temples

* * *

* * *

aedēs and aedis (the form aedes is found in Liv. 2, 21, 7; 2, 8, 14; 2, 9, 43 al., and now and then in other writers, but aedis is more common, as in Cic. Verr. 4, 55, § 121; id. Par. 4, 2, 31; Vitr. 4, 7, 1; Varr. 5, 32, 156 al.; Liv. 1, 33, 9 al.; Plin. 36, 6, 8, § 50), is, f., a building for habitation. [Aedis domicilium in edito positum simplex atque unius aditus. Sive ideo aedis dicitur, quod in ea aevum degatur, quod Graece aiôn vocatur, Fest. p. 13 Müll. Curtius refers this word to aithô, aestus, as meaning originally, fire-place, hearth; others, with probability, compare hedos, hedra, and sēdes.]

Sing., a dwelling of the gods, a sanctuary, a temple (prop., a simple edifice, without division into smaller apartments, while templum is a large and splendid structure, consecrated by the augurs, and belonging to one or more deities; cf. Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 4, 7; but after the Aug. period aedes was used for templum; cf. Suet. Caes. 78 with id. ib. 84): haec aedis, Varr. ap. Non. 494, 7:

senatum in aedem Jovis Statoris vocavi,

Cic. Cat. 2, 6: aedis Martis, Nep. Fragm. ap. Prisc. p. 792 P.:

aedes Mercurii dedicata est,

Liv. 2, 21:

hic aedem ex marmore molitus est,

Vell. 1, 11, 5:

inter altare et aedem,

Vulg. Luc. 11, 51:

aedem Concordiae,

Plin. 33, 1, 6, § 19:

aedes Veneris genitricis,

Suet. Caes. 78; v. above; id. ib. 10:

aedem Baal,

Vulg. 4 Reg. 10, 27; ib. Act. 19, 24 al.: haec ego ludo, quae nec in aede sonent, i. e. in the temple of the Muses, or of the Palatine Apollo, where poems were publicly recited, Hor. S. 1, 10, 38; cf.:

quanto molimine circumspectemus vacuam Romanis vatibus aedem,

id. Ep. 2, 2, 94.— Plur. in this sense generally in connection with sacrae, divinae, deorum, and only when several temples are spoken of:

aedes sacrae,

Cic. Dom. 49; cf. Suet. Aug. 30, 100:

Capitolii fastigium et ceterarum aedium,

Cic. de Or. 3, 46; cf. Liv. 38, 41:

Deorum aedes,

Suet. Cat. 21; cf. id. Ner. 38; id. Claud. 21 al.—

A dwelling for men, a house, habitation, [p. 52] obode (syn. domus; usu. only in the plur., as a collection of several apartments; but in the earliest period the sing. also may have had this signif., though but few certain examples of it have been preserved in the written language; cf. Plaut. As. 1, 3, 67:

hic noster quaestus aucupii simillimust... aedis nobis areast, auceps sum ego): aedes probae et pulchre aedificatae,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 2, 60; id. Most. 1, 2, 18:

ultimae,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 29:

apud istum in aedibus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 50, and soon after: in mediis aedibus; cf. Verg. A. 2, 512:

liberae,

a house that is rent-free, Liv. 30, 17:

privatae,

Suet. Ner. 44 al. —Hence sometimes used for a part of the domus, a room, an apartment, chamber:

insectatur omnes domi per aedīs,

Plaut. Cas. 3, 5, 31; Verg. G. 2, 462; cf. id. A. 2, 487 (v. also Gell. 4, 14; Curt. 8, 6; Hor. C. 1, 30, 4).—In Plaut., by comic license, aedes for familia: credo hercle has sustollat aedīs totas atque hunc in crucem, Mil. 2, 3, 39: ut ego suffringam his talos totis aedibus, to break the legs of this whole house (i. e. family), Truc. 2, 8, 7: ab aedibus, denoting office (cf. ab), a castellan:

CVM AB AEDIBVS ESSEM,

Inscr. Grut. 697, 1.—

Met., the cells (or hive) of bees:

clausis cunctantur in aedibus,

Verg. G. 4, 258.—

Trop.:

fac, sis, vacivas aedīs aurium, mea ut migrare dicta possint,

the chambers of your ears, Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 54.—

Aedes aurata, a gilded funeral structure, on which the dead body of Cœsar was laid, a catafalque, Suet. Caes. 84.

aedīlis, is, m. (abl. aedili, Tac. A. 12, 64; Serv. ad Verg. A. 7, 4; Dig. 18, 6, 13;

but aedile is more usual,

Charis. p. 96 P.; Varr. 1, 22; Cic. Sest. 44, 95; Liv. 3, 31; Plin. 7, 48, 49, § 158; Inscr. Orell. 3787, 8; cf. Schneid. Gr. II. p. 221; Koffm. s. v.) [aedes], an œdile, a magistrate in Rome who had the superintendence of public buildings and works, such as temples, theatres, baths, aqueducts, sewers, highways, etc.; also of private buildings, of markets, provisions, taverns, of weights and measures (to see that they were legal), of the expense of funerals, and other similar functions of police. The class. passages applying here are: Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 42; Varr. L. L. 5, § 81 Müll.; Cic. Leg. 3, 3; id. Verr. 2, 5, 14; id. Phil. 9, 7; Liv. 10, 23; Tac. A. 2, 85; Juv. 3, 162; 10, 101; Fest. s. h. v. p. 12; cf. Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 8, 3 and 6.—Further, the aediles, esp. the curule ædiles (two in number), were expected to exhibit public spectacles; and they often lavished the most exorbitant expenses upon them, in order to prepare their way toward higher offices, Cic. Off. 2, 16; Liv. 24, 33; 27, 6. They inspected the plays before exhibition in the theatres, and rewarded or punished the actors according to their deserts, Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 148; id. Cist. ep. 3;

for this purpose they were required by oath to decide impartially,

Plaut. Am. prol. 72.—It was the special duty of the aediles plebeii (of whom also there were two) to preserve the decrees of the Senate and people in the temple of Ceres, and in a later age in the public treasury, Liv. 3, 55. The office of the aediles curules (so called from the sella curulis, the seat on which they sat for judgment (v. curulis), while the aediles plebeii sat only on benches, subsellia) was created A.U.C. 387, for the purpose of holding public exhibitions, Liv. 6, 42, first from the patricians, but as early as the following year from the plebeians also, Liv. 7, 1.—

Julius Cæsar created also the office of the two aediles Cereales, who had the superintendence of the public granaries and other provisions,

Suet. Caes. 41.—The free towns also had ædiles, who were often their only magistrates, Cic. Fam. 13, 11; Juv. 3, 179; 10, 102; Pers. 1, 130; v. further in Smith's Dict. Antiq. and Niebuhr's Rom. Hist. 1, 689 and 690.

uses the word once adject.: aediles ludi, œdilic sports, Poen. 5, 2, 52.

āra, ae, f. (Osc. form aasa; Umbr. asa: PELLEX. ASAM. IVNONIS. NE. TAGITO., Lex Numae ap. Gell. 4, 3, 3; cf. Serv. ad Verg. A. 4, 219; Macr. S. 3, 2) [perh. Sanscr. ās, Gr. hêmai, Dor. hêsmai = to sit, as the seat or resting-place of the victim or offering; v. Curt. p. 381 sq.], an altar.

