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taken+place

  • 61 is this place taken?

    Conversation vocabulary and slang. English-Russian dictionary > is this place taken?

  • 62 stattgefunden

    Deutsch-Englisches Wörterbuch > stattgefunden

  • 63 почетное место

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > почетное место

  • 64 место

    Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > место

  • 65 место

    Русско-английский словарь по информационным технологиям > место

  • 66 место

    Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > место

  • 67 γίνομαι

    γίνομαι (in the form γίγνομαι [s. below] Hom.+; as γίν. since Aristot.+; and s. Kühner-Bl. II p. 391; Schwyzer I 215; KBrugmann4-AThumb, Griech. Gramm. 1913, 126; Mayser p. 165 and lit. there). Impf. ἐγινόμην; fut. γενήσομαι; 2 aor. ἐγενόμην, 3 sg. opt. γένοιτο; very rare v.l. (B-D-F §81, 3) γενάμενος (GJs 6:1; 16;1; 25:1 [s. deStrycker 249]; also found in Ps.-Callisth. 1, 20, 1; 1, 41, 11; ApcEsdr 1:3 p. 24, 7 Tdf.; Mel., P. 49, 346 [Bodm.]). Pass.: fut. ptc. τῶν γενηθησομένων (Eccl 1:11 v.l.); 1 aor. ἐγενήθην (Doric, H. Gk.; Phryn. 108 Lob.; pap fr. III B.C., Mayser I/22 ’38, 157f [w. lit.]; ins [Schweizer 181; Nachmanson 168; Thieme 13]; LXX), impv. γενηθήτω; pf. γεγένημαι (Meisterhans3-Schw.: Att. ins since 376 B.C.; Mayser 391) uncontested use in NT only J 2:9; GJs 24:3 (γεγένν-pap); apolog. On pf. γέγονα s. Meisterhans3-Schw.: since 464 B.C.; Mayser 372; on the aoristic use of γέγονα s. Mlt. 145f; 238; 239; PChantraine, Histoire du parfait grec 1927, 233–45; 3 pl. γέγοναν Ro 16:7 (v.l. γεγόνασιν) and Rv 21:6; s. KBuresch, Γέγοναν: RhM 46, 1891, 193ff; Mlt. 52 n.; ptc. γεγονώς; plpf. 3 sg. ἐγεγόνει (1 Macc. 4:27; 2 Macc. 13:17; J 6:17; Just.), without augment γεγόνει (Ac 4:22; v.l. ἐγεγόνει), s. B-D-F §78; Mlt-H. 190. On the variation γίνομαι and γίγνομαι s. W-S. §5, 31; B-D-F §34, 4; Mlt-H. 108. A verb with numerous nuances relating to being and manner of being. Its contrast to the more static term εἰμί can be seen in Kaibel 595, 5 οὐκ ἤμην καὶ ἐγενόμην=I was not and then I came to be (cp. Ath. 4, 2 in 3 below).
    to come into being through process of birth or natural production, be born, be produced (SIG 1168, 6; Epict. 2, 17, 8; Wsd 7:3; Sir 44:9; Just., A I, 13, 3; Tat. 26, 2) J 8:58; w. ἔκ τινος foll. (Diod S 3, 64, 1; Appian, Basil. 5 §1; Parthenius 1, 4; Athen. 13, 37 p. 576c ἐξ ἑταίρας; PPetr III, 2, 20; PFlor 382, 38 ὁ ἐξ ἐμοῦ γενόμενος υἱός; 1 Esdr 4:16; Tob 8:6; Jos., Ant. 2, 216) Ro 1:3; Gal 4:4 (cp. 1QS 11:21). Also of plants 1 Cor 15:37. Of fruits ἔκ τινος be produced by a tree Mt 21:19 (cp. X., Mem. 3, 6, 13 ὁ ἐκ τ. χώρας γιγνόμενος σῖτος). W. ἀπό τινος foll. Ox 1081 (SJCh), 11 γε̣[ινόμε]νον, 14 γέγ[ονος], 14f γε[ι]νομεν[ον], 19 γέγονος.
    to come into existence, be made, be created, be manufactured, be performed
    gener. ὸ̔ γέγονεν J 1:3c (s. ref. to Vawter, below); w. διά τινος vs. 3a (MTeschendorf, D. Schöpfungsged. im NT: StKr 104, ’32, 337–72). W. χωρίς τινος vs. 3b (IAndrosIsis, Cyrene 15 [103 A.D.] Ἐμοῦ δὲ χωρὶς γείνετʼ οὐδὲν πώποτε; Cleanthes, Hymn to Zeus 15 [Stoic. I 537=Coll. Alex. no. 1 p. 227] οὐδέ τι γίγνεται ἔργον σοῦ δίχα; note the related style 1QH 1:20; on the syntax of J 1:3f see BVawter, CBQ 25, ’63, 401–6, who favors a full stop after οὐδὲ ἕν, s. εἷς 2b and lit. cited there on J 1:3). W. ἔκ τινος Hb 11:3. Of cult images διὰ χειρῶν γινόμενοι made w. hands Ac 19:26 (cp. PRyl 231, 3 [40 A.D.] τοὺς ἄρτους γενέσθαι). Of miracles: be done, take place (Tob 11:15; Wsd 19:13 v.l. Swete) Mt 11:20f, 23; Lk 10:13; Ac 8:13. ἐφʼ ὸ̔ν γεγόνει τὸ σημεῖον τοῦτο on whom this miracle had been performed 4:22. W. mention of the author διά τινος (cp. 4 Macc 17:11) 2:43; 4:16, 30; 12:9; 24:2. διὰ τῶν χειρῶν τινος Mk 6:2; Ac 14:3. ὑπό τινος (Herodian 8, 4, 2; OGI 168, 46 [115 B.C.] τὰ γεγονότα ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς φιλάνθρωπα; UPZ III, 3, 7 [116 B.C.]; PTebt 786, 14 [II B.C.]; Wsd 9:2; Jos., Ant. 8, 111; 347; Just., D. 35, 8 τῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ [Jesus] καὶ νῦν γινομένων δυνάμεων) Lk 9:7 v.l.; 13:17; 23:8; Eph 5:12. Of commands, instructions be fulfilled, performed γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου thy will be done (Appian, Liby. 90 §423 τὸ πρόσταγμα δεῖ γενέσθαι; Syntipas p. 25, 3 γενέσθω τὸ αἴτημα) Mt 6:10; 26:42; Lk 11:2; cp. 22:42. γέγονεν ὸ̔ ἐπέταξας your order has been carried out 14:22. γενέσθαι τὸ αἴτημα αὐτῶν that their demand should be granted 23:24. Of institutions: be established, the Sabbath for the sake of humans Mk 2:27 (Crates, Ep. 24 οὐ γεγόνασιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι τ. ἵππων χάριν, ἀλλʼ οἱ ἵπποι τ. ἀνθρώπων).
    w. mention of the special nature of an undertaking: ἵνα οὕτως γένηται ἐν ἐμοί in order to have such action taken in my case 1 Cor 9:15. ἐν τῷ ξηρῷ τί γένηται; what will be done when it (the wood) is dry? Lk 23:31.
    come into being as an event or phenomenon from a point of origin, arise, come about, develop (Alcaeus 23 Diehl2 [320 L-P.] καί κʼ οὐδὲν ἐκ δένος γένοιτο=nothing could originate from nothing; Ath. 4:2 τὸ ὸ̓ν οὐ γίνεται ἀλλὰ τὸ μὴ ὸ̓ν)
    of events or phenomena in nature (Sir 40:10; Ex 10:22; Job 40:23; Jos., Ant. 9, 36): lightning, thunder (X., An. 3, 1, 11) J 12:29; Rv 8:5; 11:19; calm (on the sea) Mt 8:26; Mk 4:39; Lk 8:24; storm Mk 4:37; a cloud (cp. Jos., Ant. 9, 36) 9:7; Lk 9:34; Hv 4, 3, 7; flood Lk 6:48; earthquake (Parian Marbles [III B.C.]=FGrH: 239B, 24) Mt 8:24; 28:2; Ac 16:26; Rv 6:12; 11:13; 16:18; darkness Mt 27:45; Mk 15:33; Lk 23:44; J 6:17; hail, fire Rv 8:7. Of a dawning day ὅτε δὲ ἡμέρα ἐγένετο (cp. περὶ ἀρχομένην ἡμέραν ‘about dawn’ Jos., Vi 15: in a related story of shipwreck) Ac 27:39.
    of other occurrences (Arrian, Anab. 4, 4, 3 τὰ ἱερὰ οὐκ ἐγίγνετο=the sacrifice did not turn out [favorably]; 1 Macc 1:25; 4:58; 9:27; 13:44; Jdth 7:29; 14:19 al.): complaining Ac 6:1; persecution, oppression Mt 13:21; 24:21; Mk 4:17; 13:19; Ac 11:19; discussion J 3:25; Ac 15:7; tumult Mt 26:5; 27:24; GJs 21:1 and 25:1; a sound Ac 2:2, 6; weeping 20:37; clamor 23:9; Mt 25:6; AcPl Ha 4, 6; famine Lk 4:25; 15:14; Ac 11:28; ὁρμή (q.v.) 14:5; war Rv 12:7; sharp contention Ac 15:39; tear (in a garment) Mt 9:16; Mk 2:21; Lk 6:49; silence (s. σιγή) Ac 21:40; Rv 8:1; στάσις (q.v. 2) Lk 23:19; Ac 15:2; 23:7, 10; concourse 21:30; confusion 19:23; shout, loud voice 2:6; 19:34; Rv 11:15; dispute Lk 22:24; envy, strife 1 Ti 6:4; astonishment AcPl Ha 4, 25; joy 6, 3; prayer 6, 7; offering 6, 37.
    of the various divisions of a day (Jdth 13:1; 1 Macc 5:30; 4 Macc 3:8 al.) γενομένης ἡμέρας when day came (Jos., Ant. 10, 202, Vi. 405) Lk 4:42; Ac 12:18; 16:35; 23:12; cp. Lk 6:13; 22:66; Ac 27:29, 33, 39. Difft. Mk 6:21 γενομένης ἡμέρας εὐκαίρου when a convenient/opportune day arrived. ὀψέ (cp. Gen 29:25; 1 Km 25:37) 11:19. ὀψίας γενομένης Mt 8:16; 14:15, 23; 16:2; 26:20; 27:57; Mk 1:32; 6:47; 14:17; 15:42; cp. J 6:16. πρωί̈ας Mt 27:1; J 21:4. νύξ Ac 27:27. ὥρας πολλῆς γενομένης when it had grown late Mk 6:35; cp. 15:33; Lk 22:14; Ac 26:4.
    to occur as process or result, happen, turn out, take place (Dicaearch., Fgm. 102 W.: a campaign ‘takes place’; Diod S 32 Fgm. 9c τὰς εἰς τ. πατέρα γεγενημένας ἁμαρτίας=the misdeeds ‘perpetrated’ against his father; 2 Macc 1:32; 13:17; 3 Macc 1:11; 4:12; 5:17 al.)
