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21 principal
1. сущ.1) общ. глава, начальник, руководитель3)а) эк., юр. принципал, доверитель (сторона, которая назначает другую действовать по ее поручению в качестве агента или доверенного лица; в американском праве по форме контроля выделяют такие виды принципалов: хозяин, работодатель, контрактор)See:disclosed principal, partially disclosed principal, undisclosed principal, principal-agent problem, principal-agent theory, agent 1), agency 5), master 1), 2б employer 3), contractor 3)б) эк., юр. комитент (лицо, дающее поручение другому лицу, комиссионеру, заключить определенную сделку или ряд сделок от имени последнего, но за счет комитента)4) юр. участник договора (участвует в сделке от своего лица, в отличие от агентов)5)а) фин., банк. основная [капитальная\] сумма (сумма, на которую начисляются проценты; фактическая сумма депозита, кредита или инвестиции без учета процентов)See:б) фин. основная сумма; номинал (векселя, облигации и т. д.; основная сумма долга, оформленного облигацией или иной ценной бумагой, которая будет выплачена ее держателю на дату погашения)See:6) фин. главный [основной\] должник (первичный должник по кредиту, в противоположность гаранту)See:7) юр. главный преступник [виновник, обвиняемый\]8) общ. ведущий актер или актриса; ведущий исполнитель2. прил.1) общ. главный, основнойSee:2) общ. ведущий
* * *
1) номинальная, или "основная", сумма кредита, займа, депозита, инвестиций, в отличие от процентных платежей или дохода; 2) принципал: лицо, действующее за свой счет; основной участник сделки; 3) партнер фирмы (товарищества), отвечающий за ее обязательства и в полной мере участвующий в прибылях; 4) владелец частного бизнеса, обладатель контрольного пакета акций.* * *Основная сумма. Принципал. (1) Общая сумма денег, взятых или данных взаймы. (2) Сторона, затрагиваемая решениями агента в отношениях 'принципал-агент' . Инвестиционная деятельность .* * *лицо, уполномочивающее агента действовать от его имени-----Финансы/Кредит/Валюта2.сумма долга, на которую начисляется процент-----Ценные бумаги/Биржевая деятельностьдоверитель, лицо, от чьего имени действует брокер-----лицо, от чьего имени действует агент, брокер -
22 principal loan balance
Англо-русский экономический словарь > principal loan balance
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23 Principal Outstanding Balance
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Principal Outstanding Balance
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24 loan balance
банк., фин. остаток займа [кредита, ссуды\] (часть займа, непогашенная на определенный момент)Syn:See:* * * -
25 remaining balance
фин. непогашенный остаток (остаток ипотечного кредита, задолженности по кредитной карте или иного долга, не погашенный к определенному моменту)Syn:See: -
26 unpaid balance
фин. неоплаченный остаток, остаток долга (остаток долга, не погашенный к определенному моменту)Syn:See:
* * *
неоплаченный остаток: остаток кредита, который не погашен.* * *невыплаченный остаток; непогашенное сальдо. . Словарь экономических терминов . -
27 notional principal amount
Beregningsmæssig hovedstol, dvs. det aftalte grundlag for beregningen af betalingerne under en swap eller andre off-balance-sheet items. -
28 notional principal amount
Beregningsmæssig hovedstol, dvs. det aftalte grundlag for beregningen af betalingerne under en swap eller andre off-balance-sheet items.English-Danish financial dictionary > notional principal amount
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29 OPB
1) Компьютерная техника: On-chip Peripheral Bus2) Американизм: Office of Planning and Budget3) Бухгалтерия: Outstanding Principal Balance4) Музыка: Oasis Praise Band5) Банковское дело: (Original Principal Balance) первоначальный остаток основного долга по кредиту6) Деловая лексика: OPerating Budget7) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: (Company name) "Обеспечение пожарной безопасности" (ОПБ)8) Сахалин А: OPB, обеспечение пожарной безопасности (название компании)9) Макаров: opcode operation code, orbiter processing building10) Общественная организация: Oregon Public Broadcasting11) Правительство: Oregon Progress Board12) Аэропорты: Open Bay, Papua New Guinea -
30 UPB