Lit.: Jovis aram sanguine turpari, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 35, 85 (Trag. v. 125 Vahl.):

Inde ignem in aram, ut Ephesiae Dianae laeta laudes,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 1:

omnīs accedere ad aras... aras sanguine multo Spargere,

Lucr. 5, 1199 sq.; so id. 1, 84:

turicremas aras,

id. 2, 353 (adopted by Verg. A. 4, 453);

2, 417: multo sanguine maesti Conspergunt aras adolentque altaria donis,

id. 4, 1237 al.:

ara Aio Loquenti consecrata,

Cic. Div. 1, 45, 101:

ara condita atque dicata,

Liv. 1, 7; cf. Suet. Claud. 2:

ara sacrata,

Liv. 40, 22; cf. Suet. Tib. 14:

exstruere,

id. Aug. 15; so Vulg. 4 Reg. 21, 4:

construere,

ib. 2 Par. 33, 3:

facere,

ib. ib. 33, 15:

erigere,

ib. Num. 23, 4:

aedificare,

ib. 3 Reg. 14, 23:

ponere,

ib. ib. 16, 32:

destruere,

ib. Exod. 34, 13, and ib. Jud. 6, 25:

subvertere,

ib. Deut. 7, 5:

dissipare,

ib. ib. 12, 3:

suffodere,

ib. Jud. 31, 32:

demolire,

ib. Ezech. 6, 4:

depopulari, ib. Osee, 10, 2: interibunt arae vestrae,

ib. Ezech. 6, 6 et saep.—Altars were erected not only in the temples, but also in the streets and highways, in the open air, Plaut. Aul. 4, 1, 20.—Esp. were altars erected in the courts of houses (impluvia), for the family gods (Penates), while the household gods (Lares) received offerings upon a small hearth (focus) in the family hall (atrium); hence, arae et foci, meton. for home, or hearth and home, and pro aris et focis pugnare, to fight for altars and fires, for one's dearest possessions:

urbem, agrum, aras, focos seque dedere,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 71:

te amicum Deiotari regis arae focique viderunt,

Cic. Deiot. 3:

de vestris conjugibus ac liberis, de aris ac focis, decernite,

id. Cat. 4, 11, 24; id. Sest. 42:

nos domicilia, sedesque populi Romani, Penates, aras, focos, sepulcra majorum defendimus,

id. Phil. 8, 3:

patriae, parentibus, aris atque focis bellum parare,

Sall. C. 52, 3:

pro patriā, pro liberis, pro aris atque focis suis cernere,

id. ib. 59, 5:

sibi pro aris focisque et deūm templis ac solo, in quo nati essent, dimicandum fore,

Liv. 5, 30 et saep.—Criminals fled to the altars for protection, Don. ad Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 22:

interim hanc aram occupabo,

Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 45:

Priamum cum in aram confugisset, hostilis manus interemit,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 35, 85:

eo ille confugit in arāque consedit,

Nep. Paus. 4, 4:

Veneris sanctae considam vinctus ad aras: haec supplicibus favet,

Tib. 4, 13, 23.—Hence, trop., protection, refuge, shelter:

tamquam in aram confugitis ad deum,

Cic. N. D. 3, 10, 25:

ad aram legum confugere,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 3:

hic portus, haec ara sociorum,

id. ib. 2, 5, 48; Ov. Tr. 4, 5, 2; 5, 6, 14; id. H. 1, 110; id. P. 2, 8, 68.—One who took an oath was accustomed to lay hold of the altar, in confirmation of it, Plaut. Rud. 5, 2, 46:

qui si aram tenens juraret, crederet nemo,

Cic. Fl. 36, 90; Nep. Hann. 2, 4 (cf. Liv. 21, 1):

tango aras, medios ignes et numina testor,

Verg. A. 12, 201; 4, 219: ara sepulcri, a funeral pile, regarded as an altar, Verg. A. 6, 177; Sil. 15, 388.—

Meton.

The Altar, a constellation in the southern sky, Gr. Thutêrion (Arat. 403 al.): Aram, quam flatu permulcet spiritus austri, poët. ap. Cic. N. D. 2, 44, 114; so Cic. Arat. 202; 213 Orell.; Hyg. Astr. 2, 39, and id. ib. 3, 38:

pressa,

i. e. low in the south, Ov. M. 2, 139. —

Arae, The Altars.

Rocky cliffs in the Mediterranean Sea, between Sicily Sardinia and Africa, so called from their shape, Varr. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 108;

Quadrig. Ann. ib.: saxa vocant Itali, mediis quae in fluctibus, Aras,

Verg. A. 1, 109.—

Arae Philaenorum, v. Philaeni.—

Transf., in gen., a monument of stone:

ara virtutis,

Cic. Phil. 14, 13:

Lunensis ara,

of Lunensian marble, Suet. Ner. 50 fin. —Also [p. 150] a tombstone:

ARAM D. S. P. R. (de suā pecuniā restituit),

Inscr. Orell. 4521; so ib. 4522; 4826.

arx, arcis, f. [arx ab arcendo, quod is locus munitissimus rubis, a quo facillime possit hostis prohiberi, Varr. L. L. 5, § 151 Müll; cf. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 20; Isid. Orig. 15, 2, 32; Doed. Syn. IV. p. 428; v. arceo], a stronghold, castle, citadel, fortress, akropolis; in Rome, the Capitolium.

A.. Lit.: arce et urbe orba sum, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44 (Trag. v. 114 Müll.): optumates, Corinthum quae arcem altam habetis, id. ap. ejusd. Fam. 7, 6: edicite per urbem ut omnes qui arcem astuque accolunt, cives, etc.; Att. ap. Non. p. 357, 14:

Illa autem in arcem [hinc] abiit,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 8, 59; so id. Ps. 4, 6, 2:

In arcem transcurso opus est,

Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 17:

Condere coeperunt urbīs arcemque locare,

Lucr. 5, 1107:

arcis servator, candidus anser,

id. 4, 683:

munire arcem,

Cic. Pis. 34 fin.:

cum Tarento amisso arcem tamen Livius retinuisset,

id. de Or. 2, 67, 273: arx intra moenia in immanem altitudinem edita; Liv. 45, 28:

arx Sion,

Vulg. 2 Reg. 5, 7:

arx Jerusalem,

ib. 1 Macc. 13, 49:

Romana,

Liv. 1, 12:

Capitolina,

id. 6, 20; cf. id. 3, 18:

Sabinus arcem Capitolii insedit mixto milite,

Tac. H. 3, 69; Suet. Claud. 44 et saep. As the place on which auguries were received (cf. auguraculum):

ut cum in arce augurium augures acturi essent,

Cic. Off. 3, 16, 66; so Liv. 1, 18 and 24.—Hence,

Trop., defence, prolection, refuge, bulwark, etc.:

Castoris templum fuit te consule arx civium perditorum, receptaculum veterum Catilinae militum, castellum forensis latrocinii,

Cic. Pis. 5, 11:

haec urbs, lux orbis terrarum atque arx omnium gentium,

id. Cat. 4, 6; cf. id. Agr. 1, 6, 18:

Africa arx omnium provinciarum,

id. Lig. 7, 22:

Stoicorum,

id. Div. 1, 6, 10:

arx finitimorum, Campani,

Liv. 7, 29; 37, 18:

tribunicium auxilium et provocationem, duas arces libertatis tuendae,

id. 3, 45:

arx ad aliquid faciendum,

id. 28, 3:

eam urbem pro arce habiturus Philippus adversus Graeciae civitates,

id. 33, 14; Flor. 3, 6, 5:

quasi arx aeternae dominationis,

Tac. A. 14, 31.—

As the abode of tyrants, a poet. designation of tyranny (cf. Ascon. ad Cic. Div. in Caecil. 5), Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 293 Heins.:

cupidi arcium,

Sen. Thyest. 342; cf. id. Contr. 4, 27:

non dum attigit arcem, Juris et humani culmen,

Luc. 7, 593 Corte; cf. id. 8, 490, and 4, 800; Tert. Apol. 4.—

Prov.:

arcem facere e cloacā,

to make a mountain of a mole-hill, Cic. Planc. 40.—

Since castles were generally on a height, meton., a height, summit, pinnacle, top, peak (usu. poet. and in Aug. and postAug. prose), lit. and trop.

