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61 key

1. noun
1) (lit. or fig.) Schlüssel, der

the key to success — der Schlüssel zum Erfolg

the key to the mystery — des Rätsels Lösung

2) (set of answers) [Lösungs]schlüssel, der; (to map etc.) Zeichenerklärung, die; (to cipher) Schlüssel, der

3) (on piano, typewriter, etc.) Taste, die; (on wind instrument) Klappe, die

4) (Mus.) Tonart, die

sing/play in/off key — richtig/falsch singen/spielen
2. attributive adjective
entscheidend; Schlüssel[frage, -position, -rolle, -figur, -industrie]
3. transitive verb
(Computing) eintasten

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/88514/key_in">key in

* * *
[ki:] 1. noun
1) (an instrument or tool by which something (eg a lock or a nut) is turned: Have you the key for this door?) der Schlüssel

2) (in musical instruments, one of the small parts pressed to sound the notes: piano keys.) die Taste

3) (in a typewriter, calculator etc, one of the parts which one presses to cause a letter etc to be printed, displayed etc.) die Taste

4) (the scale in which a piece of music is set: What key are you singing in?; the key of F.) die Tonart

5) (something that explains a mystery or gives an answer to a mystery, a code etc: the key to the whole problem.) der Schlüssel

6) (in a map etc, a table explaining the symbols etc used in it.) die Zeichenerklärung
2. adjective
(most important: key industries; He is a key man in the firm.) maßgebend

- keyboard
- keyhole
- keyhole surgery
- keynote
- keyed up
* * *

key¹

[ki:]

n [Korallen]riff nt, Korallenbank f

the Florida \keys die Florida Keys

key²

[ki:]

I. n

1. (for a lock) Schlüssel m

2. (button) of a computer, piano Taste f; of a flute Klappe f

to hit [or strike] [or press] a \key eine Taste drücken

3. COMPUT (code) Kennzahl f, Passwort nt SCHWEIZ, ÖSTERR

4. no pl (essential point) Schlüssel m fig

the \key to confidence is liking yourself um Selbstvertrauen haben zu können, muss man sich akk selbst mögen

the \key to a mystery der Schlüssel zu einem Geheimnis

5. (to symbols) Zeichenschlüssel m, Zeichenerklärung f, Legende f; (for solutions) Lösungsschlüssel m

6. MUS Tonart f

change of \key Tonartwechsel m

in the \key of C major in C-Dur

to sing in/off \key richtig/falsch singen

II. n modifier (factor, industry, role) Schlüssel-; COMM Schwerpunkt-

\key contribution/ingredient Hauptbeitrag m/-zutat f

\key currency Leitwährung f

\key decision wesentliche Entscheidung

\key point springender Punkt

\key witness Hauptzeuge, -zeugin m, f, Kronzeuge, -zeugin m, f

III. adj (of crucial importance)

\key to the success of sth wesentlich [o ausschlaggebend] für den Erfolg von etw dat

IV. vt

1. (type)

▪ to \key sth etw eingeben [o eintasten]

to \key data into a computer Daten in einen Computer eingeben

2. (aimed at)

▪ to \key sth to sb/sth etw auf jdn/etw abstimmen

3. AM ( pej fam: to use a key to scratch something)

▪ to \key sth vehicle etw mit dem Schlüssel zerkratzen

* * *
[kiː]
1. n

1) Schlüssel m

2) (fig: solution) Schlüssel m

education is the key to success — Bildung ist der Schlüssel zum Erfolg

the key to the mystery — der Schlüssel zum Geheimnis, des Rätsels Lösung

this was the key to the murderer's identity — das gab Aufschluss darüber or das gab den Hinweis, wer der Mörder war

3) (= answers) Lösungen pl, Schlüssel m; (SCH) Schlüssel m, Lehrerheft nt; (MATH ETC) Lösungsheft nt; (for maps etc) Zeichenerklärung f

4) (of piano, typewriter COMPUT) Taste f

5) (MUS) Tonart f

to sing off key — falsch singen

change of key — Tonartwechsel m, Modulation

in the key of C — in C-Dur/c-Moll

6) (BUILD) Untergrund m

2. adj attr
(= vital) Schlüssel-, wichtigste(r, s); witness wichtigste(r, s)
key area — Schlüsselbereich m

key factor — Schlüsselfaktor m (in sth bei etw)

education is a key issue — Bildung ist eines der entscheidenden Themen

key industry — Schlüsselindustrie f

key man — Schlüsselfigur f

key point — springender Punkt

key position — Schlüsselposition or -stellung f

key question — Schlüsselfrage f

key role — Schlüsselrolle f

3. vt

1) speech etc (to or for one's audience) (auf jdn) abstimmen or zuschneiden (to, for auf +acc), anpassen (
to, for +dat)
2) (COMPUT) (= input) text, data eingeben; (= hit) character, F7 etc drücken

4. vi (COMPUT)
Text/Daten eingeben
* * *

key¹ [kiː]

A s

1. Schlüssel m:

turn the key absperren, abschließen;

power of the keys KATH Schlüsselgewalt f

2. fig (to) Schlüssel m (zu):

a) Erklärung f (für)

b) Lösung f (gen):

the weather holds the key to our success unser Erfolg hängt vom Wetter ab

3. fig (to) Schlüssel m (zu):

a) Lösungsbuch n (für, zu)

b) Zeichenerklärung f (für, zu)

c) Code m (für, zu)

4. BOT, ZOOL (Klassifikations)Tabelle f

5. Kennwort n, -ziffer f, Chiffre f (in Inseraten etc)

6. TECH

a) Keil m, Splint m, Bolzen m, Passfeder f

b) Schraubenschlüssel m

c) Taste f (der Schreibmaschine etc)

7. ELEK

a) Taste f, Druckknopf m

b) Taster m, Tastkontakt m, -schalter m

8. Telegrafie: Taster m, Geber m

9. TYPO Setz-, Schließkeil m

10. Tischlerei: Dübel m, Band n

11. ARCH Schlussstein m

12. MUS

a) Taste f (bei Tasteninstrumenten):

black ( upper, auch chromatic) key schwarze (Ober)Taste

b) Klappe f (bei Blasinstrumenten):

closed (open) key Klappe zum Öffnen (Schließen)

13. MUS Tonart f:

in the key of C in C;

key of C (major) C-Dur;

key of C minor c-Moll;

sing off ( oder out of) key falsch singen;

be in (out of) key with fig

a) (nicht) in Einklang stehen oder (nicht) übereinstimmen mit,

b) (nicht) passen zu

14. → key signature: → major key, minor A 5

15. fig Ton m:

(all) in the same key eintönig, monoton;

in a high key

a) laut,

b) MAL, FOTO in hellen Tönen (gehalten);

in a low key

a) leise,

b) MAL, FOTO in matten Tönen (gehalten),

c) wenig spannend oder abwechslungsreich

16. the Keys PARL die Mitglieder des House of Keys

B v/t

1. key in ( oder on) TECH ver-, festkeilen

2. TYPO füttern, unterlegen

3. key in COMPUT Daten eintippen, -tasten

4. MUS stimmen

5. key (up) to, key in with fig abstimmen auf (akk), anpassen (dat) oder an (akk):

key sb up for jemanden einstimmen auf (akk)

6. key up jemanden in nervöse Spannung versetzen:

keyed up nervös, aufgeregt ( about wegen)

7. key up fig steigern, erhöhen

8. ein Inserat etc mit einem Kennwort versehen, chiffrieren

C adj fig Schlüssel…:

key industry (position, role, etc);

there is one key difference es gibt einen entscheidenden Unterschied;

key official Beamte(r) m oder Beamtin f in einer Schlüsselstellung;

key player SPORT Leistungsträger(in);

key witness JUR Hauptzeuge m, -zeugin f

key² [kiː; keı] → cay

key³ [kiː] s US sl Kilo n (Drogen, besonders Haschisch):

a key of hash

* * *
1. noun
1) (lit. or fig.) Schlüssel, der

the key to success — der Schlüssel zum Erfolg

the key to the mystery — des Rätsels Lösung

2) (set of answers) [Lösungs]schlüssel, der; (to map etc.) Zeichenerklärung, die; (to cipher) Schlüssel, der

3) (on piano, typewriter, etc.) Taste, die; (on wind instrument) Klappe, die

4) (Mus.) Tonart, die

sing/play in/off key — richtig/falsch singen/spielen
2. attributive adjective
entscheidend; Schlüssel[frage, -position, -rolle, -figur, -industrie]
3. transitive verb
(Computing) eintasten

Phrasal Verbs:

- key in

* * *

(music) n.

Tonart -en (Musik) f. n.

Passfeder f.

Schlüssel m.

Taste -n f. v.

eingeben v.

English-german dictionary > key
62 opinion

noun

1) (belief, judgement) Meinung, die (on über + Akk., zu); Ansicht, die (on von, zu, über + Akk.)

his opinions on the matter/on religion — seine Meinung dazu/seine Einstellung zur Religion

in my opinion — meiner Meinung nach

be a matter of opinion — Ansichtssache sein

2) no pl., no art. (beliefs etc. of group) Meinung, die (on über + Akk.)

public opinion — die öffentliche Meinung

3) (estimate)

have a high/low opinion of somebody — eine hohe/schlechte Meinung von jemandem haben

4) (formal statement of expert) Gutachten, das

a second opinion — die Meinung eines zweiten Sachverständigen

* * *
[ə'pinjən]
noun

1) (what a person thinks or believes: My opinions about education have changed.) die Meinung

2) (a (professional) judgement, usually of a doctor, lawyer etc: He wanted a second opinion on his illness.) das Gutachten

3) (what one thinks of the worth or value of someone or something: I have a very high opinion of his work.) die Meinung

•

- be of the opinion that
- be of the opinion
- academic.ru/116832/in_my">in my
- your opinion
- a matter of opinion
* * *

opin·ion

[əˈpɪnjən]

n

1. (belief) Meinung f, Ansicht f; (view on topic) Einstellung f, Standpunkt m (on zu + dat)

it is my \opinion that... ich finde, dass...

popular \opinion weit verbreitete Meinung

public \opinion die öffentliche Meinung

it's my considered \opinion that... ich bin zu der Ansicht gelangt, dass...

difference of \opinion Meinungsverschiedenheit f

just a matter of \opinion reine Ansichtssache

range of \opinion Meinungsspektrum nt, Meinungsvielfalt f

to be firmly of the \opinion that... fest davon überzeugt sein, dass...