1) Компьютерная техника: Ultimate PHP Board, Universal Powerline Bus2) Спорт: брусья разной высоты3) Бухгалтерия: Unamortized Principle Balance4) Сокращение: Unique Perceived Benefit5) Университет: University Press Books, University Program Board, University of Pittsburgh at Bradford6) Банковское дело: (Unpaid Principal Balance) остаток основного долга (ООД) (термин секьюритизации) -
31 pool factor
фин., банк. коэффициент пула* (отношение непогашенной части основной суммы долга по пулу активов к первоначальной основной сумме долга по этому пулу активов, напр., отношение непогашенной части долга по нескольким ипотечным кредитам к первоначальной общей сумме этих ипотечных кредитов; обычно выражается в виде десятичной дроби)See:* * *. Неоплаченные позиции по основному балансу, деленные на первоначальный основной баланс, причем результат записывается в виде десятичной дроби. Факторы 'пула' ежемесячно публикуются в газете Bond Buyer для Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae и Freddie Mac . Инвестиционная деятельность . -
32 body
'bodi
1. plural - bodies; noun1) (the whole frame of a man or animal including the bones and flesh: Athletes have to look after their bodies.) cuerpo2) (a dead person: The battlefield was covered with bodies.) cadáver3) (the main part of anything: the body of the hall.) cuerpo, parte principal4) (a mass: a huge body of evidence.) conjunto, colección5) (a group of persons acting as one: professional bodies.) cuerpo•- bodily
2. adverb(by the entire (physical) body: They lifted him bodily and carried him off.) en peso- body language
- bodywork
body n1. cuerpo2. cadáver
body m
1 (de lencería) bodysuit
2 (de gimnasia) leotard ' body' also found in these entries: Spanish: cadáver - corpachón - corporal - cuerpo - ente - exhumación - extracorpórea - extracorpóreo - graja - grajo - interfecta - interfecto - jurídica - jurídico - leche - lugar - organismo - proporcionada - proporcionado - somatén - astro - cateo - chaleco - contorsión - entidad - hojalatería - hojalatero - impacto - lampiño - latonería - legislatura English: bare - body - body language - dead - exhume - legislative - proportionate - wash up - administration - advisory - ass - associate - authority - board - bruise - decision - dig - discipline - disposal - dissect - down - emaciated - exercise - figure - fleet - flex - foreign - gesture - govern - grant - hair - lap - lay - mark - mass - panel - party - pose - recess - riddle - satellite - scan - shrunken - slash - stunted - supple - swell - tan - volume - waisttr['bɒdɪ]1 cuerpo2 (corpse) cadáver nombre masculino3 (organization) organismo, entidad nombre femenino, ente nombre masculino; (association) agrupación nombre femenino4 (of wine) cuerpo5 (of people) grupo, conjunto6 SMALLAUTOMOBILES/SMALL (of car) carrocería7 SMALLAVIATION/SMALL fuselaje nombre masculino8 (main part) parte nombre femenino principal, grueso\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto keep body and soul together hacer equilibrios para vivirin a body todos juntos, en plenobody of opinion la opinión generalizadabody of facts conjunto de hechosbody of water masa de aguabody bag bolsa hermética para cadáveresbody clock reloj nombre masculino interiorbody corporate cuerpo jurídicobody count balance nombre masculino de los muertosbody language lenguaje nombre masculino corporalbody lotion loción nombre femenino corporalbody odour olor nombre masculino corporalbody piercing piercing nombre masculinothe body politic el estadobody scanner escáner nombre masculinobody search cacheobody shop taller nombre masculino de reparaciones1) : cuerpo m, organismo m2) corpse: cadáver m3) person: persona f, ser m humano4) : nave f (de una iglesia), carrocería (de un automóvil), fuselaje m (de un avión), casco m (de una nave)5) collection, mass: conjunto m, grupo m, masa fin a body: todos juntos, en masa6) organization: organismo m, organización fn.• armazón s.m.• cadáver s.m.• carrocería s.f.• chasis s.f.• coleto s.m.• cuerpo s.m.• persona s.f.'bɑːdi, 'bɒdi1) ca) (of human, animal) cuerpo mbody and soul — en cuerpo y alma
to keep body and soul together — subsistir, sobrevivir; (before n)
body language — lenguaje m corporal
b) ( trunk) cuerpo mc) ( corpse) cadáver mover my dead body! — tendrán (or tendrá etc) que pasar por encima de mi cadáver!
