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81 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
82 STAR
1) Авиация: standard (instrument) arrival (standard instrument arrival routes), (см.) SIDs and STARs3) Спорт: Skills And Techniques For Advanced Riding, Sport Touring Association Rendezvous, Sports Training Academics And Recreation4) Военный термин: Service Tradition Awards Recognition, Simulation in Training for Advanced Readiness, Situation Task Action Result, Standard Threat Assessment Report, satellite telecommunications automatic routing, selective training and retention, self-testing and repairing, ship tactical airborne RPV, specialized training and reassignment, stacked array radar, staging area, standard approach route, supersonic tactical antiradar, support through aerial resupply, surface-to-air recovery, surveillance, threat assessment report5) Техника: Signaal terminal area radar, satellite telecommunications automatic routing system, ship-tended acoustic relay, shuttle telescopes for astronomical research program, small tactical airborne recorder, standard tantalum active resonator, star and stellar systems advisory committee, stellar attitude reference system, surveillance and target acquisition radar, systems test bed for avionics research7) Юридический термин: Supporting Teens At Risk8) Автомобильный термин: self test automatic readout9) Сокращение: SCOPE Trusted Automatic Router, Shock Technology Applied Research, Simulation Training And Research, Simultaneous Transmission And Reception, Simultaneous Transmit and Receive, Space/Time Adaptive Research (system), Special Threat Analysis and Recognition, Standard Terminal Arrival Route, Strategic & Tactical Airborne Recovery, Strategic-Tactical Airborne Recorder, Submarine Target, Surface To Air Recovery, Surveillance, Target Acquisition & Reconnaissance, System Threat Assessment Report, System for Tactical Access to combat Radio, space technology and advanced research10) Университет: Satellite Transmitted Academic Resources, Science Technology And Research, Science To Achieve Results, Scottish Technology And Research, Smart Technology For Academic Rewards, Strategically Targeted Academic Research, Strategies And Techniques For Academic Reinforcement, Student Team About Results, Student Telephone Assisted Registration, Student Tracking Admissions And Registration, Students Taking Action And Responsibility, Students Teaching Arithmetic And Reading11) Физиология: Specialised Trauma Air Response, Steps Towards Allergy Relief, Strategic And Tactical Axiomatic Response12) Электроника: Simultaneous transmitted and reflected13) Вычислительная техника: Shareware Trade Association and Resources (organization)14) Онкология: Sharing Treatment And Recovery15) Космонавтика: Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (NASA)16) Банковское дело: синтетические ценные бумаги с новыми характеристиками, выпущенные на основе других ценных бумаг (securities transferred and repackaged)17) Транспорт: Simplified And Transparent Administration Of Registration18) Воздухоплавание: Standard Terminal Approach Route19) Фирменный знак: Stevens Technology For Arsenic Removal20) Экология: Sustainable Technologies And Renewables21) Деловая лексика: Safety Through Accountability And Recognition, Service Teamwork Achievement And Recognition, Situation, Task, Action, Results, Software Technical Assistance Recognition22) Образование: Skill Talent And Achievement Recognition, Standardized Test For Assessment Of Reading, Statewide Training For Accurate Reference, Striving To Achieve Results, Student Teacher Achievement Recognition, Students Taught Awareness And Resistance, Students That Are Ready, Success Through Academic Readiness, Support Training Advocacy And Resources, Supportive Training Achieves Results23) Инвестиции: securities transferred and repackaged25) Медицинская техника: signal targeting and alternating radiofrequency26) Расширение файла: Self Defining Text Archival27) НАСДАК: Lone Star Steakhouse and Saloon28) Программное обеспечение: Software Technology For Action And Reflection -
83 StAR
1) Авиация: standard (instrument) arrival (standard instrument arrival routes), (см.) SIDs and STARs3) Спорт: Skills And Techniques For Advanced Riding, Sport Touring Association Rendezvous, Sports Training Academics And Recreation4) Военный термин: Service Tradition Awards Recognition, Simulation in Training for Advanced Readiness, Situation Task Action Result, Standard Threat Assessment Report, satellite telecommunications automatic routing, selective training and retention, self-testing and repairing, ship tactical airborne RPV, specialized training and reassignment, stacked array radar, staging area, standard approach route, supersonic tactical antiradar, support through aerial resupply, surface-to-air recovery, surveillance, threat assessment report5) Техника: Signaal terminal area radar, satellite telecommunications automatic routing system, ship-tended acoustic relay, shuttle telescopes for astronomical research program, small tactical airborne recorder, standard tantalum active resonator, star and stellar systems advisory committee, stellar attitude reference system, surveillance and target acquisition radar, systems test bed for avionics research7) Юридический термин: Supporting Teens At Risk8) Автомобильный термин: self test automatic readout9) Сокращение: SCOPE Trusted Automatic Router, Shock Technology Applied Research, Simulation Training And Research, Simultaneous Transmission And Reception, Simultaneous Transmit and Receive, Space/Time Adaptive Research (system), Special Threat Analysis and Recognition, Standard Terminal Arrival Route, Strategic & Tactical Airborne Recovery, Strategic-Tactical Airborne Recorder, Submarine Target, Surface To Air