Lit.:

summā locum sibi legit in arce,

upon the extreme height, Ov. M. 1, 27; cf. id. ib. 12, 43. —So,

In partic.

Of mountains:

Parnasi constitit arce,

Ov. M. 1, 467:

arce loci summā,

id. ib. 11, 393:

Rhipaeae arces,

Verg. G. 1, 240:

flērunt Rhodopeïae arces,

id. ib. 4, 461:

septemque unā sibi muro circumdedit arces,

id. ib. 2, 535:

primus inexpertas adiit Tirynthius arces, i. e. Alpes,

Sil. 3, 496; cf. Drak. ad id. 15, 305; Val. Fl. 3, 565:

impositum arce sublimi oppidum cernimus,

Petr. 116; cf. id. 123, 205, and 209.—

Of houses built on an eminence, Petr. 121, 107, and 293.—

Of the citadel of heaven:

quae pater ut summā vidit Saturnius arce,

Ov. M. 1, 163:

summam petit arduus arcem,

id. ib. 2, 306:

sideream mundi qui temperat arcem,

id. Am. 3, 10, 21.—

Of the heavens themselves: aetheriae [p. 170] arces, Ov. Tr. 5, 3, 19:

arces igneae,

Hor. C. 3, 3, 10:

caeli quibus adnuis arcem,

Verg. A. 1, 250; cf. id. ib. 1, 259.—

Of temples erected on an eminence:

dexterā sacras jaculatus arces,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 3.—

Of the head:

arx corporis,

Sen. Oedip. 185; Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 235.—

Trop., height, head, summit, etc. (rare):

celsā mentis ab arce,

Stat. S. 2, 2, 131:

summae laudum arces,

Sil. 13, 771; Sid. Carm. 2, 173:

ubi Hannibal sit, ibi caput atque arcem totius belli esse,

head and front, Liv. 28, 42:

arx eloquentiae,

Tac. Or. 10.

ātrĭum, ii, n. [acc. to Scaliger, from aithrion, subdiale, since it was a part of the uncovered portion of the house (but the atrium of the Romans was always covered); acc. to Varr. L. L. 5, § 161 Müll., from the Tuscan town Atria, where this style of architecture originated; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 13 Müll.; and Müller, Etrusk. 1, p. 254 sq.; but better from ater, acc. to the explanation of Servius: ibi etiam culina erat, unde et atrium dictum est; atrum enim erat ex fumo, ad Verg. A. 1, 730].

The fore-court, hall, entrance-room, entry; that part of the Roman house into which one first came after passing the entrance (janua); cf. Vitr. 6, 4; O. Müller, Archaeol. III. § 293, and Etrusk. above cited. In earlier times, the atrium was used as a dining-room, Cato ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 726. Here stood, opposite the door, the lectus genialis, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 87;

here sat the housewife with her maidens spinning,

Arn. adv. Gent. 2, 67;

here clients were in attendance,

Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 31; Juv. 7, 7 and 91;

and here hung the family portraits and other paintings,

Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 55; Mart. 2, 90; Val. Max. 5, 8, 3; Vulg. Matt. 26, 58; ib. Marc. 14, 54; ib. Joan. 18, 15 al.— Poet. in the plur., of a single atrium:

Apparet domus intus et atria longa patescunt,

Verg. A. 2, 483; so Ov. M. 14, 260; Juv. 8, 20 al.— Meton. for the house itself:

nec capient Phrygias atria nostra nurus,

Ov. H. 16, 184; id. M. 13, 968.—So of the entrance-room in the dwelling of the gods: dextrā laevāque deorum Atria nobilium (as it were clients, v. supra) valvis celebrantur apertis, Ov. M. 1, 172; Stat. Th. 1, 197.—

In temples and other public buildings there was often an atrium, a hall, court:

in atrio Libertatis,

Cic. Mil. 22, 59; Liv. 25, 7; 45, 15; Tac. H. 1, 31; Suet. Aug. 29:

Vestae,

Plin. Ep. 7, 19, 2;

also called atrium regium,

Liv. 26, 27; cf. Ov. F. 6, 263; id. Tr. 3, 1, 30:

atrium tabernaculi,

Vulg. Exod. 27, 9; ib. Lev. 6, 26:

in atriis Domūs Dei,

ib. Psa. 91, 14; 134, 2;

Smith, Dict. Antiq.—So atrium auctionarium,

an auction-hall, auction-room, Cic. Agr. 1, 3; so Inscr. Orell. 3439; and absol., atria:

cum desertis Aganippes Vallibus esuriens migraret in atria Clio,

Juv. 7, 7. Such halls were the Atria Licinia, Cic. Quinct. 6, 25: ATRIVM SVTORIVM, the shoemakers' hall, a place in Rome, Calend. Praenest. Inscr. Orell. II. 386.

clĭpĕus (in inscrr. and MSS. also clŭp- and clyp-), i, m. ( clĭpĕum, i, n., Verg. A. 9, 709; Liv. 1, 43, 2; 34, 52, 5; 35, 10, 12; 38, 35, 5; 40, 51, 3; Licin. et Laber. ap. Non. p. 196, 22 sq. al.) [root in clepo].

The round brazen shield of Roman soldiers (diff. from scutum, which was oval, and made of wood covered with bull's hide; cf. Dict. of Antiq. p. 268 sq.), Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 93 Müll.; id. ap. Prisc. p. 838 P. (Enn. Ann. 364 Vahl.); Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 195; 3, 2, 93; id. Truc. 2, 6, 25; Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97; id. Div. 1, 44, 99; id. Tusc. 1, 15, 34; id. de Or. 2, 17, 73; Nep. Iphic. 1, 3; Liv. 1, 43, 2; 8, 8, 3; 9, 19, 7; Verg. A. 2, 443; 7, 626; 8, 447; Hor. C. 1, 28, 11; Ov. M. 8, 27; 12, 621.—Prov.:

clipeum post vulnera sumere,

i. e. to do something when it is too late, Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 35. —

Trop., a shield, protection, defence, Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 433.—

Meton., of objects in the form of a shield. *

The vault of heaven: in altisono caeli clupeo, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 73 Müll.—

The disk of the sun, Ov. M. 15, 192.—

A round meteor:

clipei et vastorum imagines ignium,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 1, 15; 7, 20, 2; Plin. 2, 34, 34, § 100.—But esp. freq.,

A bust of the gods or distinguished men, represented upon a shield-formed surface (of gold, silver, etc., skilfully prepared, and often laid up as sacred gifts in the temples; so mostly in neutr. form; v. supra init.):

scutis qualibus apud Trojam pugnatum est, continebantur imagines, unde et nomen habuere clipeorum,

Plin. 35, 3, 4, § 13; Liv. 25, 39, 13; 35, 10, 12; Tac. A. 2, 83; Suet. Calig. 16; id. Dom. 23; Dig. 9, 3, 5 fin. —

Clipeum antiqui ob rotunditatem etiam corium bovis appellarunt, in quo foedus Gabinorum cum Romanis fuerat descriptum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 56 Müll. (cf. the same use of hoplon, Corp. Inscr. Graec. II. p. 664).

clĭpĕus (in inscrr. and MSS. also clŭp- and clyp-), i, m. ( clĭpĕum, i, n., Verg. A. 9, 709; Liv. 1, 43, 2; 34, 52, 5; 35, 10, 12; 38, 35, 5; 40, 51, 3; Licin. et Laber. ap. Non. p. 196, 22 sq. al.) [root in clepo].