sb's \opinion on sb changes jdn ändert seine Meinung über jdn

to have a high [or good] /bad [or poor] [or low] \opinion of sb/sth von jdm/etw eine hohe/keine gute Meinung haben

to have a high \opinion of oneself sehr von sich dat überzeugt sein

to express [or state] [or give] an \opinion on sth seine Meinung zu etw dat äußern, zu etw dat Stellung nehmen

to form an \opinion sich dat eine Meinung bilden

to share an \opinion seine Meinung äußern

in my \opinion meiner Meinung [o Ansicht] nach

2. (professional advice) Gutachten nt

second \opinion Zweitgutachten nt

3. LAW (listing of reasons) Urteilsbegründung f

* * *
[ə'pɪnjən]
n

1) (= belief, view) Meinung f (about, on zu), Ansicht f (about, on zu); (political, religious) Anschauung f

in my opinion — meiner Meinung or Ansicht nach, meines Erachtens

in the opinion of the experts — nach Ansicht der Experten

to be of the opinion that... — der Meinung or Ansicht sein, dass...

to express or put forward an opinion — seine Meinung äußern or vorbringen

to ask sb's opinion — jdn nach seiner Meinung fragen

it is a matter of opinion —

I have no opinion about it or on the matter — dazu habe ich keine Meinung

2) no pl (= estimation) Meinung f

to have a good or high/low or poor opinion of sb/sth — eine gute or hohe/keine gute or eine schlechte Meinung von jdm/etw haben

to form an opinion of sb/sth — sich (dat) eine Meinung über jdn/etw bilden

3) (= professional advice) Gutachten nt; (ESP MED) Befund m

it is the opinion of the court that... — das Gericht ist zu der Auffassung or Ansicht gekommen, dass...

to seek or get a second opinion (esp Med) — ein zweites Gutachten or einen zweiten Befund einholen

* * *

opinion [əˈpınjən] s

1. Meinung f, Ansicht f, Stellungnahme f:

in my opinion meines Erachtens, meiner Meinung oder Ansicht nach;

be of the opinion that … der Meinung sein, dass …;

that is a matter of opinion das ist Ansichtssache;

I am entirely of your opinion ich bin (voll und) ganz Ihrer Meinung

2. meist public opinion die öffentliche Meinung:

opinion former Meinungsbildner(in);

opinion-forming meinungsbildend;

opinion leader Opinionleader m, Meinungsführer(in);

opinion poll Meinungsbefragung f, -umfrage f;

opinion pollster Meinungsforscher(in);

opinion research Meinungsforschung f, Demoskopie f;

opinion scale Meinungs-, Einstellungsskala f

3. Meinung f:

form an opinion on ( oder about) sich eine Meinung bilden über (akk);

have a high ( low oder poor) opinion of eine (keine) hohe Meinung haben von;

have no opinion of nichts oder nicht viel halten von

4. (schriftliches) Gutachten (on über akk)

5. meist pl Überzeugung f:

act up to one’s opinions, have the courage of one’s opinion(s) zu seiner Überzeugung stehen, nach seiner Überzeugung handeln

6. JUR Urteilsbegründung f

* * *

noun

1) (belief, judgement) Meinung, die (on über + Akk., zu); Ansicht, die (on von, zu, über + Akk.)

his opinions on the matter/on religion — seine Meinung dazu/seine Einstellung zur Religion

in my opinion — meiner Meinung nach

be a matter of opinion — Ansichtssache sein

2) no pl., no art. (beliefs etc. of group) Meinung, die (on über + Akk.)

public opinion — die öffentliche Meinung

3) (estimate)

have a high/low opinion of somebody — eine hohe/schlechte Meinung von jemandem haben

4) (formal statement of expert) Gutachten, das

a second opinion — die Meinung eines zweiten Sachverständigen

* * *

(state of health) n.

Befinden n. n.

Anschauung f.

Ansicht -en f.

Auffassung f.

Einstellung f.

Gutachten n.

Meinung -en f.

Stellungnahme f.

English-german dictionary > opinion
63 temperature

1
temperature-controlled
temperature-dependent
temperature-stable

2 n

GEN temperatura f
temperature alarm
temperature balance
temperature coefficient
temperature coefficient of capacitance
temperature coefficient of resistance
temperature-compensated crystal oscillator
temperature-compensated Zener diode
temperature-compensating capacitor
temperature-compensating network
temperature compensation
temperature control
temperature control regulation
temperature-controlled crystal
temperature-controlled crystal oscillator
temperature-controlled inspection room
temperature-controlled switch
temperature controller
temperature curve
temperature cycle
temperature-dependent resistor
temperature detector
temperature difference
temperature drop
temperature equalization
temperature equalizing
temperature factor
temperature fluctuation
temperature gradient
temperature-indicating lacquer
temperature inversion
temperature lag
temperature log
temperature logging
temperature-monitoring unit
temperature probe
temperature profile
temperature range
temperature ratio
temperature recorder
temperature regulator
temperature-related failure
temperature response
temperature rise
temperature-salinity diagram
temperature saturation
temperature scale
temperature sending device
temperature sensor
temperature switch
temperature of touchable surfaces
temperature variation
temperature well logging

English-Spanish technical dictionary > temperature
64 small

[smɔːl]
adj

1) маленький, небольшой, мелкий

Don't write so small. — Не пиши так мелко.

The matrass is too small for the bed. — Матрас слишком мал для этой кровати.

She is small for her age. — Для своего возраста она мала ростом.

- very small
- conveniently small
- pathetically small
- small house
- small station
- small river
- small pocket
- small bag
- small margins
- small eyes

- small coin
- small doze
- smallest shoe size
- small net
- small difference
- small abilities
- a small letter

- small print

- a small animal

- small man

- a small business

- small features
- small waist
- small sieve
- small window
- small piece of paper
- too small for smb, smth
- coffee of small grinding
- rather on the small side
- in a small voice
- on a small scale
- break smth into small pieces
- do smth in a small way
- have small hope for success
- small wonder that...
2) маленький, малого возраста

She is too small for housework. — Ей еще рано заниматься домашней работой.

He is too small to go to school. — Он еще мал, чтобы ходить в школу.

She is still a small girl. — Она еще маленькая девочка.

- small boy
- small birds
- book for small children
3) небольшой, немногочисленный

I haven't any small change. — У меня совсем нет мелочи/мелких денег.

He has small vocabulary (stock of knowledge). — У него ограниченный запас слов (ограниченные знания).

- small farmers
- small group
- small audience
- small change

- small sum of money
- small in number
- play for small stakes
4) незначительный, несущественный

It was a small matter of money. — Это вего лишь вопрос денег.

I have no time for such small matters. — На такие мелочи у меня нет времени.

- small people
- small detail
- small things
- small mistake
- small favour
- small worries of life
- play small parts
- feel small
- make smb feel small
5) подлый, мелочный, низменный

It is small of you to grudge him his success. — С вашей стороны непорядочно завидовать его успеху.

There is small choice in rotten apples. — ◊ На безрыбье и рак рыба.

- small mind
- small passions
- it is small of her
•

CHOICE OF WORDS:

(1.) Русскому маленький соответствуют английские прилагательные small и little. При описании размера, величины, как правило, употребляется нейтральное small. Прилагательное little имеет в своем значении дополнительный компонент положительной оценки и часто сопровождается еще одним оценочным прилагательным: He is a nice little boy. Он хороший маленький мальчик. Прилагательное small может определяться наречиями quite, very, rather, too. (2.) В отличие от small, прилагательное little, как правило, не сочетается с very, quite, rather, too, а обычно образуется сочетание с другими прилагательными: a nice little house хорошенький маленький домик; historic little shop небольшая историческая лавка. Small в предложении употребляется и атрибутивно, и предикативно: a small boat (атрибутивное употребление) и the boat is small (предикативное употребление). Little употребляется только атрибутивно. (3.) Small и little входят в ряд градуальных прилагательных степени, расположенных по мере увеличения в следующем порядке: tiny крошечный, очень маленький; minute маленький; small/little маленький, небольшой; middle-sized, average-sized среднего размера; big, big-sized большой; huge огромный

English-Russian combinatory dictionary > small
65 angular

угловой; угловатый; коленчатый

- angular acceleration

- angular acceleration transducer

- angular accelerometer

- angular accuracy
- angular addendum
- angular advance

- angular alteration

- angular amplitude

- angular aperture
- angular asymmetry - angular attitude - angular backlash - angular ball bearing - angular bellows seal - angular belt - angular belt drive - angular belting - angular buttressing - angular cam spacing - angular change - angular clearance - angular coefficient - angular configuration - angular-contact ball bearing - angular contact bearing - angular-contact thrust bearing - angular correlation - angular cut - angular cutter - angular defect - angular deflection - angular deformation - angular density - angular dependence - angular dependent mode - angular deviation - angular diameter - angular difference - angular dimension - angular discrepancy - angular discrimination - angular dislocation - angular disparity - angular displacement - angular displacement resolution - angular distance - angular distribution - angular distribution analyzer - angular disturbance - angular divergence - angular domain - angular drift - angular drilling - angular drive - angular-drive subhead - angular energy characteristic - angular extend - angular error - angular facing - angular feed - angular file - angular fishplate - angular fixturing - angular flute - angular fold - angular gage - angular gage setting - angular gashing - angular gear - angular head - angular height of thread - angular hole - angular ignition spacing - angular impulse - angular incidence - angular inclination - angular increment - angular instrument - angular joint - angular kinetic energy - angular lag - angular length - angular limit - angular localization - angular location - angular locator - angular machining - angular measure - angular measurements - angular milling - angular misalignment - angular misalignment loss - angular modulation - angular modulation method - angular momentum - angular momentum barrier - angular momentum eigenfunction - angular momentum equation - angular momentum of particle about point - angular momentum operator - angular momentum quantization - angular momentum transfer - angular motion - angular movement - angular-movement pickup - angular movement sensor - angular movement transducer - angular nonlinearity - angular observation - angular opening of cone - angular offset - angular oscillations - angular perspective - angular pitch - angular plate - angular play - angular point - angular position - angular-position pickup - angular position sensor - angular position transducer - angular positioning - angular-positioning head - angular power transmission - angular range - angular rate - angular readings - angular region - angular repeatability - angular resolution - angular resolution limit - angular resolution photoemission - angular resolution spectroscopy - angular resolving power - angular rigidity - angular rod - angular rotation - angular scale - angular sensor - angular separation - angular setting - angular-shaped groove - angular sine vise - angular size - angular slide - angular slip - angular spacing - angular spectrum - angular speed ratio - angular spread - angular steel - angular stone - angular strain - angular subtense - angular synchro comparator - angular table - angular test - angular thread - angular tooth - angular tooth thickness - angular transmission - angular travel - angular twist - angular unit - angular value - angular valve - angular variations - angular velocity - angular velocity ratio - angular velocity vector - angular vertex - angular vibration - angular vise - angular wheel - angular width - angular wire gage - angular work

