started+process

1) see 2. 1): Verrottung, die; Fäulnis, die; Verwesung, die; (fig.): (deterioration) Verfall, der

2) (coll.): (nonsense) Quark, der (salopp)

1) (decay) verrotten; [Fleisch, Gemüse, Obst:] verfaulen; [Leiche:] verwesen; [Holz:] faulen; [Zähne:] schlecht werden

2) (fig.): (go to ruin) verrotten

- tt- verrotten lassen; verfaulen lassen [Fleisch, Gemüse, Obst]; faulen lassen [Holz]; verwesen lassen [Leiche]; zerstören [Zähne]

- rot away

* * *

1) (decay: The floorboards are affected by rot.) die Fäulnis

2) (nonsense: Don't talk rot!) der Quatsch

•

- rotten

* * *

[rɒt, AM rɑ:t]

I. n no pl

1. (process) Fäulnis f

2. (decayed matter) Verfaultes nt, Verwestes nt

3. BRIT (process of deterioration)

▪ the \rot der Verfall

the \rot set in when he started taking drugs es ging mit ihm bergab, als er anfing, Drogen zu nehmen

4. BOT Fäule f

5. (in sheep) Leberfäule f

6. ( fam or dated) Blödsinn m fam

to talk \rot Blödsinn reden fam

II. interj ( fam or dated) Blödsinn! fam, so ein Quatsch! fam

III. vi

1. (decay) verrotten; teeth, meat verfaulen; woodwork vermodern

to leave sb to \rot in jail ( fig) jdn im Gefängnis verrotten lassen fig

2. (deteriorate) institution, society verkommen

3. BRIT ( dated fam: joke) Quatsch [o ÖSTERR bes Blödsinn] erzählen fam

IV. vt

1. (cause to decay)

▪ to \rot sth etw vermodern lassen

2. BRIT ( dated fam: tease)

▪ to \rot sb jdn verulken [o ÖSTERR aufziehen]

* * *

1. n

1) (in teeth, plants, wood) Fäulnis f no pl

2) (inf: rubbish) Quatsch m (inf), Blödsinn m (inf)

2. vi

3. vt

* * *

rot [rɒt; US rɑt]

A v/i

1. auch rot away (ver)faulen, (-)modern (a. fig im Gefängnis), verrotten, verwesen:

rot off abfaulen

2. auch rot away GEOL verwittern

3. fig (auch moralisch) verkommen, verrotten

4. BOT, VET an Fäule leiden

B v/t

1. (ver)faulen lassen

2. BOT, VET mit Fäule anstecken

C s

1. a) Fäulnis f, Verwesung f

b) Fäule f

c) (etwas) Verfaultes: → dry rot

2. a) BOT, VET Fäule f

b) VET → liver rot

3. besonders Br umg Quatsch m, Blödsinn m, Unsinn m:

* * *

1) see 2. 1): Verrottung, die; Fäulnis, die; Verwesung, die; (fig.): (deterioration) Verfall, der

2) (coll.): (nonsense) Quark, der (salopp)

1) (decay) verrotten; [Fleisch, Gemüse, Obst:] verfaulen; [Leiche:] verwesen; [Holz:] faulen; [Zähne:] schlecht werden

2) (fig.): (go to ruin) verrotten

- tt- verrotten lassen; verfaulen lassen [Fleisch, Gemüse, Obst]; faulen lassen [Holz]; verwesen lassen [Leiche]; zerstören [Zähne]

- rot away

* * *

Quatsch m.

Verwesung f. v.

verfaulen v.

verwesen v.

