stĭmŭlus

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stĭmŭlus, i, m. [for stig-mulus, from the root stig; Gr. stizô; v. stilus].

A goad for driving cattle, slaves, etc. (class., [p. 1760] esp. in the trop. sense).

Lit.:

jam lora teneo, jam stimulum in manu: Agite equi, etc.,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 112:

parce, puer, stimulis, et fortius utere loris,

Ov. M. 2, 127:

aut stimulo tardos increpuisse boves,

Tib. 1, 1, 30 (12); cf. Ov. M. 14, 647:

ita te forabunt patibulatum per vias Stimulis,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 54:

aliquem stimulo fodere,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 40:

dum te stimulis fodiam,

Cic. Phil. 2, 34, 86:

numquam stimulo lacessat juvencum,

Col. 2, 2, 26.—As a term of abuse of slaves:

stimulorum seges,

Plaut. Aul. 1, 1, 6; cf. id. Cas. 2, 8, 11:

stimulorum tritor,

id. Pers. 5, 2, 17.—Prov.:

si stimulos pugnis caedis, manibus plus dolet,

i. e. an evil is aggravated by foolish opposition, Plaut. Truc. 4, 2, 55; cf.:

advorsum stimulum calces,

kick against the pricks, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 28.—

Trop., a goad (as in Engl., either that which vexes, irritates, torments, or, more freq., that which spurs on, incites, stimulates).

A sting, torment, pang:

mens sibi conscia factis... adhibet stimulos torretque flagellis,

Lucr. 3, 1019; cf.:

subesse caecum aliquem cordi stimulum,

id. 3, 874:

ne illa stimulum longum habet, quae usque illinc cor pungit meum,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 79:

stimulos doloris contemnere,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 27, 66; cf.:

(res malae) lacerant, vexant, stimulos admovent, etc.,

id. ib. 3, 16, 35:

stimulos in pectore caecos Condidit,

Ov. M. 1, 726.—

A spur, incentive, incitement, stimulus:

animum gloriae stimulis concitare,

Cic. Arch. 11, 29:

quidam industriae ac laboris (with illecebrae libidinum),

id. Cael. 5, 12:

quot stimulos admoverit homini victoriae studioso,

id. Sest. 5, 12; cf.:

defendendi Vatinii,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 19:

omnia pro stimulis facibusque ciboque furoris Accipit,

Ov. M. 6, 480:

ardet, et injusti stimulis agitatur amoris,

id. F. 2, 779:

non hostili modo odio sed amoris etiam stimulis,

Liv. 30, 14, 1:

ad hanc voluntatem ipsius naturae stimulis incitamur,

Cic. Rep. 1, 2, 3:

ad dicendum etiam pudor stimulos habet,

Quint. 10, 7, 16:

agrariae legis tribuniciis stimulis plebs furebat,

Liv. 2, 54; cf.:

acriores quippe aeris alieni stimulos esse,

id. 6, 11:

subdere stimulos animo,

id. 6, 34:

in aliquem stimulis accendi,

Tac. H. 3, 45; cf.:

suis stimulis excitos Moesiae duces,

id. ib. 3, 53:

secundae res acrioribus stimulis animos explorant,

id. ib. 1, 15:

acres Subjectat lasso stimulos,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 94:

stimulos sub pectore vertit Apollo,

Verg. A. 6, 101:

movere acres stimulos irarum,

Luc. 2, 324:

accensae stimulis majoribus irae,

Stat. Th. 11, 497:

dare stimulos laudum,

id. Achill. 1, 203.—

In milit. lang., a pointed stake concealed beneath the surface of the ground, to repel hostile troops (syn.:

sudes, stipes),

Caes. B. G. 7, 73 fin.:

se stimulis induere,

id. ib. 7, 82.

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calcar, āris, n. [for carcar; cf. Sanscr. kar, wound; and Lat. calx].