Англо-русский словарь по машиностроению > angular
66 algebra

алгебра

algebra at infinity — алгебра на бесконечности

algebra over a field — алгебра над полем

algebra with unit element — алгебра с единицей

algebra with prime characteristic — алгебра с простой характеристикой

algebra with minimality condition — алгебра с условием минимальности, алгебра с условием обрыва убывающих цепей

algebra with maximality condition — алгебра с условием максимальности, алгебра с условием обрыва возрастающих цепей

algebra with involution — алгебра с инволюцией

algebra with identity — алгебра с единицей

algebra with differentiation — дифференциальная алгебра

algebra with connection — алгебра со связью

algebra without connection — алгебра без связи

algebra without identity — алгебра без единицы

algebra without radical — алгебра без радикала

it can be shown by a little algebra — путем несложных алгебраических преобразований можно показать

space over algebra — пространство над алгеброй

- absolutely segregated algebra

- abstract algebra

- acyclic algebra

- adjacency algebra

- affine algebra

- affinoidal algebra

- algebra of attributes

- algebra of bounded representation type

- algebra of circuits

- algebra of classes

- algebra of constants

- algebra of endomorphisms

- algebra of events

- algebra of finite order

- algebra of finite rank

- algebra of infinite order

- algebra of infinite rank

- algebra of linearly bounded degree

- algebra of logic

- algebra of partitions

- algebra of quantities

- algebra of recursive functions

- algebra of relations

- algebra of residue classes

- algebra of rows

- algebra of sets

- algebra of smooth germs

- algebra of states and events

- algebra of subsets

- algebra of terms

- algebra of uniform index

- algebra of varieties

- algebraic algebra

- alternate exterior algebra

- alternating algebra

- amenable algebra

- analytic algebra

- annihilator algebra

- annulus algebra

- anticommutative algebra

- antisymmetric algebra

- associative algebra

- atomic algebra

- atomic boolean algebra

- atomless algebra

- attainable algebra

- augmented algebra

- auxiliary algebra

- Banach algebra

- barreled algebra

- basis of algebra

- bicylinder algebra

- bidual algebra

- biregular algebra

- block algebra

- bornological algebra

- cardinal algebra

- Cartan algebra

- categorical algebra

- causal algebra

- centerless algebra

- central algebra

- central division algebra

- centralizable algebra

- circuit algebra

- class algebra

- classical algebra

- closed algebra

- closure algebra

- cofibrant algebra

- cohomology algebra

- collapsing algebra

- collinear algebra

- color algebra

- combinatorial algebra

- commutant algebra

- commutator algebra

- commuting algebra

- compact algebra

- compactly embedded algebra

- complete algebra

- complex algebra

- complexified algebra

- compression of algebra

- condition algebra

- conformal algebra

- connected algebra

- conservative algebra

- constraint algebra

- context-free algebra

- contracted algebra

- contraction algebra

- contravariant algebra

- convex algebra

- convolution algebra

- coordinate algebra

- cosimple algebra

- countably additive algebra

- countably generated algebra

- covered algebra

- cubic algebra

- current algebra

- cylindric algebra

- decidable algebra

- degenerate algebra

- derivation algebra

- derived algebra

- dichotomic algebra

- difference algebra

- differentiable algebra

- differential algebra

- disk algebra

- distinguished algebra

- distributive algebra

- division algebra

- elastic algebra

- elementary algebra

- embedded algebra

- endomorphism algebra

- enumerable algebra

- enveloping algebra

- exceptional algebra

- extended algebra

- exterior algebra

- extremal algebra

- field-like algebra

- finite algebra

- finitely defined algebra

- finitely generated algebra

- fixed algebra

- flat algebra

- free Lie algebra

- freely generated algebra

- full algebra

- fully reducible algebra

- function algebra

- functionally complete algebra

- functionally free algebra

- generalized algebra

- generic algebra

- geometrical algebra

- graded algebra

- graph algebra

- group algebra

- groupoid algebra

- hereditarily paracompact algebra

- heterogeneous algebra

- higher algebra

- holonomy algebra

- homeomorphic algebras

- homogeneous algebra

- homological algebra

- homotopical algebra

- hypercomplex algebra

- hyperfinite algebra

- ideal algebra

- idempotent algebra

- image algebra

- implicative algebra

- imprimitivity algebra

- incidence algebra

- incomplete algebra

- indecomposable algebra

- infinite algebra

- infinitely generated algebra

- injective algebra

- integral algebra

- intuitionistic algebra

- inverse algebra

- involutory algebra

- irreducible algebra

- krakowian algebra

- left algebra

- left-alternative algebra

- limit algebra

- linearly compact algebra

- linearly topological algebra

- local algebra

- locally finite algebra

- locally nilpotent algebra

- locally solvable algebra

- loop algebra

- matrix algebra

- maximal algebra

- measure algebra

- monadic algebra

- monoid algebra

- monomial algebra

- monounary algebra

- multilinear algebra

- multiplication algebra

- multiplicatively convex algebra

- multiplier algebra

- nilpotent algebra

- nonassociative algebra

- nonatomic algebra

- noncommutative algebra

- noncommutative polynomial algebra

- noncompact algebra

- nondegenerated algebra

- nonisomorphic algebra

- nonmetric algebra

- normal algebra

- normalizable algebra

- normalized algebra

- null algebra

- numeroid algebra

- operation algebra

- optional algebra

- ordered algebra

- orthogonal algebra

- p-adic algebra

- pair algebra

- partial algebra

- partially ordered algebra

- polyadic algebra

- polydisk algebra

- polylinear algebra

- polynomial algebra

- power-associative algebra

- primitive algebra

- probability algebra

- projective algebra

- propositional algebra

- pseudonormal algebra

- pseudosimple algebra

- quantifier algebra

- quasiassociative algebra

- quasifinite algebra

- quasilocal algebra

- quasiminor algebra

- quaternion algebra

- quotient algebra

- radical algebra

- ramified algebra

- rational algebra

- real algebra

- reduced algebra

- reductive algebra

- regularizable algebra

- relational algebra

- relationship algebra

- representable algebra

- representation algebra

- residue algebra

- restricted algebra

- retractable algebra

- right alternative algebra

- scale algebra

- segmental algebra

- segregated algebra

- self-adjoint algebra

- semifinite algebra

- semigroup algebra

- semilinear algebra

- semiordered algebra

- semisimple algebra

- semisimplicial algebra

- semitensor algebra

- separable algebra

- sigma algebra

- skew-commutative algebra

- solvable algebra

- special algebra

- spinor algebra

- split algebra

- standard algebra

- star algebra

- state algebra

- stiff algebra

- stochastic algebra

- strict algebra

- subdirectly irreducible algebra

- subdirectly reducible algebra

- subtractive algebra

- sufficient algebra

- superatomic algebra

- supplemented algebra

- switching algebra

- symbolic algebra

- symplectic algebra

- syncopated algebra

- tangent algebra

- ternary algebra

- three-dimensional algebra

- topological algebra

- topologically symmetrical algebra

- transition algebra

- tree algebra

- triply generated algebra

- twisted polynomial algebra

- two-dimensional algebra

- two-element algebra

- two-valued algebra

- uncountable algebra

- ungraded algebra

- uniform algebra

- uniformly closed algebra

- unimodular algebra

- uniserial algebra

- unitary algebra

- universal algebra

- unramified algebra

- variable algebra

- vector algebra

- vector-matrix algebra

- weakly distributive algebra

- weakly hereditary algebra

- word algebra

English-Russian scientific dictionary > algebra
67 coefficient

1) коэффициент

2) множитель

3) показатель

4) фактор

5) постоянная; число

•

- abrasion coefficient

- adjustment coefficient

- almost periodic coefficient

- analytical coefficient

- angular coefficient

- approximation coefficient

- backscattering coefficient

- barometric coefficient

- behavior coefficient

- binomial coefficient

- biserial correlation coefficient

- block coefficient of a ship

- block coefficient

- cepstral coefficient

- chip reduction coefficient

- chromatic coefficient

- chromaticity coefficient

- coefficient of affine connection

- coefficient of agreement

- coefficient of alienation

- coefficient of association

- coefficient of autocorrelation

- coefficient of belonging

- coefficient of charge

- coefficient of coincidence

- coefficient of colligation

- coefficient of concentration

- coefficient of concordance

- coefficient of congruence

- coefficient of connexion

- coefficient of consistence

- coefficient of contingency

- coefficient of correction

- coefficient of correctness

- coefficient of correlation

- coefficient of detection

- coefficient of determination

- coefficient of discrimination

- coefficient of displacement

- coefficient of distorsion

- coefficient of disturbancy

- coefficient of divergence

- coefficient of excess

- coefficient of expansion

- coefficient of external stability

- coefficient of feedback

- coefficient of homothety

- coefficient of inefficiency

- coefficient of internal stability

- coefficient of intraclass correlation

- coefficient of kurtosis

- coefficient of linear correlation

- coefficient of mapping

- coefficient of mass exchange

- coefficient of mean-square contingency

- coefficient of multiple determination

- coefficient of overall outlays

- coefficient of partial correlation

- coefficient of partial regression

- coefficient of potential diffusivity

- coefficient of proportionality

- coefficient of quasiconformity

- coefficient of rank correlation

- coefficient of reduction

- coefficient of regression

- coefficient of rotation

- coefficient of self-inductance

- coefficient of separate determination

- coefficient of skewness

- coefficient of thermal conductivity

- coefficient of torsion

- coefficient of total correlation

- coefficient of total determination

- coefficient of twist

- coefficient of uniformity

- coefficient of variation of range

- coefficient of variation

- coefficient of viscosity

- coefficient of volumetric expansion

- coefficient of zero error

- color distribution coefficient

- coma coefficient

- complex coefficient

- compound coefficient

- confidence coefficient

- constant coefficient

- contingency coefficient

- contraction coefficient

- control coefficient

- conversion coefficient

- correlation coefficient

- cost coefficient

- coupling coefficient

- damping coefficient

- desirability coefficient

- difference coefficient

- differential coefficient

- dimensionless coefficient

- discharge coefficient

- discontinuity coefficient

- discontinuous coefficient

- divergence coefficient

- drag coefficient

- eddy-making resistance coefficient

- emergency shutdown coefficient

- empirical coefficient

- error coefficient

- estimated coefficient

- excess air coefficient

- expansion coefficient

- experimental coefficient

- extrapolation coefficient

- fitted coefficient

- Fresnel dragging coefficient

- friction coefficient

- fugacity coefficient

- fuzzy coefficient

- gamma coefficient

