc.

b after a simple neg., ἦ παραφρονεῖς; οὔκ, ἀλλ' ὕπνος μ' ἔχει Ar.V.9
, etc.

c freq. after οὐ μόνον, μὴ μόνον, with or without καί, οὐ μόνον ἅπαξ, ἀ. πολλάκις Pl.Phdr. 228a
, cf. Th. 3.59, X.Mem.1.4.13, etc.; without μόνον, οὐχ ἑσπέρας, ἀλλὰ καὶ μεσημβρίας E.Fr. 1006
: also after οὐχ (or μὴ ( ὅτι, οὐχ (or μὴ) ὅπως, either, not only.. but.., μὴ ὅτι ἰδιώτην τινά, ἀλλὰ τὸν μέγαν βασιλέα Pl.Ap. 40d
; μὴ ὅτι κατὰ τὸ σῶμα, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τὴν ψυχήν Id.Smp. 207e
; or, not only not.. but.., οὐχ ὅπως κωλυταὶ.. γενήσεσθε, ἀλλὰ καὶ.. περιόψεσθε Th.1.35
; οὐχ ὅτι ὠργίζοντο, ἀλλ' ἐζήλουν D.19.265
; the neg. form is ἀλλ' οὐδέ, μὴ ὅτι ὑπὲρ ἄλλου, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ ὑπὲρ ἐμαυτοῦ δίκην εἴρηκα Is.10.1
, etc.

2 in the apodosis of hypothetical sentences, still, at least, εἴπερ γάρ τε.. ἀλλά τε Il.1.82
, etc.: in Prose, esp. ἀλλ' οὖν.. γε or ἀλλά.. γε, εἰ καὶ σμικρά, ἀ. οὖν ἴση γε ἡ χάρις Hdt.3.140
; εἰ μή (sc. ὁρῶ) , ἀλλ' ἀκούω γε, Pl.Grg. 470d, cf. Isoc.3.15,al.; εἰ μηδέν ἐστι τελευτήσαντι, ἀλλ' οὖν τοῦτόν γε τὸν χρόνον ἧττον ἀηδὴς ἔσομαι Pl.Phd. 91b
(in later Gk. ἀλλά γε may be in juxtaposition, εἰ ἄλλοις οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος, ἀλλά γε ὑμῖν εἰμί 1 Ep.Cor.9.2
, and ἀ. γε δή is found with vv. Il. in Pl.Phdr. 262a); εἰ καὶ μετέχουσι.. ἀλλ' οὐ .. Arist. Pol. 1282a11:—less freq. after Conjunctions of Time, as ἐπεὶ δή Od.14.151
; ἐπεί S.OC 241
.

b after Hom., ἀ. is used elliptically, esp. with Advbs. of Time, ὦ θεοὶ πατρῷοι, συγγένεσθέ γ' ἀ. νῦν (sc. εἰ μὴ πρότερον, ἀ. νῦν γε) S.El. 411, cf. Ant. 552, E.Heracl. 565; ἀ. τῷ χρόνῳ Id.Med. 912
; ἐὰν οὖν ἀ. νῦν γ' ἔτι, i.e.ἐὰν οὖν [μὴἄλλοτε], ἀ. νῦν γε .. if then now at least ye still.., D.3.33, cf. Lys.10.15:—without an Adv. of Time, at least, ἡ δ' ἀ. πρός σε μικρὸν εἰπάτω μόνον Ar. Pax 660
, cf. S.OC 1276, E.HF 331.

3 sts.= ἀλλ' ἤ (q.v.), except, but, οὔτι μοι αἴτιος ἄλλος, ἀ... τοκῆε no one else, but.., Od.8.312; οὐδέ τις ἄλλη φαίνετο γαιάων, ἀ. οὐρανὸς ἠδὲ θάλασσα 12.404
; ἔπαισεν οὔτις ἀ. ἐγώ S.OT 1331
; ἡδέα.. οὐκ ἔστιν ἀ. τούτοις Arist.EN 1176a22
, cf. 1152b30: cf. reverse process in our word but=be out, except:—sts. with force of ἤ after comparatives, τάφον, οὐκ ἐν ᾧ κεῖνται μᾶλλον, ἀ.ἐν ᾧ ἡ δόξα κτλ. not that in which they are lying, but far more.., Th.2.43; οὐχ ὅπλων τὸ πλέον, ἀ. δαπάνης Id.1.83
.

4 with neg. after an affirmative word or clause, to be rendered simply by not, ἀγαθῶν, ἀ. οὐχὶ κακῶν αἴτιον Lys.14.16
; τῶν σπουδαίων, ἀ. μὴ τῶν φαύλων Isoc.1.2
; ἐκεῖθεν, ἀ. οὐκ ἐνθένδε ἡρπάσθη Pl.Phdr. 229d
:—after a question, τί δεῖ ἐμβαλεῖν λόγον περὶ τούτου, ἀ. οὐχὶ προειπεῖν; X.Cyr.2.2.19, cf. Isoc.15.229, etc.

b without neg., μικρὸς μὲν ἔην δέμας, ἀ. μαχητής Il.5.801
.

II to oppose whole sentences,but, yet:

1 freq. in transitions, as Il.1.135, 140, etc.; ἀ. καὶ ὥς .. 1.116; ἀ. οὐδ' ὥς .. Od. 1.6:—after Hom. in answers and objections, nay but.., well but.., freq. with negs., esp. in making and answering objections, Ar. Ach. 402, 407; also in affirmative answers, Pl.Prt. 330b, Grg. 449a, etc.:—repeated in a succession of questions or objections, πότερον ᾔτουν σέ τι.. ; ἀ. ἀπῄτουν; ἀ. περὶ παιδικῶν μαχόμενος; ἀ. μεθύων ἐπαρῴνησα; X.An.5.8.4, cf. Pl.Thg. 123e, Isoc. 17.47; ἀ. μήν .., answered by ἀ .., Arist.Pol. 1287a23:—in vehement answers Pl. often uses νὴ τοὺς θεοὺς ἀ..., μὰ Δἴ ἀ .., Grg. 481c, Phlb. 36a, cf. Alc.1.110b, c:—at beginning of speech, to introduce a general objection, Od.4.472, cf.X.Smp.1, Men.Georg.22.