Lit., a spur as worn on the heel:

calcaria dicta, quia in calce hominis ligantur, ad stimulandos equos,

Isid. Orig. 20, 16, 6 (class. in prose and poetry;

esp. freq. trop.): calcari quadrupedem agitare,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 118: incendere equum calcaribus, to spur one ' s horse, Hirt. B. G. 8, 48; so,

concitare,

Liv. 2, 6, 8; Curt. 7, 4, 18:

stimulare,

Val. Max. 3, 2, 9:

subdere equo calcaria,

Liv. 2, 20, 2; Curt. 3, 13, 8; 7, 2, 4:

calcaribus subditis,

Liv. 4, 19, 4; 4, 33, 7; Curt. 4, 16, 6:

equi fodere calcaribus armos,

Verg. A. 6, 881:

calcaribus auferre equum,

Sil. 10, 280.—

Trop., spur, stimulus, incitement: calcaribus ictus amoris, *Lucr. 5, 1074:

dicebat Isocrates se calcaribus in Ephoro, contra autem in Theopompo frenis uti solere,

Cic. de Or. 3, 9, 36:

alter frenis eget, alter calcaribus,

id. Att. 6, 1, 12; cf. id. Brut. 56, 204; Quint. 2, 8, 11; 10, 1, 74: anticipate atque addite calcar, Varr. ap. Non. p. 70, 13; * Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 217:

immensum gloria calcar habet,

Ov. P 4, 2, 36.—So also of the driving winds: ventus calcar admovere, Varr. ap. Non. p. 451, 29.—Prov.:

addere calcaria sponte currenti,

to spur a willing horse, Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 1.—

Transf., the spur on the leg of the cock, Col. 8, 2, 8.

di-stinguo, nxi, nctum, 3, v. a. [root in Sanscr. tegami, to be sharp; Gr. stizô, stigma; Lat. stimulus stilus, in-stigare, etc.]. —Prop., to separate by points; hence, in gen.,

To separate, divide, part.

Lit. (very rare, and almost exclusively poet.):

onus inclusum numero eodem,

Ov. M. 1, 47:

crinem docta manu,

i. e. to arrange, Sen. Troad. 884; cf.

meton.: caput acu,

Claud. Nupt. Hon. 284.—Of countries:

qui locus Bithyniam et Galatis,

Amm. 25, 10.—Far more freq. and class. (not in Caes.),

Trop., to distinguish, discriminate, = discernere.

In gen.:

ea (crimina) distinguere ac separare,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 41; cf.

with dividere,

id. Pis. 28, 69:

servos numero,

id. Caecin. 20; so,

cadentes guttas intervallis,

id. de Or. 3, 48, 186:

oratorum genera aetatibus,

id. Brut. 19:

status familiarum agnationibus,

id. Leg. 1, 7 fin.:

qua via ambigua distinguantur, ostendit,

id. Fin. 1, 7; id. Brut. 41, 152; id. Or. 4, 16; cf.

secernenda,

id. Top. 7, 31:

genera causarum,

Quint. 4, 2, 68 et saep.:

fortes ignavosque,

Tac. H. 3, 27:

veri similia ab incredibilibus dijudicare et distinguere,

Cic. Part. 40; cf.:

vera somnia a falsis,

id. Div. 2, 61:

Vargulam a Crasso,

id. de Or. 2, 60, 244:

artificem ab inscio,

id. Ac. 2, 7, 22:

voluntatem a facto,

Liv. 45, 24:

thesin a causa,

Quint. 3, 5, 11 et saep.:

vero falsum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 29:

simiarum genera caudis inter se,

Plin. 8, 54, 80.— Pass. impers.:

quid inter naturam et rationem intersit, non distinguitur,

Cic. N. D. 3, 10, 26; cf.: malus arborem significet an hominem non bonum, apice distinguitur, Quint. 1, 7, 2:

nuntiatum Claudio perisse Messalinam, non distincto sua an aliena manu,

Tac. A. 11, 38.—

In partic.

In rhet. and gram., to mark the pauses in discourse, to punctuate:

puer ut sciat, quo loco versum distinguere debeat,

Quint. 1, 8, 1; cf.:

eam (orationem) distinguent atque concident,

id. 11, 2, 27; and:

incidit has (sc. voces) et distinxit in partes,

Cic. Rep. 3, 2 Mos.:

distinctio est silentii nota, etc.,

Diom. p. 432 P.—

To end, terminate:

contationem,

App. M. 2, p. 127 fin.