The round brazen shield of Roman soldiers (diff. from scutum, which was oval, and made of wood covered with bull's hide; cf. Dict. of Antiq. p. 268 sq.), Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 93 Müll.; id. ap. Prisc. p. 838 P. (Enn. Ann. 364 Vahl.); Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 195; 3, 2, 93; id. Truc. 2, 6, 25; Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97; id. Div. 1, 44, 99; id. Tusc. 1, 15, 34; id. de Or. 2, 17, 73; Nep. Iphic. 1, 3; Liv. 1, 43, 2; 8, 8, 3; 9, 19, 7; Verg. A. 2, 443; 7, 626; 8, 447; Hor. C. 1, 28, 11; Ov. M. 8, 27; 12, 621.—Prov.:

clipeum post vulnera sumere,

i. e. to do something when it is too late, Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 35. —

Trop., a shield, protection, defence, Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 433.—

Meton., of objects in the form of a shield. *

The vault of heaven: in altisono caeli clupeo, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 73 Müll.—

The disk of the sun, Ov. M. 15, 192.—

A round meteor:

clipei et vastorum imagines ignium,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 1, 15; 7, 20, 2; Plin. 2, 34, 34, § 100.—But esp. freq.,

A bust of the gods or distinguished men, represented upon a shield-formed surface (of gold, silver, etc., skilfully prepared, and often laid up as sacred gifts in the temples; so mostly in neutr. form; v. supra init.):

scutis qualibus apud Trojam pugnatum est, continebantur imagines, unde et nomen habuere clipeorum,

Plin. 35, 3, 4, § 13; Liv. 25, 39, 13; 35, 10, 12; Tac. A. 2, 83; Suet. Calig. 16; id. Dom. 23; Dig. 9, 3, 5 fin. —

Clipeum antiqui ob rotunditatem etiam corium bovis appellarunt, in quo foedus Gabinorum cum Romanis fuerat descriptum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 56 Müll. (cf. the same use of hoplon, Corp. Inscr. Graec. II. p. 664).

cŏlo, colŭi, cultum, 3, v. a. [from the stem KOL, whence boukolos, boukoleô; cf.: colonus, in-cola, agri-cola] (orig. pertaining to agriculture), to cultivate, till, tend, take care of a field, garden, etc. (freq. in all per. and species of composition).

Prop.

With acc.:

fundum,

Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 2:

agrum,

id. ib. 1, 2, 14; Cato, R. R. 61; Col. 1 pr.:

agri non omnes frugiferi sunt qui coluntur,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 5, 13; id. Agr. 2, 25, 67:

arva et vineta et oleas et arbustum,

Quint. 1, 12, 7:

praedia,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 17, 49:

rus,

Col. 1, 1:

rura,

Cat. 64, 38; Tib. 1, 5, 21; Verg. G. 2, 413:

hortos,

Ov. M. 14, 624 al.:

jugera,

Col. 1 pr.:

patrios fines,

id. ib.:

solum,

id. 2, 2, 8:

terram,

id. 2, 2, 4:

arbustum,

Quint. 1, 12, 7:

vitem,

Cic. Fin. 4, 14, 38:

arbores,

Hor. C. 2, 14, 22:

arva,

id. ib. 3, 5, 24; Ov. Am. 1, 13, 15:

fructus,

Verg. G. 2, 36:

fruges,

Ov. M. 15, 134:

poma,

id. ib. 14, 687; cf. under P. a.—

Absol., Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 8; Verg. G. 1, 121; Dig. 19, 2, 54, § 1.—

In gen., without reference to economics, to abide, dwell, stay in a place, to inhabit (syn.: incolo, habito; most freq. since the Aug. per.).

With acc.:

hanc domum,

Plaut. Aul. prol. 4:

nemora atque cavos montes silvasque colebant,

Lucr. 5, 955:

regiones Acherunticas,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 21:

colitur ea pars (urbis) et habitatur frequentissime,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

urbem, urbem, mi Rufe, cole,

id. Fam. 2, 12, 2:

has terras,

id. N. D. 2, 66, 164; Tac. A. 2, 60:

loca Idae,

Cat. 63, 70:

Idalium,

id. 36, 12 sq.; 61, 17:

urbem Trojanam,

Verg. A. 4, 343:

Sicaniam,

Ov. M. 5, 495:

Maeoniam Sipylumque,

id. ib. 6, 149:

Elin Messeniaque arva,

id. ib. 2, 679:

regnum nemorale Dianae,

id. ib. 14, 331:

hoc nemus,

id. ib. 15, 545:

Elysium,

Verg. A. 5, 735:

loca magna,

Ov. M. 14, 681; Liv. 1, 7, 10:

Britanniam,

Tac. Agr. 11:

Rheni ripam,

id. G. 28:

victam ripam,

id. A. 1, 59:

terras,

id. ib. 2, 60; cf. id. H. 5, 2:

insulam,

id. A. 12, 61; id. G. 29:

regionem,

Curt. 7, 7, 4.— Poet., of poets:

me juvat in primā coluisse Helicona juventā,

i. e. to have written poetry in early youth, Prop. 3 (4), 5, 19.—Also of animals:

anguis stagna,

Verg. G. 3, 430; Ov. M. 2, 380.—

Absol.:

hic,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 68:

subdiu colere te usque perpetuom diem,

id. Most. 3, 2, 78; Liv. 42, 67, 9; Curt. 9, 9, 2:

colunt discreti ac diversi,

Tac. G. 16:

proximi Cattis Usipii ac Tencteri colunt,

id. ib. 32:

circa utramque ripam Rhodani,

Liv. 21, 26, 6:

quā Cilices maritimi colunt,

id. 38, 18, 12:

prope Oceanum,

id. 24, 49, 6:

usque ad Albim,

Tac. A. 2, 41:

ultra Borysthenem fluvium,

Gell. 9, 4, 6:

super Bosporum,

Curt. 6, 2, 13:

extra urbem,

App. M. 1, p. 111.—

Trop. (freq. and class.).

To bestow care upon a thing, to care for.

Of the gods: colere aliquem locum, to frequent, cherish, care for, protect, be the guardian of, said of places where they were worshipped, had temples, etc.:

deos deasque veneror, qui hanc urbem colunt,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 1, 19; Cat. 36, 12:

Pallas, quas condidit arces, Ipsa colat,

Verg. E. 2, 62:

ille (Juppiter) colit terras,

id. ib. 3, 61; id. A. 1, 16 Forbig. ad loc.:

undis jura dabat, nymphisque colentibus undas,

Ov. M. 1, 576:

urbem colentes di,

Liv. 31, 30, 9; 5, 21, 3:

vos, Ceres mater ac Proserpina, precor, ceteri superi infernique di, qui hanc urbem colitis,

id. 24, 39, 8:

divi divaeque, qui maria terrasque colitis,

id. 29, 27, 1.—

Rarely with persons as object (syn.:

curo, studeo, observo, obsequor): Juppiter, qui genus colis alisque hominum,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 24; cf.:

(Castor et Pollux) dum terras hominumque colunt genus,

i. e. improve, polish, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7. —

Of the body or its parts, to cultivate, attend to, dress, clothe, adorn, etc.:

formamque augere colendo,

by attire, dress, Ov. M. 10, 534:

corpora,

id. A. A. 3, 107:

tu quoque dum coleris,

id. ib. 3, 225.—With abl.:

lacertos auro,

Curt. 8, 9, 21:

lacertum armillā aureā,

Petr. 32:

capillos,

Tib. 1, 6, 39; 1, 8, 9.—

With abstr. objects, to cultivate, cherish, seek, practise, devote one ' s self to, etc.;

of mental and moral cultivation: aequom et bonum,

Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 10:

amicitiam,

id. Cist. 1, 1, 27:

fidem rectumque,

Ov. M. 1, 90:

fortitudinem,

Curt. 10, 3, 9:

jus et fas,

Liv. 27, 17 fin.:

memoriam alicujus,

Cic. Fin. 2, 31, 101:

bonos mores,

Sall. C. 9, 1:

suum quaestum colit,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 137:

pietatem,

id. As. 3, 1, 5; Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 33:

virtutem,

Cic. Arch. 7, 16; id. Off. 1, 41, 149:

amicitiam, justitiam, liberalitatem,

id. ib. 1, 2, 5:

virginitatis amorem,

Verg. A. 11, 584:

pacem,

Ov. M. 11, 297; cf. Martem, Sil. [p. 370] 8, 464:

studium philosophiae,

Cic. Brut. 91, 315:

disciplinam,

id. ib. 31, 117:

aequabile et temperatum orationis genus,

id. Off. 1, 1, 3:

patrias artes militiamque,

Ov. F. 2, 508; cf.:

artes liberales,

Suet. Tib. 60:

ingenium singulari rerum militarium prudentiā,

Vell. 2, 29, 5 Kritz.—

Of a period of time or a condition, to live in, experience, live through, pass, spend, etc.:

servitutem apud aliquem,

to be a slave, Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 7:

nunc plane nec ego victum, nec vitam illam colere possum, etc.,

Cic. Att. 12, 28, 2; and poet. in gen.: vitam or aevum = degere, to take care of life, for to live:

vitam,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 74; id. Cas. 2, 1, 12; id. Rud. 1, 5, 25:

vitam inopem,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 84:

aevum vi,

Lucr. 5, 1144 and 1149.—

Colere aliquem, to regard one with care, i. e. to honor, revere, reverence, worship, etc. (syn.: observo, veneror, diligo).

Most freq. of the reverence and worship of the gods, and the respect paid to objects pertaining thereto, to honor, respect, revere, reverence, worship:

quid est enim cur deos ab hominibus colendos dicas?

Cic. N. D. 1, 41, 115:

hos deos et venerari et colere debemus,

id. ib. 2, 28, 71; cf. id. ib. 1, 42, 119; id. Agr. 2, 35, 94; Liv. 39, 15, 2; Cat. 61, 48:

Phoebe silvarumque potens Diana... o colendi Semper et culti,

Hor. C. S. 2 and 3; cf. Ov. M. 8, 350:

deos aris, pulvinaribus,

Plin. Pan. 11, 3:

Mercurium,

Caes. B. G. 6, 17:

Apollinem nimiā religione,

Curt. 4, 3, 21:

Cererem secubitu,

Ov. A. 3, 10, 16:

(deam) magis officiis quam probitate,

id. P. 3, 1, 76:

per flamines et sacerdotes,

Tac. A. 1, 10; Suet. Vit. 1:

quo cognomine is deus quādam in parte urbis colebatur,

id. Aug. 70:

deum precibus,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 580:

testimoniorum religionem et fidem,

Cic. Fl. 4, 9; cf. id. Font. 10, 21; and:

colebantur religiones pie magis quam magnifice,

Liv. 3, 57, 7; and:

apud quos juxta divinas religiones humana fides colitur,

id. 9, 9, 4:

sacra,

Ov. M. 4, 32; 15, 679:

aras,

id. ib. 3, 733; 6, 208; cf. Liv. 1, 7, 10; Suet. Vit. 2 et saep.:

numina alicujus,

Verg. G. 1, 30:

templum,

id. A. 4, 458; Ov. M. 11, 578:

caerimonias sepulcrorum tantā curà,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 27:

sacrarium summā caerimoniā,

Nep. Th. 8, 4:

simulacrum,

Suet. Galb. 4.—

Of the honor bestowed upon men:

ut Africanum ut deum coleret Laelius,

Cic. Rep. 1, 12, 18:

quia me colitis et magnificatis,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 23; Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 54:

a quibus diligenter observari videmur et coli,

Cic. Mur. 34, 70; cf. id. Fam. 6, 10, 7; 13, 22, 1; id. Off. 1, 41, 149; Sall. J. 10, 8:

poëtarum nomen,

Cic. Arch. 11, 27:

civitatem,

id. Fl. 22, 52; cf.:

in amicis et diligendis et colendis,

id. Lael. 22, 85 and 82:

semper ego plebem Romanam militiae domique... colo atque colui,

Liv. 7, 32, 16:

colere et ornare,

Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 2:

me diligentissime,

id. ib. 13, 25 init.:

si te colo, Sexte, non amabo,

Mart. 2, 55:

aliquem donis,

Liv. 31, 43, 7:

litteris,

Nep. Att. 20, 4:

nec illos arte colam, nec opulenter,

Sall. J. 85, 34 Kritz.— Hence,

cŏlens, entis, P. a., honoring, treating respectfully; subst., a reverer, worshipper; with gen.:

religionum,

Cic. Planc. 33, 80.—

cultus, a, um, P. a. (acc. to I.).

Cultivated, tilled:

ager cultior,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 20:

ager cultissimus,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33:

materia et culta et silvestris,

id. N. D. 2, 60, 151:

res pecuaria,

id. Quint. 3, 12:

rus cultissimum,

Col. 1, 1, 1:

terra,

Quint. 5, 11, 24:

fundus cultior,

id. 8, 3, 8:

cultiora loca,

Curt. 7, 3, 18.—

Subst.: culta, ōrum, n., tilled, cultivated land, gardens, plantations, etc., Lucr. 1, 165; 1, 210; 5, 1370; Verg. G. 1, 153; 2, 196; 4, 372; Plin. 24, 10, 49, § 83—Hence,

Trop., ornamented, adorned, polished, elegant, cultivated:

milites habebat tam cultos ut argento et auro politis armis ornaret,

Suet. Caes. 67:

adulter,

Ov. Tr. 2, 499:

turba muliebriter culta,

Curt. 3, 3, 14:

sacerdos veste candidā cultus,

Plin. 16, 44, 95, § 251:

matrona vetitā purpurā culta,

Suet. Ner. 32:

filia cultior,

Mart. 10, 98, 3:

animi culti,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 5, 13; cf.:

tempora et ingenia cultiora,

Curt. 7, 8, 11:

Tibullus,

Ov. Am. 1, 15, 28; cf.

carmina,

id. A. A. 3, 341:

cultiores doctioresque redire,

Gell. 19, 8, 1:

sermone cultissimus,

Aur. Vict. Epit. 45.— Adv.: cul-tē, elegantly: dicere, * Quint. 8, 3, 7; Plin. Ep. 5, 20, 6.— Comp.:

dicere,

Sen. Suas. 4 fin.; Tac. Or. 21: (sc. veste) progredi, Just. 3, 3, 5:

incubare strato lectulo,

Val. Max. 2, 6, 8.— Sup. apparently not in use.

cōlo, āvi, ātum, āre, v. a. [colum], to filter, strain, to clarify, purify (post-Aug.):

ceram,

Col. 9, 16, 1:

mel,

id. 12, 11, 1:

vinum sportā palmeā,

Pall. Febr. 27:

sucum linteo,

Plin. 25, 13, 103, § 164:

thymum cribro,

Col. 7, 8, 7:

aliquid per linteum,

Scrib. Comp. 271:

ad colum,

Veg. 2, 28, 19:

per colum,

Apic. 4, 2:

aurum,

App. Flor. p. 343, 20:

terra colans,

Plin. 31, 3, 23, § 38:

faex colata,

id. 31, 8, 44, § 95.— Poet.:

amnes inductis retibus,

i. e. to spread out a fish-net, Manil. 5, 193.—Hence, cōlātus, a, um, P. a., cleansed, purified (post-class.):

nitor (beryllorum),

Tert. Anim. 9.—

Trop.:

certiora et colatiora somniari,

Tert. Anim. 48.

col-lābor ( conl-), lapsus (or labsus), 3, v. dep., to fall together, to fall in ruins; esp. of buildings, to fall in, fall from age (in the ante-Aug. period very rare; not in Cic., Hor., or Quint.).

