obsolete+form

(yngri, yngstr), a. young.

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ung, ungt, adj., compar. yngri, superl. yngstr; for the form jungr see p. 327, col. 1: [Goth. juggs, compar. juhiza; A. S. geong; Engl. young; O. H. G. and Germ. jung; Dutch jong; but Dan.-Swed. ung; cp. Lat. juvenis.]

β. an older and obsolete compar. œri or œrri, early Dan. urœ; þótta’k hæfr þá er vórum œri, Korm. (in a verse); öngr mannr œri honum, Orkn. (in a verse); œri endr bar ek mærð ór hendi, Edda (in a verse); fylkir œri þér fórat heiman, Ó. H. (in a verse): in prose, hit ellra barn má œra ( madden) it œrra ( the younger), Skálda 162 (Thorodd); engi œri enn áttján vetra gamall, Fms. xi. 90; þú er miklu œri maðr at aldri, 93 (yngri, v. l. of the later vellums); eigi skyldi øri djáknar enn hálf-þrítugir, Greg. 60; tungl tveim nóttum œra, Rb. 1812. 52; skal þat eigi vesa œra an fimtán nátta (spelt eora), 20; ok skal þat vesa at eora (æra) tungl, 57; enum eorum tunglum, 55; gott æ ørum mönnum, Landn. (Hb.) 45; þá telja Paktar nótt œri (ærna Ed.), Rb. 32; þó at eigi sé þú œri at vetra-tali, Þiðr. 339: the superl. ærstr occurs but a single time, hann rauð œrstr (youngest, i. e. while quite young) úlfs fót, Ó. H. (in a verse). According to Thorodd the grammarian the œ in œri was sounded as a nasal diphthong, indicating its contraction, (cp. Goth. juhiza), and distinguished from the verb œra (from órar, q. v.) with its pure diphthong.

B. USAGE.—Young; ungir ok bernskir, Fms. i. 22; þá er þér vórut yngri, Nj. 198; hinn yngra manninn, Fms. vi. 187; hann var þeirra yngstr, Nj. 269; kært görðisk með þessum yngrum mönnum, Ld. 160; tvau naut við kú ef yngri eru, Grág. i. 147; ungra manna, ii. 11; á unga aldri, in one’s youth, 623. 59: sayings, ungr skal at ungum vega, Ísl. ii. 309; upp at eins er ungum vegar, the way of the young is upwards, Mkv.; ungr má en gamall skal, see skulu; lengi man þat er ungr getr, 248; þeygi á saman gamalt og ungt, Úlf. 3. 44; vera ungr í annat sinn,—eptir þat stóð Hákon upp ok talaði, mæltu þá tveir ok tveir sín í milli, at þar væri þá kominn Haraldr inn Hárfagri, ok orðinn ungr í annat sinn, Hkr. i. 125, Gísl. 84; cp. ‘Hamilcarem juvenem redditum sibi veteres milites credere,’ Livy xxi. 4.

2. young, recent; ungir í Kristninni, Fms. i. 244; Ljótr mælti, ung er nú trúan, Valla L. 209; hann kvað ungt vinfengi þeirra Bjarnar, Bjarn. 56.

II. Ungi or inn Ungi, as a nickname, the Younger, Junior = Lat. minor, opp. to inn Gamli; Eindriði ungi, Hákon ungi, Kolbeinn ungi, see gamall III.

C. -ungr, an inflexion, see Gramm.

1) wont, accustomed (bað hann ganga, til sætis þess, er hann var v. at sitja); v. e-u, used to a thing;

2) usual (ekki fekk ek minna til bús en vant er).

a. lacking, wanting, with gen.; handar em ek v., I lack a hand; vön geng ek vilja, I walk joyless; e-s er vant, something is wanting or missing; eitt sinn var vant kýr í Þykkvabœ, a cow was wanting.

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vön, vant, adj., compar. vanari, superl. vanastr, wont, accustomed; vanr e-u, used to a thing; varg-ljóðum vanr, Hkv.; vígi vanr, Stor. 23; tungan er málinu vön, Skálda (Thorodd); vanr góðu brauði, Sks. 321: with infin., hann hafði jafnan vanr verit at matask í litlu húsi, Fms. i. 35; hversu mikill skattr er vanr at koma af Finnmörk, Eg. 70; ganga til sætis þess er hann var vanr at sitja, Ó. H. 66; vanan skatt, the wonted tax, Bs. i. 757; er hann var vanr at hafa, Sks. 228 B.

2. neut., ekki fékk ek minna til bús enn vant var, Nj. 18: impers., er þessa vant?—opt berr svá at, is this wont to happen?—it often betides, Fms. ii. 9; ú-vanr, unwonted.

adj. [Ulf. wans; A. S. wana; cp. Lat. vanus; cp. also the prefix particle van-]:—lacking, wanting; vamma vanr, Hm. 22; ljóða þessa muntú lengr vanr vera, 163; andspillis vanr, Skm. 12; handar em ek vanr, Ls. 39; vön vers ok barna, Gkv. 1. 23; vön geng ek vilja, joy-bereft, Skv. 3. 9; blóðs vanr, Höfuðl. 11; vanr slíkra drengja, Hallfred; landa vanr, a lackland, Bragi.

2. neut. vant, with gen.; var þeim vettugis vant, Vsp.; mikils er á mann hveru vant, er mannvits er, Hðm. 26; fás er fróðum vant, Hm.; orðs vant, wanting one word, Hðm. 9; era mér gulls vant, Skm. 22; vara gamans vant, no lack of good cheer, Fms. vii. (in a verse); eitt sinn var vant kýr í Þykkvabæ, a cow was wanting, Ld. 156; var Glúmi vant margra geldinga, Nj. 26; varð honum vant kvígna tveggja, Glúm. 340; konungi þótti orðs vant er annat var talat, the king wanted a word when one was uttered, i. e. he was all ear, listened eagerly, Fms. ii. 139; lét honum engra hluta vant, x. 226; era hlunns vant, kvað refr, vii. 19; sjaldan er engri vant, a saying, Al. 166; muna vant, or muna á-vant, sjá, munr, a moment, p. 438; hann keyrði hann niðr, eigi úþyrmiliga, svá at honum var lítils vant, so that he did not want more, i. e. killed him on the spot, Bjarn. 41. ☞ Two words, of the same form, but diametrically opposite in sense, cannot well stand side by side, and so we find that while the old poets make little use of vanr ( adsuetus), on the other hand, in prose and mod. usage vanr ( orbus) has become obsolete, except in the neut. vant, in van- as a prefix, and in compds such as and-vanr, and-vana.

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prep. with dat. and acc.

I. with dat. over, above (hvers manns alvæpni hekk y. rúmi hans); sitja y. borðum, to sit at table; s. yfir málum manna, to sit at, attend to cases, as judge; konungr y. Englandi, king over E.; vaka y. e-m, to wake or watch over;

II. with acc.

1) over, above (Skaði tók eitr-orm, ok festi upp y. hann); hann tók y. sik skikkjuna, he put on the mantle; komast y. e-t, to come by a thing;

2) over, across, through (síðan fóru þeir y. Norðrá);

3) fig. over, beyond; hafa vöxt y. e-n, to have growth over, be taller than; fram y. aðra menn, beyond, above other men;

4) adverbial usages, sá kvittr kom y., passed over; kveld kemr y., evening draws on.