To set off, decorate, adorn (most freq. in the P. a.).

Lit.:

racemos purpureo colore,

Hor. C. 2, 5, 11; so,

poma vario colore,

Ov. Nux, 31:

aurum gemmarum nitor,

Sen. Med. 573; cf. Plin. 37, 10, 62, § 171.—

Trop.:

orationem variare et distinguere quasi quibusdam verborum sententiarumque insignibus,

Cic. de Or. 2, 9, 36;

so of discourse,

id. Inv. 2, 15, 49 (with illustrare); id. de Or. 2, 13; Liv. 9, 17:

voluptatem (with variare),

Cic. Fin. 1, 11, 38; cf.:

coenam comoedis,

Plin. Ep. 3, 1, 9.—Hence, distinctus, a, um, P. a.

(Acc. to I.) Separated, separate, distinct:

urbs delubris distincta spatiisque communibus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 26: Romana acies distinctior, ex pluribus partibus constans, Liv. 9, 19:

Hesiodus circa CXX. annos distinctus ab Homeri aetate,

Vell. 1, 7:

concentus ex distinctis sonis,

Cic. Rep. 2, 42; cf. id. ib. 6, 18:

distinctos dignitatis gradus non habebat (civitas),

id. ib. 1, 27 fin. —

Of discourse, properly divided:

oratio,

Quint. 11, 3, 35. —

(Acc. to II.) Decorated, adorned:

pocula gemmis distincta,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 27:

distinctum et ornatum caelum astris,

id. N. D. 2, 37 fin.:

lyra gemmis et dentibus Indis,

Ov. M. 11, 167:

herbae innumeris floribus,

id. ib. 5, 266:

retia maculis,

id. H. 5, 19.—

Trop.:

oratio et ornata et artificio quodam et expolitione distincta,

id. de Or. 1, 12;

so of discourse,

Quint. 5, 14, 33; and transf., of the speaker himself: utroque genere creber et distinctus Cato, Cic. Brut. 17 fin.; cf. in comp., Tac. Or. 18.— Adv.: distincte.

(Acc. to I.) Distinctly, clearly:

articulatim distincteque dicere,

Cic. Leg. 1, 13, 36; id. Or. 28 fin.:

scribere,

id. Tusc. 2, 3, 7:

designare,

Plin. Pan. 88, 6.—In the comp.:

enuntiare,

id. Ep. 7, 13.— Sup.:

distinctissime persuadere,

Cassiod. Complex ad Ephes. 3.—

(Acc. to II.) Elegantly, handsomely:

qui distincte, qui explicate, qui abundanter, qui illuminate et rebus et verbis dicunt,

Cic. de Or. 3, 14, 53; cf. id. Off. 1, 1, 2:

distinctius,

Plin. Ep. 3, 1, 1.

dūrāmentum, i, n. [id.], a hardening in concreto.

Lit., a hardened, i. e. ligneous vine-branch, Col. 4, 21, 1; Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 208; Pall. Febr. 12, 1.—Called also duramen, Col. 4, 22, 1.—

Transf., a means of hardening, stimulus:

humanae imbecillitatis efficacissimum duramentum est necessitas,

Val. Max. 2, 7, 10.—

Trop., firmness (with robur), Sen. Tranq. An. 1.

fax, făcis (also in the nom. sing. ‡ faces, acc. to Paul. ex Fest. p. 87, 9 Müll.; gen. plur.: facum, acc. to Charis. p. 113 P., but without example), f. [root bhā, to shine; cf. favilla], a torch, firebrand, flambeau, link, orig. of pine or other resinous wood.