    gener. τοῦτο ὅλον γέγονεν all this took place w. ἵνα foll. Mt 1:22; 26:56. ἕως ἂν πάντα γένηται until all has taken place (=is past) 5:18. πάντα τὰ γενόμενα everything that had happened (cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 121 §508 τὰ γενόμενα; 1 Esdr 1:10; Jdth 15:1; 1 Macc 4:20; 2 Macc 10:21; 3 Macc 1:17) 18:31; cp. 21:21; 24:6, 20, 34; 26:54; 27:54; 28:11; Mk 5:14. ἴδωμεν τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο τὸ γεγονός let us see this thing that has taken place Lk 2:15 (TestAbr A 15 p. 96, 15 [Stone p. 40]) θανάτου γενομένου since a death has occurred, i.e. since he has died Hb 9:15. τούτου γενομένου after this had happened (Jos., Ant. 9, 56; 129) Ac 28:9. τὸ γεγονός what had happened (Diod S 12, 49, 4; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 18 §496; Jos., Ant. 14, 292) Lk 8:34; 24:12. τὰ γεγονότα AcPl Ha 11, 1.—μὴ γένοιτο strong negation, in Paul only after rhet. questions (cp. TestJob 38:1; JosAs 25:8; Epict., index p. 540e; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 1, 2, Dial. Meretr. 13, 4; Achilles Tat. 5, 18, 4; Aristaen., Ep. 1, 27) by no means, far from it, God forbid (Goodsp., Probs., 88; AMalherbe, HTR 73, ’80, 231–41) Lk 20:16; Ro 3:4, 6, 31; 6:2, 15; 7:7, 13; 9:14; 11:1, 11; 1 Cor 6:15; Gal 2:17; 3:21. In more extensive phrasing (the LXX has exx. only of this usage: Gen 44:17; 3 Km 20:3 al.; cp. Josh 22:29; Demosth. 10, 27; Alciphron 2, 5, 3 al.; Ael. Aristid. 23, 80 K.=42 p. 795 D.; 30 p. 578 D.; 54 p. 679 ὸ̔ μὴ γένοιτο) Gal 6:14; w. ἵνα foll. AcPl Ha 7, 40. τί γέγονεν ὅτι (cp. Eccl 7:10) why is it that J 14:22.—Of festivals: be held, take place, come (X., Hell. 7, 4, 28 τὰ Ὀλύμπια; 4, 5, 1; 4 Km 23:22f; 2 Macc 6:7) feast of dedication J 10:22; passover Mt 26:2; sabbath Mk 6:2; wedding J 2:1.—Abs. impv. (put twice for emphasis as Lucian, Pisc. 1 βάλλε, βάλλε; Philostrat., Ep. 35, 1 λάβε λάβε; Procop. Soph., Ep. 45) γενηθήτω γενηθήτω so let it be as a closing formula 1 Cor 16:24 v.l. (cp. Herodas 4, 85, where the sacristan closes his prayer to Asclepius with the words: ὧδε ταῦτʼ εἴη=so may it be).—On γένοιτο ἀμήν GJs 6:2 s. ἀμήν 1a.
    w. dat. of pers. affected
    α. w. inf. foll. (UPZ 24, 29 al.; 1 Macc 13:5; Jos., Ant. 6, 232) ὅπως μὴ γένηται αὐτῷ χρονοτριβῆσαι so that he would not have to lose time Ac 20:16.
    β. w. adv. or adv. phrase added (1 Esdr 6:33) κατὰ τὴν πίστιν ὑμῶν γενηθήτω ὑμῖν according to your faith let it be done to you, i.e. you believe, and you won’t be disappointed Mt 9:29; cp. 8:13. γένοιτό μοι κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμά σου may that happen to me as you have said Lk 1:38. πῶς ἐγένετο τῷ δαιμονιζομένῳ what had happened to the possessed man Mk 5:16. ἵνα εὖ σοι γένηται that it may be well w. you Eph 6:3 (Dt 5:16; cp. Epict. 2, 5, 29 εὖ σοι γένοιτο; Aelian, VH 9, 36). γενηθήτω σοι ὡς θέλεις let it be done for you as you desire, i.e. your wish is granted Mt 15:28.
    γ. w. nom. of thing (1 Macc 4:25; Sir 51:17; Ar. 15:5) γίνεταί τινί τι someth. happens to or befalls a person Mk 9:21. ἵνα μὴ χεῖρόν σοί τι γένηται lest someth. worse come upon you J 5:14. τί ἐγένετο αὐτῷ what has happened to him Ac 7:40 (Ex 32:1, 23; AcPl Ha 5, 20). τὸ γεγενημένον αὐτῷ Ac 3:10 D. ἐγίνετο πάσῃ ψυχῄ φόβος fear came upon everyone (cp. Tob 11:18) 2:43. λύπη AcPl Ha 6, 16. Freq. γέγονε ἐμοί τι someth. has come to me= I have someth.: πώρωσις τῷ Ἰσραὴλ γέγονεν a hardening (of heart) has befallen Israel Ro 11:25; σωτηρία τῷ Ἰσραὴλ γεγένηται GJs 19:2; cp. Lk 19:9; διὰ τὴν ὀπτασίαν τὴν γενομένην Παύλῳ AcPl Ha 3, 15; ἐὰν γένηταί τινι ἀνθρώπῳ ἑκατὸν πρόβατα if a man has a hundred sheep Mt 18:12. τοῖς ἔξω ἐν παραβολαῖς τὰ πάντα γίνεται those outside receive everything in parables Mk 4:11. μήποτε γένηται ἀνταπόδομά σοι that you may receive no repayment Lk 14:12; cp. 19:9; J 15:7; 1 Cor 4:5.
    w. gen. of pers. (Diod S 16, 64, 2 τὸν τῆς Ἑλένης γεγενημένον ὅρμον=the necklace that had belonged to Helen): ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν the kingdom of the world has come into the possession of our Lord Rv 11:15.
    γίνεταί τι ἐπί τινι someth. happens in the case of or to a person Mk 5:33 v.l.; ἐν v.l. This can also be expressed w. εἴς τινα Ac 28:6 or the double nom. τί ἄρα ὁ Πέτρος ἐγένετο what had become of Peter 12:18 (cp. Jos., Vi. 296 οἱ εἴκοσι χρυσοῖ τὶ γεγόνασιν).
    w. inf. foll., to emphasize the actual occurrence of the action denoted by the verb: ἐὰν γένηται εὑρεῖν αὐτό if it comes about that he finds it= if he actually finds it Mt 18:13 (s. PCatt V, 19f [=Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 372 V] ἐὰν γένηταί με ἀποδημεῖν; PAmh 135, 10; BGU 970, 5). ἐγένετο αὐτὸν παραπορεύεσθαι he happened to be passing Mk 2:23; cp. Lk 6:1, 6. ἐγένετο ἀνεῳχθῆναι τὸν οὐρανόν just then the heaven opened Lk 3:21; cp. 16:22 (ἐν τῷ ἀποθανεῖν P75); Ac 4:5; 9:3, 32, 37, 43; 11:26; 14:1; 16:16; 19:1; 21:1, 5; 22:6, 17; 27:44; 28:8 (UPZ 62, 29 [161 B.C.] γίνεται γὰρ ἐντραπῆναι).
    καὶ ἐγένετο (ἐγένετο δέ) periphrastic like וַיְהִי with וַ foll. to indicate the progress of the narrative; it is followed either by a conjunction like ὅτε, ὡς etc., or a gen. abs., or a prepositional constr., and joined to it is a finite verb w. καί (Jdth 5:22; 10:1; Sus 19 Theod.; 1 Macc 1:1; 5:1; Gen 39:7, 13, 19; 42:35; JosAs 11:1; 22:1; AscIs 3:2) Mt 9:10; Mk 2:15 v.l.; Lk 2:15; 5:1, 12, 17; 8:1, 22; 14:1.—Without the second καί (Jdth 2:4; 12:10; 13:12; 1 Macc 6:8; 7:2 v.l.; 9:23; Sus 28 Theod.; Bel 18 Theod.; TestAbr B 1 p. 105, 1 [Stone p. 58] and 6 p. 109, 27 [Stone p. 66]; TestJob 31:1; JosAs 1:1; 3:1) Mt 7:28; 11:1; 13:53; 19:1; 26:1; Mk 1:9; 4:4; Lk 1:8, 23, 41, 59; 2:1, 6, 46; 6:12 al. At times it is followed by an inf. The phrase is usually omitted in translation; older versions transl. it came to pass.—Mlt. 16f; MJohannessohn, Das bibl. καὶ ἐγένετο u. s. Geschichte: ZVS 53, 1926, 161–212 (LXX); s. MDibelius, Gnomon 3, 1927, 446–50; HPernot, Études sur la langue des Évangiles 1927, 189–99; KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT, ’62, 29–62; JReiling, BT 16, ’65, 153–63; EDelebecque, Études grecques sur l’Évangile de Luc ’76, 123–65.
    to experience a change in nature and so indicate entry into a new condition, become someth.
    w. nouns (Lamellae Aur. Orphicae ed. AOlivieri 1915, p. 16, 5 θεὸς ἐγένου ἐξ ἀνθρώπου [IV/III]; Arrian, Anab. 5, 26, 5; Sir 51:2; 1 Esdr 4:26; Wsd 8:2; 4 Macc 16:6; En 103:11; Tat. 19, 2 τοῦ θανάτου καταφρονηταὶ γίνεσθε): ὅπως γένησθε υἱοὶ τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν that you may become sons of your father Mt 5:45; ποιήσω ὑμᾶς γενέσθαι ἁλιεῖς ἀνθρώπων I will turn you into fishers of people Mk 1:17; a traitor Lk 6:16; friends 23:12 (cp. Jos., Ant. 11, 121); children of God J 1:12; children of light 12:36; a Christian Ac 26:29; apostle AcPlCor 2:4; a father Ro 4:18; a fool 1 Cor 3:18; a spectacle 4:9; a man, an adult 13:11 (Tob 1:9); a curse Gal 3:13. οὐχ ἑαυτὸν ἐδόξασεν γενηθῆναι ἀρχιερέα he did not exalt himself to be made high priest Hb 5:5; ἐγένετο ἀντὶ αὐτοῦ Σαμουήλ Samuel became (high priest) in his place GJs 10:2. W. double nom. (Ps.-Apollod., Epit. 3, 15 δράκων λίθος ἐγένετο; Quint. Smyrn. 12, 507; Bel 28; 4 Macc 18:7) οἱ λίθοι ἄρτοι γίνονται the stones turn into loaves Mt 4:3. τὸ αἵμα αὐτοῦ λίθον γεγενημένον GJs 24:3. ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο J 1:14 (the reverse PBerl 13044, col. III, 28ff [UWilcken, SBBerlAk 1923, 161f] τί ποιῶν ἄν τις γένοιτο θεός;). τὸ ὕδωρ γενήσεται πηγή 4:14. ἡ περιτομὴ ἀκροβυστία γέγονεν Ro 2:25. ἐγενόμην ἐγὼ διάκονος I became a courier Col 1:23 (cp. Herodian 2, 6, 8 ἀνὴρ ἔπαρχος γενόμενος).—Also γ. εἴς τι (Menand., Peric. 49f Kö. [169f S.] τὸ κακὸν εἰς ἀγαθὸν ῥέπει γινόμενον; 1 Km 4:9; Jdth 5:18; 1 Macc 2:11, 43; 3:58; En 19:2 al.; B-D-F §145, 1): ἐγένετο εἰς δένδρον it became a tree Lk 13:19; εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας Mt 21:42; Mk 12:10; Lk 20:17; Ac 4:11; 1 Pt 2:7 (all in ref. to Ps 117:22); εἰς χαρὰν γ. change (or, turn) into joy J 16:20. εἰς οὐδέν come to nothing Ac 5:36. εἰς παγίδα Ro 11:9 (Ps 68:23); εἰς κενὸν γ. be done in vain 1 Th 3:5. εἰς ἄψινθον Rv 8:11. Cp. AcPl Ha 6, 6. Also w. γίνεσθαι omitted: εἰς κατάκριμα (sc. ἐγένετο τὸ κρίμα) Ro 5:18.
