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street+merchant

  • 1 tout

    [taʊt] I
    1) BE (selling tickets) bagarino m.
    2) comm. spreg. (soliciting custom) imbonitore m. (-trice)
    3) (in horseracing) = chi vende informazioni sui cavalli concorrenti
    II 1.
    1) [ street merchant] imbonire
    2) BE (illegally) rivendere illegalmente [ tickets]
    3) (publicize) pubblicizzare, reclamizzare [product, invention]
    2.
    * * *
    (to go about in search of buyers, jobs, support, votes etc: The taxi-driver drove around touting for custom.) (andare in cerca di clienti)
    * * *
    [taʊt]
    1. n
    (for hotels) procacciatore m di clienti, Brit, (also: ticket tout) bagarino, Racing portaquote m inv
    2. vi

    to tout for business — raccogliere ordinazioni, (for hotels) procacciare clienti

    3. vt
    * * *
    tout /taʊt/
    n.
    3 propagandista; piazzista.
    (to) tout /taʊt/
    A v. i.
    1 (comm.) andare in cerca di clienti; sollecitare ordinazioni; fare il propagandista (o il piazzista)
    B v. t.
    2 pubblicizzare; reclamizzare: This hotel is touted as the best in town, questo albergo viene reclamizzato come il migliore della città
    ● (comm.) to tout for orders, sollecitare ordinazioni □ (polit.) to tout for votes, andare in cerca di voti.
    * * *
    [taʊt] I
    1) BE (selling tickets) bagarino m.
    2) comm. spreg. (soliciting custom) imbonitore m. (-trice)
    3) (in horseracing) = chi vende informazioni sui cavalli concorrenti
    II 1.
    1) [ street merchant] imbonire
    2) BE (illegally) rivendere illegalmente [ tickets]
    3) (publicize) pubblicizzare, reclamizzare [product, invention]
    2.

    English-Italian dictionary > tout

  • 2 hawker

    1. n охотник с ястребом или соколом
    2. n сокольник
    3. n уличный торговец, лоточник
    Синонимический ряд:
    peddler (noun) cheap-jack; cheap-john; higgler; huckster; monger; mongerer; news vendor; outcrier; packman; paper boy; peddler; piepoudre; roadman; salesperson; street merchant; street seller; vendor

    English-Russian base dictionary > hawker

  • 3 sting

    I n AmE sl
    1)
    2)

    It was a good sting, baby — Ты свистнула приличную сумму, малышка

    II vi AmE sl III vt sl
    1)
    2) AmE

    "We've been stung!" they hollered — "Нас заманили в ловушку!" - орали они

    The new dictionary of modern spoken language > sting

  • 4 tout

    A n
    1 GB ( selling tickets) revendeur m de billets au marché noir ;
    2 Comm ( person soliciting custom) racoleur/-euse ○ m/f pej ;
    3 Turf vendeur m de tuyaux.
    B vtr
    1 [street merchant] vendre (en faisant du boniment) ;
    2 GB ( illegally) revendre [qch] au marché noir [tickets] ;
    3 ( publicize loudly) vanter les mérites de [product, invention] ; claironner [good results] ; much touted tant vanté.
    C vi ( solicit) racoler ○ pej ; to tout for business racoler ○ la clientèle ; to tout for votes racoler ○ des électeurs.

    Big English-French dictionary > tout

  • 5 scrap

    I
    1. skræp noun
    1) (a small piece or fragment: a scrap of paper.) pedacito, retazo
    2) ((usually in plural) a piece of food left over after a meal: They gave the scraps to the dog.) restos, sobras
    3) (waste articles that are only valuable for the material they contain: The old car was sold as scrap; (also adjective) scrap metal.) chatarra
    4) (a picture etc for sticking into a scrapbook.) recorte

    2. verb
    (to discard: They scapped the old television set; She decided to scrap the whole plan.) desechar
    - scrappily
    - scrappiness
    - scrapbook
    - scrap heap
    II
    1. skræp noun
    (a fight: He tore his jacket in a scrap with another boy.) pelea

    2. verb
    (to fight: The dogs were scrapping over a bone.) pelear(se)
    1. trozo / pedazo
    2. chatarra
    tr[skræp]
    1 (of paper, cloth, etc) trozo, trocito, pedazo; (of news, conversation) fragmento, migaja
    2 (of metal) chatarra
    1 (throw away) desechar; (cars etc) convertir en chatarra, desguazar
    2 figurative use (idea) descartar; (plan) abandonar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    scrap (metal) dealer chatarrero,-a
    scrap metal chatarra
    scrap paper papel nombre masculino de borrador
    scrap yard (gen) parque de chatarra, chatarrería 2 (for cars) cementerio de coches
    ————————
    tr[skræp]
    1 pelearse
    scrap ['skræp] v, scrapped ; scrapping vt
    discard: desechar
    scrap vi
    fight: pelearse
    1) fragment: pedazo m, trozo m
    2) fight: pelea f
    3) or scrap metal : chatarra f
    4) scraps npl
    leftovers: restos mpl, sobras fpl
    adj.
    • de desecho expr.
    • desechado, -a adj.
    n.
    • bronquina s.f.
    • fragmento s.m.
    • pedazo s.m.
    • recorte s.m.
    • retazo s.m.
    • sobras s.f.pl.
    • virutas s.f.pl.
    • ñaque s.m.
    v.
    • achatarrar v.
    • derogar v.
    • tirar v.
    skræp
    I
    1)
    a) c (of paper, cloth, leather) pedacito m, trocito m
    b) ( single bit) (with neg, no pl)

    she hasn't done a scrap of work — no ha movido un dedo, no ha hecho absolutamente nada, no ha dado golpe (Esp fam)

    2) scraps pl sobras fpl, sobros mpl (AmC)

    we sold our car for scrap — vendimos el coche como chatarra; (before n)

    scrap dealer — chatarrero, -ra m,f

    scrap merchant — chatarrero, -ra m,f

    scrap paper — papel m para borrador

    4) c ( fight) (colloq) agarrada f (fam), pelea f

    II
    1.
    - pp- transitive verb
    a) (abandon, cancel) \<\<idea\>\> desechar, descartar; \<\<plan\>\> abandonar; \<\<regulation\>\> abolir*
    b) ( convert to scrap) \<\<car/ship/machinery\>\> desguazar* or (Méx) deshuesar or (Chi) desarmar
    c) ( throw away) tirar a la basura, botar (AmL exc RPl)

    2.
    vi (colloq) pelearse

    I [skræp]
    1. N
    1) (=small piece) pedacito m ; [of newspaper] recorte m ; [of material] retal m, retazo m ; (fig) pizca f

    • it's a scrap of comfort — es una migaja de consolación

    • a few scraps of news — unos fragmentos de noticias

    • there is not a scrap of truth in it — no hay ni un ápice de verdad en eso, no tiene nada de cierto

    not a scrap! — ¡ni pizca!, ¡en absoluto!

    • a scrap of paper — un trocito de papel

    2) scraps (=leftovers) restos mpl, sobras fpl
    3) (also: scrap metal) chatarra f, desecho m de hierro

    • what is it worth as scrap? — ¿cuánto vale como chatarra?