Lit. (syn.: taeda, funale, cerĕus, candela, lucerna, laterna): alii faces atque aridam materiem de muro in aggerem eminus jaciebant, * Caes. B. G. 7, 24, 4; Liv. 22, 16, 7:

ambulare cum facibus,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 52:

malleolos et faces ad inflammandam urbem comparare,

Cic. Cat. 1, 13, 32; cf.:

ego faces jam accensas ad hujus urbis incendium exstinxi,

id. Pis. 2, 5:

servi in tecta nostra cum facibus immissi,

id. Att. 14, 10, 1; cf.:

faces incendere,

id. Phil. 2, 36, 91:

si te in Capitolium faces ferre vellet,

id. Lael. 11, 37:

ardentem facem praeferre,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 34, § 74:

castris inicere,

Tac. H. 4, 60;

subdere urbi,

Curt. 5, 7, 4:

faces ferro inspicare,

Verg. G. 1, 292; cf.:

facis incidere,

Plin. 18, 26, 63, § 233:

dilapsam in cineres facem,

Hor. C. 4, 13, 28.—At weddings, the torch carried before the bride on the way to her home, usually made of white-thorn (Spina alba) or pine, the nuptial torch: spina, nuptiarum facibus auspicatissima, Masur. ap. Plin. 16, 18, 30, § 75; Fest. s. v. patrimi, p. 245; s. v. rapi, p. 289 Müll.; Varr. ap. Non. 112, 27; id. ap. Serv. Verg. E. 8, 29; Plaut. Cas. 1, 30; Cat. 61, 98 sq.; Verg. E. 8, 29; Ov. M. 10, 6; Stat. Th. 2, 259 al.;

hence, nuptiales,

Cic. Clu. 6, 15; Liv. 30, 13, 12:

maritae,

Ov. H. 11, 101:

legitimae,

Luc. 2, 356.—Cf. Anthon's Dict. of Antiq. p. 434, and v. infra. Torches were also carried in funeral processions, Verg. A. 11, 142; Prop. 3, 13 (4, 12), 17; Ov. F. 2, 561; id. H. 21, 172; Sen. Tranq. 11; id. Vit. Beat. fin.; id. Ep. 222;

and in the Eleusinian mysteries,

Juv. 15, 140.—An attribute of Cupid, Tib. 2, 1, 82; Prop. 3, 16 (4, 15), 16; Ov. M. 1, 461; 10, 312 al.;

of the Furies,

Verg. A. 7, 337; Ov. M. 4, 482; 508; 6, 430; Quint. 9, 3, 47 al.—

Transf.

On account of the use of torches at weddings ( poet.), a wedding, marriage:

face nuptiali digna,

Hor. C. 3, 11, 33; cf.:

te face sollemni junget sibi,

Ov. M. 7, 49.—And referring at the same time to the funeral torch:

viximus insignes inter utramque facem,

i. e. between marriage and death, Prop. 4 (5), 11, 46.—

The light of the heavenly bodies ( poet.):

dum roseā face sol inferret lumina caelo,

Lucr. 5, 976; cf.:

Phoebi fax, Cic. poët. Div. 1, 11, 18: canentes Rite crescentem face Noctilucam,

Hor. C. 4, 6, 38:

aeterna fax,

i. e. the sun, Sen. Thyest. 835.—

A fiery meteor, fire-ball, shooting-star, comet:

noctivagaeque faces caeli flammaeque volantes,

Lucr. 5, 1191; cf.:

nocturnasque faces caeli, sublime volantes,

id. 2, 206:

emicant et faces non nisi cum decidunt visae, etc.,

Plin. 2, 26, 25, § 96:

tum facibus visis caelestibus, tum stellis iis, quas Graeci cometas, nostri cincinnatas vocant,

Cic. N. D. 2, 5, 14; id. Cat. 3, 8, 18; Liv. 41, 21, 13; 29, 14, 3; Verg. A. 2, 694; Ov. M. 15, 787; Luc. 1, 528; Petr. 122; Sen. Oet. 232.—

Of lightning:

facem flammantem dirigere,

Val. Fl. 1, 569; id. 4, 671. —

Of the eyes:

oculi, geminae, sidera nostra, faces,

Prop. 2, 3, 14:

has ego credo faces, haec virginis ora Dianae,

Val. Fl. 5, 380; cf.:

tranquillaeque faces oculis et plurima vultu materinest,

Stat. Ach. 1, 164.—

Prima fax (noctis), early torchlight, immediately after dark (post-class.); cf.:

luminibus accensis, Auct. B. Afr. 89: tempus diei occiduum, mox suprema tempestas, hoc est diei novissimum tempus: deinde vespera: ab hoc tempore prima fax dicitur, deinde concubia, etc.,

Macr. S, 1, 3 fin.; Gell. 3, 2, 11; 18, 1 fin.; App. M. 2, p. 119, 20.