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prep. with dat. and acc., also ellipt. or even as adv.; [in Goth. there are two forms, uf = Lat. sub, and ufar = Lat. super, which, as to the form, answer to Icel. ‘of’ and ‘yfir;’ but in reality ‘of’ is in the old vellums used indiscriminately, sometimes = um (q. v.), sometimes = yfir, see p. 462 and um (umb, of), p. 648 sqq.; ‘of’ as prep. is now obsolete, having been replaced, according to the sense, by um or yfir: Goth. ufar; A. S. ofer; Engl. over; O. H. G. ubar; Hel. ubar; Germ. über; Dan. over; Swed. öfver; Lat. super; Gr. υπέρ]:—over.

A. WITH DAT. over, above; hvers manns alvæpni hékk yfir rúmi hans, Eg. 88; þriðja stendr yfir Niflheimi … brenn eldr yfir Bifröst, Edda 10; yfir lokhvílu sinni, Nj. 183; spretta skörum yfir sér, Fas. ii. 187; tjalda yfir skipi sínu. Eg. 373; jörð gróin yfir viði eðr beinum, Grág. ii. 354; sitja yfir borðum, matborði, dagverði, drykkju …, to sit at table over one’s meat, drink; Nj. 6, 68, Eg. 63, 407, 577, passim; sitja yfir dómum yfir málum manna, to sit at, attend to cases, as judge, Ó. H. 86; Olafr konungr hafði jafnan með sér tólf ena spökustu menn, þeir sátu yfir dómum með honum ok réðu um vandamál, id.; sitja yfir e-m, to sit over one (a sick person), Fms. vii. 166, ix. 250; styrma yfir e-m, Ld. 40.

II. metaph. usages; görask konungr bæði yfir Mörkinni ok Hálogalandi, Eg. 71; konungr yfir Englandi, 263; biskup yfir þeim fjórðungi, Grág. i. 326; hafa vald yfir e-u, Fms. i. 227, x. 48; vera höfðingi ok herra yfir e-u, id.; Þorgils er þá var yfir Skagafirði, 61; dómandi allra mála yfir þeim ríkjum, Fas. i. 513; hann setti bróður sinn yfir Víkinni, Fms. i. 29; sektir yfir e-m, H. E. i. 420; til gæzlu yfir e-m, custody over one, Edda 21; vaka yfir e-m, to wake or watch over, Fms. i. 9, iv. 299; vöku vér hér hverja nótt á Aski yfir fé váru, Eg. 375: þú vart trúr yfir litlu, eg mun setja þig yfir mikið, Matt. xxv. 23; vil ek eigi hafa flimtan hennar né fáryrði yfir mér, Nj. 50; sitja yfir hlut e-s, 89 (see sitja I. 2); ok liggi sú íllska lengr yfir þeim, threatening them, Fms. x. 265; búa yfir brögðum, Fas. i. 290; hefi ek sét marga dýrliga hluti yfir honum, 623. 55; mér sýnisk svá mikit yfir þér, at mér byðr þat eitt í skap at þú verðir meira stýrandi, Bs. i. 468; allir þeir er nokkurr þrifnaðr var yfir, leystu sik á þrem vetrum, Fms. iii. 18; opt hafa orðit þvílíkar jarteinir yfir heiðnum mönnum, vii. 195; láta vel ílla … yfir e-u, Ld. 168, Hkr. i. 213, ii. 32 (see láta B. I. 2); láta hljótt yfir e-n, Nj. 232; þegja yfir e-u, Ld. 36; fögnuðr yfir e-u, joy over a thing, MS. 623. 23; aumhjartaðr yfir úförum hvers manns, Sks. 687; lýsa yfir e-u, to declare, Eb. 20, 250, Nj. 93, Ld. 164, 306, Fs. 13, 24, Eg. 141 new Ed., Gísl. 16, Ó. H. 101, 179, Bs. i. 95, 203, 268, 624, Fms. ii. 25, xi. 6, 25: hlyða e-m yfir, see hlýða.

III. ellipt. or adverb, usages; eldr, ok katlar yfir, Eg. 238; ætlar hann at görask konungr yfir norðr þar, 71; yfir á Espihóli, Sturl. iii. 261.

B. WITH ACC. over, above, denoting motion; limar hans dreifask yfir heim allan, Edda 10; drógu þeir netið yfir hann, … hlaupa yfir netið … hleypr hann yfir þinulinn, 40; þeir bundu yfir sik flaka af viði, Fms. ix. 421; Skaði tók eitr-orm ok festi yfir hann, Edda 40; hann tók yfir sik skikkjuna, ‘took clothes over himself,’ put on the mantle, Nj. 170; binda boð yfir miðjar dyrr, Gþl. 434; leggja e-t yfir altari þín, 655 xxiii; lauf ok limar tóku út yfir skipit, Ó. H. 36; hann felldi hvern yfir annan, Hkr. i. 151; cp. hverr um annan (um C. V); er aldr fór yfir hann, Ó. H. 123; sló miklum ótta yfir hirðmennina, struck great terror into the king’s men, Fas. i. 68; skjóta skjóli yfir e-n, Ld. 40; setja menn yfir ríki sitt, Eg. 7; at konungr mundi annan höfðingja setja yfir Norðymbra-land, Fms. i. 24; lét hann taka Knút til konungs yfir ríki þat allt, 112; komask yfir e-t, to come by a thing, Bárð. 175; láta lítið yfir sik, Fms. vii. 29.

2. over, through, across; austr yfir Foldina, Fms. i. 52; hann gékk yfir mark þat, Eg. 490; fara yfir ás nokkurn, … klif bratt yfir at fara, 576; ríða yfir fljótið, Nj. 82; hverr reiddi yfir Markar-fljót, 142; yfir skóginn, Fms. v. 249; ríðu vestr yfir Lómagnúpssand, Nj. 255; yfir hafit, Fms. vi. 21; er hann kom suðr yfir Fjalir, iii. 36; sigla norðr yfir Foldina, viii. 132; síðan fóru þeir yfir Norðrá, Eg. 134; fara at veizlum yfir ríki sitt, Fms. i. 157; skógr er almannavegr liggr yfir, Fs. 4.

II. metaph. over, beyond; hafa vöxt yfir e-n, to have growth over or above another, be taller, Fas. ii. 234; hafa höfuð ok herðar yfir e-n; fram yfir aðra menn, beyond, above, i. 27; yfir þat fram, beyond that, above that, Vm. 19; fram yfir Páskaviku, Sturl. i. 121; fram yfir Jól, Boll. 344; yfir hálf-þrítugt, Fms. ix. 33.

III. of direction, with another prep.; yfir á Hól, Hrafn. 9; þeir fúru yfir a Katanes, Fms. ix. 424; þeir sigldu yfir undir Kaupmannaeyjar, 421; upp yfir; fram yfir Grjótteigsá, Hrafn. 6.