    used w. an adj. to paraphrase the passive (Jdth 11:11; 1 Esdr 7:3; 2 Macc 3:34; Sus 64 Theod.; En 103:9; Ath. 37, 1 πάντων ὑποχειρίων γιγνομένων): ἁπαλὸν γ. become tender Mt 24:32; Mk 13:28; ἀπειθῆ γ. Ac 26:19; ἀποσυνάγωγον γ. be expelled fr. the synagogue J 12:42; ἄφαντον γ. disappear Lk 24:31; σκωληκόβρωτον γ. be eaten by worms Ac 12:23; γνωστόν, φανερὸν γ. become known (Just., A I, 63, 6) Mk 6:14; Ac 1:19; 9:42; 19:17; 1 Cor 3:13; 14:25; Phil 1:13; δόκιμον γ. pass the test Js 1:12; ἑδραῖον γ. 1 Cor 15:58; ἔκδηλον γ. 2 Ti 3:9; AcPlCor 1:16; ἔξυπνον γ. Ac 16:27 (1 Esdr 3:3=Jos., Ant. 11:34); s. ἀπόπληκτος, ἐλεύθερος, ἐμφανής, ἔμφοβος, ἐνεργής, ἔντρομος, καθαρός, μέγας, περιδάκρυτος, περικρατής, πλήρης, πρηνής, τυφλός, ὑγιής, ὑπήκοος, ὑπόδικος, φανερός 1.
    w. ἐν of a state of being (Stoic. III 221, 16; Diod S 20, 62, 4 ἐν ἀνέσει γ.; Plut., Tit. Flam. 378 [16, 1] ἐν ὀργῇ γ.; Lucian, Tim. 28; PPetr II, 20; III, 12 [252 B.C.] ἐν ἐπισχέσει γ.; BGU 5 II, 19 ἐν νόσῳ; POxy 471 IV, 77f; 4 Km 9:20; 1 Macc 1:27 v.l.; Sus 8 Theod.; Jos., Bell. 1, 320, Ant. 16, 372; Mel., P. 18 ἐν πόνοις … ἐν πληγαῖς etc.) ἐν ἀγωνίᾳ Lk 22:44. ἐν ἐκστάσει Ac 22:17. ἐν πνεύματι under the Spirit’s influence Rv 1:10; 4:2; AcPl Ha 6, 28. ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων be like human beings Phil 2:7. ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ, φόβῳ, τρόμῳ 1 Cor 2:3. ἐν δόξῃ 2 Cor 3:7. ἐν ἑαυτῷ γ. come to one’s senses (Soph., Phil. 950; X., An. 1, 5, 17; Polyb. 1, 49, 8; Chariton 3, 9, 11) Ac 12:11; γ. ἐν Χριστῷ be a Christian Ro 16:7. Cp. 7 below.
    to make a change of location in space, move
    εἴς τι (Hdt. 5, 87 al.; Philo, Op. M. 86; 2 Macc 1:13; also ἐν: Just., A II, 9, 3 ἐγενόμεθα ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ τόπω): εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα γ. (Jos., Ant. 10, 42) Ac 20:16; 21:17; 25:15. εἰς τὸν ἀγρόν Hv 3, 1, 4. Of a voice: ἐγένετο εἰς τὰ ὦτά μου reached my ear Lk 1:44. Fig. (cp. Bar 4:28) of Abraham’s blessing εἰς τὰ ἔθνη come to the Gentiles Gal 3:14; cp. 2 Cor 8:14 (s. περίσσευμα 1, ὑστέρημα 1).
    ἔκ τινος (Job 28:2): γ. ἐκ μέσου be removed, Lat. e medio tolli (cp. Ps.-Aeschin., Ep. 12, 6 ἐκ μέσου γενομένων ἐκείνων; Plut., Timol. 238 [5, 3]; Achilles Tat. 2, 27, 2) 2 Th 2:7 (HFulford, ET 23, 1912, 40f: ‘leave the scene’). Of a voice fr. heaven: ἐκ τ. οὐρανῶν γ. sound forth fr. heaven (2 Macc 2:21; cp. Da 4:31 Theod.) Mk 1:11; Lk 3:22; 9:35; cp. vs. 36.
    ἐπί τι: ἐπὶ τὸ μνημεῖον go to the tomb Lk 24:22; ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀναβαθμούς when he was at the steps Ac 21:35. Of fear that befalls someone (2 Macc 12:22) Lk 1:65; 4:36; Ac 5:5. Of ulcers: break out on someone Rv 16:2 (Ex 9:10f). Of divine commands: go out to someone Lk 3:2. ἐπί is somet. used w. the gen. (Appian, Liby. 93 §440; Alex. Aphr., Mixt. II 2 p. 213, 21) instead of the acc.: γενόμενος ἐπὶ τοῦ τόπου when he had arrived at the place 22:40 (Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 327, 18 ἐπὶ τ. τόπων γινόμενος).—J 6:21.
    w. κατά and gen. of place: τὸ γενόμενον ῥῆμα καθʼ ὅλης τῆς Ἰουδαίας the message that has spread throughout all Judea Ac 10:37. W. acc. of place (X., Cyr. 7, 1, 15; Apollon. Paradox. 3 κατὰ τόπους γ.; Jos., Ant. I, 174; cp. 2 Macc 9:8): γενόμενος κατὰ τὸν τόπον Lk 10:32; γενόμενοι κατὰ τὴν Κνίδον Ac 27:7.
    w. πρός and acc. of the direction and goal (PLond III, 962, 1 p. 210 [III A.D.] γενοῦ πρὸς Ἄταϊν τὸν ποιμένα; PFlor 180, 45) 1 Cor 2:3; 2J 12. Of divine instructions be given to someone (Gen 15:1, 4; Jer 1:2, 11; 13:8; Ezk 6:1; Hos 1:1; cp. ἐπί w. acc.) J 10:35; Ac 7:31 v.l.; 10:13; 13:32.
    w. σύν and the dat. join someone (X., Cyr. 5, 3, 8; 2 Macc 13:13) Lk 2:13.
    w. ἐγγύς (X., An. 1, 8, 8, Cyr. 7, 1, 7; cp. γίν. πλησίον Philo, Mos. 1, 228; Jos., Ant. 4, 40): ἐγγὺς τοῦ πλοίου γίνεσθαι come close to the boat J 6:19. Fig. of the relation of believers to Christ: come near Eph 2:13.
    w. ὧδε come here J 6:25;
    ἔμπροσθέν τινος γ. J 1:15, 30 s. on ἔμπροσθεν 1bζ and ὀπίσω 2b.
    to come into a certain state or possess certain characteristics, to be, prove to be, turn out to be (on relation to the forms of εἰμί [here and in 8–10] s. ALink, StKr 69, 1896, 420ff). Used w. the nom. (Wsd 16:3; Jdth 16:21; Sir 31:22; 1 Macc 3:58) γίνεσθε φρόνιμοι be prudent Mt 10:16. ἄκαρπος γίνεται 13:22; Mk 4:19.—W. other words: vs. 22; 9:50; Lk 1:2; 2:2; 6:36 and very oft. Freq. the dat. of advantage (dat. commodi) is added (1 Macc 10:47; 2 Macc 7:37; 4 Macc 6:28; 12:17): ἀγαπητόν τινι γ. be dear to someone 1 Th 2:8. ἀπρόσκοπον γ. τινι be inoffensive to someone 1 Cor 10:32; γ. τινι μαθητήν J 15:8; μισθαποδότην γ. τινι be a rewarder of someone Hb 11:6; γ. ὁδηγόν τινι Ac 1:16. Cp. παρηγορία, σημεῖον, τύπος.—γ. ὁμοθυμαδόν come together in unanimity or reach unanimity Ac 15:25.—τὶ γίνεταί τινί τι a thing results in someth. for someone τὸ ἀγαθὸν ἐμοὶ ἐγ. θάνατος; Ro 7:13. ἡ ἐξουσία πρόσκομμα τοῖς ἀσθενέσιν 1 Cor 8:9.—γίνομαι ὡς, ὥσπερ, ὡσεί τις (Ps 21:15; 31:9; 37:15; 82:11; 87:5 al.) be, become, show oneself like Mt 6:16; 10:25; 18:3; 28:4; Lk 22:26, 44; 1 Cor 4:13; 9:20f; Gal 4:12. καθὼς ἐγένετο … οὕτως ἔσται as it was … so it will be Lk 17:26, 28. οὐ χρὴ ταῦτα οὕτως γίνεσθαι this should not be so Js 3:10. ὁσίως καὶ δικαίως καὶ ἀμέμπτως ὑμῖν ἐγενήθημεν we proved/showed ourselves … toward you 1 Th 2:10.—In statements pert. to age (Aristoxenus, Fgm. 16 γεγονότα [sc. τὸν Πυθαγόραν] ἐτῶν τεσσαράκοντα; Demetr. of Phaleron [IV–III B.C.], Fgm. 153 Wehrli [’49]; Demetr: 722 Fgm. 1, 1 Jac.; Jos., Ant. 10, 50) ἐτῶν δώδεκα Lk 2:42; cp. 1 Ti 5:9.—Here prob. also belongs ἐγένετο γνώμης he decided Ac 20:3 (cp. Plut., Phoc. 752 [23, 4] ἐλπίδος μεγάλης γ.; Cass. Dio 61, 14 τ. ἐπιθυμίας γ.; Jos., Bell. 6, 287).
    to be present at a given time, be there ([Ps.-]Jos., Ant. 18, 63) Mk 1:4; J 1:6, hence exist (Diod S 3, 52, 4 γέγονε γένη γυναικῶν=there have been nations of women; Appian, Maced. 18 §3 τὸ χρυσίον τὸ γιγνόμενον=the gold that was at hand; Bar 3:26; 2 Macc 10:24) Ro 11:5; 1J 2:18. ἐγένετο there lived Lk 1:5. ἔν τινι 2 Pt 2:1. ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς Rv 16:18 (Da 12:1 Theod.).
    to be closely related to someone or someth., belong to
    gen. of the possessor (Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 79 §336 a slave γεγένητο Πομπηίου=had belonged to Pompey: B-D-F §162, 7) belong to someone Lk 20:14, 33 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 83 §350 γυνὴ Κράσσου γεγενημένη=who had been the wife of [the younger] Crassus).
    w. dat. of pers. belong to someone (PPetr II, 40b, 7 [277 B.C.]; O. Wilck II, 1530, 2f [120 B.C.] τὸ γινόμενόν μοι=what belongs to me) of a woman ἀνδρὶ ἑτέρῳ Ro 7:3f (cp. Ruth 1:12f; Dt 24:2).
    w. prep. μετά τινος (Josh 2:19) Ac 9:19; 20:18. οἱ μετʼ αὐτοῦ γενόμενοι his intimate friends Mk 16:10. πρός τινα be w. someone 1 Cor 16:10 ( make him [Timothy] feel quite at home with you Mft.) ὑπό τινα be under the authority of someone or someth. (1 Macc 10:38) Gal 4:4.
    Here perh. belongs ἰδίας ἐπιλύσεως οὐ γίνεται it is not a matter of private interpretation 2 Pt 1:20.
    to be in or at a place, be in, be there
    ἔν τινι to designate one’s present or future place of residence (X., An. 4, 3, 29; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 4 §15 Ἀντώνιος ἐν Ἐφέσῳ γενόμενος; Aelian, VH 4, 15; Herodian 2, 2, 5; POxy 283, 11; 709, 6 ἐν Μένφει γενόμενος; PTebt 416, 3; BGU 731 II, 6 ἐν οἰκίᾳ μου; Num 11:35; Judg 17:4; 1 Ch 14:17; Jdth 5:7 al. Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 18 Jac.) Mt 26:6; Mk 9:33; Ac 7:38; 13:5; 2 Ti 1:17; Rv 1:9; AcPl Ha 7, 23.
    w. adv.: ἐκεῖ (X., An. 6, 5, 20; 3 Km 8:8 v.l.; Jos., Ant. 10, 180) Ac 19:21. κατὰ μόνας Mk 4:10.—B. 637. DELG s.v. γίγνομαι. M-M. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > γίνομαι