    • to sell a ship for scrap — vender un barco como chatarra

    2.
    VT [+ car, ship etc] chatarrear, convertir en chatarra; [+ old equipment etc] tirar; [+ idea, plan etc] desechar, descartar

    • we had to scrap that idea — tuvimos que descartar or desechar esa idea

    • in the end the plan was scrapped — al final se desechó or se descartó el plan

    3.
    CPD

    scrap heap N — montón m de desechos

    to throw sth on the scrap heap — (fig) desechar or descartar algo

    to be on the scrap heap — [person] no tener nada a que agarrarse

    scrap iron N — chatarra f, hierro m viejo

    scrap paper N — pedazos mpl de papel suelto (que se utilizan para borrador)

    scrap value N — valor m como chatarra

    its scrap value is £30 — como chatarra vale 30 libras

    scrap yard N — chatarrería f ; (for cars) cementerio m de coches


    II * [skræp]
    1.
    N (=fight) riña f, pelea f

    there was a scrap outside the pub — hubo una riña or pelea a la salida del pub

    to get into or have a scrap with sb — reñir or pelearse con algn

    2.
    VI reñir, pelearse ( with sb con algn)
    * * *
    [skræp]
    I
    1)
    a) c (of paper, cloth, leather) pedacito m, trocito m
    b) ( single bit) (with neg, no pl)

    she hasn't done a scrap of work — no ha movido un dedo, no ha hecho absolutamente nada, no ha dado golpe (Esp fam)

    2) scraps pl sobras fpl, sobros mpl (AmC)

    we sold our car for scrap — vendimos el coche como chatarra; (before n)

    scrap dealer — chatarrero, -ra m,f

    scrap merchant — chatarrero, -ra m,f

    scrap paper — papel m para borrador

    4) c ( fight) (colloq) agarrada f (fam), pelea f

    II
    1.
    - pp- transitive verb
    a) (abandon, cancel) \<\<idea\>\> desechar, descartar; \<\<plan\>\> abandonar; \<\<regulation\>\> abolir*
    b) ( convert to scrap) \<\<car/ship/machinery\>\> desguazar* or (Méx) deshuesar or (Chi) desarmar
    c) ( throw away) tirar a la basura, botar (AmL exc RPl)

    2.
    vi (colloq) pelearse

    English-spanish dictionary > scrap

  • 6 bank

    1. сущ.
    1) банк. банк (финансовая организация, которая сосредоточивает временно свободные денежные средства в виде принятых вкладов и предоставляет их во временное пользование в виде кредитов (займов, ссуд), а также оказывает населению и предприятиям услуги по проведению расчетов)

    ATTRIBUTES:

    Syn:
    See:
    accepting bank, acquiring bank, advising bank, agent bank, agricultural bank, Agricultural Credit Bank, avalizing bank, bank of first deposit, bankers' bank, bridge bank, central bank, clearing bank, collecting bank, commercial bank, community bank, concentration bank, confirming bank, consortium bank, consumer bank, cooperative bank, correspondent bank, dealer bank, depositary bank, development bank, district bank, drive-in bank, eurobank, Export-Import Bank, Farm Credit Bank, Federal Intermediate Credit Bank, Federal Land Bank, Federal Reserve Bank, foreign trade bank, full-service bank, Girobank, high-street bank, independent bank, industrial bank, in-house bank, internet bank, investment bank, issuing bank, lead bank, limited-service bank, member bank, merchant bank, mortgage bank, national bank, negotiating bank, nominated bank, nonbank bank, notifying bank, offshore bank, one-stop bank, opening bank, paying bank, presenting bank, private bank, receiving bank, regional bank, remitting bank, reserve city bank, respondent bank, retail bank, savings bank, state bank, super regional bank, unit bank, universal bank, wholesale bank, wildcat bank, bank acceptance, bank advertising, Bank Advisory Committee, bank balance, bank bill, bank charges, bank cheque, bank commission, bank crisis, bank draft, bank guarantee, bank manager, bank marketing, bank statement, bank supervisor COMBS: bank affiliate export trading company, Bank Export Services Act, Association of Central African Banks, Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa, Arab International Bank, Bank for International Settlements, Central American Bank for Economic Integration, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, European Investment Bank, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Latin American Export Bank, Nordic Investment Bank, World Bank, Federal Reserve System, clearing 4), deposit 1. 1), loan 1. 1), а interbank
    2) эк. фонд; резерв; место хранения запасов
    See:
    2. гл.
    1) банк. класть деньги в банк; держать деньги в банке; вести дела с банком

    to bank with The Royal Bank of Scotland Group — держать деньги в "Ройял бэнк оф Скотланд Груп"

    2) банк. держать банк, быть владельцем банка; осуществлять банковские операции, заниматься банковской деятельностью
    See:
    3) общ. хранить что-л. про запас

    * * *
    Bk 1) банк: компания, специализирующаяся на приеме вкладов, кредитовании, осуществлении расчетов и др. финансовых операций; см. central bank, commercial bank, investment bank, merchant bank; 2) держать деньги в банке.
    * * *
    . . Словарь экономических терминов .
    * * *
    Банки/Банковские операции
    финансово-кредитное учреждение, накапливающее денежные средства, предоставляющее займы, ссуды и осуществляющее денежные расчеты, учет векселей, выпуск денег и ценных бумаг

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > bank

  • 7 trader

    сущ.
    1) торг. торговец (любое лицо физическое или юридическое, которое торгует финансовыми инструментами, товарами или услугами)

    credit card trader — торговец, принимающий к оплате кредитные карты

    fair trader — торговец на ярмарке, ярмарочный торговец

    Syn:
    See:
    2) бирж. биржевой маклер; трейдер
    а) ( физическое лицо — участник биржевых торгов, клиент биржи, осуществляющий биржевые сделки за собственный счет или по поручению клиентов, не является биржевым работником, не находится в штате биржи, не организует биржевые торги)
    See:
    б) (работник брокерской фирмы, непосредственно участвующий в биржевой торговле)
    Syn:
    See:
    3) эк. спекулянт
    4) трансп., мор. торговое судно

    * * *
    "трейдер": любое лицо, которое торгует финансовыми инструментами, товарами или услугами за счет клиентов или за свой счет; может быть купцом, брокером, дилером, принципалом, спекулянтом; = competitive trader; dealer; floor trader; merchant.
    * * *
    . тот, кто покупает и продает ценные бумаги за свой лицевой счет, а не от имени клиента; . Глоссарий финансовых и биржевых терминов .

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > trader

  • 8 trader

    noun (a person who trades.) comerciante
    trader n comerciante
    tr['treɪdəSMALLr/SMALL]
    trader ['treɪdər] n
    : negociante mf, tratante mf, comerciante mf
    n.
    • comerciante s.m.,f.
    • traficante s.m.,f.
    • tratante s.m.
    'treɪdər, 'treɪdə(r)
    noun ( merchant) comerciante mf

    market trader — puestero, -ra m,f, feriante mf (CS), marchante, -ta m,f (Méx)

    ['treɪdǝ(r)]
    N comerciante mf, negociante mf ; (=street trader) vendedor(a) m / f ambulante; (Hist) mercader m
    * * *
    ['treɪdər, 'treɪdə(r)]
    noun ( merchant) comerciante mf

    market trader — puestero, -ra m,f, feriante mf (CS), marchante, -ta m,f (Méx)

    English-spanish dictionary > trader

  • 9 bank

    I 1. noun
    1) (slope) Böschung, die
    2) (at side of river) Ufer, das
    3) (in bed of sea or river) Bank, die
    4) (mass)

    a bank of clouds/fog — eine Wolken-/Nebelbank

    2. transitive verb
    1) überhöhen [Straße, Kurve]
    2) (heap)

    bank [up] — aufschichten

    bank [up] the fire with coal — Kohlen auf das Feuer schichten

    3) in die Kurve legen [Flugzeug]
    3. intransitive verb
    [Flugzeug:] sich in die Kurve legen
    II 1. noun
    (Commerc., Finance, Gaming) Bank, die

    central bank — Zentralbank, die

    2. intransitive verb
    1)

    bank at/with... — ein Konto haben bei...