2 with imper. or subj., to remonstrate, encourage, persuade, etc., freq. in Hom., ἀ. ἄγε, ἴθι, Il.1.210, 11.611; ἀ. ἴομεν 6.526
; ἀ. πίθεσθε 1.259
; after voc., ὦ Φίντις, ἀ. ζεῦξον Pi.O.6.22
, cf. Tyrt. 10.15, etc.; answered by a second ἀ., ἀ. περιμένετε. ἀ. περιμενοῦμεν Pl.R. 327b
; ἀλλ' ἕρπεθ' ὡς τάχιστα S.OC 1643
, cf. Ant. 1029, etc.

3 to break off a subject abruptly, ἀ. τά γε Ζεὺς οἶδεν Od.15.523
; ἀ. ταῦτα μὲν τί δεῖλέγειν; S.Ph.11, cf. Tr. 467, etc.

4 in resuming an address after parenthesis, Pi.O.2.12, 4.7.

5 in elliptical phrases, οὐ μὴν ἀ., οὐ μέντοι ἀ ... it is not [so], but.., ὁ ἵππος πίπτει καὶ μικροῦ αὐτὸν ἐξετραχήλισεν· οὐ μὴν [ἐξετ ραχήλισεν] ἀ. ἐπέμεινεν ὁ Κῦρος it did not however [throw him], but.., X.Cyr.1.4.8; οὐ μέντοι ἀ. Pl.Smp. 173b
; οὐ γὰρ ἀ. Ar.Ra.58
, 498:—after δέ, ὑμεῖς δέ μ' ἀ. παιδὶ συμφονεύσατε E.Hec. 391
.

III when joined with other Particles, each retains proper force, as,

1 ἀλλ' ἄρα, used by Hom. in transitions, Il.6.418, 12.320, etc.; later, to introduce an objection, Pl. Ap. 25a; in questions, ἀλλ' ἆρα .. ; Id.R. 381b.

2 ἀλλ' οὖν, concessive, at all events, Ar.Ra. 1298; τοὺς πρώτους χρόνους ἀ. οὖνπροσεποιοῦνθ' ὑμῖν εἶναι φίλοι Aeschin.3.86
; well then, Pl.Prt. 310a; but then, however, with γε following, Hdt.3.140, S.Ant.84, E.Cyc. 652, Isoc.3.18, etc.; ἀλλ' οὖν γε in apodosi, v. supr. 1.2.

3 ἀλλὰ γάρ, freq. with words between, but really, certainly, as ἀλλὰ γὰρ Κρέοντα λεύσσω.., παύσω γόους, but this is irreg. for ἀλλά, Κρέοντα γὰρ λεύσσω, παύσω γόους, E.Ph. 1308, cf. S.Ant. 148; for the reg. order cf. S. Ph.81, E.Heracl. 480, Med. 1067; freq. elliptical, the Verb being understood, Hdt.8.8, A.Pr. 941, S.Ant. 155: in Hom. only with negs., ἀλλ' οὐ γάρ Il.7.242
, Od.14.355, al., cf. S.OT 1409; ἀ. γὰρ δή, ἀ. γάρ τοι, S.Aj. 167, Ph.81.

4 ἀ. εἰ .. quid si.. ? Il.16.559.

5 ἀ. ἦ in questions, chiefly of surprise or remonstrance, A. Ch. 220, S.El. 879, Ar.Ach. 1111; ἀλλ' ἦ, τὸ λεγόμενον, κατόπιν ἑορτῆς ἥκομεν; Pl.Grg. 447a, cf. Prt. 309c.

6 ἀ. followed by strengthening Particle, ἀλλ' ἤτοι μὲν ταῦτα θεῶν ἐν γούνασι κεῖται Il. 17.514
; esp. c. imper., 1.211, al.; ἀλλά τοι Od. 15.518
, A.Pers. 795, etc.; ἀ. μέντοι, with or without γε, Pl.Smp. 214e, Hp.Ma. 287d, al.; ἀ. μήν, v. μήν; ἀ. δή, mostly with words between, S. Aj. 1271, OC 586, Isoc.4.109, etc.; without intervening words, Pl.Ap. 37c, al.; ἀ. δῆτα Id.Hp.Ma. 285c
; ἀ. μὲν δὴ καὶ αὐτός Id.Tht. 143b
, cf. S.El. 103.

IV = et quidem, Olymp. in Mete.1.13, al.

Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἀλλά
15 demum

dēmum (also demus, like prorsus, quorsus, rursus, deorsus, Liv. Andr. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 70, 8 Müll.; Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 51 Ritschl and Brix), adv. [a sup. form from de, downmost; cf.: sub, summus], used to give prominence to an idea in opposition to or restriction of another, at length, at last, not till then; just, precisely; only, etc.
I.
In Latin of every period and description of writing (for syn. cf.: tandem, denique, postremum, primo).
A.
Enclitically with pronouns, like adeo (but less freq.), just, precisely, especially, exactly, indeed; also translated by an emphasis of the pronoun:
id demum lepidumst,
Plaut. Pers. 2, 3, 14; cf.:
sic sentio, id demum aut potius id solum esse miserum, quod turpe sit,
Cic. Att. 8, 8 init.:
idem velle atque idem nolle, ea demum firma amicitia est,
Sall. C. 20, 4; cf. id. ib. 12 fin.:
relinquere aculeum in audientium animis is demum potest, qui, etc.,
Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 18:
tamquam ad eam linguam demum natus esset,
Quint. 6 prooem. §
11: me fortuna hac demum voluit consistere terra,
Verg. A. 1, 629; cf. id. ib. 2, 743 al.:
ille demum antiquis est adulescens moribus,
Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 20:
per quaedam parva sane, si ipsa demum aestimes, ducunt,
Quint. 1, 10, 5:
vos demum, ut video, legem antiquastis sine tabella. Sed ego, etc.,
Cic. Leg. 3, 17, 38 (but Bait. vos quidem):
quae demum causae secundam valetudinem praestent, Cels. praef.: jam vero exsilium, si rerum naturam, non ignominiam nominis quaerimus, quantum demum a perpetua peregrinatione differt?
Cic. Tusc. 5, 37, 107:
sciscitando eo demum pervenit, ut haud procul esset, quin Remum agnosceret,
Liv. 1, 5 fin. —
(β).
Strengthened by a preceding verum enim vero, or a following profecto:
verum enim vero id demum juvat, si quem, etc.,
Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 2; Sall. C. 2, 9; cf. Liv. 4, 4:
is demum profecto vitam aequa lance pensitabit, etc.,
Plin. 7, 7, 5.—
(γ).
Separated from the pronoun:
hoc est demum quod percrucior,
Plaut. Bac. 5, 1, 13:
illa seges demum,
Verg. G. 1, 47.—
B.
Enclitically with the adverbs nunc, tum, or tunc, post, modo, jam, ibi, sic, etc.; just, precisely, not till; also freq. expressed by more strongly accenting those particles.—
a.
Nunc demum, Gr. nun dê, now, now at length, at last (cf.: nunc adeo, under 2. adeo, no. B. 2. c.):
nunc demum ego cum illa fabulabor libere,
Plaut. Poen. 5, 3, 40;
so with scio,
id. Epid. 3, 4, 22; id. Mil. 2, 6, 62;
with intellego,
Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 12; cf.:
nunc demum rescribo iis litteris, quas, etc.,
Cic. Att. 16, 3; and:
undevicesimo aetatis anno dicere in foro coepi et nunc demum, quid praestare debeat orator, adhuc tamen per caliginem video,
yet it is only now that I am at length beginning to see, Plin. Ep. 5, 8, 8 et saep.—
(β).
In Plautus with following conjunctions, cum, quoniam, etc.:
nunc demum a me insipienter factum esse arbitror, Cum rem cognosco,
Plaut. Mil. 2, 6, 80; cf. id. Rud. 4, 4, 78.—
(γ).
Separated by pol, edepol, or other words:
nunc pol demum ego sum liber,
Plaut. Cas. 4, 4, 14:
nunc edepol demum in memoriam regredior, cum cogito, etc.,
id. Capt. 5, 4; 25; id. Cas. 4, 4, 14; id. Aul. 1, 2, 1:
heu, nunc misero mihi demum Exsilium infelix!
Verg. A. 10, 849.—
b.
Tum demum, then at length, then indeed (so most freq., esp. in the historians;
in Caes. only in this connection): tum demum Liscus oratione Caesaris adductus, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 17; 1, 50, 2; 1, 51, 2; Liv. 2, 20; 3, 12; Plin. Ep. 6, 20, 6; Verg. A. 6, 330; 573; id. G. 3, 205; Ov. F. 4, 615 et saep.:
utraque re satis experta tum demum consules,
Liv. 2, 29.—
(β).
With foll. conjunct. ubi, si, cum, etc. (and in Plautus also separate; cf. above, no. 1. b. and c.):
ubi expolivero, Magis hoc tum demum dices,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 61; Sall. J. 46; Cels. 7, 27 fin.:
si id facies, tum demum scibis, etc.,
Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 56; id. Men. 2, 2, 71; Cic. Rep. 1, 24; cf. with quodsi, Att. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 10, 4:
ac tum demum, cum medium tenuere, etc.,
Plin. Ep. 8, 20, 7:
tum tu igitur demum id adulescenti aurum dabis, Ubi, etc.,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 52.—Once in this connection demum alone:
servata res est demum, si illam videro,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 2, 68.—
c.
Tunc demum (cf. Drak. Liv. 41, 3, 5):
tunc demum intelleges, etc.,
Sen. Ep. 121; Suet. Calig. 9; Vulg. Gen. 41, 9; and with cum, Col. praef. fin.;
with ubi,
Cels. 3, 6, and 10.—
d.
Post demum, afterwards, not till after:
post eum demum huc cras adducam,
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 65:
post igitur demum, etc.,
id. Amph. 3, 1, 16.—With post as praep.: unas enim post idus Martias, Asin. Pollio ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 31, 4:
post biduum demum,
Suet. Aug. 10 fin. —
e.
Modo demum, only now, now for the first time:
modone id demum sensti,
Ter. And. 5, 3, 11.—
f.
Jam demum, now at last, now (cf. dê... êdê, Eurip. Suppl. 980;
Troad. 235),
Ov. Tr. 2, 8.—
g.
Ibi demum, just there:
illic ibi demum'st locus, ubi, etc.,
Plaut. Capt. 5, 4, 3; Quint. 10, 3, 13:
ibi demum morte quievit,
Verg. A. 9, 445; cf. id. ib. 1, 629; Stat. Th. 2, 474; id. Silv. 2, 3, 14; cf.
also ibi demum, of time,
Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 53.—
h.
Sic demum:
sic demum socios consumpta nocte reviso,
Verg. A. 2, 795; 6, 154.—
k.
Ita demum, Vulg. 2 Mac. 6, 15.—
2.
With the abl. temp. or absol.:
ego novus maritus anno demum quinto et sexagesimo fiam?
Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 15:
decimo demum pugnavimus anno,
Ov. M. 13, 209:
quarta vix demum exponimur hora,
Hor. S. 1, 5, 23:
hieme demum,
Plin. Ep. 7, 2, 2:
pontificatum maximum, quem numquam vivo Lepido auferre sustinuerat, mortuo demum suscepit,
Suet. Aug. 31; cf.:
appellato demum collegio obtinuit,
id. Caes. 23:
his demum exactis,
Verg. A. 6, 637:
noctu demum rex recessit,
Curt. 7, 11, 20.—And once with the nominative of the part. perf.:
damnatus demum, vi coactus reddidit Mille et ducentos Philippos,
i. e. not until condemned, Plaut. Bac. 2, 4, 38.—
C.
To add emphasis to the idea contained in a proposition, in fact, in very truth, certainly, indeed (rare):
ea sunt enim demum non ferenda in mendacio, quae, etc.,
Cic. Rep. 2, 15:
immemor est demum, nec frugum munere dignus, qui, etc.,
Ov. M. 15, 122; Quint. 10, 6, 5;
so to strengthen a comparative (cf.: adeo, etiam): latius demum ire,
further yet, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 156:
num expositio haec longior demum esse debeat,
Quint. 4, 2, 79.—
II.
In postAug. Latin.
A.
Only, solely, exclusively ( = duntaxat, tantum, solum, tantummodo, modo): ne vulgarem viam ingressus, alienis demum vestigiis insisterem, Quint. prooem. § 3; id. 2, 15, 1:
adeo suis demum oculis credidit,
id. 11, 3, 68: quaedam (verba) tertiae demum personae figura dicuntur, ut licet, piget, id. 1, 4, 29: [p. 545] qui (Cicero) non assecutus esset docendo judicem tantum et utiliter demum ac Latine perspicueque dicendo, ut, etc., id. 8, 3, 3 et saep.:
nihil magis pro contione testatus est, quam id demum se habiturum, quod, etc.,
but just that, Suet. Oth. 6 et saep.:
ut non is demum sit veneficus, qui vitam abstulit data potione, sed etiam qui mentem,
Quint. 9, 2, 105; cf.
with the following verum etiam,
id. 7 prooem. § 1.—
b.
Ita demum, only so; then or in that case only; not till then ( = tum demum);
esp. freq. in conditional propositions: si plus humoris excernitur quam assumitur, ita demum secundae valetudinis spes est,
Cels. 3, 21; Plin. Ep. 3, 3, 2; Suet. Claud. 25 al.—
B.
To point out something as taking place only after previous delay, at length, at last = tandem:
quod oppidum Hispaniae frustra diu oppugnatum illitis demum galbano facibus succenderit,
Suet. Galb. 3; cf. corresp. with tandem, id. Calig. 6.—
* 2.
For denique no. II. 2, finally, in fine:
ex quibus alium Ciceroni, alium Caesari, singulis demum singulos opponeremus,
Tac. Or. 26 fin. Cf. Hand Turs. II. p. 250-260; Zumpt ad Curt. 6, 39, 25; Mützell ad Curt. 3, 7, 8; 3, 22, 26.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > demum
16 artículo