Trop.

That which illuminates, makes conspicuous ( poet.):

incipit parentum nobilitas facem praeferre pudendis,

Juv. 8, 139; cf. Sall. J. 80.—

That which inflames or incites, incitement, stimulus, cause of ruin, destruction (freq. and class.):

cum corporis facibus inflammari soleamus ad omnes fere cupiditates eoque magis incendi, quod, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 44:

me torret face mutua Calais,

flame of love, Hor. C. 3, 9, 13; cf.:

iraï fax,

Lucr. 3, 303:

dicendi faces,

flames, fires of eloquence, Cic. de Or. 2, 51, 205; cf.:

alicui quasi quasdam verborum faces admovere,

id. ib. 3, 1, 4:

alicui acriores ad studia dicendi faces subdere,

Quint. 1, 2, 25 Spald.:

hortator studii causaque faxque mei,

guide, leader, Ov. Pont. 1, 7, 28; and: incitator et fax omnium, Prud. steph. 10, 67:

subicere faces invidiae alicujus,

Cic. Mil. 35, 98; cf.:

flagrantibus jam militum animis velut faces addere,

Tac. H. 1, 24:

acerrimam bello facem praetulit,

id. ib. 2, 86:

(rogationes promulgavit) duas faces novantibus res ad plebem in optimates accendendam,

Liv. 32, 38, 9:

inde faces ardent, a dote,

Juv. 6, 139: adolescentulo ad libidinem facem praeferre, i. e. to be a leader or guide, Cic. Cat. 1, 6, 13:

Antonius omnium Clodi incendiorum fax,

instigator, id. Phil. 2, 19, 48; cf.:

fax accusationis et origo,

Plin. Ep. 4, 9, 3:

fax hujus belli (Hannibal),

Liv. 21, 10, 11; Vell. 2, 25, 3:

dolorum cum admoventur faces,

Cic. Off. 2, 10, 37; cf. id. Tusc. 2, 25, 61:

(dolor) ardentes faces intentat,

id. ib. 5, 27, 76:

quae (Agrippinae) Gaium et Domitium Neronem principes genuere totidem facis generis humani,

destroyers, Plin. 7, 8, 6, § 45.— Absol.:

cum his furiis et facibus, cum his exitiosis prodigiis (i e. Gabinio et Pisone),

Cic. Har. Resp. 2, 4.

fŏdĭco, no perf., ātum, āre, v. a. [fodio], to dig, to pierce (rare but class.).

Lit.: mercemur servum, qui dictet nomina, laevum Qui fodicet latus et cogat dextram Porrigere, to dig or jog in the side, * Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 51 (for which fodit, Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 17):

lateribus fodicatis,

Amm. 26, 10, p. 98 Bip.—

Trop.:

animum fodicant, bona distimulant,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 30: cf.: stimulus ego nunc sum tibi;

fodico corculum,

id. Cas. 2, 6, 9:

non est in nostra potestate fodicantibus iis rebus, quas malas esse opinemur, dissimulatio vel oblivio,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 16, 35.