- academic.ru/92824/tow_away">tow away

* * *

- towline/tow-rope

* * *

[təʊ, AM toʊ]

n (fibre) Werg nt

[təʊ, AM toʊ]

I. n Schleppen nt kein pl

▪ to be on [or AM in] [or AUS also under] \tow abgeschleppt werden

to give sb a \tow jdn abschleppen

to take sth in \tow etw ins Schlepptau nehmen

to have sb in \tow ( fig) jdn im Schlepptau haben fig

II. vt

▪ to \tow sb/sth jdn/etw ziehen

to \tow a vehicle ein Auto abschleppen

* * *

1. n

2. vt

* * *

tow¹ [təʊ]

A s

1. Schleppen n, Schlepparbeit f:

be under tow im Schlepp sein;

have in tow im Schlepptau haben (a. fig);

take tow sich schleppen lassen;

take in(to) tow bes fig ins Schlepptau nehmen;

with XY in tow mit XY im Schlepptau

2. besonders SCHIFF Schleppzug m

B v/t

1. (ab)schleppen, ins Schlepptau nehmen:

tow away ein falsch geparktes Fahrzeug abschleppen;

towed flight (target) FLUG Schleppflug m (-ziel n)

2. ein Schiff treideln

3. hinter sich herziehen, mitschleppen

tow² [təʊ] s

1. (Schwing)Werg n

2. Werggarn n

3. Packleinwand f

* * *

- tow away

* * *

abschleppen v.

schleppen v. n.

Werg -- n.

[rɒt, Am rɑ:t] n

1) ( process) Fäulnis f

2) ( decayed matter) Verfaultes nt, Verwestes nt

3) ( Brit) ( process of deterioration)

the \rot der Verfall;

the \rot set in when he started taking drugs es ging mit ihm bergab, als er anfing, Drogen zu nehmen

4) bot Fäule f

5) ( in sheep) Leberfäule f

6) ( fam) (dated) Blödsinn m ( fam)

to talk \rot Blödsinn reden ( fam) interj ( fam) (dated) Blödsinn! ( fam), so ein Quatsch! ( fam) vi <- tt->

1) ( decay) verrotten; teeth, meat verfaulen; woodwork vermodern;

to leave sb to \rot in jail ( fig) jdn im Gefängnis verrotten lassen ( fig)

2) ( deteriorate) institution, society verkommen

3) ( Brit) (dated fam: joke) Quatsch erzählen ( fam) vt <- tt->

1) ( cause to decay)

to \rot sth etw vermodern lassen

2) ( Brit) ((dated) fam: tease)

to \rot sb jdn verulken

SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology

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He was the fifth child of Charles and Ann Stalcrop Evans, and by the age of 15 he had four sisters and seven brothers. Nothing is known of his schooling, but at the age of 17 he was apprenticed to a Newport wheelwright and wagon-maker. At 19 he was enrolled in a Delaware Militia Company in the Revolutionary War but did not see active service. About this time he invented a machine for bending and cutting off the wires in textile carding combs. In July 1782, with his younger brother, Joseph, he moved to Tuckahoe on the eastern shore of the Delaware River, where he had the basic idea of the automatic flour mill. In July 1782, with his elder brothers John and Theophilus, he bought part of his father's Newport farm, on Red Clay Creek, and planned to build a mill there. In 1793 he married Sarah Tomlinson, daughter of a Delaware farmer, and joined his brothers at Red Clay Creek. He worked there for some seven years on his automatic mill, from about 1783 to 1790.

His system for the automatic flour mill consisted of bucket elevators to raise the grain, a horizontal screw conveyor, other conveying devices and a "hopper boy" to cool and dry the meal before gathering it into a hopper feeding the bolting cylinder. Together these components formed the automatic process, from incoming wheat to outgoing flour packed in barrels. At that time the idea of such automation had not been applied to any manufacturing process in America. The mill opened, on a non-automatic cycle, in 1785. In January 1786 Evans applied to the Delaware legislature for a twenty-five-year patent, which was granted on 30 January 1787 although there was much opposition from the Quaker millers of Wilmington and elsewhere. He also applied for patents in Pennsylvania, Maryland and New Hampshire. In May 1789 he went to see the mill of the four Ellicot brothers, near Baltimore, where he was impressed by the design of a horizontal screw conveyor by Jonathan Ellicot and exchanged the rights to his own elevator for those of this machine. After six years' work on his automatic mill, it was completed in 1790. In the autumn of that year a miller in Brandywine ordered a set of Evans's machinery, which set the trend toward its general adoption. A model of it was shown in the Market Street shop window of Robert Leslie, a watch-and clockmaker in Philadelphia, who also took it to England but was unsuccessful in selling the idea there.