Recovery, Surveillance, Target Acquisition & Reconnaissance, System Threat Assessment Report, System for Tactical Access to combat Radio, space technology and advanced research10) Университет: Satellite Transmitted Academic Resources, Science Technology And Research, Science To Achieve Results, Scottish Technology And Research, Smart Technology For Academic Rewards, Strategically Targeted Academic Research, Strategies And Techniques For Academic Reinforcement, Student Team About Results, Student Telephone Assisted Registration, Student Tracking Admissions And Registration, Students Taking Action And Responsibility, Students Teaching Arithmetic And Reading11) Физиология: Specialised Trauma Air Response, Steps Towards Allergy Relief, Strategic And Tactical Axiomatic Response12) Электроника: Simultaneous transmitted and reflected13) Вычислительная техника: Shareware Trade Association and Resources (organization)14) Онкология: Sharing Treatment And Recovery15) Космонавтика: Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (NASA)16) Банковское дело: синтетические ценные бумаги с новыми характеристиками, выпущенные на основе других ценных бумаг (securities transferred and repackaged)17) Транспорт: Simplified And Transparent Administration Of Registration18) Воздухоплавание: Standard Terminal Approach Route19) Фирменный знак: Stevens Technology For Arsenic Removal20) Экология: Sustainable Technologies And Renewables21) Деловая лексика: Safety Through Accountability And Recognition, Service Teamwork Achievement And Recognition, Situation, Task, Action, Results, Software Technical Assistance Recognition22) Образование: Skill Talent And Achievement Recognition, Standardized Test For Assessment Of Reading, Statewide Training For Accurate Reference, Striving To Achieve Results, Student Teacher Achievement Recognition, Students Taught Awareness And Resistance, Students That Are Ready, Success Through Academic Readiness, Support Training Advocacy And Resources, Supportive Training Achieves Results23) Инвестиции: securities transferred and repackaged25) Медицинская техника: signal targeting and alternating radiofrequency26) Расширение файла: Self Defining Text Archival27) НАСДАК: Lone Star Steakhouse and Saloon28) Программное обеспечение: Software Technology For Action And Reflection -
84 Star
1) Авиация: standard (instrument) arrival (standard instrument arrival routes), (см.) SIDs and STARs3) Спорт: Skills And Techniques For Advanced Riding, Sport Touring Association Rendezvous, Sports Training Academics And Recreation4) Военный термин: Service Tradition Awards Recognition, Simulation in Training for Advanced Readiness, Situation Task Action Result, Standard Threat Assessment Report, satellite telecommunications automatic routing, selective training and retention, self-testing and repairing, ship tactical airborne RPV, specialized training and reassignment, stacked array radar, staging area, standard approach route, supersonic tactical antiradar, support through aerial resupply, surface-to-air recovery, surveillance, threat assessment report5) Техника: Signaal terminal area radar, satellite telecommunications automatic routing system, ship-tended acoustic relay, shuttle telescopes for astronomical research program, small tactical airborne recorder, standard tantalum active resonator, star and stellar systems advisory committee, stellar attitude reference system, surveillance and target acquisition radar, systems test bed for avionics research7) Юридический термин: Supporting Teens At Risk8) Автомобильный термин: self test automatic readout9) Сокращение: SCOPE Trusted Automatic Router, Shock Technology Applied Research, Simulation Training And Research, Simultaneous Transmission And Reception, Simultaneous Transmit and Receive, Space/Time Adaptive Research (system), Special Threat Analysis and Recognition, Standard Terminal Arrival Route, Strategic & Tactical Airborne Recovery, Strategic-Tactical Airborne Recorder, Submarine Target, Surface To Air Recovery, Surveillance, Target Acquisition & Reconnaissance, System Threat Assessment Report, System for Tactical Access to combat Radio, space technology and advanced research10) Университет: Satellite Transmitted Academic Resources, Science Technology And Research, Science To Achieve Results, Scottish Technology And Research, Smart Technology For Academic Rewards, Strategically Targeted Academic Research, Strategies And Techniques For Academic Reinforcement, Student Team About Results, Student Telephone Assisted Registration, Student Tracking Admissions And Registration, Students Taking Action And Responsibility, Students Teaching Arithmetic And Reading11) Физиология: Specialised Trauma Air Response, Steps Towards Allergy Relief, Strategic And Tactical Axiomatic Response12) Электроника: Simultaneous transmitted and reflected13) Вычислительная техника: Shareware Trade Association and Resources (organization)14) Онкология: Sharing Treatment And Recovery15) Космонавтика: Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (NASA)16) Банковское дело: синтетические ценные бумаги с новыми характеристиками, выпущенные на основе других ценных бумаг (securities transferred and repackaged)17) Транспорт: Simplified And Transparent Administration Of Registration18) Воздухоплавание: Standard Terminal Approach Route19) Фирменный знак: Stevens Technology For Arsenic Removal20) Экология: Sustainable Technologies And Renewables21) Деловая лексика: Safety Through Accountability And Recognition, Service Teamwork Achievement And Recognition, Situation, Task, Action, Results, Software Technical Assistance Recognition22) Образование: Skill Talent And Achievement Recognition, Standardized Test For Assessment Of Reading, Statewide Training For Accurate Reference, Striving To Achieve Results, Student Teacher Achievement Recognition, Students Taught Awareness And Resistance, Students That Are Ready, Success Through Academic Readiness, Support Training Advocacy And Resources, Supportive Training Achieves Results23) Инвестиции: securities transferred and repackaged25) Медицинская техника: signal targeting and alternating radiofrequency26) Расширение файла: Self Defining Text Archival27) НАСДАК: Lone Star Steakhouse and Saloon28) Программное обеспечение: Software Technology For Action And Reflection -