    2)

    bank on something — (fig.) auf etwas (Akk.) zählen

    3. transitive verb III noun
    (row) Reihe, die
    * * *
    I 1. [bæŋk] noun
    1) (a mound or ridge (of earth etc): The child climbed the bank to pick flowers.) der Erdwall
    2) (the ground at the edge of a river, lake etc: The river overflowed its banks.) das Ufer
    3) (a raised area of sand under the sea: a sand-bank.) die (Sand-)Bank
    2. verb
    1) ((often with up) to form into a bank or banks: The earth was banked up against the wall of the house.) aufhäufen
    2) (to tilt (an aircraft etc) while turning: The plane banked steeply.) in die Kurve gehen
    II 1. [bæŋk] noun
    1) (a place where money is lent or exchanged, or put for safety and/or to acquire interest: He has plenty of money in the bank; I must go to the bank today.) die Bank
    2) (a place for storing other valuable material: A blood bank.) die Bank
    2. verb
    (to put into a bank: He banks his wages every week.) in die Bank einzahlen
    - academic.ru/5344/banker">banker
    - bank book
    - banker's card
    - bank holiday
    - bank-note
    - bank on     III [bæŋk] noun
    (a collection of rows (of instruments etc): The modern pilot has banks of instruments.) die Reihe
    * * *
    bank1
    [bæŋk]
    I. n
    1. of a river Ufer nt; (sloping) Böschung f; (elevated area) Abhang m; RAIL Bahndamm m
    \bank of fog Nebelbank f, Nebelwand f
    grassy \banks grüne Hänge
    2. of a road, railway [Kurven]überhöhung f
    3. (of aircraft) Querlage f, Schräglage f
    4. (row of objects) Reihe f
    5. (oar tier) Ruderbank f
    II. vi AVIAT in die Querlage [o in den Kurvenflug] gehen, den Kurvenflug einleiten
    III. vt
    ▪ to \bank sth etw anhäufen [o aufschichten]
    to \bank a fire ein Feuer mit Asche bedecken
    to \bank an aircraft ein Flugzeug in die Querlage bringen [o in die Kurve legen
    3. (confine)
    ▪ to \bank sth water etw eindämmen [o eingrenzen]
    bank2
    [bæŋk]
    I. n
    central \bank Zentralbank f, Notenbank f
    merchant \bank BRIT Merchant Bank f (Spezialinstitut für verschiedenste Finanzierungsleistungen: Groß- und Überseehandel und Emissionsgeschäfte)
    national \bank AM von der Bundesregierung zugelassene Bank
    state \bank staatliche Bank; AM einzelstaatlich konzessionierte Bank
    World B\bank Weltbank f
    B\bank of England Bank von England f (englische Zentralbank)
    \bank for international payments internationale Zahlungsverkehrsbank f
    B\bank for International Settlements [or BIZ] Bank f für internationalen Zahlungsausgleich
    to break the \bank die Bank sprengen
    to keep sth in a \bank etw auf [o bei] der Bank deponieren [o hinterlegen]
    to pay sth into a \bank etw bei einer Bank einzahlen
    to have money at [or in] a \bank Geld auf der Bank haben
    2. (banker in gambling) [Spiel]bank f, Bankhalter(in) m(f)
    to play \bank die Bank halten
    3. (storage place) Bank f
    II. vi
    1. (have an account) ein Bankkonto haben; (transact) Bankgeschäfte machen
    ▪ to \bank with [or at] sb bei jdm ein Konto haben
    where do you \bank? bei welcher Bank sind Sie?
    2. AM (work in banking) in [o bei] einer Bank arbeiten
    3. (in gambling) die Bank halten
    III. vt
    to \bank money Geld [auf [o bei] der Bank] einzahlen
    to \bank valuables Wertsachen [in [o bei] einer Bank] deponieren
    * * *
    I [bŋk]
    1. n
    1) (of earth, sand) Wall m, Damm m; (RAIL) (Bahn)damm m; (= slope) Böschung f, Abhang m; (on racetrack) Kurvenüberhöhung f
    2) (of river, lake) Ufer nt

    we sat on the banks of a river/lake — wir saßen an einem Fluss/See or Fluss-/Seeufer

    3) (in sea, river) (Sand)bank f
    4) (of clouds) Wand f, Bank f
    5) (AVIAT) Querlage f
    2. vt
    1) road überhöhen
    2) river mit einer Böschung versehen, einfassen
    3) plane in die Querlage bringen
    3. vi (AVIAT)
    den Kurvenflug einleiten, in die Querlage gehen II
    1. n
    1) Bank f
    2) (GAMBLING) Bank f
    3) (MED) Bank f
    4) (fig) Vorrat m (of an +dat)
    2. vt
    money zur Bank bringen, einzahlen
    3. vi
    III
    n
    1) (NAUT: rower's bench) Ruderbank f
    2) (= row of objects, oars) Reihe f; (on organ, typewriter) (Tasten)reihe f
    * * *
    bank1 [bæŋk]
    A s
    1. WIRTSCH Bank(haus) f(n):
    bank of deposit Depositenbank;
    the Bank of England die Bank von England;
    bank of issue ( oder circulation) Noten-, Emissionsbank;
    at the bank auf der Bank;
    he’s got a lot of money in the bank auf der Bank;
    deposit money in ( oder at) a bank Geld in einer Bank deponieren;
    go to the bank zur oder auf die Bank gehen
    2. ( besonders Kinder)Sparbüchse f
    3. Bank f (bei Glücksspielen):
    be ( oder hold, keep) the bank die Bank halten;
    a) die Bank sprengen,
    b) fig mehr sein wollen, als man sich leisten kann
    4. a) (Blut-, Daten- etc) Bank f
    b) (Altglas- etc) Container m
    5. Vorrat m, Reserve f ( beide:
    of an dat)
    B v/i
    1. WIRTSCH Bankgeschäfte machen
    2. WIRTSCH ein Bankkonto haben ( with bei), Geld auf der Bank haben:
    where do you bank? welche Bankverbindung haben Sie?, bei welcher Bank haben Sie Ihr Konto?
    3. Geld auf die Bank bringen
    4. die Bank halten (bei Glücksspielen)
    5. bank (up)on fig bauen oder sich verlassen auf (akk):
    bank on sb(’s) doing ( oder on sb to do) sth fest damit rechnen, dass jemand etwas tut
    C v/t
    1. WIRTSCH Geld bei einer Bank einzahlen, auf die Bank bringen
    2. MED Blut etc konservieren und aufbewahren
    bank2 [bæŋk]
    A s
    1. Erdwall m, Damm m, Wall m
    2. (Straßen- etc) Böschung f
    3. Überhöhung f (einer Straße etc in Kurven)
    4. Abhang m
    5. Ufer n (eines Flusses etc):
    on the banks of an den Ufern (gen)
    6. (Fels-, Sand) Bank f, Untiefe f
    7. Bank f, Wand f, Wall m, Zusammenballung f:
    bank of clouds Wolkenbank;
    bank of snow Schneewall, -wächte f
    8. GEOL Bank f, Steinlage f (in Steinbrüchen)
    a) bearbeitetes Kohlenlager
    b) Tagesfläche f des Grubenfeldes
    10. FLUG Querneigung f, Schräglage f (in der Kurve):
    angle of bank Querneigungswinkel m
    11. Billard: Bande f
    B v/t
    1. eindämmen, mit einem Wall umgeben
    2. eine Straße etc (in der Kurve) überhöhen:
    banked curve überhöhte Kurve
    3. bank up aufhäufen, zusammenballen
    4. FLUG in die Kurve legen, in Schräglage bringen
    5. ein Feuer mit Asche belegen (um den Zug zu vermindern)
    C v/i
    1. auch bank up sich aufhäufen, sich zusammenballen
    2. überhöht sein (Straße, Kurve)
    3. eine Bank bilden (Wolken etc)
    4. FLUG in die Kurve gehen
    bank3 [bæŋk]
    A s
    1. TECH
    a) Gruppe f, Reihe f (z. B. Tastatur der Schreibmaschine):
    bank of capacitors ELEK Kondensator(en)batterie f;
    bank lights Lampenaggregat n;
    bank transformers Gruppentransformatoren
    b) Reihenanordnung f
    2. HIST
    a) Ruderbank f (in einer Galeere)
    b) Reihe f von Ruderern
    B v/t in (einer) Reihe anordnen
    bk abk
    1. bank
    2. book
    * * *
    I 1. noun
    1) (slope) Böschung, die
    2) (at side of river) Ufer, das