In 1790 the Federal Plant Laws were passed; Evans's patent was the third to come within the new legislation. A detailed description with a plate was published in a Philadelphia newspaper in January 1791, the first of a proposed series, but the paper closed and the series came to nothing. His brother Joseph went on a series of sales trips, with the result that some machinery of Evans's design was adopted. By 1792 over one hundred mills had been equipped with Evans's machinery, the millers paying a royalty of $40 for each pair of millstones in use. The series of articles that had been cut short formed the basis of Evans's The Young Millwright and Miller's Guide, published first in 1795 after Evans had moved to Philadelphia to set up a store selling milling supplies; it was 440 pages long and ran to fifteen editions between 1795 and 1860.

Evans was fairly successful as a merchant. He patented a method of making millstones as well as a means of packing flour in barrels, the latter having a disc pressed down by a toggle-joint arrangement. In 1801 he started to build a steam carriage. He rejected the idea of a steam wheel and of a low-pressure or atmospheric engine. By 1803 his first engine was running at his store, driving a screw-mill working on plaster of Paris for making millstones. The engine had a 6 in. (15 cm) diameter cylinder with a stroke of 18 in. (45 cm) and also drove twelve saws mounted in a frame and cutting marble slabs at a rate of 100 ft (30 m) in twelve hours. He was granted a patent in the spring of 1804. He became involved in a number of lawsuits following the extension of his patent, particularly as he increased the licence fee, sometimes as much as sixfold. The case of Evans v. Samuel Robinson, which Evans won, became famous and was one of these. Patent Right Oppression Exposed, or Knavery Detected, a 200-page book with poems and prose included, was published soon after this case and was probably written by Oliver Evans. The steam engine patent was also extended for a further seven years, but in this case the licence fee was to remain at a fixed level. Evans anticipated Edison in his proposal for an "Experimental Company" or "Mechanical Bureau" with a capital of thirty shares of $100 each. It came to nothing, however, as there were no takers. His first wife, Sarah, died in 1816 and he remarried, to Hetty Ward, the daughter of a New York innkeeper. He was buried in the Bowery, on Lower Manhattan; the church was sold in 1854 and again in 1890, and when no relative claimed his body he was reburied in an unmarked grave in Trinity Cemetery, 57th Street, Broadway.

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SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology, Land transport

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Goodyear entered his father's country hardware business before setting up his own concern in Philadelphia. While visiting New York, he noticed in the window of the Roxburgh India Rubber Company a rubber life-preserver. Goodyear offered to improve its inflating valve, but the manager, impressed with Goodyear's inventiveness, persuaded him to tackle a more urgent problem, that of seeking a means of preventing rubber from becoming tacky and from melting or decomposing when heated. Goodyear tried treatments with one substance after another, without success. In 1838 he started using Nathaniel M.Hayward's process of spreading sulphur on rubber. He accidentally dropped a mass of rubber and sulphur on to a hot stove and noted that the mixture did not melt: Goodyear had discovered the vulcanization of rubber. More experiments were needed to establish the correct proportions for a uniform mix, and eventually he was granted his celebrated patent no. 3633 of 15 June 1844. Goodyear's researches had been conducted against a background of crippling financial difficulties and he was forced to dispose of licences to vulcanize rubber at less than their real value, in order to pay off his most pressing debts.