m.

1 article, item, commodity, good.

2 article.

3 article, clause.

4 article, theme paper, paper.

5 clause.

* * *

artículo

► nombre masculino

1 article

2 (mercancía) article, product

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

hacer el artículo familiar to plug something

in artículo mortis in articulo mortis

artículo de fe RELIGIÓN article of faith

artículo de fondo leading article, editorial

artículo definido/determinado LINGÚÍSTICA definite article

artículo indefinido/indeterminado LINGÚÍSTICA indefinite article

artículos alimenticios foodstuffs

artículos de consumo consumer goods

artículos de limpieza cleaning products

artículos de primera necesidad basic commodities

* * *

noun m.

1) article

2) commodity

3) item

•

- artículos alimenticios
- artículos de consumo
- artículos de primera necesidad
* * *

SM

1) (Com) article, item

artículos — commodities, goods

artículos alimenticios — foodstuffs

artículos de consumo — consumer goods

artículos de escritorio — stationery

artículos de marca — branded goods; (Com) proprietary goods

artículos de plata — silverware sing

artículos de primera necesidad — basic commodities, essentials

artículos de tocador — toiletries

2) [escrito] article; (TV) feature, report; [en revista erudita] article, paper; [en libro de referencia] entry, article

artículo de fondo — leader, editorial

artículo de portada — cover story, front-page article

3) (Ling) article

artículo definido — definite article

artículo indefinido — indefinite article

4) [de ley, documento] article, section, item

* * *

masculino

1) (Com)

artículos del hogar — household goods

artículos para regalo — gifts

rebajas en todos nuestros artículos — reductions on all items

artículos de punto — knitwear

- artículo de primera necesidad

- artículos de consumo

- artículos de escritorio

- artículos de tocador

2)

a) (escrito - en periódico, revista) article; (- en diccionario) entry, article

b) ( de ley) article

- artículo de fe

- artículo de fondo

3) (Ling) article

•

- artículo determinado or definido

- artículo indeterminado or indefinido

* * *

masculino

1) (Com)

artículos del hogar — household goods

artículos para regalo — gifts

rebajas en todos nuestros artículos — reductions on all items

artículos de punto — knitwear

- artículo de primera necesidad

- artículos de consumo

- artículos de escritorio

- artículos de tocador

2)

a) (escrito - en periódico, revista) article; (- en diccionario) entry, article

b) ( de ley) article

- artículo de fe

- artículo de fondo

3) (Ling) article

•

- artículo determinado or definido

- artículo indeterminado or indefinido

* * *

artículo¹

¹ = item, stock item.

Ex: Since only twenty or so items can be displayed on the screen at a time, the &\#8593; (Up), &\#8595; (Down), Page Up and Page Down keys are used to scroll through the listing.