  • 68 считается не имевшим места

    1) Sakhalin energy glossary: declared not to have occured (been held, taken place, been completed), declared not to have been completed, declared not to have been held, declared not to have occurred, declared not to have taken place
    2) Sakhalin R: declared not to have occurred (been held, taken place, been completed)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > считается не имевшим места

  • 69 Brain

       Among the higher mammals the great development of neocortex occurs.
       In each group of mammals there is a steady increase in the area of the association cortex from the most primitive to the evolutionarily most recent type; there is an increase in the number of neurons and their connections. The degree of consciousness of an organism is some function of neuronal cell number and connectivity, perhaps of neurons of a particular type in association cortex regions. This function is of a threshold type such that there is a significant quantitative break with the emergence of humans. Although the importance of language and the argument that it is genetically specified and unique to humans must be reconsidered in the light of the recent evidence as to the possibility of teaching chimpanzees, if not to speak, then to manipulate symbolic words and phrases, there are a number of unique human features which combine to make the transition not merely quantitative, but also qualitative. In particular these include the social, productive nature of human existence, and the range and extent of the human capacity to communicate. These features have made human history not so much one of biological but of social evolution, of continuous cultural transformation. (Rose, 1976, pp. 180-181)
       [S]ome particular property of higher primate and cetacean brains did not evolve until recently. But what was that property? I can suggest at least four possibilities...: (1) Never before was there a brain so massive; (2) Never before was there a brain with so large a ratio of brain to body mass; (3) Never before was there a brain with certain functional units (large frontal and temporal lobes, for example); (4) Never before was there a brain with so many neural connections or synapses.... Explanations 1, 2 and 4 argue that a quantitative change produced a qualitative change. It does not seem to me that a crisp choice among these four alternatives can be made at the present time, and I suspect that the truth will actually embrace most or all of these possibilities. (Sagan, 1978, pp. 107-109)
       The crucial change in the human brain in this million years or so has not been so much the increase in size by a factor of three, but the concentration of that increase in three or four main areas. The visual area has increased considerably, and, compared with the chimpanzee, the actual density of human brain cells is at least 50 percent greater. A second increase has taken place in the area of manipulation of the hand, which is natural since we are much more hand-driven animals than monkeys and apes. Another main increase has taken place in the temporal lobe, in which visual memory, integration, and speech all lie fairly close together. And the fourth great increase has taken place in the frontal lobes. Their function is extremely difficult to understand... ; but it is clear that they're largely responsible for the ability to initiate a task, to be attentive while it is being done, and to persevere with it. (Bronowski, 1978, pp. 23-24)
       The human brain works however it works. Wishing for it to work in some way as a shortcut to justifying some ethical principle undermines both the science and the ethics (for what happens to the principle if the scientific facts turn out to go the other way?). (Pinker, 1994, p. 427)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Brain

  • 70 Vorgehen

    v/i (unreg., trennb., ist -ge-)
    1. go forward; vorgehen zu go up to
    2. umg. (vorangehen) go first, lead the way; geh schon mal vor (ich komme dann nach) you go on ahead; ich geh schon mal vor I’ll go on ahead
    3. Uhr: be fast; täglich fünf Minuten etc. vorgehen gain five minutes a day etc.
    4. (Vorrang haben) have priority (+ Dat over), be more important (than); der Kunde geht immer vor the customer always comes first
    5. (handeln) act; (einschreiten) take action ( gegen against); (verfahren) proceed
    6. (geschehen) happen; was geht hier vor? what’s going on here?; was ging wohl in ihm vor? I wonder what came over him
    * * *
    das Vorgehen
    action; proceedings; procedure; proceeding
    * * *
    Vor|ge|hen
    nt
    action
    * * *
    1) ((of a clock, watch etc) showing a time in advance of the correct time: My watch is five minutes fast.) fast
    2) ((of a clock or watch) to go too fast: This clock gains (four minutes a day).) gain
    3) (to follow a course of action: I want to make a cupboard, but I don't know how to proceed.) proceed
    4) (to take legal action (against): The police decided not to proceed against her.) proceed
    * * *
    Vor·ge·hen
    <-s>
    1. (Einschreiten) action
    es wird Zeit für ein energisches \Vorgehen gegen das organisierte Verbrechen its time for concerted action to be taken against organized crime
    2. (Verfahrensweise) course of action
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein
    1) (ugs.): (nach vorn gehen) go forward
    2) (vorausgehen) go on ahead
    3) < clock> be fast

    gegen jemanden/etwas vorgehen — take action against somebody/something

    5) (verfahren) proceed
    6) (sich abspielen) happen; go on

    mit ihm war eine Veränderung vorgegangen — there had been a change in him; a change had taken place in him

    7) (Vorrang haben) have priority; come first
    * * *
    Vorgehen n; -s, kein pl; (Handlungsweise, auch Einschreiten) action; (Verfahren) procedure;
    sein Vorgehen the way he is handling ( oder he handled) things;
    das Vorgehen der Polizei gegen die Demonstranten etc the action taken by the police against the demonstrators etc
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein
    1) (ugs.): (nach vorn gehen) go forward
    2) (vorausgehen) go on ahead
    3) < clock> be fast

    gegen jemanden/etwas vorgehen — take action against somebody/something

    5) (verfahren) proceed
    6) (sich abspielen) happen; go on

    mit ihm war eine Veränderung vorgegangen — there had been a change in him; a change had taken place in him

    7) (Vorrang haben) have priority; come first
    * * *
    - n.
    procedure n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Vorgehen

  • 71 considerar

    v.
    1 to consider (pensar en).
    bien considerado, creo que tienes razón on reflection, I think you're right
    El chico considera a su madre The boy has regard for=considers his mother.
    Ricardo considera la propuesta de María Richard considers Ann's proposal.
    2 to esteem, to treat with respect.
    3 to consider to.
    Ella considera mejor ir al teatro She considers best to go to the theater.
    4 to consider oneself to.
    Considero estar listo I consider myself to be ready.
    * * *
    1 (reflexionar) to consider, think over, think about
    2 (tomar en consideración) to take into account
    3 (respetar) to treat with consideration, respect
    4 (juzgar) to judge, regard, deem
    1 to consider oneself
    \
    considerando que considering that, considering
    * * *
    verb
    2) deem
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=reflexionar sobre) to consider

    considera las ventajas y los inconvenientes de tu decisiónthink about o consider the advantages and disadvantages of your decision

    2) (=tener en cuenta)

    considerando lo que cuesta, la calidad podría ser mejor — considering what it costs, the quality could be better

    3) (=creer)

    considerar algo/a algn (como) — + adj to consider sth/sb to be + adj

    se le considera culpable del robohe is believed to be o considered to be guilty of the robbery

    se le considera como uno de los grandes pintores de este siglohe is considered (to be) o regarded as one of the great painters of this century

    lo considero hijo míoI look on him o regard him as my own son

    considerar que — to believe that, consider that

    considero que deberíamos hacer algoI believe o consider that we should do something

    4) (Jur)

    considerando... — whereas... ( word with which each item in a judgement begins)

    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <asunto/posibilidad/oferta> to consider; <ventajas/consecuencias> to weigh up, consider

    tenemos que considerar que... — we must take into account that...

    b) (frml) ( tratar con respeto) to show consideration for, to consider
    2) (frml) (juzgar, creer) (+ compl) to consider
    2.
    considerarse v pron persona ( juzgarse) (+ compl) to consider oneself
    * * *
    = consider (as), contemplate, deem, envisage, judge, look at, perceive, reckon, regard as, see as, take into + consideration, take to + be, treat, view, weigh, take + stock of, see, look to as, see about, look upon, give + (some) thought to, have + regard for, class, hold out as, weigh up, look toward(s), flirt, adjudge, believe, look to.
    Ex. A book index is an alphabetically arranged list of words or terms leading the reader to the numbers of pages on which specific topics are considered, or on which specific names appear.
    Ex. These details are primarily useful as a record of expenditure or to organisations or individuals contemplating the purchase of a work.
    Ex. If a corporate body is deemed to have some intellectual responsibility for the content of a work, then the name of that body will usually feature as a heading on either a main or added entry.
    Ex. It is fairly common to have to modify a standard list, or compile a fresh list when a new application is envisaged.
    Ex. Nevertheless, whatever the basis for the major enumerative schemes they must be judged for their suitability for application in current libraries.
    Ex. This article looks at three interrelated issues regarding on-line services based on the recent literature.
    Ex. Many of the early systems were perceived as replacements for manual techniques.
    Ex. Book form is easy to use, readable, and reckoned to be an acceptable format for many users.
    Ex. In particular LCC has been regarded as suitable for the classification of large general libraries, and specifically those large libraries that have been established for research purposes.
    Ex. It is easiest to see the comments in this section as pertaining to controlled indexing languages.
    Ex. A certain number of days is to be added to today's date to calculate the date due, taking into consideration the dates the library is closed.
    Ex. An abridgement is usually taken to be a condensation that necessarily omits a number of secondary points.
    Ex. In troubleshooting, it is important to treat the cause as well as the symptom of the problem = En la solución de problemas, es importante tratar tanto la causa como el síntoma del problema.
    Ex. Many librarians viewed AACR1 as such a significant improvement upon its predecessors, that they were content.
    Ex. Examines the advantages and disadvantages of approval plans suggesting that each library must carefully weigh them in order to determine its own best course of action.
    Ex. The conference took stock of development within information technology, outlined new ways for its use and presented projects.
    Ex. When balls were compared with rollers in the ninenteenth century, their chief disadvantage was seen to be their cost: they were relatively uneconomical of ink.
    Ex. From the impressive library of his mansion home on Beacon Hill, Ticknor ruled over Boston's intellectual life and was looked to as the leading arbiter of intellectual and social life in that great city.
    Ex. The head of reference told me that he's going to see about a dress code for the staff, prohibiting slacks for women.
    Ex. Ticknor, we are told, was a liberal and democrat who welcomed change and looked upon human nature with great optimism.
    Ex. I encourage the reader to give thought to the longer case studies that have appeared in the library press.
    Ex. The apparent success of the project suggests it can be used or adapted for other members of the beef industry, having regard for their particular circumstances = El aparente éxito del proyecto sugiere que se puede utilizar o adaptar para otros miembros de la industria del ganado bovino, teniendo en cuenta sus circunstancias particulares.
    Ex. 30 million Americans are classed as functionally illiterate.
    Ex. Community information services seem light years away from the kind of electronic wizardry that is held out as the brave new information world of tomorrow.
    Ex. The author weighs up whether a dumbing down has taken place in the UK tabloid and broadsheet press.
    Ex. Libraries are looking towards some sort of cooperative system.
    Ex. The author examines key passages in the 1941 Nietzsche lectures where Heidegger appears to flirt with the possibility of a more primordial sense of existence.
    Ex. National library associations should look for sponsors who will publish manuscripts they have adjudged to have met international standards.
    Ex. The preferred citation order should be that order which is believed to match the approach of many users who can be expected to retrieve information on the topic.
    Ex. If you're looking to refinish and waterproof some outdoor furniture you might want to consider using teak oil.
    ----
    * bien considerado = all things considered.
    * considerando = in view of.
    * considerar adecuado = judge + suitable, consider + appropriate.
    * considerar Algo = be under consideration.
    * considerar apropiado = consider + appropriate.
    * considerar como = class.
    * considerar como posible = entertain as + a possibility.
    * considerar desde una perspectiva = hold + perspective on.
    * considerar en detalle = consider + at length.
    * considerar en su justa medida = see + in proportion.
    * considerar importante = hold + Nombre + dear.
    * considerar + Infinitivo = view as + Gerundio.
    * considerar la posibilidad = entertain + the possibility.
    * considerar las consecuencias = weigh + implications.
    * considerar las posibilidades de algo = consider + possibilities.
    * considerar oportuno = consider + appropriate.
    * considerar peligroso = see + danger.
    * considerar pertinente = consider + appropriate.
    * considerar que significa = take to + mean.
    * considerarse = be known as, set + Reflexivo + up as, go down as.
    * considerarse afortunado = consider + Reflexivo + lucky, count + Reflexivo + lucky, think + Reflexivo + lucky.
    * considerar un problema = consider + problem.
    * merecer la pena considerar más detalladamente = repay + full consideration.
    * seguir considerando = consider + further.
    * volver a considerar = reconsider.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <asunto/posibilidad/oferta> to consider; <ventajas/consecuencias> to weigh up, consider

    tenemos que considerar que... — we must take into account that...

    b) (frml) ( tratar con respeto) to show consideration for, to consider
    2) (frml) (juzgar, creer) (+ compl) to consider
    2.
    considerarse v pron persona ( juzgarse) (+ compl) to consider oneself
    * * *
    = consider (as), contemplate, deem, envisage, judge, look at, perceive, reckon, regard as, see as, take into + consideration, take to + be, treat, view, weigh, take + stock of, see, look to as, see about, look upon, give + (some) thought to, have + regard for, class, hold out as, weigh up, look toward(s), flirt, adjudge, believe, look to.

    Ex: A book index is an alphabetically arranged list of words or terms leading the reader to the numbers of pages on which specific topics are considered, or on which specific names appear.