IV. ellipt. and adverb, usages; sá kvittr kom yfir, passed over, Eg. 164; lesa yfir, to read, Dipl. iii. 10, Fms. x. 1; kveld kemr yfir, draws on, Finnb. 230; skýflóki gengr yfir, Bárð. 169; um nóttina þann tíma er hringdi yfir, Fms. x. 29; at hann myndi fljótara yfir bera ef hann riði, Hrafn. 7; hestrinn bar hann skjótt yfir ok víða, id.; undir at leiða eðr yfir at keyra, Gþl. 412; göra brú yfir, 411.

2. with verbs; bera, gnæfa, taka yfir, to surpass, passim; vofa yfir, to impend; búa yfir e-u, see búa; hylma ylir, to conceal; bætr yfir, to mend; verpa yfir, to calculate; drepa yfir e-t, to hush down; fara yfir, to pass over; líta, sjá yfir, to oversee, superintend; líða yfir, to pass over, also to faint; stíga yfir, to overcome; staupla yfir, sjást yfir, to overlook, neglect, etc., see the verbs.

3. var hann kátr yfir fram, exceedingly, Sturl. iii. 267; bjargit skútti yfir fram, Fms. vii. 81; sjá yfir upp, Edda 30.

adj.; the parent-word of the mod. Dan. tavs ( silent) has hitherto not been found in the old Icel. literature; it should be þagsi, but most if not all words of that form were obsolete as early as the 12th and 13th centuries, and have disappeared in mod. Icel., as hugsi, staðsi, heitsi …; we believe it is preserved in the corrupted ‘þegn varð’ in the transcript of the Íb., where we propose to read, svá at allir menn myndi ‘þagsi verða’ (= Dan. blive tavse) meðan hann mælti at lögbergi, so that all men would become silent whilst he spoke on the Law-bill, Íb. 7. In an ancient vellum a , with the upper end of the s faint or blotted out, and an n or  would be distinguished with difficulty; and as to an Icel. transcriber þagsi was quite an unknown word, while ‘þegu,’ ‘þagu’ were familiar syllables, he would choose the latter; the vellum itself was lost soon after the copy had been taken in A. D. 1651. In Rb. (Ísl. i. 385) the word has been paraphrased into ‘þegja;’ see the Academy, vol. i, p. 278.

(-ta, -tr), v.

1) to perceive, espy, notice (ok er konungr þekkir, at sveinninn er heill);

þás bani Fáfnis borg of þátti (old pret. = þekti), when Fafnir’s slayer espied the burg;

2) to comprehend (mátt þú nú þat þekkja, er fyrr sagða ek þér);

3) to know, recognize (þóttist hón þekkja barnit);

4) refl., þekkjast e-t, to comply with, consent to, accept of (þeir þektust þetta boð gjarna);

þekkjast e-m, to please;

megi þér (dat.) mitt líf þekkja, may it please thee.

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ð, and later t; an older pret. þátti answers to Goth. þagkjan, þahta, and occurs in old poems in four instances, which see below: [Goth. þagkjan = λογίζεσθαι; A. S. þencan, þôhte; Engl. think, pret. thought; Hel. þenkjan, pret. þahta; O. H. G. dankjan; Germ. denken, pret. dachte; whence mod. Dan. tænke; Swed. tänka; whence mod. Icel. þenkja. In the old Norse the sense of ‘to think’ is still undeveloped, and only appears in the borrowed mod. form þenkja; cp. þykkja.]

A. To perceive, know:

I. to perceive, espy, notice, of the senses; þóttuð mér, er ek þátta, Þorkcls liðar dvelja, when I espied them, O. H. L. (in a poem of A. D. 1012); þá er vígligan vögna vátt, sinn bana þátti, Haustl. (middle of the 10th century); þátti liggja á sléttri grundu sér fjarri, he espied (his sword) lying far off on the ground, Geisli (Cod. Holm., in a poem of A. D. 1154); þá er bani Fáfnis borg um þátti, when the slayer of F. espied (or visited) the burg, Og. 18; er harðhugaðr hamar um þekði, when he espied his hammer, Þkv.; er ek höll Hálfs háfa þekða’k, Gkv. 2. 13; ok er konungr þekkir at sveinninn er heill, Fb. iii. 366; þá þekði hann at tré flaut í lánni, he espied a tree floating in the surf, Mar. (pref. xl); heyra þeir vápna-brakit ok þekkja jóreykina, Al. 31; kann vera at þeir þekki eigi hvárt þar eru karlar eða konur, Ld. 276; mátt þú nú þat þ. ( comprehend) er fyrr sagða ek þér, at …, Sks. 476. This sense is now obsolete.

II. to know; þóttisk hón þekkja barnit, Finnb. 214; engi maðr var sá innan-borðs at þetta land þekti, Fms. iii. 181; svá vóru þeir líkir at hvárngan mátti þekkja frá öðrum, Bev.; fá þekt þá hluti, Sks. 119 new Ed.; þekki ek þik görla, segir hann, Fas. ii. 239. This sense is not of very frequent occurrence in old writers, but more so in mod. usage, as it has almost displaced the old kenna, q. v.

III. recipr. to know one another, Fas. iii. 535.

B. Dep. [þökk], þekkjask, to comply with; en konungrinn þekðisk meirr með einvilja sínum en með vitra manna ráði, the king followed more his own will than good men’s counsel, Fms. x. 418.

2. to be pleased; þá þektisk mér at leita hans ráða-görðar, I was pleased, I wished, Sks. 3; megi þér mitt líf þekkjask, may it please thee, Barl. 148.

II. to accept of, consent to; bauð honum þar at vera, en hann þekðisk þat, Eg. 23; þeir þökkuðu Úlfi þetta boð sitt ok þektusk þetta boð gjarna, Fær. 46; ek mun fela yðr hér.—þeir þekkjask þetta, Fms. i. 8; Eiríkr konungr þektisk þann kost, 22; þá eggjuðu höfðingjar aptr-hvarfs, en hann þekðisk eigi þat, he refused, would not, x. 413; ef þú vill mína umsjá þekkjask, vi. 104.

2. part., fám var þekkt í þeirra liði at fara seint, few of them liked to go slowly, Lv. 95.

m. (2. ṛish Comm. on Uṇ. IV, 119 ;

, or 68

   the milestone year in French life and politics in the second half of the 20th century, when protests by students and workers almost brought down the French government, and led to sweeping changes in French society. The events of 68 were inspired and led by the young generation of the time, wishing to break out of the rather stuffy and conventional society of the time. They coincided with, though initially took a different form to, the 'youth revolution' in Britain and the USA; but while the UK's youth revolution was essentially social and cultural, and led by pop music and op art, France's revolution was political and cultural, a protest against the weight of the Gaullist state.

   The events of May 68 started on the drab concrete campus of the sprawling university of Nanterre in the northern suburbs of Paris, and quickly spread to other universities, notably the Sorbonne. Student leaders, among them DanielCohn- Bendit and Alain Krivine, called for radical change and the end of the 'bourgeois state'; students erected barricades in the Latin Quarter, and were soon joined by workers, notably from the huge Renault plant at Boulogne Billancourt in the Paris suburbs. Though political, the movement sidelined all existing political parties, including the Communists, considered by the new left-wing as being an 'obsolete' political force.