Ex: A new building will open in 1990, catering for 5 million stock items and 1,000 readers' seats.

* artículo coleccionable = collectable item, collectable, collectible, collectible item.

* artículo de bolsa de aseo = toiletry.

* artículo de consumo = commodity, consumer commodity.

* artículo de oferta = teaser, loss-leader.

* artículo de tocador = toiletry.

* artículo indefinido = indefinite article.

* artículo personal = personal item.

* artículos = goods.

* artículos básicos = basic goods, basic provisions.

* artículos de la casa = household goods.

* artículos de lujo = luxury goods.

* artículos de mimbre = wickerwork.

* artículos de oficina = office supplies.

* artículos de plata = silverware.

* artículos de vidrio = glassware.

* artículos diversos = sundries.

* convertir Algo en un artículo de consumo = commodify.

* impuesto sobre artículos de uso y consumo = excise tax.

* información como artículo de consumo, la = information commodity.

* tienda de artículos deportivos = sporting goods store.

* tienda de artículos para regalo = gift shop, novelty shop.

artículo²

² = article, contribution, paper.

Ex: In a journal most formal items including articles, essays, discussions and reviews can be expected to be accompanied by an abstract.

Ex: This is a contribution to a thematic issue on microcomputers in UK government libraries.

Ex: In particular, a data base may be concerned to list separately individual periodical articles and single papers in conference proceedings.

* acceso a los artículos de las publicaciones periódicas = article-level access.

* artículo a modo de réplica = rebuttal article.

* artículo científico = scientific article, academic paper, scientific paper, scholarly article.

* artículo complementario = follow-up article.

* artículo de enciclopedia = encyclopaedia article.

* artículo de fondo = feature article.

* artículo de investigación = research paper, research article, research contribution.

* artículo de opinión = discussion article, discussion paper, opinion article, feature article, opinion piece, op-ed.

* artículo de periódico = newspaper story, news article, newspaper article.

* artículo de publicación periódica = journal article, periodical article.

* artículo de revisión = review article, review essay.

* artículo especial = feature article.

* artículo introductorio = background paper, background article.

* artículo origen = parent article.

* artículo principal = lead article.

* artículo que presenta las cuestiones a favor y en contra relacionadas con u = issue(s) paper.

* artículo técnico = technical paper.

* control de los artículos de las publicaciones periódicas = article-level control.

* convocatoria de presentación de artículos = call for papers.

* escribir un artículo = write + a paper, write + piece.

* frase que recoge el tema principal del artículo = topic sentence.

* producción de artículos = article productivity.

* solicitar artículos = solicit + papers.

artículo³

³ = article.

Nota: Elemento de la gramática.

Ex: Thus we can easily start to compile a list of prepositions, conjunctions and articles, for example, an, a, the, and, for, this, these, which can be ignored in indexing.

* artículo definitivo = definite article.

* * *

artículo

masculine

A ( Com):

artículos fotográficos/del hogar photographic/household goods

[ S ] artículos para regalo gifts

grandes rebajas en todos nuestros artículos huge reductions on all our stock o products o on all items

todo artículo eléctrico paga impuesto duty has to be paid on all electrical goods

artículos de punto knitwear

hacerle el artículo a algn: los niños me han estado haciendo el artículo para que alquile un video the children have been trying to talk me into renting a video

Compuestos:

● artículo de primera necesidad

essential item, essential

● artículos de consumo

mpl consumer goods (pl)

● artículos de escritorio

mpl stationery

● artículos de tocador

mpl toiletries (pl)

B

1 (escrito — en periódico, revista) article; (— en diccionario) entry, article

2 (de una ley) article

Compuestos:

● artículo de fe

article of faith

se toman mis opiniones como si fueran artículo de ley they take everything I say as gospel

● artículo de fondo

editorial, leader ( BrE)

● artículo de opinión

think piece

C [ Grammar notes (Spanish) ] ( Ling) article

Compuestos:

● artículo determinado or definido

definite article

● artículo indeterminado or indefinido

indefinite article

* * *

Del verbo articular: ( conjugate articular)

articulo es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

articuló es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

Multiple Entries:
articular
artículo
articular ( conjugate articular) verbo transitivo (Tec, Ling) to articulate
artículo sustantivo masculino
1 (Com):
◊ artículos del hogar/de consumo household/consumer goods;

artículo de primera necesidad essential item, essential;
artículos de escritorio stationery;
artículos de tocador toiletries;
artículos de punto knitwear
2
a) (en periódico, revista) article;

◊ artículo de fondo editorial, leader (BrE)

b) ( de ley) article

3 (Ling) article
articular verbo transitivo to articulate
artículo sustantivo masculino article
' artículo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
compendio
- correo
- densa
- denso
- desvaído
- determinada
- determinado
- fondo
- hablar
- incendiaria
- incendiario
- infante
- nuestra
- nuestro
- otra
- otro
- parche
- pedido
- primera
- primero
- producto
- toda
- todo
- trabajar
- viaje
- a
- abreviar
- acortar
- alguno
- apartado
- calidad
- copiar
- devolución
- difamatorio
- encabezar
- jugoso
- laguna
- publicar
- rebajar
- recortar
- redactar
- saldo
- sensacionalista
- traer
English:
abstract
- another
- article
- at
- bed
- byline
- come across
- commodity
- consumable
- contribution
- deal with
- editorial
- export
- feature
- import
- item
- label
- leave out
- mirror
- paper
- piece
- rambling
- section
- spread
- definite
- entry
- indefinite
- reject
- research
- second
- story
- which
- write

* * *

artículo nm

1. Gram article

Comp
artículo definido definite article;
artículo determinado definite article;

artículo indefinido indefinite article;

artículo indeterminado indefinite article;

artículo neutro neuter article [in Spanish, refers to the article “lo”]