85 star
1) Авиация: standard (instrument) arrival (standard instrument arrival routes), (см.) SIDs and STARs3) Спорт: Skills And Techniques For Advanced Riding, Sport Touring Association Rendezvous, Sports Training Academics And Recreation4) Военный термин: Service Tradition Awards Recognition, Simulation in Training for Advanced Readiness, Situation Task Action Result, Standard Threat Assessment Report, satellite telecommunications automatic routing, selective training and retention, self-testing and repairing, ship tactical airborne RPV, specialized training and reassignment, stacked array radar, staging area, standard approach route, supersonic tactical antiradar, support through aerial resupply, surface-to-air recovery, surveillance, threat assessment report5) Техника: Signaal terminal area radar, satellite telecommunications automatic routing system, ship-tended acoustic relay, shuttle telescopes for astronomical research program, small tactical airborne recorder, standard tantalum active resonator, star and stellar systems advisory committee, stellar attitude reference system, surveillance and target acquisition radar, systems test bed for avionics research7) Юридический термин: Supporting Teens At Risk8) Автомобильный термин: self test automatic readout9) Сокращение: SCOPE Trusted Automatic Router, Shock Technology Applied Research, Simulation Training And Research, Simultaneous Transmission And Reception, Simultaneous Transmit and Receive, Space/Time Adaptive Research (system), Special Threat Analysis and Recognition, Standard Terminal Arrival Route, Strategic & Tactical Airborne Recovery, Strategic-Tactical Airborne Recorder, Submarine Target, Surface To Air Recovery, Surveillance, Target Acquisition & Reconnaissance, System Threat Assessment Report, System for Tactical Access to combat Radio, space technology and advanced research10) Университет: Satellite Transmitted Academic Resources, Science Technology And Research, Science To Achieve Results, Scottish Technology And Research, Smart Technology For Academic Rewards, Strategically Targeted Academic Research, Strategies And Techniques For Academic Reinforcement, Student Team About Results, Student Telephone Assisted Registration, Student Tracking Admissions And Registration, Students Taking Action And Responsibility, Students Teaching Arithmetic And Reading11) Физиология: Specialised Trauma Air Response, Steps Towards Allergy Relief, Strategic And Tactical Axiomatic Response12) Электроника: Simultaneous transmitted and reflected13) Вычислительная техника: Shareware Trade Association and Resources (organization)14) Онкология: Sharing Treatment And Recovery15) Космонавтика: Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (NASA)16) Банковское дело: синтетические ценные бумаги с новыми характеристиками, выпущенные на основе других ценных бумаг (securities transferred and repackaged)17) Транспорт: Simplified And Transparent Administration Of Registration18) Воздухоплавание: Standard Terminal Approach Route19) Фирменный знак: Stevens Technology For Arsenic Removal20) Экология: Sustainable Technologies And Renewables21) Деловая лексика: Safety Through Accountability And Recognition, Service Teamwork Achievement And Recognition, Situation, Task, Action, Results, Software Technical Assistance Recognition22) Образование: Skill Talent And Achievement Recognition, Standardized Test For Assessment Of Reading, Statewide Training For Accurate Reference, Striving To Achieve Results, Student Teacher Achievement Recognition, Students Taught Awareness And Resistance, Students That Are Ready, Success Through Academic Readiness, Support Training Advocacy And Resources, Supportive Training Achieves Results23) Инвестиции: securities transferred and repackaged25) Медицинская техника: signal targeting and alternating radiofrequency26) Расширение файла: Self Defining Text Archival27) НАСДАК: Lone Star Steakhouse and Saloon28) Программное обеспечение: Software Technology For Action And Reflection -
86 active
'æktiv1) (energetic or lively; able to work etc: At seventy, he's no longer very active.) activo2) ((busily) involved: She is an active supporter of women's rights.) activo3) (causing an effect or effects: Yeast is an active ingredient in bread-making.) activo4) (in force: The rule is still active.) en vigor5) ((of volcanoes) still likely to erupt.) en actividad6) (of the form of a verb in which the subject performs the action of the verb: The dog bit the man.) activo•- actively
- activity
active adj activotr['æktɪv]1 activo,-a2 (volcano) en actividad3 (energetic) activo,-a, vivo,-a, vigoroso,-a\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be on active service estar en servicio activoto take an active part in something participar activamente en algothe active voice la voz activaactive ['æktɪv] adj1) moving: activo, en movimiento2) lively: vigoroso, enérgico3) : en actividadan active volcano: un volcán en actividad4) operative: vigenteadj.• activo, -a adj.• agencioso, -a adj.• eficaz adj.• enérgico, -a adj.• listo, -a adj.• poderoso, -a adj.• vivo, -a adj.
I 'æktɪv1)a) (energetic, busy) <person/life> activob) (Chem, Pharm) activoc) < volcano> en actividad2)a) ( practising) activob) (positive, keen) <member/role> activoc) ( Mil) (before n) <service/duty> activo3) ( Ling) activo