    a bank of clouds/fog — eine Wolken-/Nebelbank

    2. transitive verb
    1) überhöhen [Straße, Kurve]

    bank [up] — aufschichten

    bank [up] the fire with coal — Kohlen auf das Feuer schichten

    3) in die Kurve legen [Flugzeug]
    3. intransitive verb
    [Flugzeug:] sich in die Kurve legen
    II 1. noun
    (Commerc., Finance, Gaming) Bank, die

    central bank — Zentralbank, die

    2. intransitive verb
    1)

    bank at/with... — ein Konto haben bei...

    2)

    bank on something — (fig.) auf etwas (Akk.) zählen

    3. transitive verb III noun
    (row) Reihe, die
    * * *
    (Finances) n.
    Bank —en f. (landscape) n.
    Böschung -en f. n.
    Damm ¨-e m.
    Reihe -n f.
    Wall ¨-e m.

    English-german dictionary > bank

  • 10 engineer

    1. noun
    1) Ingenieur, der/Ingenieurin, die; (service engineer, installation engineer) Techniker, der/Technikerin, die
    2) (maker or designer of engines) Maschinenbauingenieur, der
    3)

    [ship's] engineer — Maschinist, der

    2. transitive verb
    1) (coll.): (contrive) arrangieren; entwickeln [Plan]
    2) (manage construction of) konstruieren
    * * *
    1) (a person who designs, makes, or works with, machinery: an electrical engineer.) der Ingenieur
    2) ((usually civil engineer) a person who designs, constructs, or maintains roads, railways, bridges, sewers etc.) der Ingenieur
    3) (an officer who manages a ship's engines.) der Maschinist
    4) ((American) an engine-driver.) der Lokomotivführer
    * * *
    en·gi·neer
    [ˌenʤɪˈnɪəʳ, AM -ˈnɪr]
    I. n
    1. (qualified in engineering) Ingenieur(in) m(f); (in navy) [Schiffs]ingenieur(in) m(f); (on merchant ship) Maschinist(in) m(f); (maintains machines) [Wartungs]ingenieur(in) m(f); (controls engines) Techniker(in) m(f); MIL Technischer Offizier
    civil/electrical/mechanical \engineer Bau-/Elektro-/Maschinenbauingenieur(in) m(f)
    2. ( pej: contriver) Arrangeur(in) m(f) (of von + dat)
    3. AM (engine driver) Lok[omotiv]führer(in) m(f)
    II. vt
    ▪ to \engineer sth
    1. usu passive (construct precisely) etw konstruieren
    to \engineer a bridge/street eine Brücke/Straße bauen
    2. ( pej: skilfully contrive) etw arrangieren
    how did you manage to \engineer that invitation to the party? wie bist du bloß an diese Einladung zu der Party gekommen?
    to \engineer a coup einen Coup vorbereiten
    to \engineer a meeting ein Treffen arrangieren
    to \engineer a plan [or scheme] einen Plan aushecken [o entwickeln]
    * * *
    ["endZI'nIə(r)]
    1. n
    1) (TECH) Techniker(in) m(f); (with university degree etc) Ingenieur(in) m(f)

    the Engineers (Mil) — die Pioniere pl

    2) (NAUT on merchant ships) Maschinist(in) m(f); (in Navy) (Schiffs)ingenieur(in) m(f)
    4) (fig of scheme) Arrangeur(in) m(f)
    2. vt
    1) (TECH) konstruieren
    2) (fig) election, campaign, coup organisieren; downfall, plot arrangieren, einfädeln; success, victory in die Wege leiten; (SPORT) goal einfädeln
    * * *
    engineer [ˌendʒıˈnıə(r)]
    A s
    1. a) Ingenieur(in)
    b) Techniker(in)
    c) Mechaniker(in):
    engineers pl TEL Stördienst m
    2. auch SCHIFF Maschinist(in)
    3. BAHN US Lokomotivführer(in)
    4. MIL Pionier m:
    engineer combat battalion leichtes Pionierbataillon;
    engineer construction battalion schweres Pionierbataillon;
    engineer group Pionierregiment n
    5. Bergbau: Kunststeiger m
    B v/t
    1. Straßen, Brücken etc (er)bauen, anlegen, konstruieren, errichten
    2. fig (geschickt) in die Wege leiten, organisieren, deichseln, einfädeln (beide umg)
    C v/i als Ingenieur etc tätig sein
    e. abk
    eng. abk
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) Ingenieur, der/Ingenieurin, die; (service engineer, installation engineer) Techniker, der/Technikerin, die
    2) (maker or designer of engines) Maschinenbauingenieur, der
    3)

    [ship's] engineer — Maschinist, der

    2. transitive verb
    1) (coll.): (contrive) arrangieren; entwickeln [Plan]
    2) (manage construction of) konstruieren
    * * *
    (US) n.
    Maschinist m. n.
    Ingenieur m.
    Pionier -e m.
    Techniker m.