2. [periodístico] article

Comp
artículo de fondo editorial
3. [de diccionario] entry

4. [en ley, reglamento] article

Comp
Rel artículo de fe article of faith;
tomar algo como artículo de fe to take sth as gospel

5. [objeto, mercancía] article, item;

han rebajado todos los artículos all items have been reduced;

Comp
Fam
hacer el artículo a alguien to give sb a sales pitch

Comp
artículo básico basic product;
artículos de fumador smokers' requisites;

artículo de importación import;

artículos de limpieza [objetos] cleaning accessories;
[productos] cleaning products;
artículo de primera necesidad basic commodity;

artículos de regalo gift items;

artículos de viaje travel accessories

6. Formal
in artículo mortis [confesar, casarse] on one's deathbed

* * *

artículo

m

1 de periódico, GRAM, JUR article

2 COM product, item;

artículos de escritorio stationery sg

* * *

artículo nm

1) : article, thing

2) : item, feature, report

3)

artículo de comercio : commodity

4)

artículos de primera necesidad : essentials

5)

artículos de tocador : toiletries

* * *

artículo n article

escribe artículos en un periódico he writes articles in a newspaper

Spanish-English dictionary > artículo
17 D

D, d (n. indecl., sometimes f. sc. littera), the flat dental mute, corresponding in character and sound to the English d and the Greek D, was the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, and was called de: Ter. Maur. p. 2385 P., Auson. Idyll. 12, de Litt. Monos. 14. But at the end of a syllable, or after another consonant, its sound was sharpened, so that the grammarians often discuss the question whether d or t should be written, especially in conjunctions and prepositions. Illa quoque servata est a multis differentia, ut ad cum esset praepositio, d litteram, cum autem conjunctio, t acciperet (Quint. 1, 7, 5; cf. id. 1, 4, 16). Hence we may infer that some disputed this distinction, and that the sounds of ad and at must at least have been very similar (cf. also Terent. Scaur. p. 2250, Vel. Long. p. 2230 sq., Cassiod. p. 2287, 2291). Thus also aput, it, quit, quot, aliut, set, haut are found for apud, id, quid, quod, aliud, sed, haud. It would appear from the remarks of these authors that the last two words in particular, having a proclitic character, while they distinctly retained the d sound before an initial vowel in the following word, were pronounced before a consonant almost as set, haut (Mar. Vict. p. 2462 P., Vel. Long. l. l. v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.). The use of t for d in the middle of a word, as Alexenter for Alexander, atnato for adnato, is very rare (cf. Wordsworth, Fragm. p. 486 sq.). On the other hand, the use of d for t, which sometimes appears in MSS. and inscrr., as ed, capud, essed, inquid (all of which occur in the Cod. palimps. of Cic. Rep.), adque, quodannis, sicud, etc., fecid, reliquid, etc. (all in inscriptions after the Augustan period), is to be ascribed to a later phonetic softening (cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.).
II.
As an initial, the letter d, in pure Latin words, suffers only a vowel after it; the single consonantal compound dr being found only in borrowed words, such as drama, Drusus, Druidae, etc., and in the two onomatopees drenso and drindio. Accordingly, the d of the initial dv, from du, was rejected, and the remaining v either retained unaltered (as in v iginti for du iginti; cf. triginta) or changed into b (as in b ellum, b is, b onus, for du ellum, du is, du onus; v. those words and the letter B). So too in and after the 4th century A.D., di before vowels was pronounced like j (cf. J ovis for Dj ovis, and J anus for Di anus); and hence, as the Greek di ( di) passed into dz, i. e. z (as in z a for d ia, and z eta for di aeta), we sometimes find the same name written in two or three ways, as Diabolenus, Jabolenus, Zabolenus; Jadera, Diadora, Zara. In many Greek words, however, which originally began with a y sound, d was prefixed by an instinctive effort to avoid a disagreeable utterance, just as in English the initial j has regularly assumed the sound of dj: thus Gr. zugon, i. e. diugon = L. jugum; and in such cases the d sound has been prefixed in Greek, not lost in Latin and other languages (v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 608 sq.).b. As a medial, d before most consonants undergoes assimilation; v. ad, no. II.; assum, init., and cf. iccirco, quippiam, quicquam, for idcirco, quidpiam, quidquam; and in contractions like cette from cedite, pelluviae from pediluviae, sella from sedela. In contractions, however, the d is sometimes dropped and a compensation effected by lengthening the preceding vowel, as scāla for scand-la. D before endings which begin with s was suppressed, as pes from ped-s, lapis from lapid-s, frons from frond-s, rasi from radsi, risi from rid-si, lusi from lud-si, clausi from claud-si; but in the second and third roots of cedo, and in the third roots of some other verbs, d is assimilated, as cessi, cessum, fossum, etc. D is also omitted before s in composition when another consonant follows the s, as ascendo, aspicio, asto, astringo, and so also before the nasal gn in agnatus, agnitus, and agnosco, from gnatus, etc.: but in other combinations it is assimilated, as assentio, acclamo, accresco; affligo, affrico; agglomero, aggrego; applico, approbo, etc. In tentum, from tendo, d is dropped to avoid the combination ndt or ntt, since euphony forbids a consonant to be doubled after another.g. Final d stood only in ad, apud, sed, and in the neuter pronouns quid, quod, illud, istud, and aliud, anciently alid. Otherwise, the ending d was considered barbarous, Prisc. p. 686 P.
III.
The letter d represents regularly an original Indo-Germanic d, in Greek d, but which in German becomes z, in Gothic t, and in Anglo-Saxon t: cf. Gr. hêdomai, Sanscr. svad, Germ. süss, Angl.-Sax. svēte (sweet), with Lat. suadeo; domare with Gr. damaô, Germ. zähmen, Eng. tame; domus with demô, timber, O. H. Germ. zimber; duo with duô, zwei, two. But it is also interchanged with other sounds, and thus sometimes represents—
1.
An original t: mendax from mentior; quadraginta, quadra, etc., from quatuor.—
2.
An original r: ar and ad; apur or apor and apud; meridies and medidies, audio and auris; cf. arbiter, from ad-beto; arcesso for ad-cesso.—
3.
An original l: adeps, Gr. aleipha; dacrima and lacrima, dingua and lingua; cf. on the contrary, olere for odere, consilium and considere, Ulixes from Odusseus (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 223).—
4.
An original s: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus, medius and misos; and, on the contrary, rosa and rhodon. —
5.
A Greek th: fides, pistis; gaudere, gêtheô; vad-i-monium (from va-d-s, vadis), aethlon.
IV.
In the oldest period of the language d was the ending of the ablat. sing. and of the adverbs which were originally ablatives (cf. Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excur. I.; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. Prol. 10): pu CNANDO, MARID, DICTATORED, IN ALTOD MARID, NAVALED PRAEDAD on the Col. Rostr.; DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD (thrice) IN OQVOLTOD, IN POPLICOD, IN PREIVATOD, IN COVENTIONID, and the adverbs SVPRAD SCRIPTVM EST (thrice), EXSTRAD QVAM SEI, and even EXSTRAD VRBEM, in S. C. de Bacch. So intra-d, ultra-d, citra-d, contra-d, infra-d, supra-d; contro-d, intro-d, etc.; and probably interea-d, postea-d. Here too belongs, no doubt, the adverb FACILVMED, found in the last-mentioned inscription. But this use of the d became antiquated during the 3d century B.C., and is not found at all in any inscription after 186 B. C. Plautus seems to have used or omitted it at will (Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excurs. p. 18: Corss. Ausspr. 1, 197; 2, 1008).
2.
D final was also anciently found—
a.
In the accus. sing. of the personal pronouns med, ted, sed: INTER SED CONIOVRASE and INTER SED DEDISE, for inter se conjuravisse and inter se dedisse, in the S. C. de Bacch. This usage was retained, at least as a license of verse, when the next word began with a vowel, even in the time of Plautus. But in the classic period this d no longer appears. —
b.
In the imperative mood;
as estod,
Fest. p. 230. The Oscan language retained this ending (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 206).—
c.
In the preposition se-, originally identical with the conjunction sed (it is retained in the compound seditio); also in red-, prod-, antid-, postid-, etc. ( redire, prodire, etc.); and in these words, too, it is a remnant of the ancient characteristic of the ablative (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 200 sq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 49).
V.
As an abbreviation, D usually stands for the praenomen Decimus; also for Deus, Divus, Dominus, Decurio, etc.; over epitaphs, D. M. = Diis Manibus; over temple inscriptions, D. O. M. = Deo Optimo Maxumo; in the titles of the later emperors, D. N. = Dominus Noster, and DD. NN. = Domini Nostri. Before dates of letters, D signified dabam, and also dies; hence, a. d. = ante diem; in offerings to the gods, D. D. = dono or donum dedit; D. D. D. = dat, dicat, dedicat, etc. Cf. Orell. Inscr. II. p. 457 sq.
► The Romans denoted the number 500 by D; but the character was then regarded, not as a letter, but as half of the original Tuscan numeral (or CI[C ]) for 1000.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > D
18 d