II
['æktɪv]1. ADJ1) (=lively) [person, brain] activo; [imagination] vivo2) (=busy) [life, day, period] de mucha actividad, muy movido3) (=not passive) [member, population] activo•
to take an active interest in sth — interesarse vivamente por algo•
after 17 years' active involvement in the party — después de 17 años de militar activamente en el partido•
to play or take an active part in sth — participar activamente en algo•
he withdrew from active participation in the project — dejó de participar activamente en el proyecto•
he played an active role in bringing about a ceasefire — desempeñó un papel activo a la hora de conseguir el alto al fuego•
to be sexually active — tener relaciones sexuales•
the government must take active steps to bring down inflation — el gobierno debe tomar medidas directas para bajar la inflación4) (=not extinct) [volcano] en actividad5) (Chem, Phys, Electronics) activo6) (Econ, Comm) [trading, market] activo7) (Mil)to be on active service or duty — estar en activo
8) (Ling, Gram)2.N(Gram)3.CPDactive birth N — (Med) parto m natural
active file N — (Comput) fichero m activo
active suspension N — (Aut) suspensión f activa
* * *
I ['æktɪv]1)a) (energetic, busy) <person/life> activob) (Chem, Pharm) activoc) < volcano> en actividad2)a) ( practising) activob) (positive, keen) <member/role> activoc) ( Mil) (before n) <service/duty> activo3) ( Ling) activo
II
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87 ballet
'bælei, ]( American) bæ'lei1) (a theatrical performance of dancing with set steps and mime, often telling a story: Swan Lake is my favourite ballet.) ballet2) (the art of dancing in this way: She is taking lessons in ballet; (also adjective) a ballet class.) ballet•ballet n ballet
ballet /ba'le/ sustantivo masculino (pl
ballet sustantivo masculino ballet ' ballet' also found in these entries: Spanish: maillot - aptitud - barra - dejar - zapatilla English: ballet - ballet dancer - ballerina - pirouette - tightstr['bæleɪ]1 ballet nombre masculino\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLballet dancer bailarín,-inacorps de ballet cuerpo de balletballet [bæ'leɪ, 'bæ.leɪ] n: ballet mn.• bailable s.m.• baile s.m.• ballet (ESP) s.m.• cuerpo de baile s.m.'bæleɪmass & count noun ballet m; (before n)['bæleɪ]ballet dancer — bailarín, -rina m,f de ballet
1.N ballet m2.CPDballet dancer N — bailarín(-ina) m / f (de ballet)
ballet school N — escuela f de ballet
ballet shoes NPL — zapatillas fpl de ballet
ballet skirt N — falda f de bailarina or de ballet
* * *['bæleɪ]mass & count noun ballet m; (before n)ballet dancer — bailarín, -rina m,f de ballet
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88 bend
bend
1. past tense, past participle - bent; verb1) (to make, become, or be, angled or curved: Bend your arm; She bent down to pick up the coin; The road bends to the right; He could bend an iron bar.) doblar(se), curvar2) (to force (someone) to do what one wants: He bent me to his will.) doblegar, compeler, obligar
2. noun(a curve or angle: a bend in the road.) curva- bent on
bend1 n curva / ángulobend2 vb doblar / torcer / flexionartr[bend]1 (in road etc) curva2 (in pipe) ángulo1 doblar, curvar1 doblarse, combarse3 (road) torcer\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto bend something back doblar algo hacia atrásto bend something straight enderezar algoto bend over backwards for somebody hacer todo lo posible por alguiento be round the bend estar loco,-a perdido,-ato send somebody round the bend sacar a alguien de quicioto bend the rules for somebody hacer una excepción por alguienon bended knee arrodillado,-a'Please do not bend' (on package) "No doblar"wide bend curva abierta: torcer, doblar, curvar, flexionarbend vi1) : torcerse, agacharseto bend over: inclinarse2) turn: torcer, hacer una curvabend n1) turn: vuelta f, recodo m2) curve: curva f, ángulo m, codo mn.• anfractuosidad s.f.• comba s.f.• combadura s.f.• corvadura s.f.• curva s.f.• curvatura s.f.• gaza s.f.• recodo s.m.• recoveco s.m.• retortijón de tripas s.m.• revuelto s.m.• torno s.m.• través s.m.• viraje s.m.• vuelta s.f.v.(§ p.,p.p.: bent) = acodillar v.• agarbarse v.• bornear v.• cimbrar v.• combar v.• corcovar v.• declinar v.• derrengar v.• doblar v.• doblegar v.• encorvar v.• envergar v.• inclinar v.• torcer v.bend
I
a) (in road, river) curva fto take a bend — tomar or (esp Esp) coger* una curva
to be round the bend — (esp BrE colloq) estar* chiflado (fam)
b) bends pl
II
1.
(past & past p bent) transitive verb1) \<\<wire/branch\>\> torcer*, curvar; \<\<back/leg\>\> doblar, flexionarbend your head back/forward — inclina or echa la cabeza hacia atrás/adelante
2) ( direct) (frml) \<\<energies/attention\>\> concentrar
2.
vi1)a) \<\<pipe/wire\>\> torcerse*to bend forward/backward — inclinarse hacia adelante/atrás; backward II a)
b) \<\<road/river\>\> hacer* una curva2) ( submit) ceder•Phrasal Verbs:[bend] (vb: pt, pp bent)1. N2)the bends — (Med) la enfermedad de descompresión
3) (Heraldry) banda f2. VT1) (=make curved) [+ wire] curvar, doblar; (=cause to sag) combar; [+ arm, knee] doblar; [+ sail] envergar- bend sb's ear2) (=incline) [+ body, head] inclinar3) (=direct) [+ efforts, steps etc] dirigir (to a)bent3. VI1) [branch] doblarse; [wire] torcerse; [arm, knee] doblarse; [road, river] torcer ( to the left a la izquierda)2) [person] (=stoop) inclinarse, doblarse* * *[bend]
I
a) (in road, river) curva fto take a bend — tomar or (esp Esp) coger* una curva
to be round the bend — (esp BrE colloq) estar* chiflado (fam)
b) bends pl
II
1.
(past & past p bent) transitive verb1) \<\<wire/branch\>\> torcer*, curvar; \<\<back/leg\>\> doblar, flexionarbend your head back/forward — inclina or echa la cabeza hacia atrás/adelante
2) ( direct) (frml) \<\<energies/attention\>\> concentrar
2.