- generalized coefficient

- gross regression coefficient

- growth coefficient

- head drag coefficient

- heat exchange coefficient

- heat transfer coefficient

- higher coefficient

- hypergeometric coefficient

- incidence coefficient

- indefinite coefficient

- index coefficient

- induced drag coefficient

- input-output coefficient

- interlinkage coefficient

- interpolation coefficient

- intersection coefficient

- intraclass correlation coefficient

- ionization coefficient

- irregularity coefficient

- iterative coefficient

- lacunary coefficient

- lag coefficient

- leading coefficient of polynomial

- leading coefficient

- leakage coefficient

- lift coefficient

- light scattering coefficient

- linear correlation coefficient

- linking coefficient

- literal coefficient

- local coefficient

- looping coefficient

- loss coefficient

- luminosity coefficient

- marginal coefficient

- matrix coefficient

- maximum-likelihood coefficient

- mean coefficient

- mean-square contingency coefficient

- minus coefficient

- modal coefficient

- moment coefficient

- multinomial coefficient

- multiple correlation coefficient

- multiple regression coefficient

- net regression coefficient

- nondimensional coefficient

- nozzle velocity coefficient

- numerical coefficient

- overall coefficient

- packing coefficient

- p-adic coefficient

- parameter influence coefficient

- partial coefficient of correlation

- partial differential coefficient

- partition coefficient

- pattern coefficient

- penalty coefficient

- periodic coefficient

- position error coefficient

- pressure coefficient

- prismatic coefficient

- probability coefficient

- propeller power coefficient

- proportionality coefficient

- p-th torsion coefficient

- Racah coefficient

- rank correlation coefficient

- rational coefficient

- real coefficient

- reciprocal coefficient

- reduction coefficient

- repeatability coefficient

- roughness coefficient

- sample coefficient

- saturation coefficient

- scale factor coefficient

- scatter coefficient

- seasonal coefficient

- second differential coefficient

- self-correlation coefficient

- self-linking coefficient

- sensitivity coefficient

- shear coefficient

- smoothing coefficient

- specific ionization coefficient

- standardized coefficient

- stellar absorption coefficient

- stiffness coefficient

- structural coefficient

- studentized regression coefficient

- temperature coefficient

- thermoelectric coefficient

- throttling coefficient

- thrust coefficient

- tidal coefficient

- tide coefficient

- time-varying coefficient

- torque coefficient

- torsion coefficient

- total coefficient of correlation

- transverse prismatic coefficient

- trend coefficient

- trial coefficient

- trichromatic coefficient

- trigonometric coefficient

- tuning coefficient

- undetermined coefficient

- uniformity coefficient

- validity coefficient

- variable coefficient

- vector alienation coefficient

- vector correlation coefficient

- vertical prismatic coefficient

- void coefficient

- waterplane coefficient

- wave drag coefficient

- weight coefficient

- weighting coefficient

- yield coefficient

English-Russian scientific dictionary > coefficient
68 representation

1) изображение

2) отображение; представление

3) представительство

•

in a binary representation — в двоичной записи

in a decimal representation — в десятичной записи

representation of a group in terms of matrices — матричное представление группы

- absolutely irreducible representation

- abstract representation

- additive representation

- adequate representation

- adiabatic representation

- adjoint representation

- admissible representation

- affine representation

- algebra representation

- algebraic representation

- algebraically irreducible representation

- algorithmic representation

- almost conformal representation

- alternating representation

- analytic representation

- antianalytic representation

- antisymmetrical representation

- approximate representation

- approximative representation

- arithmetical representation

- associated representation

- asymptotic representation

- autonymous representation

- balanced representation

- barycentric representation

- bidimensional representation

- biquinary representation

- block representation

- bounded representation

- branched representation

- canonical representation

- classical representation

- clustering representation

- coadjoint representation

- cochain representation

- cohomology representation

- combinatorial representation

- complement representation

- completely continuous representation
- completely irreducible representation - completely reduced representation - completely reducible representation
- complex representation

- computable representation

- configurational representation

- conformal representation

- conformal-conjugate representation

- conical representation

- continued fraction representation

- continuous representation

- contracted representation

- contracting representation

- convergent representation

- convex representation

- coordinate representation

- covariant representation

- crossing-symmetric representation

- cyclic representation

- cyclotomic representation

- decomposable representation

- deduced representation

- degenerate representation

- derived representation

- diagonal representation

- differentiable representation

- dimetric representation

- discontinuous representation
- discrete representation
- disjoint representation

- dispersion representation

- dominant representation

- double-valued representation

- doubly transitive representation

- duodecimal representation

- dyadic representation

- effective representation

- elementary representation

- equivalent representation

- even representation

- explicit representation

- extended regular representation

- extendible representation

- external representation

- extremal representation

- factor representation

- faithful representation

- finite difference representation

- finite representation

- finite-dimensional representation

- finitely generated representation
- finitely related representation
- fixed-point representation

- flowgraph representation

- fully reducible representation

- functional representation

- fundamental representation

- general representation

- generalized representation

- geodesic representation

- graphical representation

- half-integral representation

- harmonic representation

- helicity representation

- heuristic representation

- hexadecimal representation

- holomorphic representation

- homogeneous representation

- idealized representation

- identical representation
- identity representation
- identity representation

- implicit representation

- imprimitive representation

- incoming representation

- incremental representation

- indecomposable representation

- independent representation

- induced representation

- infinite representation

- infinite-dimentional representation

- infinitesimal representation

- infinitesimally irreducible representation

- injective representation

- innovations representation

- integer representation

- integrable representation

- interaction representation

- internal representation

- interpolatory representation

- interval representation

- intransitive representation

- irreducible representation

- irredundant primary representation

- irredundant representation

- isomorphic representation

- isothermic representation

- isotypical representation

- kernel representation

- ladder representation

- l-adic representation

- left representation

- limit representation

- linear representation

- local representation

- locally algebraic representation
- locally constant representation - locally faithful representation
- macrogeometric representation

- mathematical representation

- matrix representation

- maximal representation

- measurable representation

- metacyclic representation

- metaplectic representation

- microgeometric representation

- minimal representation

- mixed number representation

- modified representation

- monoidal representation

- monomial representation

- multiplicative representation

- multiplicity free representation

- multivalued representation

- n-adic representation

- natural representation

- near cyclic representation

- nomographic representation

- nonanalyzable representation

- noncontractible representation

- nondegenerate representation

- nondiagonal representation

- nonhomogeneous representation

- nonlinear representation

- nonnull representation

- nonorthogonal representation

- nonparametric representation

- nonstandard representation

- nontrivial representation

- non-unitary representation

- normalized representation

- nuclear representation

- numerical representation

- octal representation

- odd representation

- one-dimensional representation

- one-parameter representation

- one-valued representation

- operator representation

- optimal representation

- ordinary representation

- orthonormalized representation

- oscillator representation

- outgoing representation

- p-adic representation

- parallel representation

- parametric representation of curves

- permutation representation

- phase-plane representation

- physical representation

- polar representation

- polynomial representation

- polyvector representation

- power series representation

- prespectral representation

- primary representation

- principal representation

- product representation

- projective representation

- proper representation

- quadratic representation

- quasiequivalent representation

- quasifree representation

- quasilinear representation

- quasiregular representation

- quasisimple representation

- quasiunimodular representation

- quaternary representation

- quaternionic representation

- quotient representation

- ray representation

- real representation

- reciprocal representation

- recursive representation

- reduced representation

- relief representation

- representation of game

- representation of group

- representation of number

- representation of ring

- residue representation

- restricted representation

- right representation

- scale representation

- schematic representation

- self-adjoint representation

- self-associated representation

- semicanonical representation

- semigroup representation

- semilinear representation

- semilogarithmic representation

- semirational representation

- semireducible representation

- semisimple representation

- semispecial representation

- semispinor representation

- separable representation

- serial representation

- series representation

- simplified representation

- single-valued representation

- skew representation

- solution space representation

- spatial representation

- spherical representation

- square-integrable representation

- stable representation

- statistical representation

- step representation

- straight-code representation

- strictly admissible representation
- strongly rational representation
- symbolic representation

- tabular representation

- tangential representation

- tensor representation

- tensorially irreducible representation

- terminal representation

- ternary representation

- three-dimensional representation

- topological representation

- topologically irreducible representation
- totally reducible representation
- translation representation