Goodyear travelled to Europe in 1851 to extend his patents. To promote his process, he designed a spectacular exhibit for London, consisting of furniture, floor covering, jewellery and other items made of rubber. A similar exhibit in Paris in 1855 won him the Grande Médaille d'honneur and the Croix de la Légion d'honneur from Napoleon III. Patents were granted to him in all countries except England. The improved properties of vulcanized rubber and its stability over a much wider range of temperatures greatly increased its applications; output rose from a meagre 31.5 tonnes a year in 1827 to over 28,000 tonnes by 1900. Even so, Goodyear profited little from his invention, and he bequeathed to his family debts amounting to over $200,000.

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SUBJECT AREA: Recording

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He graduated from the Dover Academy (Delaware) in 1882 and was apprenticed in a machine-repair firm in Philadelphia and studied in evening classes at the Spring Garden Institute. In 1888 he took employment in a small Philadelphia machine shop owned by Andrew Scull, specializing in repair and bookbinding machinery. After travels in the western part of the US, in 1891 he became a partner in Scull \& Johnson, Manufacturing Machinists, and established a further company, the New Jersey Wire Stitching Machine Company. He bought out Andrew Scull's interest in October 1894 (the last instalment being paid in 1897) and became an independent general machinist. In 1896 he had perfected a spring motor for the Berliner flat-disc gramophone, and he started experimenting with a more direct method of recording in a spiral groove: that of cutting in wax. Co-operation with Berliner eventually led to the incorporation of the Victor Talking Machine Company in 1901. The innumerable court cases stemming from the fact that so many patents for various elements in sound recording and reproduction were in very many hands were brought to an end in 1903 when Johnson was material in establishing cross-licencing agreements between Victor, Columbia Graphophone and Edison to create what is known as a patent pool. Early on, Johnson had a thorough experience in all matters concerning the development and manufacture of both gramophones and records. He made and patented many major contributions in all these fields, and his approach was very business-like in that the contribution to cost of each part or process was always a decisive factor in his designs. This attitude was material in his consulting work for the sister company, the Gramophone Company, in London before it set up its own factories in 1910. He had quickly learned the advantages of advertising and of providing customers with durable equipment and records. This motivation was so strong that Johnson set up a research programme for determining the cause of wear in records. It turned out to depend on groove profile, and from 1911 one particular profile was adhered to and processes for transforming the grooves of valuable earlier records were developed. Without precise measuring instruments, he used the durability as the determining factor. Johnson withdrew more and more to the role of manager, and the Victor Talking Machine Company gained such a position in the market that the US anti-trust legislation was used against it. However, a generation change in the Board of Directors and certain erroneous decisions as to product line started a decline, and in February 1926 Johnson withdrew on extended sick leave: these changes led to the eventual sale of Victor. However, Victor survived due to the advent of radio and the electrification of replay equipment and became a part of Radio Corporation of America. In retirement Johnson took up various activities in the arts and sciences and financially supported several projects; his private yacht was used in 1933 in work with the Smithsonian Institution on a deep-sea hydrographie and fauna-collecting expedition near Puerto Rico.

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SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy, Mining and extraction technology

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A scholar of the Mining Academy in Freiberg, who in his dissertation dealt with the fineness of coal dust, Rammler started experiments in 1925 relating to firing this material. In the USA this process, based on coal, had turned out to be very effective in large boiler furnaces. Rammler endeavoured to apply the process to lignite and pursued general research work on various thermochemical problems as well as methods of grinding and classifying. As producing power from lignite was of specific interest for the young Soviet Union, with its large demand from its new power stations and its as-yet unexploited lignite deposits, he soon came into contact with the Soviet authorities. In his laboratory in Dresden, which he had bought from the freelance metallurgist Paul Otto Rosin after his emigration and under whom he had been working since he left the Academy, he continued his studies in refining coal and soon gained an international reputation. He opened up means of producing coke from lignite for use in metallurgical processes.