    English-german dictionary > engineer

  • 11 set\ up

    1. III
    1) set up smth. /smth. up/ set up a tent (a scarecrow, a fence, posts, a statue, etc.) (по)ставить палатку и т.д.; set up a house (a building, a school, a factory, etc.) построить /возвести/ дом и т.д.; set up one's easel (a printing-press, etc.) установить мольберт и т.д.; set up a monument воздвигнуть монумент; set up a camp разбить лагерь; I set up a camera in the shade я установил фотоаппарат в тени
    2) set up smth. /smth. up/ set up a notice (a flag, a slogan, streamers, etc.) вывешивать объявление и т.д.
    3) set up smth. /smth. up/ set up a government (a state, a commission, etc.) создать /сформировать/правительство и т.д., set up a republic установить республику; set up a Cabinet (opposition, a board of directors, a tribunal, etc.) создать /сформировать/ кабинет и т.д.; set up a special committee учредить специальную комиссию; set up a company (a business, a newspaper, a fund, etc.) основать компанию и т.д.; we shall have to set up a new laboratory нам придется организовать /создать/ новую лабораторию; he set up a small bookshop он открыл небольшой книжный магазин и т.д.; they set up a bank robbery они организовали /устроили/ ограбление банка; set up friendly relations установить /наладить/ дружеские отношения
    4) set up smth. / smth. up/ set up new laws (new rules, a new economic order, an international control system, a quota, a custom, etc.) устанавливать /вводить/ новые законы и т.д.; set up a national control of electric power ввести государственный контроль над расходованием электроэнергии; set up a new principle (a theory, etc.) выдвигать новый принцип и т.д.; set up an original method предложить оригинальный метод; set up a program (me) (the main requirements, a new approach, etc.) разработать программу и т.д.; set up a defence построить /создать/ новую систему обороны; set up a record установить рекорд; set up a claim (a counter-claim, etc.) предъявлять иск и т.д.
    5) set up smth. /smth. up/ set up a howl (a terrific noise, a loud cry, etc.) поднимать вой и т.д.; set up a commotion (a row, a scuffling, etc.) устраивать волнения и т.д.; set up an alarm поднимать тревогу; the wheels set up a tremendous creaking колеса начали отчаянно скрипеть; the wind sets up a humming in the wires от ветра начинают гудеть провода; set up a rash (an inflammation, a swelling, infection, etc.) вызывать сыпь и т.д.
    6) set up smb. /smb. up/ coll. this medicine set him up это лекарство поставило его на ноги; the fresh country air set her up свежий деревенский воздух восстановил ее здоровье; а fortnight in the country (a holiday, a change of air, etc.) will set you up двухнедельное пребывание в деревне и т.д. вернет вам силы; you want some good walks (fresh air, some rest, etc.) to set you up для хорошего самочувствия вам необходимы /нужны, полезны/ длительные прогулки и т.д.
    7) set up smth. /smth. up/ print set up a page (a book, a manuscript, type, etc.) набирать полосу и т.д.
    2. IV
    1) set up smth. /smth. up/ in some manner set up ninepins again снова поднять /поставить/ [упавшие] кегли
    2) set up smb. /smb. up/ in some manner this fine air (a change of air, her holiday in the country, etc.) set her up again этот прекрасный воздух и т.д. вновь поставил ее на ноги; а summer in the camp sets up a boy wonderfully лето [пребывания] в лагере является прекрасной закалкой /тренировкой/ для мальчиков
    3. VII
    set up smth. /smth. up/ to do smth. set up an international organization to maintain peace (to carry out the programme), to guard the world against the atomic bomb, etc.) создать международную организацию для борьбы за мир и т.д.
    4. XI
    1) be set up at some time the camp and the aerodrome were set up later лагерь и аэродром были построены позднее; be set up somewhere the portrait was set up on the stage портрет был установлен на сцене; special seats had to be set up around the sides of the hall по бокам зала пришлось поставить дополнительные стулья /устроить дополнительные места/
    2) be set up on smth. an inscription was set up on the tablet на плите была высечена надпись
    3) be set up with smth. be set up with food (with clothes, with cars, with equipment, etc.) for an expedition быть обеспеченным продовольствием и т.д. на все время экспедиции; I am set up with novels for the winter у меня теперь книг [хватит] на всю зиму
    4) be set up infection (swelling, irritation, etc.) was set up появилась инфекция и т.д.; the doctor has no idea how the condition was first set up врач не имеет представления, что явилось причиной такого состояния
    5) be set up in some manner he is quite set up again он опять на ногах /хорошо себя чувствует/
    5. XVI
    1) set up in smth. set up in trade (in business, in law, etc.) открывать собственное предприятие и т.д.
    2) set up for smb. coll. set up for a man of wit претендовать на остроумие; set up for a scholar (for a profound scientist, for a critic, for a moralist, for a gentleman, for an atheist, etc.) a) считать себя ученым и т.д.; б) выдавать себя за ученого и т.д.; I don't set up for an authority я не претендую на то, чтобы считаться авторитетом
    6. XX1
    set up as smb. set up as a lawyer (as a doctor, as a chemist, etc.) открыть свою юридическую контору и т.д.
    7. XXI1
    1) set up smth. /smth. up/ along (in, on, etc.) smth. set up posts along the street (milestones along a road, machines in their places, telephone booths in the street, etc.) ставить столбы вдоль улицы и т.д.; set up a home in the country (in another city, etc.) создать там и т.д. дом /семью/; set men up on a chess-board расставлять фигуры на шахматной доске; set up smb. /smb. up/ to smth. set up a claimant to the throne возвести претендента на престол, посадить претендента на трон
    2) set up smb. /smb. up/ over smb. set oneself up over one's colleagues (over one's people, etc.) ставить себя выше своих коллег и т.д.; set up smb. /smb. up/ for smb. although he is such an ignorant fellow, he sets himself up for a critic человек он невежественный, а претендует на то, чтобы критиковать других
    3) set up smth., smb. /smth., smb. up/ in smth. set up a shop in a new neighbourhood открыть магазин в новом районе; set up one's office in one of the rooms in the building открыть свою контору в одной из комнат этого здания; he wishes to set himself up in business all for himself ему хочется стать во главе собственного дела; set up an office in the Department of Agriculture сформировать отдел в министерстве земледелия; set up a policy board at high government level сформировать политический комитет на высоком уровне
    4) set up smb. /smb. up/ in smth. set him up in business помочь ему открыть собственное дело; they set their son up in real estate они открыли для своего сына контору по продаже недвижимой собственности; set smb. up in life помочь кому-л. стать на ноги
    5) set up smth. /smth. up/ in /at/ smth. what defence did his lawyer set up at /in/ the trial? как построил его адвокат защиту на суде?
    6) set up smb. /smb. up/ with (in) smth. set him up with books (with clothing, with equipment, with food, etc.) обеспечивать его книгами и т.д.; set him up in funds предоставить ему нужные фонды /деньги/, материально обеспечить его
    7) set up smth. /smth. up/ in (on, etc.) smth. set up an irritation in one's throat (this rash on my face, an itch on the skin, etc.) вызывать раздражение горла и т.д.; I wonder what has set up inflammation on the wound не могу понять, отчего воспалилась рана
    8) set up smth. /smth. up/ in smth. print. set a page (a manuscript, a book, etc.) up in type сделать набор полосы и т.д.
    8. XXIV1
    set smb. up as smb.
    1) set smb. up as a tobacconist помочь кому-л. открыть собственный табачный магазин; set oneself up as a grocer начать торговлю бакалейными товарами
    2) set oneself up as an authority (as an important fellow, as a merchant, as a scholar, etc.) считать себя специалистом /авторитетом/ и т.д. или выдавать себя за специалиста и т.д.