vi1)a) \<\<pipe/wire\>\> torcerse*to bend forward/backward — inclinarse hacia adelante/atrás; backward II a)
b) \<\<road/river\>\> hacer* una curva2) ( submit) ceder•Phrasal Verbs: -
89 dizzy
'dizi1) (giddy or confused: If you spin round and round like that, you'll make yourself dizzy.) mareado2) (causing dizziness: dizzy heights.) vertiginoso•- dizzily- dizziness
dizzy adj mareadotr['dɪzɪ]1 (person) mareado,-a2 (speed, pace) vertiginoso,-a; (height) de vértigo\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto have a dizzy spell darle a uno,-a un mareo, darle a uno,-a un vahídoto get dizzy marearse1) : mareadoI feel dizzy: estoy mareado2) : vertiginosoa dizzy speed: una velocidad vertiginosaadj.• mareado, -a adj.• que produce vértigo adj.• vertiginoso, -a adj.'dɪziadjective -zier, -ziestto feel dizzy — estar* mareado
b) ( causing dizziness) < speed> vertiginoso; < height> de vértigoc) ( scatterbrained) (colloq) tarambana (fam)1. ['dɪzɪ]ADJ (compar dizzier) (superl dizziest)1) (=giddy) [person] mareado•
changes in altitude make you dizzy — los cambios de altitud causan mareo or hacen que te mareas•
to be dizzy with success — estar borracho de éxito2) (fig) [pace, speed] vertiginososhe rose to the dizzy heights of director's secretary — ascendió ni más ni menos que al puesto de secretaria del director
3) * (=scatterbrained) atolondrado2.VT (=confuse) aturdirthey had been dizzied by the pace of technological change — el ritmo del cambio tecnológico les había aturdido
* * *['dɪzi]adjective -zier, -ziestto feel dizzy — estar* mareado
b) ( causing dizziness) < speed> vertiginoso; < height> de vértigoc) ( scatterbrained) (colloq) tarambana (fam) -
90 falter
'fo:ltə1) (to stumble or hesitate: She walked without faltering.) vacilar2) (to speak with hesitation: Her voice faltered.) titubear•- falteringly
tr['fɔːltəSMALLr/SMALL]1) totter: tambalearse2) stammer: titubear, tartamudear3) waver: vacilarv.• decir titubeando v.• desfallecer v.• desmayar v.• titubear v.• vacilar v.'fɔːltər, 'fɔːltə(r)a) ( speak hesitantly) titubear, balbucearb) \<\<enthusiasm/interest\>\> decaer*; \<\<courage/resolve\>\> flaquearc) ( move unsteadily) tambalearsed)['fɔːltǝ(r)]1.VI (=waver) [person] vacilar, titubear; [voice] entrecortarse, quebrarse; [steps] vacilar; [courage] fallar, faltar2.* * *['fɔːltər, 'fɔːltə(r)]a) ( speak hesitantly) titubear, balbucearb) \<\<enthusiasm/interest\>\> decaer*; \<\<courage/resolve\>\> flaquearc) ( move unsteadily) tambalearsed) -
91 follow
'foləu
1. verb1) (to go or come after: I will follow (you).) seguir2) (to go along (a road, river etc): Follow this road.) seguir3) (to understand: Do you follow (my argument)?) entender, seguir4) (to act according to: I followed his advice.) seguir•- follower- following
2. adjective1) (coming after: the following day.) siguiente2) (about to be mentioned: You will need the following things.)
3. preposition(after; as a result of: Following his illness, his hair turned white.) después de
4. pronoun(things about to be mentioned: You must bring the following - pen, pencil, paper and rubber.)- follow up
follow vb1. seguir2. entenderI'm afraid I don't follow you lo siento, pero no te entiendotr['fɒləʊ]1 (gen) seguir■ follow me! ¡sígueme!2 (understand) entender, seguir3 (pursue) perseguir4 (advice, example, etc) seguir5 (take interest in) seguir, estar al corriente de1 (gen) seguir2 (understand) entender3 (be logical) resultar, derivarse■ it follows that... resulta que...\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLas follows como sigue, asíto follow in somebody's footsteps seguir los pasos a alguiento follow one's nose seguir todo rectofollow ['fɑlo] vt1) : seguirfollow the guide: siga al guíashe followed the road: siguió el camino, continuó por el camino2) pursue: perseguir, seguir3) obey: seguir, cumplir, observar4) understand: entenderfollow vi1) : seguir2) understand: entender3)it follows that... : se deduce que...v.• interesarse en v.• seguir v.• seguir el hilo de v.• suceder v.'fɑːləʊ, 'fɒləʊ
1.
1)a) (go, come after, pursue) seguir*the King entered, followed by the Queen — el rey entró, seguido por or de la reina
b) (succeed, happen after)c) (repeat, improve on) \<\<success/achievement\>\> igualar2)a) ( keep to) \<\<road\>\> seguir* (por); \<\<trail\>\> seguir*b) ( obey) \<\<instructions/advice\>\> seguir*; \<\<order\>\> cumplirc) (conform to, imitate) \<\<fashion\>\> seguir*follow her example — sigue su ejemplo, haz como ella
3)a) ( pay close attention to) \<\<movement/progress\>\> seguir* de cercato follow something/somebody with one's eyes — seguir* algo/a alguien con la mirada
b) ( take interest in) \<\<news\>\> mantenerse* al tanto de; \<\<TV serial\>\> seguir*4) \<\<argument/reasoning\>\> entender*do you follow me? — ¿(me) entiendes?
2.
vi1) ( come after)you go first, and I'll follow — tú ve delante que yo te sigo
we'll start with the soup, and have chicken to follow — para empezar tomaremos sopa y después pollo
the winners were as follows... — los ganadores fueron...
2) ( be logical consequence) deducirse*, seguirse*3) ( understand) entender*•Phrasal Verbs:['fɒlǝʊ]1. VT1) (=come, go after) seguirfollow that car! — ¡siga a ese coche!
she arrived first, followed by the ambassador — ella llegó primero, seguida del embajador
•
he followed me into the room — entró en la habitación detrás de mí•
I followed her out into the garden — salí al jardín detrás de ella•
we followed her up the steps — la seguimos escaleras arriba, subimos (las escaleras) detrás de ella- follow one's nose2) (=succeed)the bombing follows a series of recent attacks — los bombardeos se han producido tras una serie de ataques recientes
- as surely as night follows dayact 1., 3)3) (=pursue) seguirwe're being followed — nos están siguiendo, nos vienen siguiendo
•
to have sb followed — mandar seguir a algn4) (=keep to) [road, river] seguir, ir porthe road follows the coast — la carretera sigue la costa or va por la costa
5) (=observe) [+ instructions, advice, example, fashion] seguir; [+ rules] obedecer, cumplirpattern 1., 3), suit 1., 3)I wouldn't advise you to follow that course of action — no le aconsejo que tome ese camino or esas medidas
6) (=engage in) [+ career] emprender; [+ profession] ejercer; [+ trade] dedicarse a; [+ religion] profesar, ser seguidor de7) (=be interested in) [+ news] seguir, mantenerse al corriente de; [+ TV serial] seguir; [+ sb's progress] seguirdo you follow football? — ¿eres aficionado al fútbol?
which team do you follow? — ¿de qué equipo eres?
8) (=understand) [+ person, argument] seguir, entenderdo you follow me? — ¿me sigue?, ¿me entiende?