G, g, indecl. n. or (on account of littera) f., had originally no place in the Latin alphabet: both the sharp and the flat guttural mutes, our k and g sounds, being represented by C; hence on the Columna Rostrata LECIONES, MACISTRATOS, EXFOCIONT, (pu)CNANDOD, PVCN(ad), CARTACINIENSIS, for legiones, etc.; hence, too, the archaic form ACETARE for agitare (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 23 Müll. N. cr.), and the still common abbreviation of the names Gaius and Gneus in C and Cn.—At a later period (acc. to Plut. Qu. Rom. p. 277 D and 278 E, by means of a freedman of Spurius Carvilius Ruga, about the beginning of the second Punic war) a slight graphic alteration was made in the C, which introduced into the Roman orthography the letter G (on the old monuments C); thus we have in the S. C. de Bacchanal.: MAGISTER, MAGISTRATVM, FIGIER, GNOSCIER, AGRO; on the other hand, the orthography GNAIVOD PATRE PROGNATVS on the first Epitaph of the Scipios, which dates before that time, indicates either incorrectness in the copying or a later erection of the monument. When Greek words are written in Latin letters and vice versa, G always corresponds to G. Its sound was always hard, like Engl. g in gate, at least until the sixth century A. D.As an initial, g, in pure Latin words, enters into consonantal combination only with l and r; and therefore in words which, from their etymology, had the combination gn, the g was rejected in the classical period, and thus arose the class. forms nascor, natus, nosco, novi, notus, narus, navus, from the original gnascor, gnatus, gnosco, etc. (cf. the English gnaw, gnat, gnarr, etc., where the g has become silent); whereas in compounds the g again is often retained: cognatus, cognosco, ignarus, ignavus.—An initial g is dropped in lac (kindred to GALACT, gala), likewise in anser (kindred to Germ. Gans; Sanscr. hansa; Greek chên).As a medial, g combines with l, m, n, r, although it is sometimes elided before m in the course of formation; so in examen for exagmen from agmen; in contamino for contagmino (from con-TAG, tango). Before s the soft sound of g passes into the hard sound of c, and becomes blended with the s into x (v. the letter X); though sometimes the g (or c) is elided altogether, as in mulsi from mulgeo, indulsi from indulgeo; cf.: sparsus, mersus, tersus, etc. So too before t, as indultum from indulgeo. The medial g is often dropped between two vowels, and compensated for by lengthening the preced. vowel: māior from măgior, pulēium from pulēgium, āio from ăgio (root AG, Sanscr. ah, to say; cf. nego). Likewise the medial g is dropped in lēvis for legvis, Sanscr. laghn, fava for fagva, fruor for frugvor, flamma for flagma, stimulus for stigmulus, examen for exagmen; jumentum, from root jug-: sumen from sug-; cf.: umor, flamen, etc.As a final, g was only paragogic, acc. to Quint. 1, 7, 13, in the obsolete VESPERVG (for vesperu, analogous with noctu; v. Spald. ad loc.). Etymologically, g corresponds to an original Indo - European g or gh, or is weakened from c, k. Thus it stands where in Greek we have:

g, as ago, agô; ager, agros; argentum, arguros; genus, genos; fulgeo, phlegô, and so very commonly;

ch (usually before r, or in the middle of a word): ango, anchô; rigo, brechô; gratus, chairô, etc.;

k: viginti, eikosi; gubernator, kubernêtês; gummi, kommi, etc.—By assimilation, g was produced from b and d in oggero, suggero, aggero, etc., from obgero, sub-gero, ad-gero, etc.As an abbreviation, G denotes Galliarum, Gallica, gemina, Germania, genius, etc.; and sometimes Gaius (instead of the usual C); v. Inscr. Orell. 467; 1660; 4680:

G.P.R.F. genio populi Romani feliciter,

Inscr. Orell. 4957; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 76 sqq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 38 sqq.