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > set\ up

  • 12 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 13 Evans, Oliver

    [br]
    b. 13 September 1755 Newport, Delaware, USA
    d. 15 April 1819 New York, USA
    [br]
    American millwright and inventor of the first automatic corn mill.
    [br]
    He was the fifth child of Charles and Ann Stalcrop Evans, and by the age of 15 he had four sisters and seven brothers. Nothing is known of his schooling, but at the age of 17 he was apprenticed to a Newport wheelwright and wagon-maker. At 19 he was enrolled in a Delaware Militia Company in the Revolutionary War but did not see active service. About this time he invented a machine for bending and cutting off the wires in textile carding combs. In July 1782, with his younger brother, Joseph, he moved to Tuckahoe on the eastern shore of the Delaware River, where he had the basic idea of the automatic flour mill. In July 1782, with his elder brothers John and Theophilus, he bought part of his father's Newport farm, on Red Clay Creek, and planned to build a mill there. In 1793 he married Sarah Tomlinson, daughter of a Delaware farmer, and joined his brothers at Red Clay Creek. He worked there for some seven years on his automatic mill, from about 1783 to 1790.
    His system for the automatic flour mill consisted of bucket elevators to raise the grain, a horizontal screw conveyor, other conveying devices and a "hopper boy" to cool and dry the meal before gathering it into a hopper feeding the bolting cylinder. Together these components formed the automatic process, from incoming wheat to outgoing flour packed in barrels. At that time the idea of such automation had not been applied to any manufacturing process in America. The mill opened, on a non-automatic cycle, in 1785. In January 1786 Evans applied to the Delaware legislature for a twenty-five-year patent, which was granted on 30 January 1787 although there was much opposition from the Quaker millers of Wilmington and elsewhere. He also applied for patents in Pennsylvania, Maryland and New Hampshire. In May 1789 he went to see the mill of the four Ellicot brothers, near Baltimore, where he was impressed by the design of a horizontal screw conveyor by Jonathan Ellicot and exchanged the rights to his own elevator for those of this machine. After six years' work on his automatic mill, it was completed in 1790. In the autumn of that year a miller in Brandywine ordered a set of Evans's machinery, which set the trend toward its general adoption. A model of it was shown in the Market Street shop window of Robert Leslie, a watch-and clockmaker in Philadelphia, who also took it to England but was unsuccessful in selling the idea there.
    In 1790 the Federal Plant Laws were passed; Evans's patent was the third to come within the new legislation. A detailed description with a plate was published in a Philadelphia newspaper in January 1791, the first of a proposed series, but the paper closed and the series came to nothing. His brother Joseph went on a series of sales trips, with the result that some machinery of Evans's design was adopted. By 1792 over one hundred mills had been equipped with Evans's machinery, the millers paying a royalty of $40 for each pair of millstones in use. The series of articles that had been cut short formed the basis of Evans's The Young Millwright and Miller's Guide, published first in 1795 after Evans had moved to Philadelphia to set up a store selling milling supplies; it was 440 pages long and ran to fifteen editions between 1795 and 1860.
    Evans was fairly successful as a merchant. He patented a method of making millstones as well as a means of packing flour in barrels, the latter having a disc pressed down by a toggle-joint arrangement. In 1801 he started to build a steam carriage. He rejected the idea of a steam wheel and of a low-pressure or atmospheric engine. By 1803 his first engine was running at his store, driving a screw-mill working on plaster of Paris for making millstones. The engine had a 6 in. (15 cm) diameter cylinder with a stroke of 18 in. (45 cm) and also drove twelve saws mounted in a frame and cutting marble slabs at a rate of 100 ft (30 m) in twelve hours. He was granted a patent in the spring of 1804. He became involved in a number of lawsuits following the extension of his patent, particularly as he increased the licence fee, sometimes as much as sixfold. The case of Evans v. Samuel Robinson, which Evans won, became famous and was one of these. Patent Right Oppression Exposed, or Knavery Detected, a 200-page book with poems and prose included, was published soon after this case and was probably written by Oliver Evans. The steam engine patent was also extended for a further seven years, but in this case the licence fee was to remain at a fixed level. Evans anticipated Edison in his proposal for an "Experimental Company" or "Mechanical Bureau" with a capital of thirty shares of $100 each. It came to nothing, however, as there were no takers. His first wife, Sarah, died in 1816 and he remarried, to Hetty Ward, the daughter of a New York innkeeper. He was buried in the Bowery, on Lower Manhattan; the church was sold in 1854 and again in 1890, and when no relative claimed his body he was reburied in an unmarked grave in Trinity Cemetery, 57th Street, Broadway.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    E.S.Ferguson, 1980, Oliver Evans: Inventive Genius of the American Industrial Revolution, Hagley Museum.
    G.Bathe and D.Bathe, 1935, Oliver Evans: Chronicle of Early American Engineering, Philadelphia, Pa.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Evans, Oliver

  • 14 банк

    муж.
    1) фин. bank класть деньги в банк ≈ to bank, to deposit money at a bank превышать свой кредит в банке ≈ to overdraw( one's account) кредитный банк ≈ credit bank земельный банк ≈ land-bank инвестиционный банк ≈ investment bank Государственный банк ≈ the State Bank акционерный банк ≈ joint-stock bank учетный банк ≈ discount bank эмиссионный банк ≈ bank of issue Английский банк ≈ (государственный банк Великобритании) Bank of England, the Bank;
    Old Lady of Threadneedle Street центральный банк ≈ central bank клиринговый банк ≈ clearing bank класть в банк держать в банке
    2) карт. bank держать банк сорвать банк метать банк
    3) faro, banker( карточная игра)
    4) (запас, фонд каких-л. объектов;
    сосредоточение сведений) bank банк крови ≈ blood bank банк генов ≈ gene bank биол. банк данных ≈ data bank
    м. bank;
    акционерный ~ incorporated bank, joint-stock bank;
    государственный ~ State Bank;
    депозитный ~ deposit bank;
    инвестиционный ~ investment bank;
    ипотечный ~ mortgage bank;
    клиринговый ~ clearing bank;
    коммерческий ~ commercial bank;
    международный ~ international bank;
    национальный ~ national bank;
    сберегательный ~ savings bank;
    торговый ~ merchant bank;
    частный ~ private bank;
    эмиссионный ~ bank of issue, bank of circulation;
    ~-акцептант acception bank;
    ~-гарант guarantor bank;
    ~-депозитарий depositary bank;
    ~-корреспондент corresponding bank;
    ~-кредитор creditor bank;
    ~-ремитент remitting bank;
    ~-эмитент issuing bank;
    ~ данных data base, pool of data.

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > банк

  • 15 SCM

    1) Общая лексика: Отдел организации поставок (SEIC, как вариант), subsidies and countervailing measures
    2) Компьютерная техника: Skinned Character Model, solar constant monitor
    5) Американизм: Summary Court Martial
    8) Религия: Shalom Center Ministry
    9) Ветеринария: Solid Color Mare
    11) Музыка: Street Corner Music
    13) Телекоммуникации: Service Class Mark
    15) Электроника: Single Chip Module
    16) Вычислительная техника: ScreenCam Format (Lotus), Segment Control Module, Small Core Memory, System Control Module, scratch-pad memory, блокнотная память, сверхоперативная память, Service Control Manager (Windows, NT)
    17) Нефть: standard cubic meter
    18) Иммунология: spleen-conditioned medium
    19) Транспорт: Shipping Container Marking
    20) Фирменный знак: Siam Capital Management, Smith Corona Machines
    22) Деловая лексика: Special Cut Machine, Supplier Chain Management
    23) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: subcontract manager
    27) Океанография: Single Column Model
    28) Молочное производство: Solid Collected Milk
    31) Каспий: subsea control module
    32) Должность: Service Control Manager
    33) НАСА: Software Cost Model
    34) Программное обеспечение: Simulated Cache Manager

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > SCM

  • 16 Scm

    1) Общая лексика: Отдел организации поставок (SEIC, как вариант), subsidies and countervailing measures
    2) Компьютерная техника: Skinned Character Model, solar constant monitor
    5) Американизм: Summary Court Martial
    8) Религия: Shalom Center Ministry
    9) Ветеринария: Solid Color Mare
    11) Музыка: Street Corner Music
    13) Телекоммуникации: Service Class Mark
    15) Электроника: Single Chip Module
    16) Вычислительная техника: ScreenCam Format (Lotus), Segment Control Module, Small Core Memory, System Control Module, scratch-pad memory, блокнотная память, сверхоперативная память, Service Control Manager (Windows, NT)
    17) Нефть: standard cubic meter
    18) Иммунология: spleen-conditioned medium
    19) Транспорт: Shipping Container Marking
    20) Фирменный знак: Siam Capital Management, Smith Corona Machines
    22) Деловая лексика: Special Cut Machine, Supplier Chain Management
    23) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: subcontract manager
    27) Океанография: Single Column Model
    28) Молочное производство: Solid Collected Milk
    31) Каспий: subsea control module
    32) Должность: Service Control Manager
    33) НАСА: Software Cost Model
    34) Программное обеспечение: Simulated Cache Manager