   Faced with turmoil on the streets and a partial collapse of French society, President de Gaulle fled to Germany on 29th May, before returning and promising new elections. But by the time the elections took place, theGrenelle agreements had been negotiated with the trade unions, the heat had died down, and many French people had become seriously alarmed by the turn of events. In the June elections, the Gaullist majority was returned to power with an increased majority.

   The events nevertheless marked the beginning of the end for de Gaulle. In 1969 he organised a referendum on decentralisation, promising to step down if the referendum failed. To a certain extent, de Gaulle's vision of decentralisation was not that wanted by the voters; but in addition, the referendum became seen as a plebiscite on the Gaullist system, rather than on decentralisation. The referendum proposal was rejected by 52.4% of voters, and de Gaulle stepped down.

   It is certain that a new France, less hide-bound, more emancipated and more free, emerged in the aftermath of 68. Whether this would have happened anyway, and whether the means justified the end, are questions about which there is still considerable debate in France to this day.

a mouse, Irish, Old Irish luch, g. lochat, Welsh llyg, llygoden, Cornish logoden, Breton logodenn, pl. logod: *lukot-, *pluko-, "gray-one"; Lithuanian pilkas, gray, pele, mouse; root pel, pol, gray, as under liath. Stokes refers it to the Gadelic root luko-, dark (read lauko- or louko-), whence Early Irish loch( read lóch), which he takes from Indo-European leuq, shine (Latin lux, etc.), comparing Welsh llwg, vivid, blotchy, to which add Welsh llug, blotch, dawning. From this obsolete Gaelic word lóch, dark, comes the name of the rivers Lòchaidh, Adamnan's Nigra Dea or Loch-dae, which we may take as the Gaelic form of it from another of his references.

G, g, indecl. n. or (on account of littera) f., had originally no place in the Latin alphabet: both the sharp and the flat guttural mutes, our k and g sounds, being represented by C; hence on the Columna Rostrata LECIONES, MACISTRATOS, EXFOCIONT, (pu)CNANDOD, PVCN(ad), CARTACINIENSIS, for legiones, etc.; hence, too, the archaic form ACETARE for agitare (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 23 Müll. N. cr.), and the still common abbreviation of the names Gaius and Gneus in C and Cn.—At a later period (acc. to Plut. Qu. Rom. p. 277 D and 278 E, by means of a freedman of Spurius Carvilius Ruga, about the beginning of the second Punic war) a slight graphic alteration was made in the C, which introduced into the Roman orthography the letter G (on the old monuments C); thus we have in the S. C. de Bacchanal.: MAGISTER, MAGISTRATVM, FIGIER, GNOSCIER, AGRO; on the other hand, the orthography GNAIVOD PATRE PROGNATVS on the first Epitaph of the Scipios, which dates before that time, indicates either incorrectness in the copying or a later erection of the monument. When Greek words are written in Latin letters and vice versa, G always corresponds to G. Its sound was always hard, like Engl. g in gate, at least until the sixth century A. D.As an initial, g, in pure Latin words, enters into consonantal combination only with l and r; and therefore in words which, from their etymology, had the combination gn, the g was rejected in the classical period, and thus arose the class. forms nascor, natus, nosco, novi, notus, narus, navus, from the original gnascor, gnatus, gnosco, etc. (cf. the English gnaw, gnat, gnarr, etc., where the g has become silent); whereas in compounds the g again is often retained: cognatus, cognosco, ignarus, ignavus.—An initial g is dropped in lac (kindred to GALACT, gala), likewise in anser (kindred to Germ. Gans; Sanscr. hansa; Greek chên).As a medial, g combines with l, m, n, r, although it is sometimes elided before m in the course of formation; so in examen for exagmen from agmen; in contamino for contagmino (from con-TAG, tango). Before s the soft sound of g passes into the hard sound of c, and becomes blended with the s into x (v. the letter X); though sometimes the g (or c) is elided altogether, as in mulsi from mulgeo, indulsi from indulgeo; cf.: sparsus, mersus, tersus, etc. So too before t, as indultum from indulgeo. The medial g is often dropped between two vowels, and compensated for by lengthening the preced. vowel: māior from măgior, pulēium from pulēgium, āio from ăgio (root AG, Sanscr. ah, to say; cf. nego). Likewise the medial g is dropped in lēvis for legvis, Sanscr. laghn, fava for fagva, fruor for frugvor, flamma for flagma, stimulus for stigmulus, examen for exagmen; jumentum, from root jug-: sumen from sug-; cf.: umor, flamen, etc.As a final, g was only paragogic, acc. to Quint. 1, 7, 13, in the obsolete VESPERVG (for vesperu, analogous with noctu; v. Spald. ad loc.). Etymologically, g corresponds to an original Indo - European g or gh, or is weakened from c, k. Thus it stands where in Greek we have:

g, as ago, agô; ager, agros; argentum, arguros; genus, genos; fulgeo, phlegô, and so very commonly;

ch (usually before r, or in the middle of a word): ango, anchô; rigo, brechô; gratus, chairô, etc.;

k: viginti, eikosi; gubernator, kubernêtês; gummi, kommi, etc.—By assimilation, g was produced from b and d in oggero, suggero, aggero, etc., from obgero, sub-gero, ad-gero, etc.As an abbreviation, G denotes Galliarum, Gallica, gemina, Germania, genius, etc.; and sometimes Gaius (instead of the usual C); v. Inscr. Orell. 467; 1660; 4680:

G.P.R.F. genio populi Romani feliciter,

Inscr. Orell. 4957; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 76 sqq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 38 sqq.