2)b) (majority, bulk)3)a) c ( organization) organismo mb) ( unit) (no pl)they walked out in a body — salieron en masa or en bloque
c) c ( collection)d) c ( of water) masa f4) c ( object) cuerpo mforeign body — cuerpo m extraño
heavenly body — (poet) cuerpo m celeste
6) c ( body stocking) body m['bɒdɪ]1. N1) [of person, animal] cuerpo m, tronco mbody and soul — (as adv) de todo corazón, con el alma
- keep body and soul together2) (=corpse) cadáver m4) (=core) [of argument] meollo mthe main body of his speech — la parte principal or el meollo de su discurso
5) (=mass, collection) [of information, literature] conjunto m, grueso m ; [of people] grupo m ; [of water] masa fthe student body — [of school] el alumnado; [of university] el estudiantado
the body politic — frm el estado
there is a body of opinion that... — hay buen número de gente que opina que...
in a body — todos juntos, en masa
6) (=organization) organismo m, órgano m7) [of wine] cuerpo m ; [of hair] volumen m, cuerpo mto give one's hair body — dar volumen or cuerpo al cabello
9) † * (=person) tipo(-a) * m / f, tío(-a) m / f (Sp) *10) = body stocking2.CPDbody armour, body armor (US) N — equipo de protección corporal
body blow N — (fig) golpe m duro, revés m
body clock N — reloj m biológico
body count N — (US) número m or balance m de las víctimas
to do a body count — [of those present] hacer un recuento de la asistencia; [of dead] hacer un recuento de los muertos
body double N — (Cine, TV) doble mf
body dysmorphic disorder N — trastorno m dismórfico corporal, dismorfofobia f
body fascism N — discriminación f por el (aspecto) físico
body fluids NPL — fluidos mpl corporales
body image N — imagen f corporal
body language N — lenguaje m corporal, lenguaje m del cuerpo
body lotion N — loción f corporal
body mass N — (=ratio of weight to height) masa f corporal
body mass index N — índice m de masa corporal
body odour, body odor (US) N — olor m corporal
body piercing N — piercing m
body repairs NPL — (Aut) reparación f de la carrocería
body repair shop N — (Aut) taller m de reparaciones (de carrocería)
body scanner N — escáner m
body scrub N — exfoliante m corporal
body-searchbody search N — registro m de la persona
body shop N — (Aut) taller m de reparaciones (de carrocería)
body snatcher N — (Hist) ladrón(-a) m / f de cadáveres
body stocking N — body m, bodi m
body suit N — = body stocking
body swerve N — (Sport) finta f, regate m
body temperature N — temperatura f corporal
body warmer N — chaleco m acolchado
body weight N — peso m (del cuerpo)
* * *['bɑːdi, 'bɒdi]1) ca) (of human, animal) cuerpo mbody and soul — en cuerpo y alma
to keep body and soul together — subsistir, sobrevivir; (before n)
body language — lenguaje m corporal
b) ( trunk) cuerpo mc) ( corpse) cadáver mover my dead body! — tendrán (or tendrá etc) que pasar por encima de mi cadáver!