- trapezoidal representation

- tree representation

- triadic representation

- tridiagonal representation

- trigonometric representation

- true representation

- two-dimensional representation

- two-to-one representation

- two-valued representation

- umbral representation

- uncontractible representation

- unfaithful representation

- unidimensional representation

- uniform asymptotic representation

- uniformizing representation

- unital representation

- unitarizable representation

- univalued representation

- universal representation

- unramified representation

- virtual representation

- zero representation

- zero-curvature representation

English-Russian scientific dictionary > representation
69 division

1. n деление; разделение

division of labour — разделение труда

division mark — знак деления

division sign — знак деления

beam division — деление пучка

division value — цена деления

scale division — деление шкалы

2. n распределение; раздача

car sevice division — отдел распределения вагонов

3. n разногласия, расхождение во мнениях; раздоры

to cause divisions — сеять рознь

air defence division — дивизия ПВО

4. n голосование

on a division — при голосовании

to come to a division — голосовать, прибегать к голосованию

scratch division — случайное голосование

5. n разделение голосов во время голосования

traffic division — разделение рабочей нагрузки

even division of votes — разделение голосов поровну

time division channeling — временное разделение каналов

time division of channels — временное разделение каналов

social division of labour — общественное разделение труда

6. n классификация, деление

Stores Return Division — учетное отделение

division into tranches — деление на транши

division subroutine — подпрограмма деления

security division — отделение безопасности

cosmetic division — косметическое отделение

7. n бот. тип

8. n спорт. место

top division — первое место

9. n категория, подразделение; отдел, раздел

procurement division — отдел заготовок

water division — отдел водных перевозок

engineering division — технический отдел

Inspection Division — инспекционный отдел

environment division — раздел оборудования

10. n сектор

major industry division — крупный сектор экономики

11. n тех. отсек

watertight division — водонепроницаемый отсек

12. n перегородка, барьер

division wall — перегородка

cubicle division — перегородка

13. n межа, граница

14. n округ

administrative division — административный отделение

election division — избирательный округ

tuesday division — административный округ

15. n юр. отделение, отдел, контора

Divorce Division — отдел по делам о разводах Высокого суда

reduction division — редукционное деление

service division — отделение обслуживания

Statistical Division — статистический отдел

division of department — отдел министерства

airlift division — отдел воздушных перевозок

16. n спец. отдел

division of laser fusion — отдел лазерного синтеза

contract division — отдел контрактов

information control division — отдел цензуры

division of a department — отдел министерства

intelligence division — разведывательный отдел

manufacturing division — производственный отдел

17. n спец. цена деления

sign of division — знак деления

division of words — деление слов

division by zero — деление на нуль

grade division — градусное деление

frequence division — деление частоты

18. n спец. воен. дивизия

armoured division — бронетанковая дивизия

heavy division — тяжелая дивизия

tank division — танковая дивизия

holding division — запасная дивизия

rifle division — стрелковая дивизия

infantry division — пехотная дивизия

19. n спец. мор. дивизион

division of warships — дивизион кораблей

destroyer division — дивизион эскадренных миноносцев

20. n спец. тех. измельчение, диспергирование

Синонимический ряд:

1. allotment (noun) allotment; apportionment; cutting; disbursal; dispensation; distribution; divergence; dividing; split

2. arm (noun) arm; organ; wing

3. boundary (noun) boundary; demarcation; mark; rank

4. branch (noun) branch; category; department; offshoot; subdivision; unit

5. disagreement (noun) alienation; breach; difference; difficulty; disagreement; movement; trouble; words

6. discord (noun) conflict; contention; disaccord; discord; disharmony; dispeace; dissension; dissent; dissidence; dissonance; disunity; inharmony; mischief; strife; unpeace; variance

7. divider (noun) divider; partition; separator

8. section (noun) compartment; cut; dominion; fraction; group; member; moiety; parcel; part; piece; portion; province; region; section; segment

9. separation (noun) detachment; dissolution; disunion; divorce; divorcement; rupture; separation; split-up

10. subsidiary (noun) affiliate; subsidiary

Антонимический ряд:

agreement; combination; concord; oneness; singleness; union; unity

English-Russian base dictionary > division
70 full marks

1. отличная оценка

to get full marks in an examination — сдать экзамен на отлично

difference of marks — расхождение оценок

disrepancy of marks — расхождение оценок

disagreement of marks — расхождение оценок

upper limit of marks — верхний предел оценок

middle-level marks — удовлетворительные оценки

2. высокая оценка; признание; почёт

equal marks — равные оценки

scale of marks — шкала оценок

limits of marks — расхождение оценок

to level down marks — снизить оценки

regulation limit of marks — предел расхождения оценок

English-Russian base dictionary > full marks
71 near

near [nɪə(r)]

près de ⇒ 1 (a)-(c), 1 (e), 6 (a), 6 (c)-(e) proche de ⇒ 1 (b), 6 (b), 6 (c) au bord de ⇒ 1 (e) près ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (b) proche ⇒ 2 (b), 3 (a), 3 (b), 3 (e) quasi ⇒ 2 (c) approcher de ⇒ 4 approcher ⇒ 5

(compar nearer, superl nearest)

1 preposition

(a) (in space) près de;

∎ near Paris près de Paris;

∎ don't go near the fire ne t'approche pas du feu;

∎ is there a chemist's near here? est-ce qu'il y a un pharmacien près d'ici ou dans le coin?;

∎ she likes to have her family near her elle aime avoir sa famille près d'elle ou auprès d'elle;

∎ near the end of the book vers la fin du livre;

∎ I haven't been near a horse since the accident je n'ai pas approché un cheval depuis l'accident;

∎ you can't trust him near a gun il est dangereux avec une arme à feu;

∎ she wouldn't let anyone near her (physically) elle ne voulait pas qu'on l'approche; (emotionally) elle ne voulait être proche de personne

(b) (in time) près de, proche de;

∎ it's getting near Christmas c'est bientôt Noël;

∎ ask me nearer the time repose-moi la question quand l'heure viendra;

∎ near the end of the film vers la fin du film

(c) (similar to) près de;

∎ that would be nearer the truth ce serait plus près de la vérité;

∎ nobody can come anywhere near her il n'y a personne à son niveau;

∎ he's nowhere near it! (with guess, calculation) il n'y est pas du tout!

(d) (in amount or number)

∎ profits were near the 30 percent mark les bénéfices approchaient la barre des 30 pour cent;

∎ it took us nearer three hours to finish en fait, nous avons mis presque trois heures à finir;

∎ it will cost nearer £5,000 ça coûtera plutôt dans les 5000 livres

(e) (on the point of) près de, au bord de;

∎ the country's economy is near ruin le pays est au bord de la faillite;

∎ to be near tears être au bord des larmes;

∎ near death sur le point de mourir;

∎ it's near freezing il ne fait pas loin de zéro, la température avoisine zéro degré

2 adverb

(a) (in space) près, à côté, à proximité;

∎ to draw near s'approcher;

∎ come nearer venez plus près, approchez-vous;

∎ to bring sth nearer (to) rapprocher qch (de);

∎ the heat was too great for us to get near la chaleur était trop intense pour que l'on puisse s'approcher;

∎ so near and yet so far! c'est dommage, si près du but!;

∎ near at hand tout près, à proximité

(b) (in time) proche, près;

∎ as the time grew or drew near à mesure que le moment approchait;

∎ midnight drew near minuit approchait, on approchait de minuit

(c) (with adjective) quasi;

∎ a near impossible task une tâche quasi ou quasiment ou pratiquement impossible;

∎ the show went ahead with near tragic consequences le spectacle a continué avec des conséquences quasi tragiques

(d) (idioms)

∎ as near as makes no difference à peu de chose près, à quelque chose près;

∎ familiar £50 or as near as dammit 50 livres à peu de chose près^□ ;

∎ as near as I can remember autant que je puisse m'en souvenir;

∎ it's near enough ça va comme ça;

∎ it's near enough 50 lbs ça pèse dans les 50 livres;

∎ it's nowhere near good enough c'est loin d'être suffisant;

∎ she's nowhere near finished elle est loin d'avoir fini;

∎ there weren't anywhere near enough people il y avait bien trop peu de gens

3 adjective

(a) (in space) proche;

∎ the near edge le bord le plus proche;

∎ our near neighbours nos proches voisins;

∎ I knew you were near je savais que vous étiez dans les environs ou parages;

∎ the nearest post office le bureau de poste le plus proche;

∎ the near front wheel (driving on left) la roue avant gauche; (driving on right) la roue avant droite

(b) (in time) proche;

∎ when the time is near quand le moment approchera;

∎ in the near future dans un proche avenir

(c) (virtual)

∎ it was a near disaster on a frôlé la catastrophe;

∎ he found himself in near darkness il s'est retrouvé dans une obscurité quasi totale;

∎ it was a near thing on l'a échappé belle, il était moins une;

∎ I caught the train, but it was a near thing j'ai eu mon train de justesse;

∎ I missed the train, but it was a near thing j'ai manqué mon train de peu;

∎ he's the nearest thing we have to a national hero il est ce que nous avons de mieux en matière de héros national;

∎ it's the nearest you'll get to a bookshop in these parts c'est ce que vous trouverez de mieux en matière de librairie par ici

(d) (in amount, number)

∎ to the nearest £10 à 10 livres près;

∎ round it up/down to the nearest 10 francs arrondissez aux 10 francs supérieurs/inférieurs

(e) (closely related) proche;

∎ her nearest relatives ses parents les plus proches;

∎ humorous your nearest and dearest vos proches

4 transitive verb

(approach → place, date, event) approcher de; (→ state) être au bord de;

∎ the train was nearing the station le train approchait de la gare;

∎ he was nearing seventy when he got married il allait sur ses soixante-dix ans quand il s'est marié;

∎ the book is nearing completion le livre est sur le point d'être terminé;

∎ we are nearing our goal nous touchons au but;

∎ he seemed to be nearing a crisis il semblait au bord d'une crise;

∎ we're nearing the point of no return il sera bientôt trop tard pour faire marche arrière, on atteindra bientôt le point de non-retour

5 intransitive verb

(date, place) approcher

6 near to preposition

(a) (in space) près de;

∎ they live near to us ils habitent près de ou à côté de chez nous

(b) (emotionally) proche de;

∎ those near and dear to him ceux qui le touchent de près, ses proches

(c) (in time) près de, proche de;

∎ it's getting near to Christmas Noël approche

(d) (in similarity) près de

(e) (on the point of) près de, au bord de;

∎ to be near to death être sur le point de mourir;

∎ to be near to tears être au bord des larmes;

∎ I came near to leaving several times j'ai failli partir plusieurs fois

►► American near beer bière f sans alcool;

the Near East le Proche-Orient;

∎ in the Near East au Proche-Orient;

near gale (on Beaufort scale) grand frais m;

Computing near letter quality qualité f courrier;

near letter quality printer imprimante f de qualité courrier;

near miss (gen) & Sport coup m qui a raté de peu; (between planes, vehicles etc) collision f évitée de justesse;

∎ it was a near miss (answer) la réponse était presque bonne; (accident) on a frôlé l'accident;

∎ that was a near miss! (escape) on l'a échappé belle!;

∎ the two cars had a near miss les deux voitures ont bien failli se rentrer dedans;

near money quasi-monnaie f;

Stock Exchange near month échéance f proche

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > near
72 way

way [weɪ]

chemin ⇒ 1A (a)-(c) voie ⇒ 1A (a) route ⇒ 1A (a), 1A (c) direction ⇒ 1A (d) sens ⇒ 1A (d), 1A (e) parages ⇒ 1A (f) moyen ⇒ 1B (a) méthode ⇒ 1B (a) façon ⇒ 1B (b) manière ⇒ 1B (b), 1B (c) coutume ⇒ 1B (c) habitude ⇒ 1B (c) égard ⇒ 1B (f) rapport ⇒ 1B (f)

1 noun

A.