G, g, indecl. n. or (on account of littera) f., had originally no place in the Latin alphabet: both the sharp and the flat guttural mutes, our k and g sounds, being represented by C; hence on the Columna Rostrata LECIONES, MACISTRATOS, EXFOCIONT, (pu)CNANDOD, PVCN(ad), CARTACINIENSIS, for legiones, etc.; hence, too, the archaic form ACETARE for agitare (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 23 Müll. N. cr.), and the still common abbreviation of the names Gaius and Gneus in C and Cn.—At a later period (acc. to Plut. Qu. Rom. p. 277 D and 278 E, by means of a freedman of Spurius Carvilius Ruga, about the beginning of the second Punic war) a slight graphic alteration was made in the C, which introduced into the Roman orthography the letter G (on the old monuments C); thus we have in the S. C. de Bacchanal.: MAGISTER, MAGISTRATVM, FIGIER, GNOSCIER, AGRO; on the other hand, the orthography GNAIVOD PATRE PROGNATVS on the first Epitaph of the Scipios, which dates before that time, indicates either incorrectness in the copying or a later erection of the monument. When Greek words are written in Latin letters and vice versa, G always corresponds to G. Its sound was always hard, like Engl. g in gate, at least until the sixth century A. D.As an initial, g, in pure Latin words, enters into consonantal combination only with l and r; and therefore in words which, from their etymology, had the combination gn, the g was rejected in the classical period, and thus arose the class. forms nascor, natus, nosco, novi, notus, narus, navus, from the original gnascor, gnatus, gnosco, etc. (cf. the English gnaw, gnat, gnarr, etc., where the g has become silent); whereas in compounds the g again is often retained: cognatus, cognosco, ignarus, ignavus.—An initial g is dropped in lac (kindred to GALACT, gala), likewise in anser (kindred to Germ. Gans; Sanscr. hansa; Greek chên).As a medial, g combines with l, m, n, r, although it is sometimes elided before m in the course of formation; so in examen for exagmen from agmen; in contamino for contagmino (from con-TAG, tango). Before s the soft sound of g passes into the hard sound of c, and becomes blended with the s into x (v. the letter X); though sometimes the g (or c) is elided altogether, as in mulsi from mulgeo, indulsi from indulgeo; cf.: sparsus, mersus, tersus, etc. So too before t, as indultum from indulgeo. The medial g is often dropped between two vowels, and compensated for by lengthening the preced. vowel: māior from măgior, pulēium from pulēgium, āio from ăgio (root AG, Sanscr. ah, to say; cf. nego). Likewise the medial g is dropped in lēvis for legvis, Sanscr. laghn, fava for fagva, fruor for frugvor, flamma for flagma, stimulus for stigmulus, examen for exagmen; jumentum, from root jug-: sumen from sug-; cf.: umor, flamen, etc.As a final, g was only paragogic, acc. to Quint. 1, 7, 13, in the obsolete VESPERVG (for vesperu, analogous with noctu; v. Spald. ad loc.). Etymologically, g corresponds to an original Indo - European g or gh, or is weakened from c, k. Thus it stands where in Greek we have:

g, as ago, agô; ager, agros; argentum, arguros; genus, genos; fulgeo, phlegô, and so very commonly;

ch (usually before r, or in the middle of a word): ango, anchô; rigo, brechô; gratus, chairô, etc.;

k: viginti, eikosi; gubernator, kubernêtês; gummi, kommi, etc.—By assimilation, g was produced from b and d in oggero, suggero, aggero, etc., from obgero, sub-gero, ad-gero, etc.As an abbreviation, G denotes Galliarum, Gallica, gemina, Germania, genius, etc.; and sometimes Gaius (instead of the usual C); v. Inscr. Orell. 467; 1660; 4680:

G.P.R.F. genio populi Romani feliciter,

Inscr. Orell. 4957; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 76 sqq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 38 sqq.

in-vĕtĕrasco, rāvi, 3, v. n. inch. (in the form inveteresco, Inscr. ap. Att. dell' Acad. Rom. Archeol. 2, p. 46, n. 17), to grow old, to become fixed or established, to continue long (class.).

Lit.: quibus quisque in locis miles inveteravit, Caes. B. C. 1, 44:

equites, qui inveteraverant Alexah. driae bellis,

id. ib. 3, 10:

populi R. exercitum hiemare atque inveterascere in Gallia moleste ferebant,

to settle, establish themselves, id. B. G. 2, 1:

aes alienum inveterascit,

Nep. Att. 2:

res nostrae litterarum monumentis inveterascent et corroborabuntur,

Cic. Cat. 3, 11, 26.—In perf., Plin. 12, 12, 26, § 44.—Of wine, to ripen, age, Plin. 23, 1, 23, § 44.—

Transf., to become fixed, inveterate:

ut hanc inveterascere consuetudinem nolint,

Caes. B. G. 5, 40:

quae (macula) penitus insedit atque inveteravit in populi Romani nomine,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 3, 7:

inveteravit opinio perniciosa rei publicae,

id. Verr. 41, 1:

verbi significatio falsa,

became fixed in use, Gell. 1, 22, 1:

ulcus alendo,

Lucr. 4, 1068:

si malum inveteravit,

Cels. 3, 13:

intellego, in nostra civitate inveterasse, ut, etc.,

it has grown into use, become a custom, Cic. Off. 2, 16, 57; cf.:

si inveterarit, actum est,

id. Fam. 14, 3, 3.—

To grow old, decay, grow weak or feeble, become obsolete (post-Aug.):

inveterascet hoc quoque,

Tac. A. 11, 24:

inter amicos,

Vulg. Psa. 6, 18:

ossa mea,

id. ib. 31, 3:

vestimenta,

id. 2 Esdr. 9, 21.

πᾰλαιός, ά, όν, [dialect] Aeol. [full] πάλαος Eust.28.33, Epigr.Gr.992 ([place name] Balbilla); [dialect] Boeot. [full] παληός EM32.6; [dialect] Lacon. [full] παλεός (v. infr.): regul. [comp] Comp. and [comp] Sup.

A

παλαιότερος Pi.N.6.53

, Th.1.1 codd.,

παλαιότατος Pl.Ti. 83a

, etc.: more freq. παλαίτερος, παλαίτατος (from πάλαι), Pi.P.10.58, N.7.44, Th.1.4, etc. [The penult. is sts. short in Poets, S.Fr. 956 (s. v. l.), E.El. 497, Damocr. ap. Gal.13.1049;

παλεός γα ναὶ τὸν Κάστορα ἄνθρωπος Ar.Lys. 988

; in these places παλεός (a form mentioned by Hdn.Gr.2.909, cf. Theognost.Can.50.3, Sch.Ar.Lys. l. c., Suid., and corroborated by the Pap. (iv B. C.) of Timotheus (v. παλεομίσημα, παλεονυμφάγονος)) may be retained or restored).]:

I old in years,

1 mostly of persons, aged,

ἢ νέος ἠὲ παλαιός Il.14.108

;

νέοι ἠδὲ παλαιοί Od.1.395

, cf. Epicur.Ep.3p.59U.;

παλαιῷ φωτὶ ἐοικώς Il. 14.136

; π. γέρων, π. γρηῦς, Od.13.432, 19.346, cf. Ar.Ach. 676;

χρόνῳ π. S.OC 112

;

ἐν παλαιτέροισι Pi.N.3.73

;

ἔνθα δὴ παλαίτατοι θάσσουσι E.Med.68

: in bad sense, a dotard (

μωρός Hsch.

, but

σκώπτης Suid.

), Ar.Lys. 988.

2 of things,

οἶνος Od.2.340

; νῆες.. νέαι ἠδὲ π. ib. 293;

τρὺξ π. καὶ σαπρά Ar.Pl. 1086

; [

τριήρεις] π. ἀντὶ καινῶν Lys.28.4

;

ὑποδήματα Pl.Men. 91d

;

σπέρματα Thphr.HP7.1.6

.

II of old date, ancient,

1 of persons, ξεῖνος π. an old guest-friend, Il.6.215, cf. S.Tr. 263, E.Alc. 212;

Ἴλου παλαιοῦ Il.11.166

;

κέρδεα.. οἷ' οὔ πώ τιν' ἀκούομεν οὐδὲ παλαιῶν Od.2.118

;

Μίνως παλαίτατος ὧν ἀκοῇ ἴς μεν Th.1.4

;

οἱ πάνυ π. ἄνθρωποι Pl.Cra. 411b

; οἱ π. the ancients, Th.1.3;

π. ἡμερῶν LXX Da.7.9

.