2)b) (majority, bulk)3)a) c ( organization) organismo mb) ( unit) (no pl)they walked out in a body — salieron en masa or en bloque
c) c ( collection)d) c ( of water) masa f4) c ( object) cuerpo mforeign body — cuerpo m extraño
heavenly body — (poet) cuerpo m celeste
6) c ( body stocking) body m -
33 Le Roy, Pierre
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 24 November 1717 Paris, Franced. 25 August 1785 Viry-sur-Orge, France[br]French horologist who invented the detached détente escapement and the compensation balance.[br]Le Roy was born into a distinguished horological family: his father, Julien, was Clockmaker to the King. Pierre became Master in 1737 and continued to work with his father, taking over the business when his father died in 1759. However, he seems to have left the commercial side of the business to others so that he could concentrate on developing the marine chronometer. Unlike John Harrison, he believed that the solution lay in detaching the escapement from the balance, and in 1748 he submitted a proposal for the first detached escapement to the Académie des Sciences in Paris. He also differed from Harrison in his method of temperature compensation, which acted directly on the balance by altering its radius of gyration. This was achieved either by mounting thermometers on the balance or by using bimetallic strips which effectively reduced the diameter of the balance as the temperature rose (with refinements, this later became the standard method of temperature compensation in watches and chronometers). Le Roy had already discovered that for every spiral balance spring there was a particular length at which it would be isochronous, and this method of temperature compensation did not destroy that isochronism by altering the length, as other methods did. These innovations were incorporated in a chronometer with an improved detached escapement which he presented to Louis XV in 1766 and described in a memoir to the Académie des Sciences. This instrument contained the three essential elements of all subsequent chronometers: an isochronous balance spring, a detached escapement and a balance with temperature compensation. Its performance was similar to that of Harrison's fourth timepiece, and Le Roy was awarded prizes by the Académie des Sciences for the chronometer and for his memoir. However, his work was never fully appreciated in France, where he was over-shadowed by his rival Ferdinand Berthoud. When Berthoud was awarded the coveted title of Horloger de la Marine, Le Roy became disillusioned and shortly afterwards gave up chronometry and retired to the country.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHorloger du Roi 1760.Bibliography1748, "Echappement à détente", Histoire et mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences.Further ReadingR.T.Gould, 1923, The Marine Chronometer: Its History and Development, London; reprinted 1960, Holland Press (still the standard work on the subject).DV -
34 Phillips, Edouard
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 21 May 1821 Paris, Franced. 14 December 1889 Pouligny-Saint-Martin, France[br]French engineer and mathematician who achieved isochronous oscillations of a balance by deriving the correct shape for the balance spring.[br]Phillips was educated in Paris, at the Ecole Polytechnic and the Ecole des Mines. In 1849 he was awarded a doctorate in mathematical sciences by the University of Paris. He had a varied career in industry, academic and government institutions, rising to be Inspector- General of Mines in 1882.It was well known that the balance of a watch or chronometer fitted with a simple spiral or helical spring was not isochronous, i.e. the period of the oscillation was not entirely independent of the amplitude. Watch-and chronometer-makers, notably Breguet and Arnold, had devised empirical solutions to the problem by altering the curvature of the end of the balance spring. In 1858 Phillips was encouraged to tackle the problem mathematically, and two years later he published a complete solution for the helical balance spring and a partial solution for the more complex spiral spring. Eleven years later he was able to achieve a complete solution for the spiral spring by altering the curvature of both ends of the spring. Phillips published a series of typical curves that the watch-or chronometer-maker could use to shape the ends of the balance spring.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAcadémie des Sciences 1868. Chairman, Jury on Mechanics, Universal Exhibition 1889.Bibliography1861, "Mémoire sur l'application de la Théorie du Spiral Réglant", Annales des Mines 20:1–107.1878, Comptes Rendus 86:26–31.An English translation (by J.D.Weaver) of both the above papers was published by the Antiquarian Horological Society in 1978 (Monograph No. 15).Further ReadingJ.D.Weaver, 1989, "Edouard Phillips: a centenary appreciation", Horological Journal 132: 205–6 (a good short account).F.J.Britten, 1978, Britten's Watch and Clock Maker's Handbook, 16th edn, rev. R Good (a description of the practical applications of the balance spring).DV -