2. VI1) (=come after)to follow, there was roast lamb — de segundo había cordero asado
roast chicken, with apple pie to follow — pollo asado y después de postre un pastel de manzana
what follows is an eye-witness account — lo que viene a continuación es la versión de un testigo presencial
heel, footstep•
as follows, the text reads as follows — el texto dice lo siguiente, el texto dice así2) (=result, ensue) deducirsethat doesn't follow — eso no cuadra, de ahí no se puede deducir eso
it follows that... — (de lo cual) se deduce que..., se deduce pues que...
it doesn't follow that... — no significa que...
3) (=understand) entenderI don't quite follow — no lo sigo del todo, no lo acabo de entender
* * *['fɑːləʊ, 'fɒləʊ]
1.
1)a) (go, come after, pursue) seguir*the King entered, followed by the Queen — el rey entró, seguido por or de la reina
b) (succeed, happen after)c) (repeat, improve on) \<\<success/achievement\>\> igualar2)a) ( keep to) \<\<road\>\> seguir* (por); \<\<trail\>\> seguir*b) ( obey) \<\<instructions/advice\>\> seguir*; \<\<order\>\> cumplirc) (conform to, imitate) \<\<fashion\>\> seguir*follow her example — sigue su ejemplo, haz como ella
3)a) ( pay close attention to) \<\<movement/progress\>\> seguir* de cercato follow something/somebody with one's eyes — seguir* algo/a alguien con la mirada
b) ( take interest in) \<\<news\>\> mantenerse* al tanto de; \<\<TV serial\>\> seguir*4) \<\<argument/reasoning\>\> entender*do you follow me? — ¿(me) entiendes?
2.
vi1) ( come after)you go first, and I'll follow — tú ve delante que yo te sigo
we'll start with the soup, and have chicken to follow — para empezar tomaremos sopa y después pollo
the winners were as follows... — los ganadores fueron...
2) ( be logical consequence) deducirse*, seguirse*3) ( understand) entender*•Phrasal Verbs: -
92 landing
1) ((an act of) coming or bringing to shore or to ground: an emergency landing; (also adjective) a landing place.) aterrizaje, desembarco2) (a place for coming ashore.) desembarcadero3) (the level part of a staircase between flights of steps: Her room was on the first floor, across the landing from mine.) descansillo, rellanolanding n1. aterrizaje2. rellano / descansillotr['lændɪŋ]1 (plane) aterrizaje nombre masculino2 (on stairs) descansillo, rellano3 (of people) desembarco\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLcrash landing aterrizaje nombre masculino de emergenciaforced landing aterrizaje nombre masculino forzosolanding card tarjeta de inmigraciónlanding craft lancha de desembarcolanding field pista de aterrizajelanding gear tren nombre masculino de aterrizajelanding net salabardo, redeñalanding stage desembarcaderolanding strip pista de aterrizajelanding ['lændɪŋ] n1) : aterrizaje m (de aviones), desembarco m (de barcos)2) : descansillo m (de una escalera)n.• apeadero s.m.• aterraje s.m.• aterrizaje (Aeronáutica) s.m.• atracadero s.m.• descanso de escalera s.m.• desembarcadero s.m.• desembarco (MIL, MAR) s.m.• desembarque s.m.• meseta s.f.• rellano s.m.'lændɪŋ1)a) u c (Aerosp, Aviat) aterrizaje m; ( on sea) amarizaje m, amerizaje m; ( on water) acuatizaje m; ( on moon) alunizaje m; (before n)landing gear — tren m de aterrizaje
landing strip — pista f de aterrizaje
b) c (Mil, Naut) desembarco m, desembarque m; (before n)landing craft — lancha f de desembarco
2) c ( on staircase) rellano m, descansillo m, descanso m (Col, CS)['lændɪŋ]1. N1) (Aer) [of aircraft, spacecraft] (on land) aterrizaje m ; (on sea) amerizaje m, amarizaje m ; (on moon) alunizaje m ; crash 5., emergency 2., forced 1., 2)2) (Mil) [of troops] desembarco mthe Normandy landings — (Hist) los desembarcos de Normandía
3) (Archit) (in house) descansillo m, rellano m2.CPDlanding card N — tarjeta f de desembarque
landing craft N — lancha f de desembarco
landing field N — campo m de aterrizaje
landing gear N — (Aer) tren m de aterrizaje
landing ground N — campo m de aterrizaje
landing lights NPL — luces fpl de aterrizaje
landing net N — (Fishing) salabardo m, manga f, cuchara f
landing party N — (Naut) destacamento m de desembarco
landing run N — recorrido m de aterrizaje
landing stage N — (Naut) desembarcadero m
landing strip N — (Aer) pista f de aterrizaje
landing wheels NPL — (Aer) ruedas fpl de aterrizaje
* * *['lændɪŋ]1)a) u c (Aerosp, Aviat) aterrizaje m; ( on sea) amarizaje m, amerizaje m; ( on water) acuatizaje m; ( on moon) alunizaje m; (before n)landing gear — tren m de aterrizaje
landing strip — pista f de aterrizaje
b) c (Mil, Naut) desembarco m, desembarque m; (before n)landing craft — lancha f de desembarco
2) c ( on staircase) rellano m, descansillo m, descanso m (Col, CS) -
93 lope
ləup(to run with long steps.) andar/correr con paso largotr[ləʊp]1 andar a zancadas\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLat a lope a zancadaslope n: paso m largon.• galope (Deporte) s.m.• medio galope s.m.v.• ir a medio galope v.ləʊpintransitive verb \<\<wolf/dog\>\> trotar[lǝʊp]VIto lope along — andar a grandes zancadas, correr dando grandes zancadas
* * *[ləʊp]intransitive verb \<\<wolf/dog\>\> trotar -
94 prevent
pri'vent(to stop (someone doing something or something happening): He prevented me from going.) impedir- preventive