2 of things,

λέκτρον Od.23.296

;

παλαιά τε πολλά τε εἰδώς 7.157

;

καινὰ καὶ π. ἔργα Hdt.9.26

;

νόμοι A.Eu. 778

(lyr.);

κατὰ τὸ νόμιμον τὸ π. καὶ ἀρχαῖον Lys.6.51

;

κατὰ τὸν π. λόγον Pl.Grg. 499c

;

ἡ π. παροιμία Id.R. 329a

;

παλαί' ἂν [εἴη], ἐξ ὅτου S.Ph. 493

;

παλαιᾷ σύντροφος ἁμερᾷ Id.Aj. 622

(lyr.); of places, A.Pers.17 (anap.), S.El.4, etc.; καιροὶ π. ancient times, PPetr.2p.15 (iii B. C.); τὸ π. as Adv., anciently, formerly, A.Pers. 102 (lyr.), Hdt.1.171, Pl.Cra. 401c, etc.; ἐκ παλαιοῦ from of old, Hdt. 1.157;

ἐκ π. ἐχθρὸς ὢν αὐτοῦ Antipho 2.1.5

;

ἐκ τῶν παλαιῶν Herod.2.102

; ἐκ παλαιτέρου from older time, Hdt.1.60;

ἐκ παλαιτάτου Th.1.18

; also εὐθὺς ἀπὸ παλαιοῦ ib.2; ἀρχαῖα καὶ παλαιά joined, D.22.14, cf. Lys. (v. supr.);

παλαιὸν δῶρον ἀρχαίου ποτὲ θηρός S.Tr. 555

.

3 of things, also,

a in good sense, venerable, held in esteem, like Lat. antiquus,

ἅπερ μέγιστα καὶ παλαιότατα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις Antipho 6.4

.

b in bad sense, antiquated, obsolete,

κωφὰ καὶ π. ἔπη S.OT 290

.

c π. δρᾶμα a drama which has been previously acted, SIG1078 lxxxvii (Athens, iv B. C.).

III Adv. παλαιῶς in an old way,

τὰ καινὰ π. διδάσκειν Socr.Ep.30.9

: [comp] Comp. παλαίτερον at an earlier time, D.H.8.57, al.

τρέφω, Il.5.52, etc.; [dialect] Dor. [full] τράφω (v. sub voce); [ per.] 1sg. opt.

A

τρέφοιν E.Fr. 903

: [tense] fut.

θρέψω h.Ven. 257

, etc.: [tense] aor. 1 ἔθρεψα, [dialect] Ep.

θρέψα Il.2.548

: [tense] aor. 2 ἔτρᾰφον (v. infr. B): [tense] pf. τέτροφα intr., Od.23.237, ([etym.] συν-) Hp.Morb.Sacr. 11; but trans., S.OC 186 (lyr.); also

τέτρᾰφα Plb.12.25h

.5:—[voice] Med., [tense] fut. θρέψομαι in pass. sense, Hp.Genit.9, Nat.Puer. 23, Th.7.49, etc.: [tense] aor.

ἐθρεψάμην Pi.O.6.46

, A.Ch. 928, etc.:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut. τρᾰφήσομαι Ps.-D.60.32, D.H.8.41, etc., but in early writers in med. form θρέψομαι (v. supr.): [tense] aor. 1 ἐθρέφθην, [dialect] Ep.

θρέφθη Hes.Th. 198

, rare in Trag. and [dialect] Att., E.Hec. 351, 600, Pl.Plt. 310a;

ἐθράφθη IG12(9).286

(Eretria, vi B. C.): [tense] aor. 2 ἐτράφην [pron. full] [ᾰ] Hom. (sed v. infr. B), A.Th. 754 (lyr.), Ar.Av. 335 (lyr.), etc.; [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3pl. ἔτραφεν, τράφεν, Il.23.348, 1.251: [tense] pf.

τέθραμμαι Hp.Nat.Hom.5

, E.Heracl. 578, etc.; [ per.] 2pl.

τέθραφθε Pl.Lg. 625a

(but συντέτραφθε [s. v. l.] in X.Cyr.6.4.14); inf.

τεθράφθαι Pl.Grg. 525a

, X.HG2.3.24 (in both with v. l. τετρ-).

I thicken or congeal a liquid, γάλα θρέψαι curdle it, Od.9.246; τρέφε ([tense] impf.)

πίονατυρόν Theoc.25.106

:—[voice] Pass., with [tense] pf.[voice] Act. τέτροφα, curdle, congeal,

γάλα τρεφόμενον τυρὸν ἐργάζεσθαι Ael.NA16.32

;

περὶ χροΐ τέτροφεν ἅλμη Od.23.237

.

II usu., cause to grow or increase, bring up, rear, esp. of children bred and brought up in a house,

ὅ σ' ἔτρεφε τυτθὸν ἐόντα Il.8.283

;

ἥ μ' ἔτεχ', ἥ μ' ἔθρεψε Od.2.131

, cf. 12.134;

εὖ ἔτρεφεν ἠδ' ἀτίταλλεν Il.16.191

, cf. Od.19.354;

ἐγώ σ' ἔθρεψα, σὺν δὲ γηράναι θέλω A.Ch. 908

, cf. Supp. 894;

μέχρι ἥβης τ. Th.2.46

;

γεννᾶν καὶ τ. Pl.Plt. 274a

;

τ. τε καὶ αὔξειν μέγαν Id.R. 565c

: c. acc. cogn., τ. τινὰ τροφήν τινα bring up in a certain way, Hdt.2.2; also

τῶν πρώτων μαθημάτων, ἐν οἷς οἱ παλαιοὶ τοὺς παῖδας ἔτρεφον Gal.16.691

:—[voice] Med., rear for oneself,

θρέψαιό τε φαίδιμον υἱόν Od.19.368

;

αὐτὸν ἐθρέψαντο δράκοντες Pi.O.6.46

;

τεκοῦσα τόνδ' ὄφιν ἐθρεψάμην A.Ch. 928

;

οἱ γεννήσαντες καὶ θρεψάμενοι Pl.Lg. 717c

;

τεκὼν ἀρετὴν καὶ θ. Id.Smp. 212a

;

ἔτεκον μὲν ὑμᾶς πολεμίοις δ' ἐθρεψάμην ὕβρισμα E.HF 458

:—[voice] Pass., to be reared, grow up,

ὅς μοι τηλύγετος τρέφεται θαλίῃ ἔνι πολλῇ Il.9.143

;

τῇ ὁμοῦ ἐτρεφόμην Od.15.365

;

ἅμα τράφεν ἠδ' ἐγένοντο Il.1.251

, etc.; κάρτιστοι τράφεν ἀνδρῶν grew up the strongest men, ib. 266:—prop. a boy was called τρεφόμενος only so long as he remained in the charge of the women, i. e. till his fifth year, Hdt.1.136; ἐξ ὅτου 'τράφην ἐγώ from the time when I left the nursery, Ar.Av. 322; but even of pre-natal growth,

ἐν σκότοισινηδύος τεθραμμένη A.Eu. 665

, cf. Th. 754 (lyr.):—generally, in Trag.,

τραφεὶς μητρὸς εὐγενοῦς ἄπο S.Aj. 1229

; ὅπως πατρὸς δείξεις οἷος ἐξ οἵου τράφης ib. 557;

κρατίστου πατρὸς.. τραφείς Id.Ph.3

: παῖδες μητέρων τεθραμμέναι true nurslings of your mothers, implying a reproach for unmanliness (s. v.l.), A.Th. 792; μιᾶς τρέφει πρὸς νυκτός art nursed by night alone, i. e. art blind, S.OT 374.