Prop., Liv. 35, 9, 3:

moenia subito collapsa ruinā sunt,

id. 29, 18, 17; Suet. Aug. 30; id. Claud. 25; id. Calig. 21:

fastigium domūs collabitur,

id. Caes. 81:

qui collapsā jacuere ruinā,

Sil. 7, 727:

succisis asseribus collapsus pons,

Liv. 44, 5, 6. postquam conlapsi cineres, Verg. A. 6, 226:

eodem anno duodecim celebres Asiae urbes collapsae nocturno motu terrae,

Tac. A. 2, 47:

AEDES VETVSTATE COLLAPSA,

Inscr. Orell. 26.—Of persons, to fall or sink down in a swoon or in death:

suscipiunt famulae collapsaque membra Marmoreo referunt thalamo,

Verg. A. 4, 391; 8, 584; Ov. M. 7, 826; 5, 96; 6, 295; Tac. A. 2, 31; Suet. Ner. 42; Curt. 4, 10, 19; 7, 6, 22; 8, 2, 39; Petr. 94; Val. Fl. 7, 152; Stat. Achill. 1, 195; cf.:

ferro collapsa,

Verg. A. 4, 664.—

Transf.:

ossa morbo collapsa,

Verg. G. 3, 485: collapsa tempora, oculi concavi, temples fallen in or sunken, Cels. 2, 6:

iter urinae senectute collapsum,

id. 7, 26.—

Trop. (very rare):

in corruptelam suam,

Plaut. Truc. 3, 2, 3:

ira in se ipsa collapsa,

Val. Max. 6, 2, 10:

in fata,

Cod. Just. 5, 14, 9.

cŏlo, colŭi, cultum, 3, v. a. [from the stem KOL, whence boukolos, boukoleô; cf.: colonus, in-cola, agri-cola] (orig. pertaining to agriculture), to cultivate, till, tend, take care of a field, garden, etc. (freq. in all per. and species of composition).

Prop.

With acc.:

fundum,

Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 2:

agrum,

id. ib. 1, 2, 14; Cato, R. R. 61; Col. 1 pr.:

agri non omnes frugiferi sunt qui coluntur,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 5, 13; id. Agr. 2, 25, 67:

arva et vineta et oleas et arbustum,

Quint. 1, 12, 7:

praedia,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 17, 49:

rus,

Col. 1, 1:

rura,

Cat. 64, 38; Tib. 1, 5, 21; Verg. G. 2, 413:

hortos,

Ov. M. 14, 624 al.:

jugera,

Col. 1 pr.:

patrios fines,

id. ib.:

solum,

id. 2, 2, 8:

terram,

id. 2, 2, 4:

arbustum,

Quint. 1, 12, 7:

vitem,

Cic. Fin. 4, 14, 38:

arbores,

Hor. C. 2, 14, 22:

arva,

id. ib. 3, 5, 24; Ov. Am. 1, 13, 15:

fructus,

Verg. G. 2, 36:

fruges,

Ov. M. 15, 134:

poma,

id. ib. 14, 687; cf. under P. a.—

Absol., Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 8; Verg. G. 1, 121; Dig. 19, 2, 54, § 1.—

In gen., without reference to economics, to abide, dwell, stay in a place, to inhabit (syn.: incolo, habito; most freq. since the Aug. per.).

With acc.:

hanc domum,

Plaut. Aul. prol. 4:

nemora atque cavos montes silvasque colebant,

Lucr. 5, 955:

regiones Acherunticas,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 21:

colitur ea pars (urbis) et habitatur frequentissime,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

urbem, urbem, mi Rufe, cole,

id. Fam. 2, 12, 2:

has terras,

id. N. D. 2, 66, 164; Tac. A. 2, 60:

loca Idae,

Cat. 63, 70:

Idalium,

id. 36, 12 sq.; 61, 17:

urbem Trojanam,

Verg. A. 4, 343:

Sicaniam,

Ov. M. 5, 495:

Maeoniam Sipylumque,

id. ib. 6, 149:

Elin Messeniaque arva,

id. ib. 2, 679:

regnum nemorale Dianae,

id. ib. 14, 331:

hoc nemus,

id. ib. 15, 545:

Elysium,

Verg. A. 5, 735:

loca magna,

Ov. M. 14, 681; Liv. 1, 7, 10:

Britanniam,

Tac. Agr. 11:

Rheni ripam,

id. G. 28:

victam ripam,

id. A. 1, 59:

terras,

id. ib. 2, 60; cf. id. H. 5, 2:

insulam,

id. A. 12, 61; id. G. 29:

regionem,

Curt. 7, 7, 4.— Poet., of poets:

me juvat in primā coluisse Helicona juventā,

i. e. to have written poetry in early youth, Prop. 3 (4), 5, 19.—Also of animals:

anguis stagna,

Verg. G. 3, 430; Ov. M. 2, 380.—

Absol.:

hic,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 68:

subdiu colere te usque perpetuom diem,

id. Most. 3, 2, 78; Liv. 42, 67, 9; Curt. 9, 9, 2:

colunt discreti ac diversi,

Tac. G. 16:

proximi Cattis Usipii ac Tencteri colunt,

id. ib. 32:

circa utramque ripam Rhodani,

Liv. 21, 26, 6:

quā Cilices maritimi colunt,

id. 38, 18, 12:

prope Oceanum,

id. 24, 49, 6:

usque ad Albim,

Tac. A. 2, 41:

ultra Borysthenem fluvium,

Gell. 9, 4, 6:

super Bosporum,

Curt. 6, 2, 13:

extra urbem,

App. M. 1, p. 111.—

Trop. (freq. and class.).

To bestow care upon a thing, to care for.

Of the gods: colere aliquem locum, to frequent, cherish, care for, protect, be the guardian of, said of places where they were worshipped, had temples, etc.:

deos deasque veneror, qui hanc urbem colunt,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 1, 19; Cat. 36, 12:

Pallas, quas condidit arces, Ipsa colat,

Verg. E. 2, 62:

ille (Juppiter) colit terras,

id. ib. 3, 61; id. A. 1, 16 Forbig. ad loc.:

undis jura dabat, nymphisque colentibus undas,

Ov. M. 1, 576:

urbem colentes di,

Liv. 31, 30, 9; 5, 21, 3:

vos, Ceres mater ac Proserpina, precor, ceteri superi infernique di, qui hanc urbem colitis,

id. 24, 39, 8:

divi divaeque, qui maria terrasque colitis,

id. 29, 27, 1.—

Rarely with persons as object (syn.:

curo, studeo, observo, obsequor): Juppiter, qui genus colis alisque hominum,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 24; cf.:

(Castor et Pollux) dum terras hominumque colunt genus,

i. e. improve, polish, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7. —

Of the body or its parts, to cultivate, attend to, dress, clothe, adorn, etc.:

formamque augere colendo,

by attire, dress, Ov. M. 10, 534:

corpora,

id. A. A. 3, 107:

tu quoque dum coleris,

id. ib. 3, 225.—With abl.:

lacertos auro,

Curt. 8, 9, 21:

lacertum armillā aureā,

Petr. 32:

capillos,

Tib. 1, 6, 39; 1, 8, 9.—

With abstr. objects, to cultivate, cherish, seek, practise, devote one ' s self to, etc.;

of mental and moral cultivation: aequom et bonum,

Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 10:

amicitiam,

id. Cist. 1, 1, 27:

fidem rectumque,

Ov. M. 1, 90:

fortitudinem,

Curt. 10, 3, 9:

jus et fas,

Liv. 27, 17 fin.:

memoriam alicujus,

Cic. Fin. 2, 31, 101:

bonos mores,

Sall. C. 9, 1:

suum quaestum colit,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 137:

pietatem,

id. As. 3, 1, 5; Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 33:

virtutem,

Cic. Arch. 7, 16; id. Off. 1, 41, 149:

amicitiam, justitiam, liberalitatem,

id. ib. 1, 2, 5:

virginitatis amorem,

Verg. A. 11, 584:

pacem,

Ov. M. 11, 297; cf. Martem, Sil. [p. 370] 8, 464:

studium philosophiae,

Cic. Brut. 91, 315:

disciplinam,

id. ib. 31, 117:

aequabile et temperatum orationis genus,

id. Off. 1, 1, 3:

patrias artes militiamque,

Ov. F. 2, 508; cf.:

artes liberales,

Suet. Tib. 60:

ingenium singulari rerum militarium prudentiā,

Vell. 2, 29, 5 Kritz.—

Of a period of time or a condition, to live in, experience, live through, pass, spend, etc.:

servitutem apud aliquem,

to be a slave, Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 7:

nunc plane nec ego victum, nec vitam illam colere possum, etc.,

Cic. Att. 12, 28, 2; and poet. in gen.: vitam or aevum = degere, to take care of life, for to live:

vitam,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 74; id. Cas. 2, 1, 12; id. Rud. 1, 5, 25:

vitam inopem,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 84:

aevum vi,

Lucr. 5, 1144 and 1149.—

Colere aliquem, to regard one with care, i. e. to honor, revere, reverence, worship, etc. (syn.: observo, veneror, diligo).