prevent vb impedir / evitartr[prɪ'vent]\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto prevent somebody from doing something impedir a alguien hacer algoto prevent something from happening impedir que pase algoprevent [pri'vɛnt] vt1) avoid: prevenir, evitarsteps to prevent war: medidas para evitar la guerra2) hinder: impedirv.• cautelar v.• desbaratar v.• estorbar v.• evitar v.• impedir v.• imposibilitar v.• obstaculizar v.• precaver v.• prevenir v.(§pres: -vengo, -vienes...-venimos) pret: -vin-fut: -vendr-•)• remediar v.prɪ'venta) ( hinder) impedir*to prevent somebody/something (FROM) -ING, to prevent somebody's/something's -ING — impedir* que alguien/algo (+ subj)
she was prevented from attending the conference by a sudden illness — una repentina enfermedad impidió que asistiera or le impidió asistir al congreso
b) ( forestall) \<\<crime/disease/accident\>\> prevenir*, evitar[prɪ'vent]VT1) (=avert) (by taking precautions) [+ accident, disaster, death, war, pregnancy] prevenir, evitar; [+ illness] prevenirwe want to prevent a recurrence of yesterday's violence — queremos evitar que la violencia desplegada ayer se repita, queremos prevenir or evitar una repetición de la violencia desplegada ayer
2) (=impede, put a stop to) [+ crime, corruption] impedir; [+ attempt] prevenir, impedirinstallations to prevent any attempt to escape — instalaciones fpl para prevenir or impedir cualquier intento de huida
bodyguards prevented his attempt to shoot the president — unos guardaespaldas hicieron fracasar su intento de disparar al presidente
to prevent the spread of AIDS/nuclear weapons — impedir la propagación del SIDA/la proliferación de las armas nucleares
to prevent sb (from) doing sth, prevent sb's doing sth — impedir que algn haga algo
I can't prevent him (from) leaving the country, I can't prevent his leaving the country — no puedo impedir que se vaya del país
* * *[prɪ'vent]a) ( hinder) impedir*to prevent somebody/something (FROM) -ING, to prevent somebody's/something's -ING — impedir* que alguien/algo (+ subj)
she was prevented from attending the conference by a sudden illness — una repentina enfermedad impidió que asistiera or le impidió asistir al congreso
b) ( forestall) \<\<crime/disease/accident\>\> prevenir*, evitar -
95 scuttle
I
verb(to hurry with short, quick steps.) echar a correr
II
verb((of a ship's crew) to make a hole in (the ship) in order to sink it: The sailors scuttled the ship to prevent it falling into enemy hands.)tr['skʌtəl]1 (run) correr, corretear1 correteo, movimiento————————tr['skʌtəl]1 SMALLMARITIME/SMALL escotilla1 (sink ship) barrenar, hundir adrede, echar a pique2 familiar (plan etc) desbaratar, frustrar, hundir, echar a pique————————tr['skʌtəl]1 (for coal) cubo de carbón: hundir (un barco)scuttle viscamper: corretearscuttle n: cubo m (para carbón)n.• balde s.m.• cubo s.m.• escotillón s.m.• paso acelerado s.m.• retirada precipitada s.f.v.• barrenar v.• escabullirse v.'skʌtḷ
I
noun ( coal scuttle) cubo m para el carbón
II
1.
transitive verb ( Naut) \<\<ship\>\> hundir; \<\<plans, talks\>\> echar por tierra
2.
scuttle vithe children scuttled away o off — los niños se escabulleron rápidamente
I
['skʌtl]VT1) [+ ship] barrenar2) (fig) [+ hopes, plans] dar al traste con, echar por tierra
II
['skʌtl]VI (=run) echar a correrto scuttle away or off — escabullirse
to scuttle along — correr, ir a toda prisa
III
['skʌtl]N (for coal) cubo m, carbonera f* * *['skʌtḷ]
I
noun ( coal scuttle) cubo m para el carbón
II
1.
transitive verb ( Naut) \<\<ship\>\> hundir; \<\<plans, talks\>\> echar por tierra
2.
scuttle vithe children scuttled away o off — los niños se escabulleron rápidamente
-
96 stepladder
noun (a ladder with a hinged support at the back and flat steps, not rungs.)stepladder n escalera de tijeratr['steplædəSMALLr/SMALL]1 escalera de tijerastepladder ['stɛp.lædər] n: escalera f de tijeran.• escala s.f.• escalera de mano s.f.• escalera de tijera s.f.noun escalera f de mano or de tijera['stepˌlædǝ(r)]N escalera f de mano, escalera f de tijera* * *noun escalera f de mano or de tijera -
97 stepsister
stepsister n hermanastratr['stepsɪʃtəSMALLr/SMALL]1 hermanastrastepsister ['stɛp.sɪstər] n: hermanastra fn.• hermanastra s.f.noun hermanastra f['stepˌsɪstǝ(r)]N hermanastra f* * *noun hermanastra f -
98 stride
1. past tense strode [stroud]: past participle stridden ['stridn] - verb(to walk with long steps: He strode along the path; He strode off in anger.) andar a zancadas
2. noun(a long step: He walked with long strides.) zancada- take in one's stride
stride1 n zancadawith one stride, the giant crossed the river de una zancada, el gigante cruzó el ríostride2 vb ir dando zancadastr[straɪd]1 (long step) zancada; (gait) paso, manera de andar2 (advance, development) progresos nombre masculino plural1 andar a zancadas\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto get into one's stride coger el ritmoto take something in one's stride tomarse algo con calma, tomarse algo muy bienstride ['straɪd] vi, strode ['stro:d] ; stridden ['strɪdə n] ; striding : ir dando trancos, ir dando zancadasstride n: tranco m, zancada fn.• paso largo s.m.• trancada s.f.• tranco s.m.• zancada s.f.v.(§ p.,p.p.: strode, stridden) = andar a trancos v.• cruzar a pasos largos v.• montar a horcajadas v.