    Ex: These details are primarily useful as a record of expenditure or to organisations or individuals contemplating the purchase of a work.
    Ex: If a corporate body is deemed to have some intellectual responsibility for the content of a work, then the name of that body will usually feature as a heading on either a main or added entry.
    Ex: It is fairly common to have to modify a standard list, or compile a fresh list when a new application is envisaged.
    Ex: Nevertheless, whatever the basis for the major enumerative schemes they must be judged for their suitability for application in current libraries.
    Ex: This article looks at three interrelated issues regarding on-line services based on the recent literature.
    Ex: Many of the early systems were perceived as replacements for manual techniques.
    Ex: Book form is easy to use, readable, and reckoned to be an acceptable format for many users.
    Ex: In particular LCC has been regarded as suitable for the classification of large general libraries, and specifically those large libraries that have been established for research purposes.
    Ex: It is easiest to see the comments in this section as pertaining to controlled indexing languages.
    Ex: A certain number of days is to be added to today's date to calculate the date due, taking into consideration the dates the library is closed.
    Ex: An abridgement is usually taken to be a condensation that necessarily omits a number of secondary points.
    Ex: In troubleshooting, it is important to treat the cause as well as the symptom of the problem = En la solución de problemas, es importante tratar tanto la causa como el síntoma del problema.
    Ex: Many librarians viewed AACR1 as such a significant improvement upon its predecessors, that they were content.
    Ex: Examines the advantages and disadvantages of approval plans suggesting that each library must carefully weigh them in order to determine its own best course of action.
    Ex: The conference took stock of development within information technology, outlined new ways for its use and presented projects.
    Ex: When balls were compared with rollers in the ninenteenth century, their chief disadvantage was seen to be their cost: they were relatively uneconomical of ink.
    Ex: From the impressive library of his mansion home on Beacon Hill, Ticknor ruled over Boston's intellectual life and was looked to as the leading arbiter of intellectual and social life in that great city.
    Ex: The head of reference told me that he's going to see about a dress code for the staff, prohibiting slacks for women.
    Ex: Ticknor, we are told, was a liberal and democrat who welcomed change and looked upon human nature with great optimism.
    Ex: I encourage the reader to give thought to the longer case studies that have appeared in the library press.
    Ex: The apparent success of the project suggests it can be used or adapted for other members of the beef industry, having regard for their particular circumstances = El aparente éxito del proyecto sugiere que se puede utilizar o adaptar para otros miembros de la industria del ganado bovino, teniendo en cuenta sus circunstancias particulares.
    Ex: 30 million Americans are classed as functionally illiterate.
    Ex: Community information services seem light years away from the kind of electronic wizardry that is held out as the brave new information world of tomorrow.
    Ex: The author weighs up whether a dumbing down has taken place in the UK tabloid and broadsheet press.
    Ex: Libraries are looking towards some sort of cooperative system.
    Ex: The author examines key passages in the 1941 Nietzsche lectures where Heidegger appears to flirt with the possibility of a more primordial sense of existence.
    Ex: National library associations should look for sponsors who will publish manuscripts they have adjudged to have met international standards.
    Ex: The preferred citation order should be that order which is believed to match the approach of many users who can be expected to retrieve information on the topic.
    Ex: If you're looking to refinish and waterproof some outdoor furniture you might want to consider using teak oil.
    * bien considerado = all things considered.
    * considerando = in view of.
    * considerar adecuado = judge + suitable, consider + appropriate.
    * considerar Algo = be under consideration.
    * considerar apropiado = consider + appropriate.
    * considerar como = class.
    * considerar como posible = entertain as + a possibility.
    * considerar desde una perspectiva = hold + perspective on.
    * considerar en detalle = consider + at length.
    * considerar en su justa medida = see + in proportion.
    * considerar importante = hold + Nombre + dear.
    * considerar + Infinitivo = view as + Gerundio.
    * considerar la posibilidad = entertain + the possibility.
    * considerar las consecuencias = weigh + implications.
    * considerar las posibilidades de algo = consider + possibilities.
    * considerar oportuno = consider + appropriate.
    * considerar peligroso = see + danger.
    * considerar pertinente = consider + appropriate.
    * considerar que significa = take to + mean.
    * considerarse = be known as, set + Reflexivo + up as, go down as.
    * considerarse afortunado = consider + Reflexivo + lucky, count + Reflexivo + lucky, think + Reflexivo + lucky.
    * considerar un problema = consider + problem.
    * merecer la pena considerar más detalladamente = repay + full consideration.
    * seguir considerando = consider + further.
    * volver a considerar = reconsider.

    * * *
    considerar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹asunto/posibilidad› to consider; ‹oferta› to consider, give … consideration; ‹ventajas/consecuencias› to weigh up, consider
    considera los pros y los contras weigh up the pros and cons
    bien considerado, creo que … all things considered, I think that …
    tenemos que considerar que ésta es su primera infracción we must take into account that this is her first offense
    considerando que ha estado enfermo considering (that) he's been ill
    2 ( frml) (tratar con respeto) to show consideration for, to consider
    B ( frml) (juzgar, creer) (+ compl) to consider
    fue considerado como una provocación it was considered (to be) o ( frml) deemed (to be) provocative
    eso se considera de mala educación that's considered bad manners
    considero casi imposible que podamos llegar a un acuerdo I believe it is o I consider it to be almost impossible for us to reach an agreement
    se le considera responsable del secuestro he is believed to be responsible for the kidnapping
    está muy bien considerado he is very highly regarded
    «persona» (juzgarse) (+ compl) to consider oneself
    se considera afortunado he considers himself (to be) very fortunate o lucky
    * * *

     

    considerar ( conjugate considerar) verbo transitivoasunto/posibilidad/oferta to consider;
    ventajas/consecuencias to weigh up, consider;

    tenemos que considerar que … we must take into account that …;
    eso se considera de mala educación that's considered bad manners;
    está muy bien considerado he is very highly regarded
    considerarse verbo pronominal [ persona] ( juzgarse) to consider oneself;
    se considera afortunado he considers himself (to be) lucky
    considerar verbo transitivo to consider: lo considera un genio, she thinks he's a genius ➣ Ver nota en consider

    ' considerar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    archivar
    - barajar
    - cada
    - dar
    - discutir
    - encontrar
    - estimar
    - homologar
    - óptica
    - pararse
    - plantearse
    - ponderar
    - reparar
    - tantear
    - tener
    - tratar
    - ver
    - catalogar
    - estudiar
    - juzgar
    - llamar
    - medir
    - meditar
    - mirar
    - pensar
    - plantear
    English:
    account
    - class
    - consider
    - contemplate
    - count
    - debate
    - entertain
    - judge
    - ponder
    - rate
    - reckon
    - regard
    - see
    - think over
    - think through
    - treat
    - view
    - come
    - conceive
    - deem
    - feel
    - hold
    - look
    - think
    - weigh
    * * *
    vt
    1. [pensar en] to consider;
    hay que considerar que es la primera vez que lo intentamos you should take into account that this is the first time we've tried to do it;
    consideré la posibilidad de presentarme, pero al final desistí I thought about applying but in the end I gave up the idea
    2. [juzgar, estimar] to believe, to think;
    no quiso considerar mi propuesta she wouldn't consider my proposal;
    bien considerado, creo que tienes razón on reflection, I think you're right;
    considero que se han equivocado I believe they've made a mistake
    3. [respetar] to esteem, to treat with respect;
    sus compañeros lo consideran mucho his colleagues have a high regard for him o think highly of him
    * * *
    v/t consider
    * * *
    1) : to consider, to think over
    2) : to judge, to deem
    3) : to treat with respect
    * * *
    1. (relexionar) to consider / to think about [pt. & pp. thought]
    2. (juzgar) to regard / to think

    Spanish-English dictionary > considerar

  • 72 hacer que sea obsoleto

    (v.) = render + obsolete, render + redundant
    Ex. Many developments have taken place rendering the present documented information obsolete.
    Ex. We need to replace those aspects of traditional public library service which have been taken over by other media or rendered redundant by social change.
    * * *
    (v.) = render + obsolete, render + redundant

    Ex: Many developments have taken place rendering the present documented information obsolete.

    Ex: We need to replace those aspects of traditional public library service which have been taken over by other media or rendered redundant by social change.

    Spanish-English dictionary > hacer que sea obsoleto

  • 73 sopesar

    v.
    1 to weigh up (pros y contras).
    2 to consider, to weigh, to ponder, to put on the scale.
    Ellos valoraron la decisión The weighed the decision.
    * * *
    1 to try the weight of
    2 figurado to weigh up
    * * *
    VT
    1) (=levantar) to try the weight of
    2) (=evaluar) [+ situación] to weigh up; [+ palabras] to weigh
    * * *
    verbo transitivo <situación/ventajas> to weigh up; < palabras> to weigh
    * * *
    = take into + account, take into + consideration, weigh, balance, weigh against, weigh up.
    Ex. Taking into account both indexing and searching effort a KWIC index is most appropriate for an index that will be studied only infrequently.
    Ex. A certain number of days is to be added to today's date to calculate the date due, taking into consideration the dates the library is closed.
    Ex. Examines the advantages and disadvantages of approval plans suggesting that each library must carefully weigh them in order to determine its own best course of action.
    Ex. The need to run two systems in parallel will have to be balanced against the time taken to prepare all records.
    Ex. The benefits have to be weighed against the costs of new systems and the impact of change = Se deben sopesar los beneficios frente a los costes de los nuevos sistemas y las repercusiones del cambio.
    Ex. The author weighs up whether a dumbing down has taken place in the UK tabloid and broadsheet press.
    ----
    * sopesar las palabras = weigh + Posesivo + words (carefully), choose + Posesivo + words (carefully), pick + Posesivo + words (carefully), measure + Posesivo + words (carefully).
    * sopesar riesgos = weigh up + risks.
    * sopesar una idea = weigh + idea.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo <situación/ventajas> to weigh up; < palabras> to weigh
    * * *
    = take into + account, take into + consideration, weigh, balance, weigh against, weigh up.

    Ex: Taking into account both indexing and searching effort a KWIC index is most appropriate for an index that will be studied only infrequently.

    Ex: A certain number of days is to be added to today's date to calculate the date due, taking into consideration the dates the library is closed.
    Ex: Examines the advantages and disadvantages of approval plans suggesting that each library must carefully weigh them in order to determine its own best course of action.
    Ex: The need to run two systems in parallel will have to be balanced against the time taken to prepare all records.
    Ex: The benefits have to be weighed against the costs of new systems and the impact of change = Se deben sopesar los beneficios frente a los costes de los nuevos sistemas y las repercusiones del cambio.
    Ex: The author weighs up whether a dumbing down has taken place in the UK tabloid and broadsheet press.
    * sopesar las palabras = weigh + Posesivo + words (carefully), choose + Posesivo + words (carefully), pick + Posesivo + words (carefully), measure + Posesivo + words (carefully).
    * sopesar riesgos = weigh up + risks.
    * sopesar una idea = weigh + idea.

    * * *
    sopesar [A1 ]
    vt
    ‹ventajas/situación› to weigh up
    sopesaba cada una de sus palabras she weighed o carefully considered every word
    * * *

    sopesar ( conjugate sopesar) verbo transitivosituación/ventajas to weigh up;
    palabras to weigh
    sopesar verbo transitivo
    1 (tantear el peso de algo) to try the weight of
    2 fig (ponderar las ventajas, los inconvenientes) to weigh up
    ' sopesar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    pro
    English:
    balance
    - weigh
    - weigh up
    * * *
    1. [calcular el peso de] to try the weight of
    2. [los pros y los contras de] to weigh up
    * * *
    v/t fig
    weigh up
    * * *
    : to weigh, to evaluate

    Spanish-English dictionary > sopesar

  • 74 berlangsung

    continue, ongoing
    * * *
    take place, taken place, taken place, taking place
    * * *
    go on, take place

    Indonesia-Inggris kamus > berlangsung

  • 75 estudiar

    v.
    1 to study (carrera, libro, asunto).
    estudia biológicas he's studying biology
    después de estudiar tu propuesta he decidido no aceptarla after studying your proposal, I've decided not to accept it
    estudia todas las tardes he spends every afternoon studying
    estudió con el Presidente he went to school/university with the President
    ¿estudias o trabajas? do you work or are you a student?
    Lisa estudia arduamente Lisa studies hard.
    Lisa estudia todos los libros Lisa studies every book.
    Lisa estudia historia americana Lisa studies American history.
    2 to observe.
    3 to be a student, to study.
    4 to feel out, to study.
    El profesor estudia sus reacciones The teacher feels out their reactions.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to study, learn
    2 (en universidad) to read, study
    3 (trabajar) to work, study
    4 (observar) to examine, observe
    1 to study
    1 to consider
    \
    estudiar de memoria to learn by heart
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=aprender) [+ lección, papel] to learn
    2) (=cursar) to study

    ¿qué curso estudias? — what year are you in?