2 of slaves, cattle, dogs and the like , rear and keep them,

κύνας Il.22.69

, Od.14.22, etc.;

ἵππους Il.2.766

; λέοντος ἶνιν (v. σίνις) A.Ag. 717 (lyr.);

μῆλα Id.Eu. 946

(lyr.);

ὄφιν S.Fr. 226

(cj. for στρέφουσι)

; ἰκτῖνα Ar. Fr. 628

;

ὄρτυγας Eup.214

;

ὄρνιθας Pl.Tht. 197c

; οἱ τρέφοντες (sc. τοὺς ἐλέφαντας ) the keepers, Arist.HA 571b33;

τ. παιδαγωγούς Aeschin.1.187

; also

τ. γυναῖκα E.IA 749

; τ. [ἑταίραν], [πόρνας], keep.., Antiph. 2, Diph. 87; ὁ τρέφων one's master, Nicol.Com.1.11,36: metaph., αἰγιαλὸν ἔνδον τρέφει he keeps a sea-beach in the house, Ar.V. 110:—[voice] Pass., to be bred, reared,

δοῦλος οὐκ ὠνητός, ἀλλ' οἴκοι τραφείς S.OT 1123

; ἐν τῇ σῇ οἰκίᾳ γέγονεν καὶ τέθραπται was born and bred, Pl.Men. 85e; Ἀγαθῖνον θρεμένον (i. e. τεθρεμμένον, = θρεπτόν, v. θρεπτός 1)

ἑαυτῶν MAMA4.275

B (Dionysopolis, ii A. D.); Νείκην τὴν θρεμένην μου ib.276 A (Dionysopolis, ii A. D.).

3 tend, cherish, τὸν μὲν ἐγὼ φίλεόν τε καὶ ἔτρεφον, of Calypso, Od.5.135, cf. 7.256; of plants, Il.17.53;

θρέψασα φυτὸν ὥς 18.57

, cf. Od.14.175.

4 of parts of the body, let grow, cherish, foster,

χαίτην.. Σπερχειῷ τρέφε Il.23.142

;

τῷ θεῷ [πλόκαμον] τ. E.Ba. 494

;

ὑπήνην ἄκουρον τ. Ar.V. 476

(lyr.); τ. κόμην, = κομᾶν, Hdt.1.82;

[τρίχες] πολλῷ ἐλαίῳ τραφεῖσαι Hero Bel. 112

: also τά θ' ὕεσσι τρέφει ἀλοιφήν things which put fat on swine, Od.13.410;

τεθραμμένη εἰς πολυσαρκίαν X.Mem.2.1.22

.

5 in Poets, of earth and sea, breed, produce, teem with,

οὐδὲν ἀκιδνότερον γαῖα τ. ἀνθρώποιο Od.18.130

;

ἄγρια, τά τε τρέφει οὔρεσιν ὕλη Il.5.52

;

φάρμακα, ὅσα τρέφει εὐρεῖα χθών 11.741

;

ὅσ' ἤπειρος.. τρέφει ἠδὲ θάλασσα Hes.Th. 582

;

πολλὰ γᾶ τρέφει δεινά A.Ch. 585

(lyr.), cf. 128, E.Hec. 1181;

θάλασσα.. τρέφουσα πορφύρας ἰσάργυρον κηκῖδα A.Ag. 959

; ὃν πόντος τ., i. e. the sailors, Pi.I.1.48: rare in Prose,

ἀεί τι ἡ Αιβύη τρέφει καινόν Arist. GA 746b8

.

6 in Poets also, simply, have within oneself, contain,

ὅ τι καὶ πόλις τέτροφεν ἄφιλον S.OC 186

(lyr.), cf. Tr. 817; τρέφειν τὴν γλῶσσαν ἡσυχαιτέραν to keep his tongue more quiet, Id.Ant. 1089;

ἡ γλῶσσα τὸν θυμὸν δεινὸν τ. Id.Aj. 1124

;

τἀληθὲς γὰρ ἰσχῦον τρέφω Id.OT 356

(so in Pl.,

τ. ἰσχυρὸν τὸ ἐλεινόν R. 606b

);

τ. νόσον S. Ph. 795

;

ἐκ φόβου φόβον τ. Id.Tr.28

;

ἄταν Id.Aj. 644

(lyr.); οἵας λατρείας.. τρέφει what services.. she has as her lot, ib. 503; ἐν ἐλπίσιν τρέφω.. ἥξειν I cherish hopes that.., Id.Ant. 897; τὸν Καδμογενῆ τρέφει.. βιότου πολύπονον [πέλαγος] is his daily lot, Id.Tr. 117 (lyr., but Reiske's cj. στρέφει is prob.);

πόνοι τρέφοντες βροτούς E.Hipp. 367

(lyr.).

III maintain, support,

τ. ἀνδρὸς μόχθος ἡμένας ἔσω A.Ch. 921

, cf. Pi.O.9.106;

τοῦ τρέφοντος Ἡλίου χθονὸς φύσιν A.Ag. 633

;

τ. τὸν πατέρα Aeschin.1.13

;

τὴν οἰκίαν ὅλην D.59.67

;

οὐ δίκαιον τρέφεσθαι ὑπὸ πατρὸς ὑὸν ἡβῶντα Pl.R. 568e

;

τὰ κτήνη χιλῷ ἐτρέφοντο X.An.4.5.25

; γάλακτι, τυρῷ, κρέασι τ., Id.Mem. 4.3.10; σίτῳ, ὄψῳ, Id.Lac.1.3; feed a patient, Gal.15.503, 19.185; provide the food for an employee, σοῦ τρέφοντος αὐτόν, ἐμοῦ δὲ ἱματίζοντος

αὐτόν BGU1647.14

(ii A. D.); also

τ. ἀπό τινος Pl.Prt. 313c

, X.HG2.1.1;

ἔκ τινος A.Ag. 1479

(lyr.), cf. Pl.R. 372b.

2 maintain an army or fleet, Th.4.83, X.An.1.1.9 ([voice] Pass.);

τ. τὰς ναῦς Th. 8.44

, X.HG1.5.5, 5.1.24; τ. τὸ ναυτικὸν ἀπὸ τῶν νήσων ib.4.8.9;

ἐκ τῶν κωμῶν τρέφεσθαι Id.An.7.4.11

, etc.

3 of land, feed, maintain one,

τρέφει γὰρ οὗτος [ὁ ἀγρὸς].. με Philem.98.2

, cf. Men.63, 466, al.