His later work was of utmost importance after the Second World War when several countries in Eastern Europe, especially East Germany with its large lignite deposits, established their own iron and steel industries. Accordingly, the Soviet administration supported his experiments vigorously after he joined Karl Kegel's Institute for Briquetting in Freiberg in 1945. Through his numerous books and articles, he became the internationally leading expert on refining lignite and Kegel's successor as head of the Institute and Professor at the Bergakademie. Six years later, he produced for the first time high-temperature coke from lignite low in ash and sulphur for smelting in low-shaft furnaces. Rammler was widely honoured and contributed decisively to the industrial development of his country; he demonstrated new technological processes when, under austere conditions, economical and ecological considerations were neglected.

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м.
1. (движение) motion;
(скорость) speed, pace;
ускорить ~ increase speed, go* faster, поезд замедлил ~ the train slowed down;
вскочить (спрыгнуть) на ~у jump on (jump off) a train, etc. while it is moving;
полный ~ full speed;
дать полный ~ go* at full speed;
осталось десять километров ~у there are ten more kilometres to go;
туда три часа ~у it will take three hours to get there;
весенний ~ рыбы run/running of fish in spring;
работа идёт полным ~ом work is going full swing;
своим ~ом under its own power;

2. (развитие, течение чего-л.) course;
~ событий course of events;
~ мыслей train of thought;

3. (в игре) move;
(в картах) turn, lead;
~ пешкой pawn move;

4. (приём, манёвр) move;
дипломатический ~ diplomatic manoeuvre;

5. тех. travel, stroke;
(рабочая часть машины) movement;
~ поршня piston travel/stroke;
~ руля wheel travel;
рабочий ~ двигателя working of an engine;

6. (вход) entrance, entry;
~ со двора entrance through yard;
чёрный ~ back way;
на ~у
1) (попутно, мимоходом) on the move, in passing;

2) (в движении) on the go;

3) (в порядке) in operation;
с ~у
1) (не останавливаясь) without a pause;

2) (без подготовки) straight off;
дать ~ делу get* things going, set* matters moving;
юр. take* proceedings;
не дать ~у кому-л. not give smb. a chance;
быть в большом ~у be* in great demand, be* in wide use, be* extremely popular;
пустить что-л. в ~ set* smth. going.

1) (to make metal into (money): The new country soon started to coin its own money.) acuñar

2) (to invent (a word, phrase etc): The scientist coined a word for the new process.) inventar

•

- coinage

coin n moneda

tr[kɔɪn]

noun

1 moneda

transitive verb

1 (money) acuñar

2 (invent) crear, acuñar

\

to coin a phrase como se suele decir, por así decirlo

to toss a coin echar a cara o cruz

coin ['kɔɪn] vt

1) mint: acuñar (moneda)

2) invent: acuñar, crear, inventar

to coin a phrase: como se suele decir

coin n

: moneda f

• metálico s.m.

• moneda s.f.

• pieza s.f.

• acuñar v.

• amonedar v.

• forjar v.

• inventar v.

• monedear v.

count noun moneda f

a) ( invent) \<\<word/expression\>\> acuñar

b) ( mint) acuñar

N moneda f

- pay sb back in his own coin

VT [+ money] acuñar; (fig) [+ word] inventar, acuñar

* * *

count noun moneda f

a) ( invent) \<\<word/expression\>\> acuñar

b) ( mint) acuñar

1) (invent) prägen [Wort, Redewendung]

2) (make) prägen [Geld]

* * *

1) (to make metal into (money): The new country soon started to coin its own money.)

2) (to invent (a word, phrase etc): The scientist coined a word for the new process.) prägen

•

- academic.ru/14044/coinage">coinage

* * *

I. n Münze f, Geldstück nt

denomination of \coin Münzeinheit f

gold \coin Goldmünze f

to exchange \coins for notes Münzen in Geldscheine umtauschen

ten pounds in 20p \coins zehn Pfund in 20-Pence-Stücken

counterfeit \coins Falschgeld nt

to mint \coins Münzen prägen

to take [or accept] \coins Münzen annehmen

II. vt

to \coin a motto ein Motto prägen

▶ to \coin it [in], AM to \coin money ( fam) Geld scheffeln fam

▶ to \coin a phrase... ich will mal so sagen...