35 item
[ˈaɪtəm]addition item вчт. добавляемый элемент adjustment item скорректированная запись adjustment item уточненная проводка advance item авансовый документ agenda item пункт повестки дня anticipatory item преждевременная проводка arrived item вчт. поступившее требование asset item предмет имущества asset item проводка актива баланса balance sheet item статья баланса balance sheet item статья балансового отчета balancing item статья баланса bargain item предмет сделки below the line item статья расходов по капитальным операциям в платежном балансе briefing item пункт об инструктировании capital item единица капитального оборудования capital item капитальный товар cognizance item предмет судебного рассмотрения collateral item статья обеспечения combine an item объединять бухгалтерскую проводку cost item ценовая единица count item вчт. элемент-счетчик counter item денежный документ, передаваемый банку через кассовое окно credit item кредитовая запись credit item кредитовая проводка data item вчт. элемент данных decision item пункт решения delayed item вчт. ожидающее требование delivery item поставляемое изделие departing item вчт. покидающее систему требование derived data item вчт. производный элемент данных enter an item делать проводку exceptional item статья чрезвычайных расходов expenditure item статья расходов expense item статья расхода expense item статья расходов extraordinary item особая статья financing item финансовая запись financing item финансовая проводка first-priority item вчт. требование с наивысшим приоритетом general item главный предмет high-priority item вчт. требование с высоким приоритетом immaterial item второстепенная позиция income item статья дохода insured item то, что застраховано interaccount item проводка между счетами item бухгалтерская запись item вид товара item вопрос повестки дня item единица item записывать по пунктам item изделие item каждый отдельный предмет (в списке и т.п.) item номер item параграф item позиция item предмет item проводка item пункт item статья баланса item статья импорта item статья счета item статья экспорта item элемент item вчт. элемент данных item by item audit постатейная ревизия item of budget статья бюджета item of business пункт повестки дня item of expenditure статья расходов item on agenda пункт повестки дня liability item статья пассива logical item вчт. логическая единица memorandum item пункт памятной записки menu item вчт. пункт меню monetary item денежная единица negligible item не принимаемая в расчет позиция net item чистая проводка nonpreferred item вчт. требование не обладающее приоритетом nonpriority item вчт. требование не обладающее приоритетом obsolete item устаревшее изделие off-balance sheet item внебалансовая статья operating item оперативная проводка preempted item вчт. требование с прекращенным обслуживанием preferred item вчт. требование с приоритетом principal item основная позиция principal item основная статья prior period item запись за предыдущий период prior year item запись за предыдущий год priority item вчт. требование с приоритетом pro memoria item мемориальная статья property item вещь property item предмет собственности property item элемент имущества queue-resistant item вчт. требование не присоединяющееся к очереди reconciliation item согласующая проводка residual item остаточная проводка result data item вчт. результирующий элемент данных revenue item статья доходов sale item продаваемое изделие separate item отдельная запись separate item отдельная проводка slow-moving item неходовое изделие sorting item вчт. элемент сортировки speech item пункт доклада top-selling item ходовой товар virtual derived data item вчт. виртуальный производный элемент virtual result data item вчт. элемент данных - виртуальный результат virtual source data item вчт. элемент данных - копия источника -
36 Breguet, Abraham-Louis
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]baptized 10 January 1747 Neuchâtel, Switzerlandd. 17 September 1823 Paris, France[br]Swiss clock-and watchmaker who made many important contributions to horology.[br]When Breguet was 11 years old his father died and his mother married a Swiss watchmaker who had Paris connections. His stepfather introduced him to horology and this led to an apprenticeship in Paris, during which he also attended evening classes in mathematics at the Collège Mazarin. In 1775 he married and set up a workshop in Paris, initially in collaboration with Xavier Gide. There he established a reputation among the aristocracy for elegant and innovative timepieces which included a perpétuelle, or self-winding watch, which he developed from the ideas of Perrelet. He also enjoyed the patronage of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI. During the French Revolution his life was in danger and in 1793 he fled to Neuchâtel. The two years he spent there comprised what was intellectually one of his most productive periods and provided many of the ideas that he was able to exploit after he had returned to Paris in 1795. By the time of his death he had become the most prestigious watchmaker in Europe: he supplied