Most freq. of the reverence and worship of the gods, and the respect paid to objects pertaining thereto, to honor, respect, revere, reverence, worship:

quid est enim cur deos ab hominibus colendos dicas?

Cic. N. D. 1, 41, 115:

hos deos et venerari et colere debemus,

id. ib. 2, 28, 71; cf. id. ib. 1, 42, 119; id. Agr. 2, 35, 94; Liv. 39, 15, 2; Cat. 61, 48:

Phoebe silvarumque potens Diana... o colendi Semper et culti,

Hor. C. S. 2 and 3; cf. Ov. M. 8, 350:

deos aris, pulvinaribus,

Plin. Pan. 11, 3:

Mercurium,

Caes. B. G. 6, 17:

Apollinem nimiā religione,

Curt. 4, 3, 21:

Cererem secubitu,

Ov. A. 3, 10, 16:

(deam) magis officiis quam probitate,

id. P. 3, 1, 76:

per flamines et sacerdotes,

Tac. A. 1, 10; Suet. Vit. 1:

quo cognomine is deus quādam in parte urbis colebatur,

id. Aug. 70:

deum precibus,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 580:

testimoniorum religionem et fidem,

Cic. Fl. 4, 9; cf. id. Font. 10, 21; and:

colebantur religiones pie magis quam magnifice,

Liv. 3, 57, 7; and:

apud quos juxta divinas religiones humana fides colitur,

id. 9, 9, 4:

sacra,

Ov. M. 4, 32; 15, 679:

aras,

id. ib. 3, 733; 6, 208; cf. Liv. 1, 7, 10; Suet. Vit. 2 et saep.:

numina alicujus,

Verg. G. 1, 30:

templum,

id. A. 4, 458; Ov. M. 11, 578:

caerimonias sepulcrorum tantā curà,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 27:

sacrarium summā caerimoniā,

Nep. Th. 8, 4:

simulacrum,

Suet. Galb. 4.—

Of the honor bestowed upon men:

ut Africanum ut deum coleret Laelius,

Cic. Rep. 1, 12, 18:

quia me colitis et magnificatis,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 23; Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 54:

a quibus diligenter observari videmur et coli,

Cic. Mur. 34, 70; cf. id. Fam. 6, 10, 7; 13, 22, 1; id. Off. 1, 41, 149; Sall. J. 10, 8:

poëtarum nomen,

Cic. Arch. 11, 27:

civitatem,

id. Fl. 22, 52; cf.:

in amicis et diligendis et colendis,

id. Lael. 22, 85 and 82:

semper ego plebem Romanam militiae domique... colo atque colui,

Liv. 7, 32, 16:

colere et ornare,

Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 2:

me diligentissime,

id. ib. 13, 25 init.:

si te colo, Sexte, non amabo,

Mart. 2, 55:

aliquem donis,

Liv. 31, 43, 7:

litteris,

Nep. Att. 20, 4:

nec illos arte colam, nec opulenter,

Sall. J. 85, 34 Kritz.— Hence,

cŏlens, entis, P. a., honoring, treating respectfully; subst., a reverer, worshipper; with gen.:

religionum,

Cic. Planc. 33, 80.—

cultus, a, um, P. a. (acc. to I.).

Cultivated, tilled:

ager cultior,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 20:

ager cultissimus,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33:

materia et culta et silvestris,

id. N. D. 2, 60, 151:

res pecuaria,

id. Quint. 3, 12:

rus cultissimum,

Col. 1, 1, 1:

terra,

Quint. 5, 11, 24:

fundus cultior,

id. 8, 3, 8:

cultiora loca,

Curt. 7, 3, 18.—

Subst.: culta, ōrum, n., tilled, cultivated land, gardens, plantations, etc., Lucr. 1, 165; 1, 210; 5, 1370; Verg. G. 1, 153; 2, 196; 4, 372; Plin. 24, 10, 49, § 83—Hence,

Trop., ornamented, adorned, polished, elegant, cultivated:

milites habebat tam cultos ut argento et auro politis armis ornaret,

Suet. Caes. 67:

adulter,

Ov. Tr. 2, 499:

turba muliebriter culta,

Curt. 3, 3, 14:

sacerdos veste candidā cultus,

Plin. 16, 44, 95, § 251:

matrona vetitā purpurā culta,

Suet. Ner. 32:

filia cultior,

Mart. 10, 98, 3:

animi culti,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 5, 13; cf.:

tempora et ingenia cultiora,

Curt. 7, 8, 11:

Tibullus,

Ov. Am. 1, 15, 28; cf.

carmina,

id. A. A. 3, 341:

cultiores doctioresque redire,

Gell. 19, 8, 1:

sermone cultissimus,

Aur. Vict. Epit. 45.— Adv.: cul-tē, elegantly: dicere, * Quint. 8, 3, 7; Plin. Ep. 5, 20, 6.— Comp.:

dicere,

Sen. Suas. 4 fin.; Tac. Or. 21: (sc. veste) progredi, Just. 3, 3, 5:

incubare strato lectulo,

Val. Max. 2, 6, 8.— Sup. apparently not in use.

cōlo, āvi, ātum, āre, v. a. [colum], to filter, strain, to clarify, purify (post-Aug.):

ceram,

Col. 9, 16, 1:

mel,

id. 12, 11, 1:

vinum sportā palmeā,

Pall. Febr. 27:

sucum linteo,

Plin. 25, 13, 103, § 164:

thymum cribro,

Col. 7, 8, 7:

aliquid per linteum,

Scrib. Comp. 271:

ad colum,

Veg. 2, 28, 19:

per colum,

Apic. 4, 2:

aurum,

App. Flor. p. 343, 20:

terra colans,

Plin. 31, 3, 23, § 38:

faex colata,

id. 31, 8, 44, § 95.— Poet.:

amnes inductis retibus,

i. e. to spread out a fish-net, Manil. 5, 193.—Hence, cōlātus, a, um, P. a., cleansed, purified (post-class.):

nitor (beryllorum),

Tert. Anim. 9.—

Trop.:

certiora et colatiora somniari,

Tert. Anim. 48.

cŏlŭmen, ĭnis, n., and contr. cul-men, mis, n. [root cel- of excello; cf.: celsus, culmus, calamus, collis], lit., that which rises in height, is prominent, projects; hence the point, top, summit, ridge.

Form columen, inis, n. (only this form is used by Plautus, v. Ritschl, prol. ad Plaut. p. 65).