(a) (thoroughfare, path) chemin m, voie f; (for cars) rue f, route f;

∎ we took the way through the woods nous avons pris le chemin qui traverse le bois;

∎ they're building a way across the desert ils ouvrent une route à travers le désert;

∎ they live across or over the way from the school ils habitent en face de l'école;

∎ the house/the people over or across the way la maison/les gens d'en face;

∎ pedestrian way voie f ou rue f piétonne;

∎ private/public way voie f privée/publique;

∎ Religion the Way of the Cross le chemin de Croix

(b) (route leading to a specified place) chemin m;

∎ this is the way to the library la bibliothèque est par là;

∎ could you tell me the way to the library? pouvez-vous me dire comment aller à la bibliothèque?;

∎ what's the shortest or quickest way to town? quel est le chemin le plus court pour aller en ville?;

∎ that's the way to ruin c'est le chemin de la ruine;

∎ we took the long way (round) nous avons pris le chemin le plus long;

∎ which way does this bus go? par où passe ce bus?;

∎ I had to ask the or my way il a fallu que je demande mon chemin;

∎ she knows the way to school elle connaît le chemin de l'école;

∎ to know one's way about a place connaître un endroit;

∎ you'll soon find your way about tu trouveras bientôt ton chemin tout seul;

∎ they went the wrong way ils se sont trompés de chemin, ils ont pris le mauvais chemin;

∎ to lose one's way s'égarer, perdre son chemin; figurative s'égarer, se fourvoyer;

∎ to know one's way around savoir s'orienter; figurative savoir se débrouiller;

∎ the way to a man's heart is through his stomach = pour conquérir le cœur d'un homme, il faut lui faire de bons petits plats

(c) (route leading in a specified direction) chemin m, route f;

∎ the way back le chemin ou la route du retour;

∎ I got lost on the way back home je me suis perdu sur le chemin du retour;

∎ he couldn't find the way back home il n'a pas trouvé le chemin pour rentrer (à la maison);

∎ on our way back we stopped for dinner au retour ou sur le chemin du retour, nous nous sommes arrêtés pour dîner;

∎ she showed us the easiest way down/up elle nous a montré le chemin le plus facile pour descendre/monter;

∎ the way up is difficult but the way down will be easier la montée est difficile mais la descente sera plus facile;

∎ do you know the way down/up? savez-vous par où on descend/on monte?;

∎ the way in l'entrée f;

∎ the way out la sortie;

∎ we looked for a way in/out nous cherchions un moyen d'entrer/de sortir;

∎ I took the back way out je suis sorti par derrière;

∎ can you find your way out? vous connaissez le chemin pour sortir?;

∎ I can find my own way out je trouverai mon chemin;

∎ way in (sign) entrée;

∎ way out (sign) sortie;

∎ figurative miniskirts are on the way back in la minijupe est de retour;

∎ miniskirts are on the way out la minijupe n'est plus tellement à la mode;

∎ the director is on the way out le directeur ne sera plus là très longtemps;

∎ they found a way out of the deadlock ils ont trouvé une solution pour sortir de l'impasse;

∎ is there no way out of this nightmare? n'y a-t-il pas moyen de mettre fin à ce cauchemar?;

∎ their decision left her no way out leur décision l'a mise dans une impasse;

∎ he left himself a way out il s'est ménagé une porte de sortie

(d) (direction) direction f, sens m;

∎ come this way venez par ici;

∎ he went that way il est allé par là;

∎ is this the way? c'est par ici?;

∎ this way to the chapel (sign) vers la chapelle;

∎ this way and that de-ci de-là, par-ci par-là;

∎ look this way regarde par ici;

∎ I never looked their way je n'ai jamais regardé dans leur direction;

∎ to look the other way détourner les yeux; figurative fermer les yeux;

∎ he didn't know which way to look (embarrassed) il ne savait plus où se mettre;

∎ which way is the library from here? par où faut-il passer pour aller à la bibliothèque?;

∎ which way did you come? par où êtes-vous venu?;

∎ which way did she go? par où est-elle passée?;

∎ which way is the wind blowing? d'où vient le vent?;

∎ figurative I could tell which way the wind was blowing je voyais très bien ce qui allait se passer;

∎ which way does the tap turn? dans quel sens faut-il tourner le robinet?;

∎ which way do I go from here? où est-ce que je vais maintenant?; figurative qu'est-ce que je fais maintenant?;

∎ get in, I'm going your way montez, je vais dans la même direction que vous;

∎ they set off, each going his own way ils sont partis chacun de leur côté;

∎ to go one's own way (follow own wishes) faire à sa guise; (differ from others) faire bande à part, suivre son chemin;

∎ we each went our separate ways (on road) nous sommes partis chacun de notre côté; (in life) chacun de nous a suivi son propre chemin;

∎ he went the wrong way il a pris la mauvaise direction; (down one-way street) il a pris la rue en sens interdit;

∎ to come one's way se présenter;

∎ any job that comes my way n'importe quel travail qui se présente;

∎ if ever the opportunity comes your way si jamais l'occasion se présente;

∎ familiar everything's going my way tout marche comme je veux en ce moment;

∎ the vote went our way le vote nous a été favorable;

∎ the vote couldn't have gone any other way les résultats du vote étaient donnés d'avance;

∎ to go one's own way n'en faire qu'à sa tête, vivre à sa guise;

∎ to go the way of all flesh or of all things mourir

(e) (side) sens m;

∎ stand the box the other way up posez le carton dans l'autre sens;

∎ this way up (on packaging) haut;

∎ hold the picture the right way up tenez le tableau dans le bon sens;

∎ is it the right way round? est-ce qu'il est à l'endroit?;

∎ it's the wrong way up c'est dans le mauvais sens;

∎ it's the wrong way round c'est dans le mauvais sens;

∎ the curtains are the wrong way round les rideaux sont à l'envers ou dans le mauvais sens;

∎ your sweater is the right/wrong way out votre pull est à l'endroit/à l'envers;

∎ try it the other way round essayez dans l'autre sens;

∎ cats hate having their fur brushed the wrong way les chats détestent qu'on les caresse à rebrousse-poil;

∎ SHE insulted him? you've got it the wrong way round elle, elle l'a insulté? mais c'est le contraire;

∎ he invited her tonight, last time it was the other way round ce soir c'est lui qui l'a invitée, la dernière fois c'était l'inverse

(f) (area, vicinity) parages mpl;

∎ call in when you're up our way passez nous voir quand vous êtes dans le coin ou dans les parages;

∎ I was out or over your way yesterday j'étais près de ou du côté de chez vous hier;

∎ the next time you're that way la prochaine fois que vous passerez par là;

∎ the blast came from Chicago way l'explosion venait du côté de Chicago;

∎ the village is rather out of the way le village est un peu isolé

(g) (distance)

∎ we came part of the way by foot nous avons fait une partie de la route à pied;

∎ to go part of the way with sb faire un bout de chemin avec qn;

∎ they were one-third of the way through their trip ils avaient fait un tiers de leur voyage;

∎ we've come most of the way nous avons fait la plus grande partie du chemin;

∎ he talked the entire or whole way il a parlé pendant tout le trajet;

∎ he can swim quite a way il peut nager assez longtemps;

∎ a long way off or away loin;

∎ a little or short way off pas très loin, à courte distance;

∎ Susan sat a little way off Susan était assise un peu plus loin;

∎ I saw him from a long way off je l'ai aperçu de loin;

∎ it's a long way to Berlin Berlin est loin;

∎ it's a long way from Paris to Berlin la route est longue de Paris à Berlin;

∎ we're a long way from home nous sommes loin de chez nous;

∎ we've come a long way (from far away) nous venons de loin; (made progress) nous avons fait du chemin;

∎ we've a long way to go (far to travel) il nous reste beaucoup de route à faire; (a lot to do) nous avons encore beaucoup à faire; (a lot to collect, pay) nous sommes encore loin du compte;

∎ he has a long way to go to be ready for the exam il est loin d'être prêt pour l'examen

(h) (in time)

∎ it's a long way to Christmas Noël est encore loin;

∎ you have to go back a long way il faut remonter loin;

∎ figurative I'm a long way from trusting him je suis loin de lui faire confiance;

∎ you're a long way off or out (in guessing) vous n'y êtes pas du tout;

∎ that's a long way from what we thought ce n'est pas du tout ce qu'on croyait;

∎ she'll go a long way elle ira loin;

∎ the scholarship will go a long way towards helping with expenses la bourse va beaucoup aider à faire face aux dépenses;

∎ a little goodwill goes a long way un peu de bonne volonté facilite bien les choses;

∎ you can make a little meat go a long way by doing this utilisez au mieux un petit morceau de viande en faisant ceci;

∎ she makes her money go a long way elle sait ménager son argent;

∎ a little bit goes a long way il en faut très peu;

∎ humorous a little of him goes a long way il est sympa, mais à petites doses

(i) (space in front of person, object)

∎ you're in the way tu gênes le passage; figurative tu gênes, tu me/nous/ etc déranges;

∎ a tree was in the way un arbre bloquait ou barrait le passage;

∎ a car was in his way une voiture lui barrait le passage ou l'empêchait de passer;

∎ I can't see, the cat is in the way je ne vois pas, le chat me gêne;

∎ is the lamp in your way? la lampe vous gêne-t-elle?;

∎ put the suitcases under the bed out of the way rangez les valises sous le lit pour qu'elles ne gênent pas;

∎ to get out of the way s'écarter (du chemin);

∎ we got out of his way nous l'avons laissé passer;

∎ out of my way! pousse-toi!, laisse-moi passer!;

∎ the cars got out of the ambulance's way les voitures ont laissé passer l'ambulance;

∎ to get sb out of the way se débarrasser de qn, écarter ou éloigner qn;

∎ to get sth out of the way enlever ou pousser qch;

∎ figurative let's get the subject of holidays out of the way first réglons d'abord la question des vacances;

∎ keep out of the way! ne reste pas là!;

∎ make way! écartez-vous!;

∎ make way for the parade! laissez passer le défilé!;

∎ make way for the President! faites place au Président!;

∎ to get in one another's way se gêner (les uns les autres);

∎ figurative her social life got in the way of her studies ses sorties l'empêchaient d'étudier;

∎ I don't want to get in the way of your happiness je ne veux pas entraver votre bonheur;

∎ I kept out of the boss's way j'ai évité le patron;

∎ familiar he wants his boss out of the way il veut se débarrasser de son patron^□ ;

∎ familiar once the meeting is out of the way dès que nous serons débarrassés de la réunion;

∎ he is retiring to make way for a younger man il prend sa retraite pour céder la place à un plus jeune;

∎ they tore down the slums to make way for blocks of flats ils ont démoli les taudis pour pouvoir construire des immeubles;

∎ to clear or prepare the way for sth préparer la voie à qch;

∎ to put difficulties in sb's way créer des difficultés à qn;

∎ couldn't you see your way (clear) to doing it? ne trouveriez-vous pas moyen de le faire?