timepieces to Napoleon and, after the fall of the Empire, to Louis XVIII, as well as to most of the crowned heads of Europe.Breguet divided his contributions to horology into three categories: improvements in appearance and functionality; improvements in durability; and improvements in timekeeping. His pendule sympathique was in the first category and consisted of a clock which during the night set a watch to time, regulated it and wound it. His parachute, a spring-loaded bearing, made a significant contribution to the durability of a watch by preventing damage to its movement if it was dropped. Among the many improvements that Breguet made to timekeeping, two important ones were the introduction of the overcoil balance spring and the tourbillon. By bending the outside end of the balance spring over the top of the coils Breguet was able to make the oscillations of the balance isochronous, thus achieving for the flat spring what Arnold had already accomplished for the cylindrical balance spring. The timekeeping of a balance is also dependent on its position, and the tourbillon was an attempt to average-out positional errors by placing the balance wheel and the escapement in a cage that rotated once every minute. This principle was revived in a simplified form in the karussel at the end of the nineteenth century.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHorloger de la marine 1815. Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1815.BibliographyBreguet gathered information for a treatise on horology that was never published but which was later plagiarized by Louis Moinet in his Traité d'horlogerie, 1848.Further ReadingG.Daniels, 1974, The An of Breguet, London (an account of his life with a good technical assessment of his work).DV -
37 Harrison, John
[br]b. 24 March 1693 Foulby, Yorkshire, Englandd. 24 March 1776 London, England[br]English horologist who constructed the first timekeeper of sufficient accuracy to determine longitude at sea and invented the gridiron pendulum for temperature compensation.[br]John Harrison was the son of a carpenter and was brought up to that trade. He was largely self-taught and learned mechanics from a copy of Nicholas Saunderson's lectures that had been lent to him. With the assistance of his younger brother, James, he built a series of unconventional clocks, mainly of wood. He was always concerned to reduce friction, without using oil, and this influenced the design of his "grasshopper" escapement. He also invented the "gridiron" compensation pendulum, which depended on the differential expansion of brass and steel. The excellent performance of his regulator clocks, which incorporated these devices, convinced him that they could also be used in a sea dock to compete for the longitude prize. In 1714 the Government had offered a prize of £20,000 for a method of determining longitude at sea to within half a degree after a voyage to the West Indies. In theory the longitude could be found by carrying an accurate timepiece that would indicate the time at a known longitude, but the requirements of the Act were very exacting. The timepiece would have to have a cumulative error of no more than two minutes after a voyage lasting six weeks.In 1730 Harrison went to London with his proposal for a sea clock, supported by examples of his grasshopper escapement and his gridiron pendulum. His proposal received sufficient encouragement and financial support, from George Graham and others, to enable him to return to Barrow and construct his first sea clock, which he completed five years later. This was a large and complicated machine that was made out of brass but retained the wooden wheelwork and the grasshopper escapement of the regulator clocks. The two balances were interlinked to counteract the rolling of the vessel and were controlled by helical springs operating in tension. It was the first timepiece with a balance to have temperature compensation. The effect of temperature change on the timekeeping of a balance is more pronounced than it is for a pendulum, as two effects are involved: the change in the size of the balance; and the change in the elasticity of the balance spring. Harrison compensated for both effects by using a gridiron arrangement to alter the tension in the springs. This timekeeper performed creditably when it was tested on a voyage to Lisbon, and the Board of Longitude agreed to finance improved models. Harrison's second timekeeper dispensed with the use of wood and had the added refinement of a remontoire, but even before it was tested he had embarked on a third machine. The balance of this machine was controlled by a spiral spring whose effective length was altered by a bimetallic strip to compensate for changes in temperature. In 1753 Harrison commissioned a London watchmaker, John Jefferys, to make a watch for his own personal use, with a similar form of temperature compensation and a modified verge escapement that was intended to compensate for the lack of isochronism of the balance spring. The time-keeping of this watch was surprisingly good and Harrison proceeded to build a larger and