An elevated object, a pillar, column: ego vitam agam sub altis Phrygiae columinibus, the lofty buildings, or perh. the mountain-heights, Cat. 63, 71 Ellis ad loc.; and of a pillar of fire: Phoebi fax, tristis nunt a belli, quae magnum ad columen flammato ardore volabat, like an ascending column, Cic. poët. Div. 1, 11, 18.—

The highest part or top of an object, e. g. of a wall; the coping; Fr. le chaperon, Cato, R. R. 15, 1; of a building, a ridge, a roof, a gable:

in turribus et columinibus villae,

Varr. R. R. 3, 7, 1:

aulae,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 1000; id. Thyest. 54 Gron.; so of the Capitol, Cic. poët. Div. 1, 12, 20, and of the culmination of heavenly bodies: oritur Canicula cum Cancro, in columen venit cum Geminis, Nigid. ap. Serv. ad Verg. G. 1, 218. —

Trop., the top, crown, summit, first, chief, the height, etc.:

columen amicorum Antonii, Cotyla Varius,

Cic. Phil. 13, 12, 26:

pars haec vitae jam pridem pervenit ad columen,

Plin. 15, 15, 17, § 57; Col. 3, 4, 3:

audaciae,

the crown of impudence, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 211.—

An elevated object that supports, sustains something; in archit., the top of a gable-end, a gable pillar, a prop, Vitr. 4, 2, 1; 4, 7, 5.—Esp. freq.,

Trop., a support, prop, stay:

familiae,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 57; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 76, § 176:

senati, praesidium popli,

Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 6; cf. id. Ep. 2, 2, 7:

rei publicae,

Cic. Sest. 8, 19; Curt. 9, 6, 8:

imperii Romani, Div 38, 51, 3: regni Ausonii,

Sil. 15, 385:

Asiae,

Sen. Troad. 6:

rerum mearum (Maecenas),

Hor. C. 2, 17, 4:

doctrinarum, artium (Varro et Nigidius),

Gell. 19, 14, 1; Col. 3, 4, 3.—

culmen, ĭnis, n. (in Cic. only once; cf. the foll. B.; not in Cat., Lucr., or Hor.; in gen. first freq. since the Aug. per.).

Any thing high; poet., of the stalk of a bean, Ov. F. 4, 734.—

The top, summit, e. g. of a building, a roof, gable, cupola, etc.:

columen in summo fastigio culminis,

Vitr. 4, 2, 1; Ov. M. 1, 295; 1, 289; Verg. E. 1, 69:

tecta domorum,

id. A. 2, 446; 2, 458; 4, 186:

culmina hominum, deorum,

i. e. of houses and temples, id. ib. 4, 671; Liv. 27, 4, 11; 42, 3, 7.—Of the dome of heaven, * Cic. Arat. 26. —Of mountain summits:

Alpium,

Caes. B. G. 3, 2:

Tarpeium,

Suet. Dom. 23.—Of the crown of the head of men, Liv. 1, 34, 9.—Of the top of the prow of a ship, Luc. 3, 709.—

Trop., the summit, acme, height, point of culmination (perh. not ante-Aug.):

a summo culmine fortunae ad ultimum finem,

Liv. 45, 9, 7:

principium culmenque (columenque, Sillig) omnium rerum pretii margaritae tenent,

Plin. 9, 35, 54, § 106:

ruit alta a culmine Troja,

Verg. A. 2, 290 (Hom. Il. 13, 772: kat akrês); cf. id. ib. 2, 603:

de summo culmine lapsus,

Luc. 8, 8:

regale,

Claud. VI. Cons. Hon. 64. pastorale, id. B. Get. 355:

honoris,

App. Flor. 3.

concordĭa, ae, f. [concors], an agreeing together, union, harmony, concord (opp. discordia, Sall. J. 10, 6; Sen. Ep. 94, 46;

opp. bellum,

Lucr. 1, 457;

opp. repugnantia,

Plin. 29, 4, 17, § 61; freq. and class. in prose and poetry).

Of persons:

redigere aliquem in antiquam concordiam alicujus,

Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 13; cf.:

redire in concordiam,

id. ib. 3, 3, 7:

conjunctio atque concordia,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 9, § 23: conspiratio atque concordia omnium ordinum ad defendendam libertatem, Lentulus ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 15, 3:

equites concordiā conjunctissimi,

Cic. Clu. 55, 152:

de equestri concordiā, de consensione Italiae,

id. Att. 1, 14, 4; Liv. 4, 43, 11:

quorum perpetuam vitae concordiam mors quoque miscuit,

id. 40, 8, 15:

de reconciliandā concordiā agere,

id. 41, 25, 2:

concordiam confirmare cum aliquo,

Cic. Phil. 13, 1, 2:

ut (dissensiones) non reconciliatione concordiae, sed internicione civium dijudicatae sint,

id. Cat. 3, 10, 25:

agi deinde de concordiā coeptum,

Liv. 2, 33, 1: aliquos in pristinam concordiam reducere, Balb. ap. Cic. Att. 8, 15, A, 1:

ad concordiam hortare,

Quint. 6, 1, 50; cf.:

concordiam suadere,

Suet. Oth. 8:

ordinum concordiam disjunxit,

Cic. Att. 1, 18, 3:

si Caesar ejus aspernaretur concordiam,

his friendship, alliance, Vell. 2, 65, 1:

Temporis angusti mansit concordia discors,

i. e. feigned friendship, Luc. 1, 98; cf. II. infra.—

Poet., meton. (abstr. pro concr.), an intimate friend:

et cum Pirithoo, felix concordia, Theseus,

Ov. M. 8, 303.—

Of inanim. and abstr. things:

vocum,

Col. 12, 2, 4 (acc. to Cic. Oecon.); cf.:

concordia sociata nervorum,

Quint. 5, 10, 124:

concordia quam magnes cum ferro habet,

Plin. 34, 14, 42, § 147: illa dissimilium concordia, quam vocant harmonian, Quint. 1, 10, 12; cf. thus discors (rerum), neikos kai philia, Ov. M. 1, 433; Hor. Ep. 1, 12, 19:

poëtae discordiā concordiā mundum constare dixerunt,

Lact. 2, 9, 17:

rerum agendarum ordo et, ut ita dicam, concordia,

Cic. Fin. 3, 6, 21:

quia (temperantia) pacem animis adferat et eos quasi concordiā quādam placet ac leniat,

by a certain equanimity, id. ib. 1, 14, 47:

Sirenum,

the harmonious singing, Petr. 127 al.

Concordĭa, ae, nom. propr.

The goddess of Concord, Gr. Homonoia, to whom several temples were dedicated at Rome, usually after civil strife; the oldest was founded by Camillus, A. U. C. 386, and renewed by Tiberius and Livia, A. U. C. 762, Ov. F. 1, 639 sqq.; Suet. Tib. 20; a second was consecrated by Cn. Flavius after the Samnite war, Liv. 9, 46, 6; Plin. 33, 1, 6, § 19; cf. Liv. 40, 19, 2; a third by Opimius after the disturbances led by the Gracchi, Aug. Civ. Dei, 3, 25;

the Senate frequently met in one of these, probably the first,

Cic. Phil. 2, 8, 19; Sall. C. 46, 4; cf. also Varr. L. L. 5, § 73 Müll.; Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 61; 3, 18, 47; Liv. 9, 46, 6; 22, 33, 7; Ov. F. 2, 631; 3, 881; 6, 91; Tac. H. 3, 68 al.—

Of persons.

A surname of the emperor Vitellius, Suet. Vit. 15 fin. —

The name of a female slave, Dig. 40, 5, 40 init. —

The name of several towns, esp.,

A Roman colony in the Venetian territory, now Concordia, Mel. 2, 4, 3; Plin. 3, 18, 22, § 126; Aur. Vict. Epit. 16, 5.—

A town in Lusitania, now La Guarda, whose inhabitants are called Concordĭenses, ĭum, m., Plin. 4, 22, 35, § 118.—

A town in Gallia Belgica, near the modern Weissenburg, Amm. 16, 12, 58 al.