(j) (indicating a progressive action)

∎ the acid ate its way through the metal l'acide est passé à travers le métal;

∎ I fought or pushed my way through the crowd je me suis frayé un chemin à travers la foule;

∎ we made our way towards the train nous nous sommes dirigés vers le train;

∎ to make one's way home rentrer;

∎ I made my way back to my seat je suis retourné à ma place;

∎ they made their way across the desert ils ont traversé le désert;

∎ they made their way down/up the hill ils ont descendu/monté la colline;

∎ she made her way up through the hierarchy elle a gravi les échelons de la hiérarchie un par un;

∎ she had to make her own way in the world elle a dû faire son chemin toute seule;

∎ she talked her way out of it elle s'en est sortie avec de belles paroles;

∎ he worked or made his way through the pile of newspapers il a lu les journaux un par un;

∎ I worked my way through college j'ai travaillé pour payer mes études;

∎ however did it find its way into print? comment en est-on venu à l'imprimer?

B.

(a) (means, method) moyen m, méthode f;

∎ in what way can I help you? comment ou en quoi puis-je vous être utile?;

∎ there are several ways to go or of going about it il y a plusieurs façons ou plusieurs moyens de s'y prendre;

∎ I do it this way voilà comment je fais;

∎ in one way or another d'une façon ou d'une autre;

∎ they thought they would win that way ils pensaient pouvoir gagner comme ça;

∎ he's going to handle it his way il va faire ça à sa façon;

∎ she has her own way of cooking fish elle a sa façon à elle de cuisiner le poisson;

∎ the right/wrong way to do it la bonne/mauvaise façon de le faire;

∎ you're doing it the right/wrong way c'est comme ça/ce n'est pas comme ça qu'il faut (le) faire;

∎ do it the usual way faites comme d'habitude;

∎ there's no way or I can't see any way we'll finish on time nous ne finirons jamais ou nous n'avons aucune chance de finir à temps;

∎ Politics ways and means financement m;

∎ there are ways and means il y a des moyens;

∎ to find a way of doing sth trouver (le) moyen de faire qch;

∎ humorous love will find a way l'amour finit toujours par triompher;

∎ that's the way to do it! c'est comme ça qu'il faut faire!, voilà comment il faut faire!;

∎ American familiar well done! that's the way (to go)! bravo! c'est bien!^□ ;

∎ what a way to go! (manner of dying) quelle belle mort!; (congratulations) bravo!

(b) (particular manner, fashion) façon f, manière f;

∎ in this way de cette façon;

∎ in a friendly way gentiment;

∎ he spoke in a general way about the economy il a parlé de l'économie d'une façon générale;

∎ she doesn't like the way he is dressed elle n'aime pas la façon dont il est habillé;

∎ he doesn't speak the way his family does il ne parle pas comme sa famille;

∎ they see things in the same way ils voient les choses de la même façon;

∎ in their own (small) way they fight racism à leur façon ou dans la limite de leurs moyens, ils luttent contre le racisme;

∎ in the same way, we note that… de même, on notera que…;

∎ that's one way to look at it or of looking at it c'est une façon ou manière de voir les choses;

∎ my way of looking at it mon point de vue sur la question;

∎ that's not my way (of doing things) ce n'est pas mon genre, ce n'est pas ma façon de faire;

∎ try to see it my way mettez-vous à ma place;

∎ way of speaking/writing façon de parler/d'écrire;

∎ to her way of thinking à son avis;

∎ the way she feels about him les sentiments qu'elle éprouve à son égard;

∎ I didn't think you would take it this way je ne pensais pas que vous le prendriez comme ça;

∎ if that's the way you feel about it! si c'est comme ça que vous le prenez!;

∎ the American way of life la manière de vivre des Américains, le mode de vie américain;

∎ being on the move is a way of life for the gypsy le voyage est un mode de vie pour les gitans;

∎ dieting has become a way of life with some people certaines personnes passent leur vie à faire des régimes;

∎ yearly strikes have become a way of life les grèves annuelles sont devenues une habitude

(c) (custom) coutume f, usage m; (habitual manner of acting) manière f, habitude f;

∎ we soon got used to her ways nous nous sommes vite habitués à ses manières;

∎ I know his little ways je connais ses petites manies;

∎ the ways of God and men les voies de Dieu et de l'homme;

∎ he knows nothing of their ways il les connaît très mal, il ne les comprend pas du tout;

∎ she has a way of tossing her head when she laughs elle a une façon ou manière de rejeter la tête en arrière quand elle rit;

∎ they're happy in their own way ils sont heureux à leur manière;

∎ he's a genius in his way c'est un génie dans son genre;

∎ it's not my way to criticize ce n'est pas mon genre ou ce n'est pas dans mes habitudes de critiquer;

∎ he's not in a bad mood, it's just his way il n'est pas de mauvaise humeur, c'est sa façon d'être habituelle;

∎ she got into/out of the way of rising early elle a pris/perdu l'habitude de se lever tôt;

∎ you'll get into the way of it vous vous y ferez

(d) (facility, knack)

∎ she has a (certain) way with her elle a le chic;

∎ he has a way with children il sait (comment) s'y prendre ou il a le chic avec les enfants;

∎ she has a way with words elle a le chic pour s'exprimer;

∎ trouble has a way of showing up when least expected les ennuis ont le chic pour se manifester quand on ne s'y attend pas

(e) (indicating a condition, state of affairs)

∎ let me tell you the way it was laisse-moi te raconter comment ça s'est passé;

∎ we can't invite him given the way things are on ne peut pas l'inviter étant donné la situation;

∎ we left the flat the way it was nous avons laissé l'appartement tel qu'il était ou comme il était;

∎ is he going to be staying here? - it looks that way est-ce qu'il va loger ici? - on dirait (bien);

∎ it's not the way it looks! ce n'est pas ce que vous pensez!;

∎ it's not the way it used to be ce n'est pas comme avant;

∎ that's the way things are c'est comme ça;

∎ that's the way of the world ainsi va le monde;

∎ business is good and we're trying to keep it that way les affaires vont bien et nous faisons en sorte que ça dure;

∎ the train is late - that's always the way le train est en retard - c'est toujours comme ça ou pareil;

∎ that's always the way with him il est toujours comme ça, c'est toujours comme ça avec lui;

∎ life goes on (in) the same old way la vie va son train ou suit son cours;

∎ I don't like the way things are going je n'aime pas la tournure que prennent les choses;

∎ we'll never finish the way things are going au train où vont les choses, on n'aura jamais fini;

∎ to be in a bad way être en mauvais état;

∎ he's in a bad way il est dans un triste état;

∎ their business is in a bad/good way leurs affaires marchent mal/bien;

∎ she's in a fair way to succeed/to becoming president elle est bien partie pour réussir/pour devenir président

(f) (respect, detail) égard m, rapport m;

∎ in what way? à quel égard?, sous quel rapport?;

∎ in this way à cet égard, sous ce rapport;

∎ it's important in many ways c'est important à bien des égards;

∎ in some ways à certains égards, par certains côtés;

∎ the job suits her in every way le poste lui convient à tous égards ou à tous points de vue;

∎ I'll help you in every possible way je ferai tout ce que je peux pour vous aider;

∎ she studied the problem in every way possible elle a examiné le problème sous tous les angles possibles;

∎ useful in more ways than one utile à plus d'un égard;

∎ these two books, each interesting in its (own) way ces deux livres, qui sont intéressants chacun dans son genre;

∎ he's clever that way sur ce plan-là, il est malin;

∎ in one way d'un certain point de vue;

∎ in a way you're right en un sens vous avez raison;

∎ I see what you mean in a way d'un certain point de vue ou d'une certaine manière, je vois ce que tu veux dire;

∎ I am in no way responsible je ne suis absolument pas ou aucunement responsable;

∎ this in no way changes your situation ceci ne change en rien votre situation;

∎ without wanting in any way to criticize sans vouloir le moins du monde critiquer

(g) (scale)

∎ to do things in a big way faire les choses en grand;

∎ she went into politics in a big way elle s'est lancée à fond dans la politique;

∎ they're in the arms business in a big way ils font de grosses affaires dans l'armement;

∎ they helped out in a big way ils ont beaucoup aidé;

∎ a grocer in a big/small way un gros/petit épicier;

∎ we live in a small way nous vivons modestement;

∎ the restaurant is doing quite well in a small way le restaurant marche bien à son échelle;

∎ it does change the situation in a small way ça change quand même un peu la situation

(h) (usu pl) (part, share) we divided the money four ways nous avons partagé l'argent en quatre;

∎ the committee was split three ways le comité était divisé en trois groupes

(i) Nautical

∎ we're gathering/losing way nous prenons/perdons de la vitesse;

∎ the ship has way on le navire a de l'erre

(j) (idioms)

∎ she always gets or has her (own) way elle arrive toujours à ses fins;

∎ he only wants it his way il n'en fait qu'à sa tête;

∎ I'm not going to let you have it all your (own) way je refuse de te céder en tout;

∎ if I had my way, he'd be in prison si cela ne tenait qu'à moi, il serait en prison;

∎ I refuse to go - have it your (own) way je refuse d'y aller - fais ce que ou comme tu veux;

∎ no, it was 1789 - have it your (own) way non, c'était en 1789 - soit;

∎ you can't have it both ways il faut choisir;

∎ I can stop too, it works both ways je peux m'arrêter aussi, ça marche dans les deux sens;

∎ there are no two ways about it il n'y a pas le choix;

∎ no two ways about it, he was rude il n'y a pas à dire, il a été grossier;

∎ humorous to have one's (wicked) way with sb coucher avec qn

2 adverb familiar

(a) (far → in space, time) très loin^□ ;

∎ they live way over yonder ils habitent très loin par là-bas;

∎ way up the mountain très haut dans la montagne^□ ;

∎ way down south là-bas dans le sud^□ ;

∎ way back in the distance au loin derrière^□ ;