more sophisticated version, with a remontoire. This timekeeper was completed in 1759 and its performance was so remarkable that Harrison decided to enter it for the longitude prize in place of his third machine. It was tested on two voyages to the West Indies and on both occasions it met the requirements of the Act, but the Board of Longitude withheld half the prize money until they had proof that the timekeeper could be duplicated. Copies were made by Harrison and by Larcum Kendall, but the Board still continued to prevaricate and Harrison received the full amount of the prize in 1773 only after George III had intervened on his behalf.Although Harrison had shown that it was possible to construct a timepiece of sufficient accuracy to determine longitude at sea, his solution was too complex and costly to be produced in quantity. It had, for example, taken Larcum Kendall two years to produce his copy of Harrison's fourth timekeeper, but Harrison had overcome the psychological barrier and opened the door for others to produce chronometers in quantity at an affordable price. This was achieved before the end of the century by Arnold and Earnshaw, but they used an entirely different design that owed more to Le Roy than it did to Harrison and which only retained Harrison's maintaining power.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society Copley Medal 1749.Bibliography1767, The Principles of Mr Harrison's Time-keeper, with Plates of the Same, London. 1767, Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately Published by the Rev. Mr Maskelyne Under theAuthority of the Board of Longitude, London.1775, A Description Concerning Such Mechanisms as Will Afford a Nice or True Mensuration of Time, London.Further ReadingR.T.Gould, 1923, The Marine Chronometer: Its History and Development, London; reprinted 1960, Holland Press.—1978, John Harrison and His Timekeepers, 4th edn, London: National Maritime Museum.H.Quill, 1966, John Harrison, the Man who Found Longitude, London. A.G.Randall, 1989, "The technology of John Harrison's portable timekeepers", Antiquarian Horology 18:145–60, 261–77.J.Betts, 1993, John Harrison London (a good short account of Harrison's work). S.Smiles, 1905, Men of Invention and Industry; London: John Murray, Chapter III. Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. IX, pp. 35–6.DV -
38 Huygens, Christiaan
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 14 April 1629 The Hague, the Netherlandsd. 8 June 1695 The Hague, the Netherlands[br]Dutch scientist who was responsible for two of the greatest advances in horology: the successful application of both the pendulum to the clock and the balance spring to the watch.[br]Huygens was born into a cultured and privileged class. His father, Constantijn, was a poet and statesman who had wide interests. Constantijn exerted a strong influence on his son, who was educated at home until he reached the age of 16. Christiaan studied law and mathematics at Ley den University from 1645 to 1647, and continued his studies at the Collegium Arausiacum in Breda until 1649. He then lived at The Hague, where he had the means to devote his time entirely to study. In 1666 he became a Member of the Académie des Sciences in Paris and settled there until his return to The Hague in 1681. He also had a close relationship with the Royal Society and visited London on three occasions, meeting Newton on his last visit in 1689. Huygens had a wide range of interests and made significant contributions in mathematics, astronomy, optics and mechanics. He also made technical advances in optical instruments and horology.Despite the efforts of Burgi there had been no significant improvement in the performance of ordinary clocks and watches from their inception to Huygens's time, as they were controlled by foliots or balances which had no natural period of oscillation. The pendulum appeared to offer a means of improvement as it had a natural period of oscillation that was almost independent of amplitude. Galileo Galilei had already pioneered the use of a freely suspended pendulum for timing events, but it was by no means obvious how it could be kept swinging and used to control a clock. Towards the end of his life Galileo described such a. mechanism to his son Vincenzio, who constructed a model after his father's death, although it was not completed when he himself died in 1642. This model appears to have been copied in Italy, but it had little influence on horology, partly because of the circumstances in which it was produced and possibly also because it differed radically from clocks of that period. The crucial event occurred on Christmas Day 1656 when Huygens, quite independently, succeeded in adapting an existing spring-driven table clock so that it was not only controlled by a pendulum but also kept it swinging. In the following year he was granted a privilege or patent for this clock, and several were made by the clockmaker Salomon Coster of The Hague. The use of the pendulum produced a dramatic improvement in timekeeping, reducing the daily error from minutes to seconds, but Huygens was aware that