    3) (=examinar) [informe, experimento] to examine, look into; [persona] to study, look into

    el informe estudia los efectos de la sequíathe report examines o looks into the effects of the drought

    4) (=considerar) to consider, study

    estudiaremos su oferta y ya le contestaremoswe shall consider o study your offer and get back to you

    están estudiando la posibilidad de convocar una huelga — they are looking into the possibility of calling a strike, they are considering calling a strike

    2. VI
    1) (=aprender) to study
    2) (=cursar estudios) to study
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < asignatura> to study

    estudia música — he's studying music; ( en la universidad) to study, read (frml)

    estudia medicinashe's studying o doing o reading medicine

    ¿qué carrera estudió? — what subject did he do at college/university?

    b) < instrumento> to learn
    2) <lección/tablas> to learn
    3) ( observar) <rostro/comportamiento> to study
    4) (considerar, analizar) <mercado/situación/proyecto> to study; < propuesta> to study, consider
    2.
    estudiar vi to study
    3.
    estudiarse v pron
    a) (enf) < lección> to study; < papel> to learn
    b) (recípr) ( observarse)
    * * *
    = analyse [analyze, -USA], envisage, examine, explore, look, look at, look into, ponder (over/on/upon), present + discussion, study, survey, think out, weigh, work on, get into, see about, observe, weigh up, look toward(s), review, work through, probe.
    Ex. With a clear objective, the next step is to analyse the concepts that are present in a search.
    Ex. It is fairly common to have to modify a standard list, or compile a fresh list when a new application is envisaged.
    Ex. The article 'Home schoolers: a forgotten clientele?' examines ways in which the library can support parents and children in the home schooling situation.
    Ex. Next I will illustrate a simple search profile which does not explore all possible synonyms, but does serve to illustrate weighted term logic.
    Ex. This chapter takes the opportunity to look at an assortment of other aspects of bibliographic description.
    Ex. This article looks at three interrelated issues regarding on-line services based on the recent literature.
    Ex. The main concern is to look into current use of, and interest in, electronic information services, and also to gauge opinion on setting up a data base concerned solely with development issues.
    Ex. If we instruct it to ponder this question more leisurely, it will quickly try the user's patience with digressions concerning the less illustrious senior MOZART, LEOPOLD.
    Ex. This article presents a detailed discussion of the use of Hypermedia for authoring, organisation and presentation of information.
    Ex. Each of the binders is portable and can be separately studied.
    Ex. Chapters 7 and 8 introduced the problems associated with author cataloguing and have surveyed the purpose of cataloguing codes.
    Ex. A recitation of the best thought out principles for a cataloging code is easily drowned out by the clatter of a bank of direct access devices vainly searching for misplaced records.
    Ex. Examines the advantages and disadvantages of approval plans suggesting that each library must carefully weigh them in order to determine its own best course of action.
    Ex. I've been working on next year's budget, and it would be fair to add eight percent to materials and salaries.
    Ex. 'But didn't you say that one of the reasons you wanted to leave was because you were tired of macramËéË and wanted to get into computers?'.
    Ex. The head of reference told me that he's going to see about a dress code for the staff, prohibiting slacks for women.
    Ex. 141 data bases were observed, most of them had been developed in the life sciences as well as in the earth, ocean and space sciences.
    Ex. The author weighs up whether a dumbing down has taken place in the UK tabloid and broadsheet press.
    Ex. Libraries are looking towards some sort of cooperative system.
    Ex. There is only space to review briefly the special problems associated with the descriptive cataloguing of nonbook materials.
    Ex. Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.
    Ex. The librarian sometimes must probe to discover the context of the question and to be able to discuss various possible approaches and explore their merits.
    ----
    * al estudiar Algo más detenidamente = on closer examination, on closer inspection.
    * estudiar Algo = be under consideration.
    * estudiar alternativas = explore + alternative.
    * estudiar desde una perspectiva = see through.
    * estudiar detenidamente = take + a hard look at, take + a long hard look at, go through, be carefully considered, think through.
    * estudiar el modo de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * estudiar en detalle = study + at length.
    * estudiar en el extranjero = study abroad, study + abroad.
    * estudiar en una Universidad = attend + Universidad.
    * estudiar hasta muy tarde = burn + the midnight oil.
    * estudiar la evolución histórica de Algo = historicise [historicize, -USA].
    * estudiar la manera de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * estudiar la posibilidad = explore + the possibility.
    * estudiar minuciosamente = study + in great depth, pore.
    * estudiar + Nombre + teniendo en cuenta + Nombre = place + Nombre + against the background of + Nombre.
    * estudiar una necesidad = analyse + need.
    * estudiar una posibilidad = explore + idea.
    * estudiar una Titulación = work toward/on + Titulación.
    * estudiar un tema = pursue + subject.
    * merecer la pena estudiar Algo = repay + study.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < asignatura> to study

    estudia música — he's studying music; ( en la universidad) to study, read (frml)

    estudia medicinashe's studying o doing o reading medicine

    ¿qué carrera estudió? — what subject did he do at college/university?

    b) < instrumento> to learn
    2) <lección/tablas> to learn
    3) ( observar) <rostro/comportamiento> to study
    4) (considerar, analizar) <mercado/situación/proyecto> to study; < propuesta> to study, consider
    2.
    estudiar vi to study
    3.
    estudiarse v pron
    a) (enf) < lección> to study; < papel> to learn
    b) (recípr) ( observarse)
    * * *
    = analyse [analyze, -USA], envisage, examine, explore, look, look at, look into, ponder (over/on/upon), present + discussion, study, survey, think out, weigh, work on, get into, see about, observe, weigh up, look toward(s), review, work through, probe.

    Ex: With a clear objective, the next step is to analyse the concepts that are present in a search.

    Ex: It is fairly common to have to modify a standard list, or compile a fresh list when a new application is envisaged.
    Ex: The article 'Home schoolers: a forgotten clientele?' examines ways in which the library can support parents and children in the home schooling situation.
    Ex: Next I will illustrate a simple search profile which does not explore all possible synonyms, but does serve to illustrate weighted term logic.
    Ex: This chapter takes the opportunity to look at an assortment of other aspects of bibliographic description.
    Ex: This article looks at three interrelated issues regarding on-line services based on the recent literature.
    Ex: The main concern is to look into current use of, and interest in, electronic information services, and also to gauge opinion on setting up a data base concerned solely with development issues.
    Ex: If we instruct it to ponder this question more leisurely, it will quickly try the user's patience with digressions concerning the less illustrious senior MOZART, LEOPOLD.
    Ex: This article presents a detailed discussion of the use of Hypermedia for authoring, organisation and presentation of information.
    Ex: Each of the binders is portable and can be separately studied.
    Ex: Chapters 7 and 8 introduced the problems associated with author cataloguing and have surveyed the purpose of cataloguing codes.
    Ex: A recitation of the best thought out principles for a cataloging code is easily drowned out by the clatter of a bank of direct access devices vainly searching for misplaced records.
    Ex: Examines the advantages and disadvantages of approval plans suggesting that each library must carefully weigh them in order to determine its own best course of action.
    Ex: I've been working on next year's budget, and it would be fair to add eight percent to materials and salaries.
    Ex: 'But didn't you say that one of the reasons you wanted to leave was because you were tired of macramËéË and wanted to get into computers?'.
    Ex: The head of reference told me that he's going to see about a dress code for the staff, prohibiting slacks for women.
    Ex: 141 data bases were observed, most of them had been developed in the life sciences as well as in the earth, ocean and space sciences.
    Ex: The author weighs up whether a dumbing down has taken place in the UK tabloid and broadsheet press.
    Ex: Libraries are looking towards some sort of cooperative system.
    Ex: There is only space to review briefly the special problems associated with the descriptive cataloguing of nonbook materials.
    Ex: Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.
    Ex: The librarian sometimes must probe to discover the context of the question and to be able to discuss various possible approaches and explore their merits.
    * al estudiar Algo más detenidamente = on closer examination, on closer inspection.
    * estudiar Algo = be under consideration.
    * estudiar alternativas = explore + alternative.
    * estudiar desde una perspectiva = see through.
    * estudiar detenidamente = take + a hard look at, take + a long hard look at, go through, be carefully considered, think through.
    * estudiar el modo de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * estudiar en detalle = study + at length.
    * estudiar en el extranjero = study abroad, study + abroad.
    * estudiar en una Universidad = attend + Universidad.
    * estudiar hasta muy tarde = burn + the midnight oil.
    * estudiar la evolución histórica de Algo = historicise [historicize, -USA].
    * estudiar la manera de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * estudiar la posibilidad = explore + the possibility.
    * estudiar minuciosamente = study + in great depth, pore.
    * estudiar + Nombre + teniendo en cuenta + Nombre = place + Nombre + against the background of + Nombre.
    * estudiar una necesidad = analyse + need.
    * estudiar una posibilidad = explore + idea.
    * estudiar una Titulación = work toward/on + Titulación.
    * estudiar un tema = pursue + subject.
    * merecer la pena estudiar Algo = repay + study.

    * * *
    estudiar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹asignatura› to study; (en la universidad) to study, read ( frml)
    estudiaba inglés en una academia I used to study English at a language school
    estudia medicina en la universidad de Salamanca she's studying o doing o reading medicine at Salamanca university
    ¿qué carrera estudió? what subject did he do at college/university?, what did he study at college/university?, what (subject) did he take his degree in?
    2 ( Mús) ‹instrumento› to learn
    B ‹lección/tablas› to learn
    me tengo que poner a estudiar geografía para el examen I have to get down to studying o ( AmE) reviewing o ( BrE) revising geography for the test
    C (observar) to study
    estudia el comportamiento de las aves he studies the behavior of birds
    me di cuenta de que me estaba estudiando I realized that he was observing o watching o studying me
    D (considerar, analizar) ‹mercado/situación/proyecto› to study; ‹propuesta› to study, consider
    están estudiando los pasos a seguir they're considering what steps to take
    estudiaron las posibles causas del accidente they looked into the possible causes of the accident
    ■ estudiar
    vi
    to study
    este fin de semana tengo que estudiar para el examen this weekend I have to do some work o studying for the test o I have to review ( AmE) o ( BrE) revise for the test
    estudia en un colegio privado he goes to a private school
    a ver si este año estudias más I hope you're going to work harder this year
    tuvo que dejar de estudiar a los 15 años para ayudar a su madre she had to leave school at 15 to help her mother
    estudiar PARA algo to study to be sth
    estudia para economista she's studying to be an economist
    no come nada, está estudiando para fideo ( hum); she doesn't eat a thing, she's in training for the slimming olympics ( hum)
    1 ( enf) ‹lección› to study
    se estudió el papel en una tarde he learned his part in an afternoon
    2 ( recípr)
    (observarse): los dos niños se estudiaron largo rato the two children watched each other closely for a long time
    * * *

     

    estudiar ( conjugate estudiar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) asignatura to study;

    ( en la universidad) to study, read (frml);
    ¿qué carrera estudió? what subject did he do at college/university?