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Scm

  • 17 speed

    spi:d
    1. noun
    1) (rate of moving: a slow speed; The car was travelling at high speed.) velocidad
    2) (quickness of moving.) rapidez

    2. verb
    1) ((past tense, past participles sped sped speeded) to (cause to) move or progress quickly; to hurry: The car sped/speeded along the motorway.) ir corriendo, ir a toda prisa, ir a toda velocidad
    2) ((past tense, past participle speeded) to drive very fast in a car etc, faster than is allowed by law: The policeman said that I had been speeding.) ir con exceso de velocidad
    •
    - speedy
    - speedily
    - speediness
    - speed bump
    - speed trap
    - speedometer
    - speed up
    speed1 n velocidad
    speed2 vb ir a gran velocidad

    speed m inv (tipo de droga sintética) speed ' speed' also found in these entries: Spanish: agilizar - aligerar - anfetamina - apresurar - AVE - caballo - caña - embalarse - ligereza - máquina - marcha - mecha - meter - obturación - punta - rapidez - rienda - tren - velocidad - vértigo - acelerar - activar - cambio - dar - grande - impulso - límite - lomo - media - patinaje - ritmo - sobrepasar - todo - tope English: accuracy - Arabian - breakneck - cruise speed - exceed - full - high - high-speed - pick up - speed - speed along - speed restriction - speed skater - speed trap - speed up - speed-skating - top - uniform - adjust - average - compare - constant - cruise - decrease - dizzy - estimate - fall - flat out - furious - gain - gather - get - give - high- - judge - knot - lightning - log - maintain - measure - momentum - pace - pick - rate - reduce - slacken - slow - spurt - steady
    tr[spiːd]
    ■ what speed were you doing? ¿a qué velocidad ibas?
    2 (sensitivity of film) sensibilidad nombre femenino, velocidad nombre femenino; (time of shutter) tiempo de exposición, abertura
    3 (gear) marcha, velocidad nombre femenino
    ■ a five-speed gearbox una caja de cambios de cinco marchas, una caja de cambios de cinco velocidades
    intransitive verb (pt & pp speeded o sped tr[sped])
    1 (go fast) ir corriendo, ir a toda prisa, ir a toda velocidad
    ■ the car sped away/off el coche se alejó a toda prisa
    2 (break limit) ir a exceso de velocidad
    1 (hurry - process, matter) acelerar
    2 (take quickly) hacer llegar rápidamente
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    at speed a gran velocidad
    at top speed / at full speed a toda velocidad
    God speed vaya con Dios
    to pick up speed / gather speed ganar velocidad, coger velocidad
    to speed somebody on their way despedir a alguien, desearle buen viaje a alguien
    speed bump SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL badén nombre masculino
    speed limit velocidad máxima, límite nombre masculino de velocidad
    speed trap control nombre masculino de velocidad
    speed ['spi:d] v, sped ['spɛd] or speeded ; speeding vi
    1) : ir a toda velocidad, correr a toda prisa
    he sped off: se fue a toda velocidad
    2) : conducir a exceso de velocidad
    a ticket for speeding: una multa por exceso de velocidad
    speed vt
    to speed up : acelerar
    1) swiftness: rapidez f
    2) velocity: velocidad f
    n.
    • galope s.m.
    • prisa s.f.
    • rapidez s.f.
    • velocidad s.f.
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: sped) = apresurar v.
    • darse prisa v.
    • despachar v.
    • exceder la velocidad permitida v.
    spiːd
    I
    1)
    a) c u (rate of movement, progress) velocidad f

    what speed were you doing? — ¿a qué velocidad ibas?

    what is its top speed? — ¿cuál es la velocidad máxima (que da)?

    they set off at top/high speed — salieron a toda/alta velocidad, salieron a todo lo que da

    to pick up o gather speed — cobrar or ganar or (esp Esp) coger* velocidad

    b) ( relative quickness) rapidez f
    2) c ( Phot)

    film speed — sensibilidad f de la película

    shutter speed — tiempo m de exposición

    3) c ( gear) velocidad f, marcha f
    4) u ( amphetamine) (sl) anfetas fpl (fam)

    II
    1.
    a) (past & past p sped) (go, pass quickly) (+ adv compl)

    the car sped off o away around the corner — el coche se alejó doblando la esquina a toda velocidad

    he sped by o past in his new sports car — nos pasó a toda velocidad con su nuevo coche deportivo

    b) (past & past p speeded) ( drive too fast) \<\<car/motorist\>\> ir* a velocidad excesiva

    2.
    vt (past & past p speeded) ( hasten) acelerar

    helicopters are being used to speed supplies to the area — están usando helicópteros para hacer llegar los suministros rápidamente a la zona

    Phrasal Verbs:
    [spiːd] (vb: pt, pp sped or speeded)
    1. N
    1) (=rate of movement) velocidad f, rapidez f; (=rapidity, haste) rapidez f, prisa f

    shorthand/typing speed — velocidad f en taquigrafía/mecanografía

    • at speed — a gran velocidad

    at a speed of 70km/h — a una velocidad de 70km por hora

    • what speed were you doing? — (Aut) ¿a qué velocidad ibas?

    • at full speed — a toda velocidad, a máxima velocidad

    full speed ahead! — ¡avante toda! *

    • to gather speed — acelerar, cobrar velocidad

    • the speed of light — la velocidad de la luz

    • the maximum speed is 120km/h — la velocidad máxima es de 120km por hora

    • to pick up speed — acelerar, cobrar velocidad

    • the speed of sound — la velocidad del sonido

    • at top speed — a toda velocidad, a máxima velocidad

    - be up to speed
    - bring sb up to speed
    - bring sth up to speed
    full 1., 3)
    2) (Aut, Tech) (=gear) velocidad f

    • a three-speed bike — una bicicleta de tres marchas or velocidades

    3) (Phot) velocidad f
    4) (Drugs) ** speed m, anfetamina f
    2. VI
    1) (pt, pp sped) (=go fast) correr a toda prisa; (=hurry) darse prisa, apresurarse

    • to speed along — ir a gran velocidad

    • the years sped by — pasaron los años volando

    • to speed off — marcharse a toda prisa

    2) (pt, pp speeded) (Aut) (=exceed speed limit) conducir or (LAm) manejar por encima del límite de velocidad permitido
    3.
    VT
    (pt, pp speeded)

    to speed sb on his way — despedir a algn, desear un feliz viaje a algn

    4.
    CPD

    speed bump N — banda f sonora

    speed camera N — cámara f de control de velocidad, radar m

    speed cop * N — policía m de tráfico, policía m de tránsito

    speed dating N — speed dating m, citas fpl rápidas (para buscar pareja)

    speed dial N — (=facility) marcación f rápida

    speed-dial

    speed limit N — velocidad f máxima, límite m de velocidad

    a 50km/h speed limit — velocidad máxima (permitida) de 50km por hora

    speed limiter N — (Aut) limitador m de velocidad

    speed restriction N — limitación f de velocidad

    speed skater N — patinador(a) m / f de velocidad

    speed skating N — patinaje m de velocidad

    speed trap N — (Aut) sistema policial para detectar infracciones de velocidad

    * * *
    [spiːd]
    I
    1)
    a) c u (rate of movement, progress) velocidad f

    what speed were you doing? — ¿a qué velocidad ibas?