the pendulum was not truly isochronous. This error was magnified by the use of the existing verge escapement, which made the pendulum swing through a large arc. He overcame this defect very elegantly by fitting cheeks at the pendulum suspension point, progressively reducing the effective length of the pendulum as the amplitude increased. Initially the cheeks were shaped empirically, but he was later able to show that they should have a cycloidal shape. The cheeks were not adopted universally because they introduced other defects, and the problem was eventually solved more prosaically by way of new escapements which reduced the swing of the pendulum. Huygens's clocks had another innovatory feature: maintaining power, which kept the clock going while it was being wound.Pendulums could not be used for portable timepieces, which continued to use balances despite their deficiencies. Robert Hooke was probably the first to apply a spring to the balance, but his efforts were not successful. From his work on the pendulum Huygens was well aware of the conditions necessary for isochronism in a vibrating system, and in January 1675, with a flash of inspiration, he realized that this could be achieved by controlling the oscillations of the balance with a spiral spring, an arrangement that is still used in mechanical watches. The first model was made for Huygens in Paris by the clockmaker Isaac Thuret, who attempted to appropriate the invention and patent it himself. Huygens had for many years been trying unsuccessfully to adapt the pendulum clock for use at sea (in order to determine longitude), and he hoped that a balance-spring timekeeper might be better suited for this purpose. However, he was disillusioned as its timekeeping proved to be much more susceptible to changes in temperature than that of the pendulum clock.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1663. Member of the Académie Royale des Sciences 1666.BibliographyFor his complete works, see Oeuvres complètes de Christian Huygens, 1888–1950, 22 vols, The Hague.1658, Horologium, The Hague; repub., 1970, trans. E.L.Edwardes, AntiquarianHorology 7:35–55 (describes the pendulum clock).1673, Horologium Oscillatorium, Paris; repub., 1986, The Pendulum Clock or Demonstrations Concerning the Motion ofPendula as Applied to Clocks, trans.R.J.Blackwell, Ames.The balance spring watch was first described in Journal des Sçavans 25 February 1675, and translated in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (1675) 4:272–3.Further ReadingH.J.M.Bos, 1972, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. C.C.Gillispie, Vol. 6, New York, pp. 597–613 (for a fuller account of his life and scientific work, but note the incorrect date of his death).R.Plomp, 1979, Spring-Driven Dutch Pendulum Clocks, 1657–1710, Schiedam (describes Huygens's application of the pendulum to the clock).S.A.Bedini, 1991, The Pulse of Time, Florence (describes Galileo's contribution of the pendulum to the clock).J.H.Leopold, 1982, "L"Invention par Christiaan Huygens du ressort spiral réglant pour les montres', Huygens et la France, Paris, pp. 154–7 (describes the application of the balance spring to the watch).A.R.Hall, 1978, "Horology and criticism", Studia Copernica 16:261–81 (discusses Hooke's contribution).DV -
39 payment
сущ.сокр. pymt, paymt, payt эк.. 1№ оплата; платеж; погашение (долга, векселя и т. п.), выплата, уплата ( происходящая в любой форме передача средств)to effect [make\] payment — производить платеж
to defer payment — отложить [отсрочить\] платеж
interest payment, payment of interest — процентный платеж, выплата процентов
payment in part [in full\] — частичный [полный\] платеж
presentation for payment — предъявление к оплате (чека, векселя и т. п.)
conditions of payment, payment terms — условия платежа
payment on account — платеж [уплата\] в счет (погашения каких-л. обязательств)
payment on account of damages — платеж в счет возмещения ущерба [убытков\]
Payment for delivery can be made directly in cash. — Оплату доставки можно произвести непосредственно наличными деньгами.
Syn:pay 1. 2)See:advance payment, automatic bill payment, balloon payment, blended payment, cashless payment, coupon payment, deferred payment, deficiency payment, down payment, downpayment, international payments, payment by piece, payment by results, payment by time, periodic payment, pre-authorized payment, principal payment, transfer payments, average payment period, balance of payments, constant payment loan, documents against payment, investment income payments, payment cap, payments deficit, payments surplus, repayment, payee, payer, collect on delivery, prepayment -
40 current
12 n (AmE) (cf mains BrE )ELEC, ELEC ENG corriente f, corriente eléctrica f, red de distribución eléctrica fHYDROL, OCEAN corriente f, corriente marina fPHYS corriente f, corriente eléctrica fRAD PHYS, TELECOM corriente eléctrica fTV suministro principal m (AmL), corriente f, red eléctrica fWATER red de distribución f, tubería principal fWATER TRANSP navigation tides corriente f, corriente marina f
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