    c)lección/tablas to learn

    2 ( observar) ‹rostro/comportamiento to study
    3 (considerar, analizar) ‹mercado/situación/proyecto to study;
    propuesta to study, consider;
    causas to look into, investigate
    verbo intransitivo
    to study;

    debes estudiar más you must work harder;
    dejó de estudiar a los 15 años she left school at 15;
    estudiar para algo to study to be sth
    estudiarse verbo pronominal ( enf) ‹ lección to study;

    papel to learn
    estudiar verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo to study: estudia para abogado, she's studying to become a lawyer ➣ Ver nota en study
    ' estudiar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    base
    - chapar
    - concentrarse
    - cursar
    - empollar
    - investigar
    - machacar
    - mamarrachada
    - repasar
    - servir
    - trabajar
    - valer
    - chancar
    - duro
    - empeño
    - empezar
    - firme
    - fuerza
    - haber
    - hacer
    - ir
    - junto
    - más
    - matar
    - tener
    - tragar
    - ver
    English:
    award
    - bar
    - burn
    - consideration
    - do
    - hard
    - investigate
    - pore
    - read
    - read up
    - resolve
    - school
    - stop
    - study
    - text
    - think out
    - train
    - whatever
    - work
    - day
    - depth
    - examine
    - further
    - get
    - kick
    - look
    - research
    - review
    - swot
    - take
    * * *
    vt
    1. [carrera, asignatura, lección] to study;
    estudia biológicas he's studying biology;
    tengo que estudiar más inglés I've got to work at my English;
    ¿qué estudiaste en la universidad? what did you study at university?
    2. [asunto] to study;
    [oferta, propuesta] to study, to consider;
    después de estudiar tu propuesta he decidido no aceptarla having considered your proposal, I've decided not to accept it;
    lo estudiaré y mañana te doy una respuesta I'll consider it and get back to you tomorrow;
    el gobierno estudia la posibilidad de subir las pensiones the government is studying the possibility of raising pensions
    3. [observar] to observe;
    estuvo estudiándonos durante un rato he stayed watching us for a while;
    desde allí podía estudiar todos los movimientos del animal from there I could observe all the animal's movements
    vi
    to study;
    estudia todas las tardes he spends every afternoon studying;
    no puede salir, tiene que estudiar she can't come out, she's got to study;
    hay que estudiar más, González you'll have to work harder, González;
    estudió con el Presidente he went to school/university with the President;
    dejó de estudiar a los quince años he left school at fifteen;
    estudié en los jesuitas I went to a Jesuit school;
    estudia en la Universidad Centroamericana he's a student o he's studying at the University of Central America;
    estudiar para médico to be studying to be a doctor;
    ¿estudias o trabajas? do you work or are you still at school?;
    Esp Hum ≈ do you come here often?
    * * *
    v/t & v/i study
    * * *
    : to study
    * * *
    estudiar vb to study [pt. & pp. studied]
    Si se estudia un idioma o un instrumento musical, se dice learn

    Spanish-English dictionary > estudiar

  • 76 שני

    שְׁנֵי, שְׁנָא,ch. same, 1) to repeat. Targ. 1 Sam. 26:8 ed. Wil. (v. תְּנֵי).Snh.59a ולמה לי למִישְׁנֵי בסיני and why is it repeated at Sinai?; a. e. 2) to change; to be different. Targ. O. Deut. 34:7.Lev. R. s. 22 כל מאי דהוה הרין ש׳ הדין ש׳ as the one (the mosquito) changed, so did the other (Titus) change. Yeb.21b או דילמא לא שנא (abbrev. ל״ש) or is there no difference (between the wife of a brother on the mothers side and that of a brother on the fathers side)? Succ.29b ל״ש ביו״ט … ול״שוכ׳ no difference whether it is the first Holy Day or the second. Ib. 30a ל״ש לפניוכ׳ no difference whether before Sabb.6a הכי נמיל״ש in this case, too, it is the same; a. v. fr.Yeb. l. c. מאי ש׳ הני מאי ש׳ הא (abbrev. מ״ש) what difference is there between the former and the latter? Sabb.4a ומאי ש׳ and wherein lies the difference? Ib. 2b מ״ש הכא … ומ״ש התםוכ׳ wherein lies the difference (what reason is there) that the Mishnah says here, ‘two which are four within, and two which are four without, and there (Shebu.I, 1) only, ‘two which are four?; a. fr. Part. שָׁאנֵי it is different. Succ.21b ש׳ שוורים הואילוכ׳ it is different in the case of oxen, because Sabb.7b ש׳ צרורוכ׳ it is different with bundles and other objects Ker.11a והכא ש׳ but here it is different; a. v. fr.V. שנִיא. Pa שַׁנֵּי 1) to change; to act strangely. Targ. Gen. 41:14. Targ. Ps. 89:35. Ib. 34:1. Targ. Y. II Deut. 32:5, a. fr.(Ib. 41 אישני, read: אישנן, v. שְׁנַן.Targ. Jud. 20:16 משנן, read: משגן, v. שְׁגֵי.Taan.24b שַׁנִּי דוכתיך change thy place; ש׳ דוכתיה he changed his place. Ker.11a לישנא דשנּוּיֵי, v. חָרַף. Bets.30a כמה דאפשר לשנויי מְשַׁנִּינָןוכ׳ as much as it is feasible to change (the mode of doing a thing), we must change on the Holy Day; Sabb.128b; ib. 117b מְשַׁנִּין. Bets. l. c. והא הני נשי … ולא מְשַׁנְּיָיןוכ׳ but there are those women that fill their pitchers … without any change, and we say nothing to them (to interfere)! Snh.96a top שני נפשך (Rashi אַשְׁנִי) disguise thyself; במאי אִישַׁנֵּי how shall I disguise (myself)?; Yalk. Is. 276; a. fr. 2) to reply. Sabb.7b זימנין מְשַׁנֵּי להוכ׳ at times he replied to it (met the objection by saying) Ib. 3b דמשני לך; Keth.98b דשַׁנִּינָן, v. שִׁינּוּיָא. Pes.20b רמְשַׁנֵּי שאני התםוכ׳ and he answered, it is different in that case; a. fr.Shebu.21a top כדשני ליה (Rashi כדמשני) as he (Abayi) replied to him (R. Papa, further below). Af. אַשְׁנֵי to change, act strangely. Targ. Mal. 3:6. Targ. O. a. Y. I Deut. 32:5; a. fr.Targ. Ps. 71:17 אשני, read with ed. Lag. אתני.Snh.96a top, v. supra. Ithpa. אִשְׁתַּנֵּי, Ithpe. אִשְׁתְּנֵי 1) to be changed. Targ. Deut. l. c. Targ. Lam. 4:1; a. e.Snh.71b נימא הואיל וא׳ א׳ let us say, because his status has changed, he is a different person (not responsible for acts committed in his previous condition); האי דינו א׳ מיתתו לא א׳ this mans legal status has changed, but the mode of his execution is not affected thereby. Ib. הואיל וא׳ א׳ … דא׳ לגמרי because a change has taken place (by her becoming of age), she is a different person (and the mode of her execution must be different): so much the more here (in the case of a proselyte) where a complete change has taken place. Ib. 96a א׳ אפיה והוהוכ׳ his face changed, and he looked like a dog. Sabb.36a הני … א׳ שמייהווכ׳ the names of the following three things have changed since the destruction of the Temple; Succ.34a; a. e.

    Jewish literature > שני

  • 77 שנא

    שְׁנֵי, שְׁנָא,ch. same, 1) to repeat. Targ. 1 Sam. 26:8 ed. Wil. (v. תְּנֵי).Snh.59a ולמה לי למִישְׁנֵי בסיני and why is it repeated at Sinai?; a. e. 2) to change; to be different. Targ. O. Deut. 34:7.Lev. R. s. 22 כל מאי דהוה הרין ש׳ הדין ש׳ as the one (the mosquito) changed, so did the other (Titus) change. Yeb.21b או דילמא לא שנא (abbrev. ל״ש) or is there no difference (between the wife of a brother on the mothers side and that of a brother on the fathers side)? Succ.29b ל״ש ביו״ט … ול״שוכ׳ no difference whether it is the first Holy Day or the second. Ib. 30a ל״ש לפניוכ׳ no difference whether before Sabb.6a הכי נמיל״ש in this case, too, it is the same; a. v. fr.Yeb. l. c. מאי ש׳ הני מאי ש׳ הא (abbrev. מ״ש) what difference is there between the former and the latter? Sabb.4a ומאי ש׳ and wherein lies the difference? Ib. 2b מ״ש הכא … ומ״ש התםוכ׳ wherein lies the difference (what reason is there) that the Mishnah says here, ‘two which are four within, and two which are four without, and there (Shebu.I, 1) only, ‘two which are four?; a. fr. Part. שָׁאנֵי it is different. Succ.21b ש׳ שוורים הואילוכ׳ it is different in the case of oxen, because Sabb.7b ש׳ צרורוכ׳ it is different with bundles and other objects Ker.11a והכא ש׳ but here it is different; a. v. fr.V. שנִיא. Pa שַׁנֵּי 1) to change; to act strangely. Targ. Gen. 41:14. Targ. Ps. 89:35. Ib. 34:1. Targ. Y. II Deut. 32:5, a. fr.(Ib. 41 אישני, read: אישנן, v. שְׁנַן.Targ. Jud. 20:16 משנן, read: משגן, v. שְׁגֵי.Taan.24b שַׁנִּי דוכתיך change thy place; ש׳ דוכתיה he changed his place. Ker.11a לישנא דשנּוּיֵי, v. חָרַף. Bets.30a כמה דאפשר לשנויי מְשַׁנִּינָןוכ׳ as much as it is feasible to change (the mode of doing a thing), we must change on the Holy Day; Sabb.128b; ib. 117b מְשַׁנִּין. Bets. l. c. והא הני נשי … ולא מְשַׁנְּיָיןוכ׳ but there are those women that fill their pitchers … without any change, and we say nothing to them (to interfere)! Snh.96a top שני נפשך (Rashi אַשְׁנִי) disguise thyself; במאי אִישַׁנֵּי how shall I disguise (myself)?; Yalk. Is. 276; a. fr. 2) to reply. Sabb.7b זימנין מְשַׁנֵּי להוכ׳ at times he replied to it (met the objection by saying) Ib. 3b דמשני לך; Keth.98b דשַׁנִּינָן, v. שִׁינּוּיָא. Pes.20b רמְשַׁנֵּי שאני התםוכ׳ and he answered, it is different in that case; a. fr.Shebu.21a top כדשני ליה (Rashi כדמשני) as he (Abayi) replied to him (R. Papa, further below). Af. אַשְׁנֵי to change, act strangely. Targ. Mal. 3:6. Targ. O. a. Y. I Deut. 32:5; a. fr.Targ. Ps. 71:17 אשני, read with ed. Lag. אתני.Snh.96a top, v. supra. Ithpa. אִשְׁתַּנֵּי, Ithpe. אִשְׁתְּנֵי 1) to be changed. Targ. Deut. l. c. Targ. Lam. 4:1; a. e.Snh.71b נימא הואיל וא׳ א׳ let us say, because his status has changed, he is a different person (not responsible for acts committed in his previous condition); האי דינו א׳ מיתתו לא א׳ this mans legal status has changed, but the mode of his execution is not affected thereby. Ib. הואיל וא׳ א׳ … דא׳ לגמרי because a change has taken place (by her becoming of age), she is a different person (and the mode of her execution must be different): so much the more here (in the case of a proselyte) where a complete change has taken place. Ib. 96a א׳ אפיה והוהוכ׳ his face changed, and he looked like a dog. Sabb.36a הני … א׳ שמייהווכ׳ the names of the following three things have changed since the destruction of the Temple; Succ.34a; a. e.