    what is its top speed? — ¿cuál es la velocidad máxima (que da)?

    they set off at top/high speed — salieron a toda/alta velocidad, salieron a todo lo que da

    to pick up o gather speed — cobrar or ganar or (esp Esp) coger* velocidad

    b) ( relative quickness) rapidez f
    2) c ( Phot)

    film speed — sensibilidad f de la película

    shutter speed — tiempo m de exposición

    3) c ( gear) velocidad f, marcha f
    4) u ( amphetamine) (sl) anfetas fpl (fam)

    II
    1.
    a) (past & past p sped) (go, pass quickly) (+ adv compl)

    the car sped off o away around the corner — el coche se alejó doblando la esquina a toda velocidad

    he sped by o past in his new sports car — nos pasó a toda velocidad con su nuevo coche deportivo

    b) (past & past p speeded) ( drive too fast) \<\<car/motorist\>\> ir* a velocidad excesiva

    2.
    vt (past & past p speeded) ( hasten) acelerar

    helicopters are being used to speed supplies to the area — están usando helicópteros para hacer llegar los suministros rápidamente a la zona

    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > speed

  • 18 engineer

    en·gi·neer [ˌenʤɪʼnɪəʳ, Am -ʼnɪr] n
    1) ( qualified in engineering) Ingenieur(in) m(f); ( in navy) [Schiffs]ingenieur(in) m(f); ( on merchant ship) Maschinist(in) m(f); ( maintains machines) [Wartungs]ingenieur(in) m(f); ( controls engines) Techniker(in) m(f) mil Technischer Offizier;
    civil/ electrical/mechanical \engineer Bau-/Elektro-/Maschinenbauingenieur(in) m(f);
    2) (pej: contriver) Arrangeur(in) m(f) (of von +dat)
    3) (Am) ( engine driver) Lok[omotiv]führer(in) m(f) vt
    to \engineer sth
    1) usu passive ( construct precisely) etw konstruieren;
    to \engineer a bridge/ street eine Brücke/Straße bauen;
    2) (pej: skilfully contrive) etw arrangieren;
    how did you manage to \engineer that invitation to the party? wie bist du bloß an diese Einladung zu der Party gekommen?;
    to \engineer a coup einen Coup vorbereiten;
    to \engineer a meeting ein Treffen arrangieren;
    to \engineer a plan [or scheme] einen Plan aushecken [o entwickeln]

    English-German students dictionary > engineer

  • 19 bank

    1. n
    2) фонд; общий запас

    - acceptance bank
    - accepting bank
    - account-holding bank
    - advising bank
    - affiliated bank
    - agency bank
    - agent bank
    - agricultural bank
    - agroindustrial bank
    - ailing bank
    - all-purpose bank
    - associated banks
    - authorized bank
    - bankers' bank
    - bankrupt bank
    - big bank
    - book-running lead bank
    - borrowing bank
    - branch bank
    - business bank
    - card issuing bank
    - cash-strapped bank
    - central bank
    - Central Bank of Russia
    - chartered bank
    - clearing bank
    - closing bank
    - collecting bank
    - colonial bank
    - combined commercial and investment bank
    - commercial bank
    - confirming bank
    - consortium bank
    - consumer-credit bank
    - continental bank
    - cooperative bank
    - corporate bank
    - correspondent bank
    - country bank
    - credit bank
    - credit-issuing bank
    - creditor bank
    - custodian bank
    - data bank
    - dealer bank
    - debt-burdened bank
    - debt-laden bank
    - debtor bank
    - deposit bank
    - depository bank
    - development bank
    - discount bank
    - domestic bank
    - drawee bank
    - drive-in bank
    - emitting bank
    - European Investment Bank
    - European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
    - exchange bank
    - exporter's bank
    - Export-Import Bank
    - Federal Intermediate Credit Banks
    - Federal Land Bank
    - federally-chartered bank
    - Federal Reserve Banks
    - fictitious bank
    - first-class bank
    - first-tier bank
    - foreign bank
    - foreign-owned bank
    - fringe banks
    - full-service bank
    - government-owned bank
    - guarantor bank
    - High Street banks
    - importer's bank
    - incorporated bank
    - independent bank
    - industrial bank
    - insolvent bank
    - intermediary bank
    - intermediate bank
    - international bank
    - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
    - International Investment Bank
    - interstate banks
    - investment bank
    - issuing bank
    - joint-stock bank
    - joint-stock innovation bank
    - labour bank
    - land bank
    - large exposure bank
    - lead bank
    - leading bank
    - lending bank
    - loan bank
    - local bank
    - long-term credit bank
    - loss-making bank
    - mediating bank
    - medium-sized bank
    - major bank
    - member bank
    - mercantile bank
    - merchant bank
    - mid-sized bank
    - mobile bank
    - money market bank
    - money trading bank
    - mortgage bank
    - multifunctional bank
    - multinational bank
    - multiple office bank
    - municipal bank
    - mutual credit bank
    - mutual savings bank
    - national bank
    - negotiating bank
    - nominated bank
    - nonmember bank
    - nonpar bank
    - nonperforming bank
    - notifying bank
    - offshore bank
    - opening bank
    - originating bank
    - outsider bank
    - overseas bank
    - parent bank
    - paying bank
    - penny bank
    - primary bank
    - prime bank
    - private bank
    - private sector banks
    - provident bank
    - provincial bank
    - reference bank
    - remitting bank
    - reserve bank
    - retail bank
    - rural bank
    - savings bank
    - secondary bank
    - small bank
    - specialized bank
    - state bank
    - stock exchange bank
    - stock savings bank
    - third country bank
    - thrift bank
    - trading bank
    - transferring bank
    - troubled bank
    - trust bank
    - trustee bank
    - trustee savings bank
    - underwriting bank
    - venture bank
    - wholesale bank
    - wildcat bank
    - World Bank
    - bank for international settlements
    - bank of circulation
    - bank of deposit
    - bank of discount
    - Bank of England
    - bank of good standing
    - bank of issue
    - bank of settlements
    - bank on a sharing basis
    - bank with mixed capital
    - authorize a bank
    - bail out a bank
    - bolster a bank
    - deposit money with a bank
    - draw money from a bank
    - draw on a bank
    - establish a bank
    - expand a bank
    - instruct a bank
    - keep in a bank
    - merge banks
    - nationalize a bank
    - pay into a bank
    - pay through a bank
    - prop up a bank
    - run a bank
    - set up a bank
    - undercut the banks
    - bank has gone bankrupt
    - bank forfeited its licence
    - bank, deprived of its licence
    2. v
    вносить деньги в банк; держать деньги в банке

    - bank at a branch

    English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > bank

  • 20 baron

    1. n барон
    2. n ист. лорды, пэры; высшее феодальное дворянство; знать
    3. n магнат, туз, вельможа

    press baron — газетный король, газетный магнат

    4. n амер. воен. разг. командующий армией
    5. n юр. судья
    6. n толстый филей
    Синонимический ряд:
    nobleman (noun) aristocrat; czar; industrialist; king; lord; magnate; merchant prince; mogul; noble; nobleman; peer; prince; tycoon

    English-Russian base dictionary > baron

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