D, d (n. indecl., sometimes f. sc. littera), the flat dental mute, corresponding in character and sound to the English d and the Greek D, was the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, and was called de: Ter. Maur. p. 2385 P., Auson. Idyll. 12, de Litt. Monos. 14. But at the end of a syllable, or after another consonant, its sound was sharpened, so that the grammarians often discuss the question whether d or t should be written, especially in conjunctions and prepositions. Illa quoque servata est a multis differentia, ut ad cum esset praepositio, d litteram, cum autem conjunctio, t acciperet (Quint. 1, 7, 5; cf. id. 1, 4, 16). Hence we may infer that some disputed this distinction, and that the sounds of ad and at must at least have been very similar (cf. also Terent. Scaur. p. 2250, Vel. Long. p. 2230 sq., Cassiod. p. 2287, 2291). Thus also aput, it, quit, quot, aliut, set, haut are found for apud, id, quid, quod, aliud, sed, haud. It would appear from the remarks of these authors that the last two words in particular, having a proclitic character, while they distinctly retained the d sound before an initial vowel in the following word, were pronounced before a consonant almost as set, haut (Mar. Vict. p. 2462 P., Vel. Long. l. l. v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.). The use of t for d in the middle of a word, as Alexenter for Alexander, atnato for adnato, is very rare (cf. Wordsworth, Fragm. p. 486 sq.). On the other hand, the use of d for t, which sometimes appears in MSS. and inscrr., as ed, capud, essed, inquid (all of which occur in the Cod. palimps. of Cic. Rep.), adque, quodannis, sicud, etc., fecid, reliquid, etc. (all in inscriptions after the Augustan period), is to be ascribed to a later phonetic softening (cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.).
II.
As an initial, the letter d, in pure Latin words, suffers only a vowel after it; the single consonantal compound dr being found only in borrowed words, such as drama, Drusus, Druidae, etc., and in the two onomatopees drenso and drindio. Accordingly, the d of the initial dv, from du, was rejected, and the remaining v either retained unaltered (as in v iginti for du iginti; cf. triginta) or changed into b (as in b ellum, b is, b onus, for du ellum, du is, du onus; v. those words and the letter B). So too in and after the 4th century A.D., di before vowels was pronounced like j (cf. J ovis for Dj ovis, and J anus for Di anus); and hence, as the Greek di ( di) passed into dz, i. e. z (as in z a for d ia, and z eta for di aeta), we sometimes find the same name written in two or three ways, as Diabolenus, Jabolenus, Zabolenus; Jadera, Diadora, Zara. In many Greek words, however, which originally began with a y sound, d was prefixed by an instinctive effort to avoid a disagreeable utterance, just as in English the initial j has regularly assumed the sound of dj: thus Gr. zugon, i. e. diugon = L. jugum; and in such cases the d sound has been prefixed in Greek, not lost in Latin and other languages (v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 608 sq.).b. As a medial, d before most consonants undergoes assimilation; v. ad, no. II.; assum, init., and cf. iccirco, quippiam, quicquam, for idcirco, quidpiam, quidquam; and in contractions like cette from cedite, pelluviae from pediluviae, sella from sedela. In contractions, however, the d is sometimes dropped and a compensation effected by lengthening the preceding vowel, as scāla for scand-la. D before endings which begin with s was suppressed, as pes from ped-s, lapis from lapid-s, frons from frond-s, rasi from radsi, risi from rid-si, lusi from lud-si, clausi from claud-si; but in the second and third roots of cedo, and in the third roots of some other verbs, d is assimilated, as cessi, cessum, fossum, etc. D is also omitted before s in composition when another consonant follows the s, as ascendo, aspicio, asto, astringo, and so also before the nasal gn in agnatus, agnitus, and agnosco, from gnatus, etc.: but in other combinations it is assimilated, as assentio, acclamo, accresco; affligo, affrico; agglomero, aggrego; applico, approbo, etc. In tentum, from tendo, d is dropped to avoid the combination ndt or ntt, since euphony forbids a consonant to be doubled after another.g. Final d stood only in ad, apud, sed, and in the neuter pronouns quid, quod, illud, istud, and aliud, anciently alid. Otherwise, the ending d was considered barbarous, Prisc. p. 686 P.
III.
The letter d represents regularly an original Indo-Germanic d, in Greek d, but which in German becomes z, in Gothic t, and in Anglo-Saxon t: cf. Gr. hêdomai, Sanscr. svad, Germ. süss, Angl.-Sax. svēte (sweet), with Lat. suadeo; domare with Gr. damaô, Germ. zähmen, Eng. tame; domus with demô, timber, O. H. Germ. zimber; duo with duô, zwei, two. But it is also interchanged with other sounds, and thus sometimes represents—
1.
An original t: mendax from mentior; quadraginta, quadra, etc., from quatuor.—
2.
An original r: ar and ad; apur or apor and apud; meridies and medidies, audio and auris; cf. arbiter, from ad-beto; arcesso for ad-cesso.—
3.
An original l: adeps, Gr. aleipha; dacrima and lacrima, dingua and lingua; cf. on the contrary, olere for odere, consilium and considere, Ulixes from Odusseus (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 223).—
4.
An original s: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus, medius and misos; and, on the contrary, rosa and rhodon. —
5.
A Greek th: fides, pistis; gaudere, gêtheô; vad-i-monium (from va-d-s, vadis), aethlon.
IV.
In the oldest period of the language d was the ending of the ablat. sing. and of the adverbs which were originally ablatives (cf. Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excur. I.; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. Prol. 10): pu CNANDO, MARID, DICTATORED, IN ALTOD MARID, NAVALED PRAEDAD on the Col. Rostr.; DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD (thrice) IN OQVOLTOD, IN POPLICOD, IN PREIVATOD, IN COVENTIONID, and the adverbs SVPRAD SCRIPTVM EST (thrice), EXSTRAD QVAM SEI, and even EXSTRAD VRBEM, in S. C. de Bacch. So intra-d, ultra-d, citra-d, contra-d, infra-d, supra-d; contro-d, intro-d, etc.; and probably interea-d, postea-d. Here too belongs, no doubt, the adverb FACILVMED, found in the last-mentioned inscription. But this use of the d became antiquated during the 3d century B.C., and is not found at all in any inscription after 186 B. C. Plautus seems to have used or omitted it at will (Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excurs. p. 18: Corss. Ausspr. 1, 197; 2, 1008).
2.
D final was also anciently found—
a.
In the accus. sing. of the personal pronouns med, ted, sed: INTER SED CONIOVRASE and INTER SED DEDISE, for inter se conjuravisse and inter se dedisse, in the S. C. de Bacch. This usage was retained, at least as a license of verse, when the next word began with a vowel, even in the time of Plautus. But in the classic period this d no longer appears. —
b.
In the imperative mood;
as estod,
Fest. p. 230. The Oscan language retained this ending (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 206).—
c.
In the preposition se-, originally identical with the conjunction sed (it is retained in the compound seditio); also in red-, prod-, antid-, postid-, etc. ( redire, prodire, etc.); and in these words, too, it is a remnant of the ancient characteristic of the ablative (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 200 sq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 49).
V.
As an abbreviation, D usually stands for the praenomen Decimus; also for Deus, Divus, Dominus, Decurio, etc.; over epitaphs, D. M. = Diis Manibus; over temple inscriptions, D. O. M. = Deo Optimo Maxumo; in the titles of the later emperors, D. N. = Dominus Noster, and DD. NN. = Domini Nostri. Before dates of letters, D signified dabam, and also dies; hence, a. d. = ante diem; in offerings to the gods, D. D. = dono or donum dedit; D. D. D. = dat, dicat, dedicat, etc. Cf. Orell. Inscr. II. p. 457 sq.
► The Romans denoted the number 500 by D; but the character was then regarded, not as a letter, but as half of the original Tuscan numeral (or CI[C ]) for 1000.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > d
19 когерентность по времени

temporal coherence

связь по времени — temporal binding

время когерентности — coherence time

союзы времени — temporal conjunctions

знания зависящие от времени — temporal knowledge

связь по времени; временная связь — temporal binding

Русско-английский словарь по информационным технологиям > когерентность по времени

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