    Jewish literature > שנא

  • 78 שְׁנֵי

    שְׁנֵי, שְׁנָא,ch. same, 1) to repeat. Targ. 1 Sam. 26:8 ed. Wil. (v. תְּנֵי).Snh.59a ולמה לי למִישְׁנֵי בסיני and why is it repeated at Sinai?; a. e. 2) to change; to be different. Targ. O. Deut. 34:7.Lev. R. s. 22 כל מאי דהוה הרין ש׳ הדין ש׳ as the one (the mosquito) changed, so did the other (Titus) change. Yeb.21b או דילמא לא שנא (abbrev. ל״ש) or is there no difference (between the wife of a brother on the mothers side and that of a brother on the fathers side)? Succ.29b ל״ש ביו״ט … ול״שוכ׳ no difference whether it is the first Holy Day or the second. Ib. 30a ל״ש לפניוכ׳ no difference whether before Sabb.6a הכי נמיל״ש in this case, too, it is the same; a. v. fr.Yeb. l. c. מאי ש׳ הני מאי ש׳ הא (abbrev. מ״ש) what difference is there between the former and the latter? Sabb.4a ומאי ש׳ and wherein lies the difference? Ib. 2b מ״ש הכא … ומ״ש התםוכ׳ wherein lies the difference (what reason is there) that the Mishnah says here, ‘two which are four within, and two which are four without, and there (Shebu.I, 1) only, ‘two which are four?; a. fr. Part. שָׁאנֵי it is different. Succ.21b ש׳ שוורים הואילוכ׳ it is different in the case of oxen, because Sabb.7b ש׳ צרורוכ׳ it is different with bundles and other objects Ker.11a והכא ש׳ but here it is different; a. v. fr.V. שנִיא. Pa שַׁנֵּי 1) to change; to act strangely. Targ. Gen. 41:14. Targ. Ps. 89:35. Ib. 34:1. Targ. Y. II Deut. 32:5, a. fr.(Ib. 41 אישני, read: אישנן, v. שְׁנַן.Targ. Jud. 20:16 משנן, read: משגן, v. שְׁגֵי.Taan.24b שַׁנִּי דוכתיך change thy place; ש׳ דוכתיה he changed his place. Ker.11a לישנא דשנּוּיֵי, v. חָרַף. Bets.30a כמה דאפשר לשנויי מְשַׁנִּינָןוכ׳ as much as it is feasible to change (the mode of doing a thing), we must change on the Holy Day; Sabb.128b; ib. 117b מְשַׁנִּין. Bets. l. c. והא הני נשי … ולא מְשַׁנְּיָיןוכ׳ but there are those women that fill their pitchers … without any change, and we say nothing to them (to interfere)! Snh.96a top שני נפשך (Rashi אַשְׁנִי) disguise thyself; במאי אִישַׁנֵּי how shall I disguise (myself)?; Yalk. Is. 276; a. fr. 2) to reply. Sabb.7b זימנין מְשַׁנֵּי להוכ׳ at times he replied to it (met the objection by saying) Ib. 3b דמשני לך; Keth.98b דשַׁנִּינָן, v. שִׁינּוּיָא. Pes.20b רמְשַׁנֵּי שאני התםוכ׳ and he answered, it is different in that case; a. fr.Shebu.21a top כדשני ליה (Rashi כדמשני) as he (Abayi) replied to him (R. Papa, further below). Af. אַשְׁנֵי to change, act strangely. Targ. Mal. 3:6. Targ. O. a. Y. I Deut. 32:5; a. fr.Targ. Ps. 71:17 אשני, read with ed. Lag. אתני.Snh.96a top, v. supra. Ithpa. אִשְׁתַּנֵּי, Ithpe. אִשְׁתְּנֵי 1) to be changed. Targ. Deut. l. c. Targ. Lam. 4:1; a. e.Snh.71b נימא הואיל וא׳ א׳ let us say, because his status has changed, he is a different person (not responsible for acts committed in his previous condition); האי דינו א׳ מיתתו לא א׳ this mans legal status has changed, but the mode of his execution is not affected thereby. Ib. הואיל וא׳ א׳ … דא׳ לגמרי because a change has taken place (by her becoming of age), she is a different person (and the mode of her execution must be different): so much the more here (in the case of a proselyte) where a complete change has taken place. Ib. 96a א׳ אפיה והוהוכ׳ his face changed, and he looked like a dog. Sabb.36a הני … א׳ שמייהווכ׳ the names of the following three things have changed since the destruction of the Temple; Succ.34a; a. e.

    Jewish literature > שְׁנֵי

  • 79 שְׁנָא

    שְׁנֵי, שְׁנָא,ch. same, 1) to repeat. Targ. 1 Sam. 26:8 ed. Wil. (v. תְּנֵי).Snh.59a ולמה לי למִישְׁנֵי בסיני and why is it repeated at Sinai?; a. e. 2) to change; to be different. Targ. O. Deut. 34:7.Lev. R. s. 22 כל מאי דהוה הרין ש׳ הדין ש׳ as the one (the mosquito) changed, so did the other (Titus) change. Yeb.21b או דילמא לא שנא (abbrev. ל״ש) or is there no difference (between the wife of a brother on the mothers side and that of a brother on the fathers side)? Succ.29b ל״ש ביו״ט … ול״שוכ׳ no difference whether it is the first Holy Day or the second. Ib. 30a ל״ש לפניוכ׳ no difference whether before Sabb.6a הכי נמיל״ש in this case, too, it is the same; a. v. fr.Yeb. l. c. מאי ש׳ הני מאי ש׳ הא (abbrev. מ״ש) what difference is there between the former and the latter? Sabb.4a ומאי ש׳ and wherein lies the difference? Ib. 2b מ״ש הכא … ומ״ש התםוכ׳ wherein lies the difference (what reason is there) that the Mishnah says here, ‘two which are four within, and two which are four without, and there (Shebu.I, 1) only, ‘two which are four?; a. fr. Part. שָׁאנֵי it is different. Succ.21b ש׳ שוורים הואילוכ׳ it is different in the case of oxen, because Sabb.7b ש׳ צרורוכ׳ it is different with bundles and other objects Ker.11a והכא ש׳ but here it is different; a. v. fr.V. שנִיא. Pa שַׁנֵּי 1) to change; to act strangely. Targ. Gen. 41:14. Targ. Ps. 89:35. Ib. 34:1. Targ. Y. II Deut. 32:5, a. fr.(Ib. 41 אישני, read: אישנן, v. שְׁנַן.Targ. Jud. 20:16 משנן, read: משגן, v. שְׁגֵי.Taan.24b שַׁנִּי דוכתיך change thy place; ש׳ דוכתיה he changed his place. Ker.11a לישנא דשנּוּיֵי, v. חָרַף. Bets.30a כמה דאפשר לשנויי מְשַׁנִּינָןוכ׳ as much as it is feasible to change (the mode of doing a thing), we must change on the Holy Day; Sabb.128b; ib. 117b מְשַׁנִּין. Bets. l. c. והא הני נשי … ולא מְשַׁנְּיָיןוכ׳ but there are those women that fill their pitchers … without any change, and we say nothing to them (to interfere)! Snh.96a top שני נפשך (Rashi אַשְׁנִי) disguise thyself; במאי אִישַׁנֵּי how shall I disguise (myself)?; Yalk. Is. 276; a. fr. 2) to reply. Sabb.7b זימנין מְשַׁנֵּי להוכ׳ at times he replied to it (met the objection by saying) Ib. 3b דמשני לך; Keth.98b דשַׁנִּינָן, v. שִׁינּוּיָא. Pes.20b רמְשַׁנֵּי שאני התםוכ׳ and he answered, it is different in that case; a. fr.Shebu.21a top כדשני ליה (Rashi כדמשני) as he (Abayi) replied to him (R. Papa, further below). Af. אַשְׁנֵי to change, act strangely. Targ. Mal. 3:6. Targ. O. a. Y. I Deut. 32:5; a. fr.Targ. Ps. 71:17 אשני, read with ed. Lag. אתני.Snh.96a top, v. supra. Ithpa. אִשְׁתַּנֵּי, Ithpe. אִשְׁתְּנֵי 1) to be changed. Targ. Deut. l. c. Targ. Lam. 4:1; a. e.Snh.71b נימא הואיל וא׳ א׳ let us say, because his status has changed, he is a different person (not responsible for acts committed in his previous condition); האי דינו א׳ מיתתו לא א׳ this mans legal status has changed, but the mode of his execution is not affected thereby. Ib. הואיל וא׳ א׳ … דא׳ לגמרי because a change has taken place (by her becoming of age), she is a different person (and the mode of her execution must be different): so much the more here (in the case of a proselyte) where a complete change has taken place. Ib. 96a א׳ אפיה והוהוכ׳ his face changed, and he looked like a dog. Sabb.36a הני … א׳ שמייהווכ׳ the names of the following three things have changed since the destruction of the Temple; Succ.34a; a. e.

    Jewish literature > שְׁנָא

  • 80 vorgehen

    v/i (unreg., trennb., ist -ge-)
    1. go forward; vorgehen zu go up to
    2. umg. (vorangehen) go first, lead the way; geh schon mal vor (ich komme dann nach) you go on ahead; ich geh schon mal vor I’ll go on ahead
    3. Uhr: be fast; täglich fünf Minuten etc. vorgehen gain five minutes a day etc.
    4. (Vorrang haben) have priority (+ Dat over), be more important (than); der Kunde geht immer vor the customer always comes first
    5. (handeln) act; (einschreiten) take action ( gegen against); (verfahren) proceed
    6. (geschehen) happen; was geht hier vor? what’s going on here?; was ging wohl in ihm vor? I wonder what came over him
    * * *
    das Vorgehen
    action; proceedings; procedure; proceeding
    * * *
    Vor|ge|hen
    nt
    action
    * * *
    1) ((of a clock, watch etc) showing a time in advance of the correct time: My watch is five minutes fast.) fast
    2) ((of a clock or watch) to go too fast: This clock gains (four minutes a day).) gain
    3) (to follow a course of action: I want to make a cupboard, but I don't know how to proceed.) proceed
    4) (to take legal action (against): The police decided not to proceed against her.) proceed
    * * *
    Vor·ge·hen
    <-s>
    1. (Einschreiten) action
    es wird Zeit für ein energisches \Vorgehen gegen das organisierte Verbrechen its time for concerted action to be taken against organized crime
    2. (Verfahrensweise) course of action
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein
    1) (ugs.): (nach vorn gehen) go forward
    2) (vorausgehen) go on ahead
    3) < clock> be fast

    gegen jemanden/etwas vorgehen — take action against somebody/something

    5) (verfahren) proceed
    6) (sich abspielen) happen; go on

    mit ihm war eine Veränderung vorgegangen — there had been a change in him; a change had taken place in him

    7) (Vorrang haben) have priority; come first
    * * *
    vorgehen v/i (irr, trennb, ist -ge-)
    1. go forward;
    vorgehen zu go up to
    2. umg (vorangehen) go first, lead the way;
    ich geh schon mal vor I’ll go on ahead
    3. Uhr: be fast;
    vorgehen gain five minutes a day etc
    4. (Vorrang haben) have priority (+dat over), be more important (than);
    der Kunde geht immer vor the customer always comes first
    5. (handeln) act; (einschreiten) take action (
    gegen against); (verfahren) proceed
    6. (geschehen) happen;
    was geht hier vor? what’s going on here?;
    was ging wohl in ihm vor? I wonder what came over him
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein
    1) (ugs.): (nach vorn gehen) go forward
    2) (vorausgehen) go on ahead
    3) < clock> be fast

    gegen jemanden/etwas vorgehen — take action against somebody/something

    5) (verfahren) proceed
    6) (sich abspielen) happen; go on

    mit ihm war eine Veränderung vorgegangen — there had been a change in him; a change had taken place in him

    7) (Vorrang haben) have priority; come first
    * * *
    - n.
    procedure n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > vorgehen

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  • place of safety order — (until 1991) a legal order, effective for not more than 28 days, allowing a child to be taken into care to avoid further or possible physical harm by parents, etc • • • Main Entry: ↑safe …   Useful english dictionary

  • Taken — Take Take, v. t. [imp. {Took} (t[oo^]k); p. p. {Taken} (t[=a]k n); p. pr. & vb. n. {Taking}.] [Icel. taka; akin to Sw. taga, Dan. tage, Goth. t[=e]kan to touch; of uncertain origin.] 1. In an active sense; To lay hold of; to seize with the hands …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • place — [[t]ple͟ɪs[/t]] ♦ places, placing, placed 1) N COUNT: usu with supp A place is any point, building, area, town, or country. ...Temple Mount, the place where the Temple actually stood. ...a list of museums and places of interest... We re going to… …   English dictionary

  • Place name origins — The study of place names is called toponymy and is distinct from (but often confused with) etymology, the study of the origins of words. Rather than describing toponymy (as an academic discipline) itself, this article examines the origins of… …   Wikipedia

  • Place Vendôme — For other uses, see Place Vendome (disambiguation). 1er Arrt …   Wikipedia

  • Place de la Bastille — Paris streetbox arr num=4,11,12e streetname=Place de la BASTILLE x=156 y=99 paris arr1=IVe arr2=XIe arr3=XIIe quarter=Arsenal . Roquette . Quinze Vingts . begins= ends= length=215 width=150 width2=(average) creation= 27th June 1792 denomination=… …   Wikipedia

  • Taken (film) — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Taken. Taken Données clés Titre québécois L Enlèvement Titre original Taken Réalisation Pierre Morel …   Wikipédia en Français

  • place — place1 W1S1 [pleıs] n ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(area/space/building etc)¦ 2¦(home )¦ 3 take place 4¦(space to sit or put something)¦ 5¦(point in book/speech)¦ 6¦(opportunity to do something)¦ 7¦(role/position)¦ 8 in place 9 in place o …   Dictionary of contemporary English

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