∎ way back in the 1930s déjà dans les années 30^□

(b) figurative

∎ we know each other from way back, we go way back nous sommes amis depuis très longtemps^□ ;

∎ you're way below the standard tu es bien en-dessous du niveau voulu^□ ;

∎ he's way over forty il a largement dépassé la quarantaine^□ ;

∎ she's way ahead of her class elle est très en avance sur sa classe^□ ;

∎ he's way off or out in his guess il est loin d'avoir deviné^□

(c) (very) vachement;

∎ he is way crazy il est vachement atteint

3 ways plural noun

Nautical (in shipbuilding) cale f

4 all the way adverb

∎ the baby cried all the way le bébé a pleuré tout le long du chemin;

∎ don't close the curtains all the way ne fermez pas complètement les rideaux;

∎ prices go all the way from 200 to 1,000 dollars les prix vont de 200 à 1000 dollars;

∎ figurative I'm with you all the way je vous suis ou je vous soutiens jusqu'au bout;

∎ familiar to go all the way (with sb) aller jusqu'au bout (avec qn)

5 along the way adverb

en route;

∎ I stopped several times along the way je me suis arrêté plusieurs fois en (cours de) route;

∎ figurative their project had some problems along the way leur projet a connu quelques problèmes en cours de route

6 by a long way adverb

∎ I prefer chess by a long way je préfère de loin ou de beaucoup les échecs;

∎ this is bigger by a long way c'est nettement ou beaucoup plus grand;

∎ he's not as capable as you are by a long way il est loin d'être aussi compétent que toi;

∎ is your project ready? - not by a long way! ton projet est-il prêt? - loin de là!

7 by the way

1 adverb

(incidentally) à propos;

∎ by the way, where did he go? à propos, où est-il allé?;

∎ by the way, her brother sings much better soit dit en passant, son frère chante beaucoup mieux;

∎ I bring up this point by the way je signale ce point au passage ou en passant

2 adjective

(incidental) secondaire;

∎ that point is quite by the way ce détail est tout à fait secondaire

8 by way of preposition

(a) (via) par, via;

∎ to go by way of Brussels passer par Bruxelles

(b) (as a means of)

∎ by way of illustration à titre d'exemple;

∎ she outlined the situation by way of introduction elle a présenté un aperçu de la situation en guise d'introduction;

∎ by way of introducing himself, he gave us his card en guise de présentation, il nous a donné sa carte;

∎ they receive money by way of grants ils reçoivent de l'argent sous forme de bourses

9 either way adverb

(a) (in either case) dans les deux cas;

∎ either way I lose dans les deux cas, je suis perdant;

∎ shall we take the car or the bus? - it's fine by me or I don't mind either way tu préfères prendre la voiture ou le bus? - n'importe, ça m'est égal

(b) (more or less) en plus ou en moins;

∎ a few days either way could make all the difference quelques jours en plus ou en moins pourraient tout changer

(c) (indicating advantage)

∎ the match could have gone either way le match était ouvert;

∎ there's nothing in it either way c'est pareil

10 in such a way as to conjunction

de façon à ce que;

∎ she answered in such a way as to make me understand elle a répondu de façon à ce que je comprenne

11 in such a way that conjunction

de telle façon ou manière que

12 in the way of preposition

(a) (in the form of)

∎ she receives little in the way of salary son salaire n'est pas bien gros;

∎ what is there in the way of food? qu'est-ce qu'il y a à manger?;

∎ do you need anything in the way of paper? avez-vous besoin de papier?;

∎ he doesn't have much in the way of brains il n'a rien dans la tête

(b) (within the context of)

∎ we met in the way of business nous nous sommes rencontrés dans le cadre du travail;

∎ they put me in the way of making some money ils m'ont indiqué un moyen de gagner de l'argent

13 no way adverb

familiar pas question;

∎ will you do it for me? - no way! tu feras ça pour moi? - pas question!;

∎ no way am I going to tell him! (il n'est) pas question que je le lui dise!;

∎ there's no way that's Jeanne Moreau! tu rigoles?, ce n'est pas Jeanne Moreau!

14 on one's way, on the way adjective & adverb

(a) (along the route)

∎ it's on my way c'est sur mon chemin;

∎ you pass it on your way to the office vous passez devant en allant au bureau;

∎ I'll catch up with you on the way je te rattraperai en chemin ou en route;

∎ to stop on the way s'arrêter en chemin;

∎ on the way to work en allant au bureau;

∎ I'm on my way! j'y vais!;

∎ she's on her way home elle rentre chez elle;

∎ he's on his way to Paris il est en route pour Paris;

∎ on his way to town he met his father en allant en ville, il a rencontré son père;

∎ we must be on our way il faut que nous y allions;

∎ to go one's way repartir, reprendre son chemin

(b) figurative

∎ she has a baby on the way elle attend un bébé;

∎ her second book is on the way (being written) elle a presque fini d'écrire son deuxième livre; (being published) son deuxième livre est sur le point de paraître;

∎ she's on the way to success elle est sur le chemin de la réussite;

∎ the patient is on the way to recovery le malade est en voie de guérison;

∎ she's (well) on the way to becoming president elle est en bonne voie de devenir président;

∎ the new school is well on the way to being finished la nouvelle école est presque terminée

15 one way and another adverb

en fin de compte;

∎ I've done quite well for myself one way and another je me suis plutôt bien débrouillé en fin de compte

16 one way or the other, one way or another adverb

(a) (by whatever means) d'une façon ou d'une autre;

∎ one way or the other I'm going to get that job! d'une façon ou d'une autre, j'aurai ce boulot!

(b) (expressing impartiality or indifference)

∎ I've nothing to say one way or the other je n'ai rien à dire, ni pour ni contre;

∎ it doesn't matter to them one way or another ça leur est égal

(c) (more or less)

∎ a month one way or the other un mois de plus ou de moins

17 out of one's way adverb

∎ to go out of one's way s'écarter de son chemin, dévier de sa route, faire un détour;

∎ I don't want to take you out of your way je ne veux pas vous faire faire un détour;

∎ figurative don't go out of your way for me! ne vous dérangez pas pour moi!;

∎ figurative she went out of her way to find me a job elle s'est donné du mal pour me trouver du travail

18 under way

1 adjective

∎ to be under way (person, vehicle) être en route; figurative (meeting, talks) être en cours; (plans, project) être en train;

∎ the meeting was already under way la réunion avait déjà commencé;

∎ the project is well under way le projet est en bonne voie de réalisation;

∎ Nautical the ship is under way le navire est en route

2 adverb

∎ to get under way (person, train) se mettre en route, partir; (car) se mettre en route, démarrer; figurative (meeting, plans, talks) démarrer;

∎ they got the plans under way ils ont mis le projet en route;

∎ the captain got (the ship) under way le capitaine a appareillé;

∎ the ship got under way le navire a appareillé ou a levé l'ancre

►► American way station Railways petite gare f; figurative étape f;

∎ a way station on the road to success une étape sur la route du succès

✾ Play 'The Way of the World' Congreve 'Ainsi va le monde'

ⓘ We have ways of making you talk Il s'agit de la formule prononcée par les membres de la Gestapo dans les films de guerre anglais des années 50 et 60 lorsqu'ils interrogent des prisonniers de guerre britanniques. Aujourd'hui, on emploie cette expression ("nous avons les moyens de vous faire parler") pour plaisanter en prenant l'accent allemand lorsqu'on veut obtenir une information de quelqu'un.

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > way
73 Clement (Clemmet), Joseph

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering

[br]

bapt. 13 June 1779 Great Asby, Westmoreland, England

d. 28 February 1844 London, England

[br]

English machine tool builder and inventor.

[br]

Although known as Clement in his professional life, his baptism at Asby and his death were registered under the name of Joseph Clemmet. He worked as a slater until the age of 23, but his interest in mechanics led him to spend much of his spare time in the local blacksmith's shop. By studying books on mechanics borrowed from his cousin, a watchmaker, he taught himself and with the aid of the village blacksmith made his own lathe. By 1805 he was able to give up the slating trade and find employment as a mechanic in a small factory at Kirkby Stephen. From there he moved to Carlisle for two years, and then to Glasgow where, while working as a turner, he took lessons in drawing; he had a natural talent and soon became an expert draughtsman. From about 1809 he was employed by Leys, Mason \& Co. of Aberdeen designing and making power looms. For this work he built a screw-cutting lathe and continued his self-education. At the end of 1813, having saved about £100, he made his way to London, where he soon found employment as a mechanic and draughtsman. Within a few months he was engaged by Joseph Bramah, and after a trial period a formal agreement dated 1 April 1814 was made by which Clement was to be Chief Draughtsman and Superintendent of Bramah's Pimlico works for five years. However, Bramah died in December 1814 and after his sons took over the business it was agreed that Clement should leave before the expiry of the five-year period. He soon found employment as Chief Draughtsman with Henry Maudslay \& Co. By 1817 Clement had saved about £500, which enabled him to establish his own business at Prospect Place, Newington Butts, as a mechanical draughtsman and manufacturer of high-class machinery. For this purpose he built lathes for his own use and invented various improvements in their detailed design. In 1827 he designed and built a facing lathe which incorporated an ingenious system of infinitely variable belt gearing. He had also built his own planing machine by 1820 and another, much larger one in 1825. In 1828 Clement began making fluted taps and dies and standardized the screw threads, thus anticipating on a small scale the national standards later established by Sir Joseph Whitworth. Because of his reputation for first-class workmanship, Clement was in the 1820s engaged by Charles Babbage to carry out the construction of his first Difference Engine.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Society of Arts Gold Medal 1818 (for straightline mechanism), 1827 (for facing lathe); Silver Medal 1828 (for lathe-driving device).

Bibliography

Examples of Clement's draughtsmanship can be found in the Transactions of the Society of Arts 33 (1817), 36 (1818), 43 (1925), 46 (1828) and 48 (1829).

Further Reading

S.Smiles, 1863, Industrial Biography, London, reprinted 1967, Newton Abbot (virtually the only source of biographical information on Clement).

L.T.C.Rolt, 1965, Tools for the Job, London (repub. 1986); W.Steeds, 1969, A History of Machine Tools 1700–1910, Oxford (both contain descriptions of his machine tools).

RTS

Biographical history of technology > Clement (Clemmet), Joseph
74 Artificial Intelligence

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inﬂated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins ﬂy? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can ﬂy, so robins probably can ﬂy."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

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