I was, to \coin a phrase, gobsmacked ich war ganz einfach platt fam

* * *

1. n

1) Münze f

2) no pl Münzen pl

2. vt (lit, fig)

* * *

coin [kɔın]

A s

1. a) Münze f

b) Münzgeld n, Münzen pl:

pay sb back in their own coin fig es jemandem mit oder in gleicher Münze heimzahlen;

the other side of the coin fig die Kehrseite der Medaille

2. → coign

B v/t

1. a) Metall münzen

b) Münzen schlagen, prägen:

coin money umg Geld wie Heu verdienen

2. fig ein Wort prägen:

coin a phrase (Redew) hum wenn ich so sagen darf, sozusagen

C v/i münzen, Geld prägen

* * *

1) (invent) prägen [Wort, Redewendung]

2) (make) prägen [Geld]

* * *

Geldstück n.

Münze -n f. v.

ausprägen v.

münzen v.

prägen v.

1) (to make metal into (money): The new country soon started to coin its own money.) lage penger, (ut)mynte, prege

2) (to invent (a word, phrase etc): The scientist coined a word for the new process.) dikte opp, finne på

•

- coinage

mynt

prege

subst. \/kɔɪn\/

1) mynt, pengestykke, penger (hverdagslig)

• false coin

2) ( på mynt) preg

3) ( gammeldags) hjørnestein, kile

flip\/toss a coin kaste mynt og krone

the other side of the coin medaljens bakside, den andre siden av saken

pay a person back in his own\/the same coin ( overført) betale \/ gi igjen med samme mynt

ring a coin teste en mynt på klangen

verb \/kɔɪn\/

1) mynte, prege

2) ( overført) slå mynt på

3) finne på, dikte (opp), lage

• coin a word

coin money eller coin it ( hverdagslig) tjene penger som gress, håve inn penger, tjene grovt med penger

coin one's brain leve på sitt gode hode

to coin a phrase for å si det på en litt original måte (sagt ironisk etter å ha brukt en klisje)

1) (to make metal into (money): The new country soon started to coin its own money.) slá mynt

2) (to invent (a word, phrase etc): The scientist coined a word for the new process.) búa til

•

- coinage

* * *

1) (to make metal into (money): The new country soon started to coin its own money.) pénzt ver

2) (to invent (a word, phrase etc): The scientist coined a word for the new process.) alkot

•

- coinage

1. हथियार

The barn was full of armaments

2. शस्त्रधारी\armamentसेना

The U.N may send its armaments to the country

3. हथियारलेस\armamentकरना

The country has started its armament process

1) (to make metal into (money): The new country soon started to coin its own money.) cunhar

2) (to invent (a word, phrase etc): The scientist coined a word for the new process.) inventar

•

- coinage

* * *

[kɔin] n 1 moeda. 2 dinheiro amoedado. 3 esquina. 4 Mech chaveta, cunha. • vt+vi 1 cunhar moeda, amoedar. 2 fig cunhar, inventar, forjar. base ou false coin moeda falsa. current coin moeda corrente. he is coining money coll ele ganha muito dinheiro. I paid him back in his own coin paguei-lhe na mesma moeda. newly coined words neologismos. small coin moeda divisionária. the head of a coin cara. the other side of the coin o outro lado da moeda, o lado oposto da situação. the tail of a coin coroa. two sides of the same coin dois lados da mesma moeda, duas maneiras de ver a mesma coisa.

n. madeni para, bozuk para, bozukluk, demir para, para, sikke

v. para basmak, para bastırmak, para kazanmak; sözcük uydurmak, deyim bulmak

* * *

* * *

1) (to make metal into (money): The new country soon started to coin its own money.) madeni para basmak

2) (to invent (a word, phrase etc): The scientist coined a word for the new process.) bulmak, uydurmak

•

- coinage