I straɪdhe strode away/off angrily — se fue furioso, dando grandes zancadas
II
a) ( long step) zancada f, tranco min one o a single stride — de una zancada
to make (great) strides — hacer* (grandes) progresos
b) ( gait) paso mto get into one's stride — agarrar or (esp Esp) coger* el ritmo
[straɪd] (vb: pt strode) (pp stridden)to put o throw somebody off her/his stride — hacerle* perder el ritmo a alguien
1.N zancada f, tranco m ; (in measuring) paso mto make great strides — (fig) hacer grandes progresos
- get into or hit one's stride- take things in one's stride or in stride- put sb off their stride2.VI (also: stride along) andar a zancadas3. VT1) † [+ horse] montar a horcajadas sobre2) (=cross) [+ deck, yard etc] cruzar de un tranco* * *
I [straɪd]he strode away/off angrily — se fue furioso, dando grandes zancadas
II
a) ( long step) zancada f, tranco min one o a single stride — de una zancada
to make (great) strides — hacer* (grandes) progresos
b) ( gait) paso mto get into one's stride — agarrar or (esp Esp) coger* el ritmo
to put o throw somebody off her/his stride — hacerle* perder el ritmo a alguien
-
99 stump
1. noun1) (the part of a tree left in the ground after the trunk has been cut down: He sat on a (tree-)stump and ate his sandwiches.) tocón, cepa2) (the part of a limb, tooth, pencil etc remaining after the main part has been cut or broken off, worn away etc.) muñón; raigón (diente)3) (in cricket, one of the three upright sticks forming the wicket.) palo, poste
2. verb1) (to walk with heavy, stamping steps: He stumped angrily out of the room.) andar pisando muy fuerte2) (to puzzle or baffle completely: I'm stumped!) dejar perflejo, desconcertar•- stumpy- stump up
tr[stʌmp]1 (of tree) tocón nombre masculino, cepa; (of pencil, candle) cabo; (of arm, leg) muñón nombre masculino2 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (cricket) estaca, palo1 (move heavily) pisar fuertestump ['stʌmp] vt: dejar perplejoto be stumped: no tener respuestastump n1) : muñón m (de un brazo o una pierna)3) stub: cabo mn.• cabo s.m.• cepa s.f.• codillo s.m.• esfumino s.m.• muñón s.m.• peana s.f.• raigón s.m.• tocón s.m.v.• cojear v.• esfumar v.• recorrer pronunciando discursos v.stʌmp
I
1)a) ( of tree) tocón m, cepa f; ( of limb) muñón m; (of pencil, candle) cabo m; ( of cigar) colilla f, pucho m (AmL fam)b) ( in cricket) palo m2) (AmE Pol) tribuna f
II
1.
1) ( baffle) (colloq) (often pass)2) ( canvass) (AmE)to stump the country — hacer* campaña por el país
2.
vi1) ( walk heavily) (+ adv compl)2) ( campaign) (AmE) hacer* campaña•Phrasal Verbs:- stump up[stʌmp]1. N- find o.s. up a stump2) (Cricket) palo m3) (Art) difumino m, esfumino m4)to be or go on the stump — (US) (Pol) hacer campaña electoral
2. VT1) * (=perplex) dejar perplejo or confuso2) (Cricket) eliminar3)to stump the country — (US) (Pol) recorrer el país pronunciando discursos
3.VI (=hobble, limp) renquear, cojear4.CPDstump speech N — (US) (Pol) discurso m de campaña
- stump up* * *[stʌmp]
I
1)a) ( of tree) tocón m, cepa f; ( of limb) muñón m; (of pencil, candle) cabo m; ( of cigar) colilla f, pucho m (AmL fam)b) ( in cricket) palo m2) (AmE Pol) tribuna f
II
1.
1) ( baffle) (colloq) (often pass)2) ( canvass) (AmE)to stump the country — hacer* campaña por el país
2.
vi1) ( walk heavily) (+ adv compl)2) ( campaign) (AmE) hacer* campaña•Phrasal Verbs:- stump up -
100 Trot
trot
1. past tense, past participle - trotted; verb((of a horse) to move with fairly fast, bouncy steps, faster than a walk but slower than a canter or gallop: The horse trotted down the road; The child trotted along beside his mother.) trotar
2. noun(the pace at which a horse or rider etc moves when trotting: They rode at a trot.) trote- trottertrot vb trotartr[trɒt]1 trote nombre masculino1 hacer trotar1 (gen) trotar, ir al trote; (on horse) cabalgar al trote\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto have the trots tener cagaleratrot n: trote mv.• hacer trotar v.• trotar v.n.• trote s.m.trɑːt, trɒt
I
noun (no pl) trote mto go at a trot — ir* al trote, trotar
to break into a trot — empezar* a trotar
on the trot — (BrE colloq)
four times/nights on the trot — cuatro veces/noches seguidas
to have the trots — (colloq) tener* diarrea, estar* churriento (Col) or (Chi) churrete (fam), tener* cagalera (Esp) or (Méx) chorrillo (fam)
II
1.
- tt- intransitive verba) ( Equ) \<\<horse/rider\>\> trotarb) (go) (+ adv compl)I'm just trotting across o over to the library — voy un momento hasta la biblioteca
2.
vt hacer* trotarPhrasal Verbs:- trot out[trɒt]N ABBR = Trotskyist* * *[trɑːt, trɒt]
I
noun (no pl) trote mto go at a trot — ir* al trote, trotar
to break into a trot — empezar* a trotar
on the trot — (BrE colloq)
four times/nights on the trot — cuatro veces/noches seguidas
to have the trots — (colloq) tener* diarrea, estar* churriento (Col) or (Chi) churrete (fam), tener* cagalera (Esp) or (Méx) chorrillo (fam)
II
1.
- tt- intransitive verba) ( Equ) \<\<horse/rider\>\> trotarb) (go) (+ adv compl)I'm just trotting across o over to the library — voy un momento hasta la biblioteca
2.
vt hacer* trotarPhrasal Verbs:- trot out
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