G, g, indecl. n. or (on account of littera) f., had originally no place in the Latin alphabet: both the sharp and the flat guttural mutes, our k and g sounds, being represented by C; hence on the Columna Rostrata LECIONES, MACISTRATOS, EXFOCIONT, (pu)CNANDOD, PVCN(ad), CARTACINIENSIS, for legiones, etc.; hence, too, the archaic form ACETARE for agitare (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 23 Müll. N. cr.), and the still common abbreviation of the names Gaius and Gneus in C and Cn.—At a later period (acc. to Plut. Qu. Rom. p. 277 D and 278 E, by means of a freedman of Spurius Carvilius Ruga, about the beginning of the second Punic war) a slight graphic alteration was made in the C, which introduced into the Roman orthography the letter G (on the old monuments C); thus we have in the S. C. de Bacchanal.: MAGISTER, MAGISTRATVM, FIGIER, GNOSCIER, AGRO; on the other hand, the orthography GNAIVOD PATRE PROGNATVS on the first Epitaph of the Scipios, which dates before that time, indicates either incorrectness in the copying or a later erection of the monument. When Greek words are written in Latin letters and vice versa, G always corresponds to G. Its sound was always hard, like Engl. g in gate, at least until the sixth century A. D.As an initial, g, in pure Latin words, enters into consonantal combination only with l and r; and therefore in words which, from their etymology, had the combination gn, the g was rejected in the classical period, and thus arose the class. forms nascor, natus, nosco, novi, notus, narus, navus, from the original gnascor, gnatus, gnosco, etc. (cf. the English gnaw, gnat, gnarr, etc., where the g has become silent); whereas in compounds the g again is often retained: cognatus, cognosco, ignarus, ignavus.—An initial g is dropped in lac (kindred to GALACT, gala), likewise in anser (kindred to Germ. Gans; Sanscr. hansa; Greek chên).As a medial, g combines with l, m, n, r, although it is sometimes elided before m in the course of formation; so in examen for exagmen from agmen; in contamino for contagmino (from con-TAG, tango). Before s the soft sound of g passes into the hard sound of c, and becomes blended with the s into x (v. the letter X); though sometimes the g (or c) is elided altogether, as in mulsi from mulgeo, indulsi from indulgeo; cf.: sparsus, mersus, tersus, etc. So too before t, as indultum from indulgeo. The medial g is often dropped between two vowels, and compensated for by lengthening the preced. vowel: māior from măgior, pulēium from pulēgium, āio from ăgio (root AG, Sanscr. ah, to say; cf. nego). Likewise the medial g is dropped in lēvis for legvis, Sanscr. laghn, fava for fagva, fruor for frugvor, flamma for flagma, stimulus for stigmulus, examen for exagmen; jumentum, from root jug-: sumen from sug-; cf.: umor, flamen, etc.As a final, g was only paragogic, acc. to Quint. 1, 7, 13, in the obsolete VESPERVG (for vesperu, analogous with noctu; v. Spald. ad loc.). Etymologically, g corresponds to an original Indo - European g or gh, or is weakened from c, k. Thus it stands where in Greek we have:

g, as ago, agô; ager, agros; argentum, arguros; genus, genos; fulgeo, phlegô, and so very commonly;

ch (usually before r, or in the middle of a word): ango, anchô; rigo, brechô; gratus, chairô, etc.;

k: viginti, eikosi; gubernator, kubernêtês; gummi, kommi, etc.—By assimilation, g was produced from b and d in oggero, suggero, aggero, etc., from obgero, sub-gero, ad-gero, etc.As an abbreviation, G denotes Galliarum, Gallica, gemina, Germania, genius, etc.; and sometimes Gaius (instead of the usual C); v. Inscr. Orell. 467; 1660; 4680:

G.P.R.F. genio populi Romani feliciter,

Inscr. Orell. 4957; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 76 sqq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 38 sqq.

lŏcŭlus, i, m. dim. [locus], a little place.

In gen.:

in cella est paulum nimis loculi lubrici,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 2, 38.—

In partic.

A coffin:

equites in loculis asservati,

Plin. 7, 16, 16, § 75; Vulg. Luc. 7, 14: hunc (pollicem regis in dextro pede) cremari cum reliquo corpore non potuisse tradunt, conditumque loculo in templo, Plin. 7, 2, 2, § 20.—

A bier, Fulg. Planc. Exposit. Serm. p. 558 Merc.—

A compartment, manger, stall:

loculi vel marmore vel lapide vel ligno facti distinguendi sunt, ut singula jumenta hordeum suum ex integro nullo praeripiente consumant,

Veg. Vet. 1, 56, 4.—

In plur.: loculi, a small receptacle with compartments, a coffer or casket for keeping all sorts of things in:

gestit enim nummum in loculos demittere,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 175; id. S. 1, 3, 17:

gramina continuo loculis depromit eburnis,

Ov. F. 6, 749:

hos de flavā loculos implere monetā,

Mart. 14, 12:

in quibus (loculis) erant claves vinariae cellae,

Plin. 14, 13, 14, § 89.— Hence, stimulorum loculi, applied to a bad slave, qs. you receptacle for goads (with which slaves were chastised), Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 11; v. stimulus.—

Esp., a purse, pocket:

e peculiaribus loculis suis,

out of his own pocket, Suet. Galb. 12:

laevo suspensi loculos tabulamque lacerto,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 74; id. Ep. 1, 1, 56:

neque enim loculis comitantibus itur ad casum tabulae,

Juv. 1, 89; 10, 46 al.