4 of women, feed or suckle an infant,

συνεξομοιοῦται τὰ τρεφόμενα ταῖς τρεφούσαις Sor.1.88

; γυνὴ τρέφουσα ib.87; ἡ τρέφουσα, = ἡ τροφός, Gal.6.44.

5 of food, nourish,

τὰ Ἡρακλεωτικὰ τρέφει οὐχ ὁμοίως τοῖς ἀμυγδάλοις Diocl.Fr.126

, cf. 117;

ἡ οὐκ ἐπιτηδείως τῷ σώματι διδομένη τροφὴ οὐ τρέφει Sor.1.49

;

πυρῶν.. ὅσοι κοῦφοι.. ἧττον τρέφουσι Gal.Vict.Att 6

;

τὸ δέρμα πᾶν αὐτοῖς ὡς ἂν ὑπὸ φλεγματ ώδους αἵματος τρεφόμενον οἰδαλέον γίνεται Id.18(2).118

, cf. 106.

IV bring up, rear, educate, Hes.Fr.19, Pi.N.3.53, etc.;

τῷ λόγῳ τ. καὶ παιδεύεις Pl.R. 534d

;

θρέψαι καὶ παιδεῦσαι D.59.18

;

Δήμητερ ἡ θρέψασα τὴν ἐμὴν φρένα A.Fr. 479

; ἡ θρέψασα (sc. γῆ ) the motherland, Lycurg. 47:—[voice] Med.,

ἐθρέψω Ξέρξην ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἤθεσιν Pl.Lg. 695e

; ἡ θρεψαμένη one's motherland, Lycurg.85:—[voice] Pass., ὀρθῶς, εὖ τραφῆναι, Pl. R. 401e, Alc.1.120e; παιδείᾳ, ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ παιδείᾳ τ., Id.Lg.695c, X. Cyn.1.16;

ἐν πολυτρόποις ξυμφοραῖς Th.2.44

;

ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ Pl.Tht. 172c

;

ἐν χλιδῇ X.Cyr.4.5.54

;

ἐν ἐλευθερίᾳ Pl.Tht. 175d

, Mx. 239a;

ἐν ἄλλοις νόμοις Arist.Pol. 1327a14

;

ἐν φωνῇ βαρβάρῳ Pl.Prt. 341c

;

πάσαις Μούσαισι BCH50.444

(Thespiae, iv A. D.).

V the [voice] Pass. sts. came to mean little more than to be, ἐπ' ἐμοὶ πολέμιον ἐτράφη (sc. τὸ γένος) Ar.Av. 335 (lyr.), cf. Th. 141, S.OC 805.

B Hom. uses an intr. [tense] aor. 2 [voice] Act. ἔτραφον in pass. sense (which is to τρέφομαι, τέτροφα (intr.) as ἔδρακον to δέρκομαι, δέδορκα, etc.),

ὃς.. ἔτραφ' ἄριστος Il.21.279

;

λέοντε ἐτραφέτην ὑπὸ μητρί 5.555

; τραφέμεν ([dialect] Ep. for τραφεῖν) 7.199, Od.3.28, al.; ἐπεὶ τράφ' ἐνὶ μεγάρῳ, i. e. when he was well-grown, Il.2.661:—as trans. the [tense] aor. 2 is used by Hom. only in Il.23.90, and τράφε in Pi.N.3.53 is [dialect] Dor. [tense] impf.:— ἐτράφην is perh. post-Homeric; [ per.] 3sg. τράφη is v. l. in Il.2.661, [ per.] 1pl. ἐτράφημεν and [ per.] 1sg. ἐτράφην ([etym.] περ) vv. ll. in 23.84; τράφη is in all codd. of 3.201, 11.222, which should prob. be emended from 2.661; [ per.] 3pl.

ἔτραφεν 23.348

(v.l. ἔτραφον), Od.10.417 (v.l. ἔτραφον) ; τράφεν in all codd. of Il.1.251, 266, Od.14.201, also (with v. l. τράφον ) in 4.723: the vox nihili ἐτράφεμεν, found in Il.23.84 as cited by Aeschin.1.149, was emended by Scaliger to ἐτράφομεν:—the redupl. [ per.] 3sg.

τέτραφ' Il.21.279

, [ per.] 3pl.

τέτραφεν 23.348

, are ff. ll., though found in many codd. Later this [tense] aor. became obsolete, except in [dialect] Ep. imitators, as in Call.Jov.55, Opp.H.1.774.

SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Recording

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Poniatoff was educated at the University of Kazan, the Imperial College in Moscow, and the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe, gaining degrees in mechanical and electrical engineering. He was in Germany when the First World War broke out, but he managed to escape back to Russia, where he served as an Air Force pilot with the Imperial Russian Navy. During the Russian Revolution he was a pilot with the White Russian Forces, and escaped into China in 1920; there he found work as an assistant engineer in the Shanghai Power Company. In 1927 he immigrated to the USA, becoming a US citizen in 1932. He obtained a post in the research and development department of the General Electric Company in Schenectady, New York, and later at Dalmo Victor, San Carlos, California. During the Second World War he was involved in the development of airborne radar for the US Navy.

In 1944, taking his initials to form the title, Poniatoff founded the AMPEX Corporation to manufacture components for the airborne radar developed at General Electric, but in 1946 he turned to the production of audio tape recorders developed from the German wartime Telefunken Magnetophon machine (the first tape recorder in the truest sense). In this he was supported by the entertainer Bing Crosby, who needed high-quality replay facilities for broadcasting purposes, and in 1947 he was able to offer a professional-quality product and the business prospered.

With the rapid post-war boom in television broadcasting in the USA, a need soon arose for a video recorder to provide "time-shifting" of live TV programmes between the different US time zones. Many companies therefore endeavoured to produce a video tape recorder (VTR) using the same single-track, fixed-head, longitudinal-scan system used for audio, but the very much higher bandwidth required involved an unacceptably high tape-speed. AMPEX attempted to solve the problem by using twelve parallel tracks and a machine was demonstrated in 1952, but it proved unsatisfactory.

The development team, which included Charles Ginsburg and Ray Dolby, then devised a four-head transverse-scan system in which a quadruplex head rotating at 14,400 rpm was made to scan across the width of a 2 in. (5 cm) tape with a tape-to-head speed of the order of 160 ft/sec (about 110 mph; 49 m/sec or 176 km/h) but with a longitudinal tape speed of only 15 in./sec (0.38 m/sec). In this way, acceptable picture quality was obtained with an acceptable tape consumption. Following a public demonstration on 14 April 1956, commercial produc-tion of studio-quality machines began to revolutionize the production and distribution of TV programmes, and the perfecting of time-base correctors which could stabilize the signal timing to a few nanoseconds made colour VTRs a practical proposition. However, AMPEX did not rest on its laurels and in the face of emerging competition from helical scan machines, where the tracks are laid diagonally on the tape, the company was able to demonstrate its own helical machine in 1957. Another development was the Videofile system, in which 250,000 pages of facsimile could be recorded on a single tape, offering a new means of archiving information. By 1986, quadruplex VTRs were obsolete, but Poniatoff's role in making television recording possible deserves a place in history.

Poniatoff was President of AMPEX Corporation until 1955 and then became Chairman of the Board, a position he held until 1970.

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