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leader+of+people

  • 1 opinion leader

    Mktg
    a high-profile person or organization that can significantly influence public opinion. An opinion leader can be a politician, religious, business or community leader, journalist, or educator. Show business and sports personalities can exert a great deal of influence on young people’s leisure lifestyles and buying habits and are consequently frequently used in advertising campaigns.

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  • 2 opinion leader research

    Mktg
    the investigation of the perceptions of corporate image and reputation among the people at the top of a company, industry, or profession

    The ultimate business dictionary > opinion leader research

  • 3 अग्निः _agniḥ

    अग्निः [अङ्गति ऊर्ध्वं गच्छति अङ्ग्-नि,नलोपश्च Uṇ.4.5., or fr. अञ्च् 'to go.']
    1 Fire कोप˚, चिन्ता˚, शोक˚, ज्ञान˚, राज˚, &c.
    -2 The God of fire.
    -3 Sacrificial fire of three kinds (गार्हपत्य, आहवनीय and दक्षिण); पिता बै गार्हपत्यो$ ग्निर्माताग्निर्दक्षिणः स्मृतः । गुरुराहवनीयस्तु साग्नित्रेता गरीयसी ॥ Ms. 2.232.
    -4 The fire of the stomach, digestive faculty, gastric fluid.
    -5 Bile (नाभेरूर्ध्व हृदयादधस्तादामाशयमाचक्षते तद्गतं सौरं तेजः पित्तम् इत्याचक्षते).
    -6 Cauterization (अग्नि- कर्मन्).
    -7 Gold.
    -8 The number three. शराग्निपरिमाणम् (पञ्चत्रिंशत्) Mb.13.17.26.
    -9 N. of various plants: (a) चित्रक Plumbago Zeylanica; (b) रक्तचित्रक; (c) भल्लातक Semicarpus Anacardium; (d) निम्बक Citrus Acida.
    -1 A mystical substitute for the letter र्. In Dvandva comp. as first member with names of deities, and with particular words अग्नि is changed to अग्ना, as ˚विष्णू, ˚मरुतौ, or to अग्नी, ˚पर्जन्यौ, ˚ वरुणौ, ˚षोमौ
    -11 पिङगला नाडी; यत्र तद् ब्रह्म निर्द्वन्द्वं यत्र सोमः, (इडा) सहाग्निना (अग्निः पिङ्गला) Mb.14.2.1.
    -12 Sacrificial altar, अग्निकुण्ड cf. Rām. 1.14.28.
    -13 Sky. अग्निर्मूर्धा Muṇḍ 2.1.4. [cf. L. ignis.
    [Agni is the God of Fire, the Ignis of the Latins and Ogni of the Slavonians. He is one of the most prominent deities of the Ṛigveda. He, as an immortal, has taken up his abode among mortals as their guest; he is the domestic priest, the successful accomplisher and protector of all ceremonies; he is also the religious leader and preceptor of the gods, a swift messenger employed to announce to the immortals the hymns and to convey to them the oblations of their worshippers, and to bring them down from the sky to the place of sacrifice. He is sometimes regarded as the mouth and the tongue through which both gods and men participate in the sacrifices. He is the lord, protector and leader of people, monarch of men, the lord of the house, friendly to mankind, and like a father, mother, brother &c. He is represented as being produced by the attrition of two pieces of fuel which are regarded as husband and wife. Sometimes he is considered to have been brought down from heaven or generated by Indra between two clouds or stones, created by Dyau, or fashioned by the gods collectively. In some passages he is represented as having a triple existence, which may mean his three- fold manifestations as the sun in heaven, lightning in the atmosphere, and as ordinary fire on the earth, although the three appearances are also elsewhere otherwise explained. His epithets are numberless and for the most part descriptive of his physical characteristics: धूमकेतु, हुतभुज्, शुचि, रोहिताश्व, सप्तजिह्व, तोमरधर, घृतान्न, चित्रभानु, ऊर्ध्वशोचिस्, शोचिष्केश, हरिकेश, हिरण्यदन्त, अयोदंष्ट्र &c. In a celebrated passage he is said to have 4 horns, 3 feet, 2 heads, and 7 hands. The highest divine functions are ascribed to Agni. He is said to have spread out the two worlds and + produced them, to have supported heaven, formed the mundane regions and luminaries of heaven, to have begotten Mitra and caused the sun to ascend the sky. He is the head and summit of the sky, the centre of the earth. Earth, Heaven and all beings obey his commands. He knows and sees all worlds or creatures and witnesses all their actions. The worshippers of Agni prosper, they are wealthy and live long. He is the protector of that man who takes care to bring him fuel. He gives him riches and no one can overcome him who sacrifices to this god. He confers, and is the guardian of, immortality. He is like a water-trough in a desert and all blessing issue from him. He is therefore constantly supplicated for all kinds of boons, riches, food, deliverance from enemies and demons, poverty, reproach, childlessness, hunger &c. Agni is also associated with Indra in different hymns and the two gods are said to be twin brothers.
    Such is the Vedic conception of Agni; but in the course of mythological personifications he appears as the eldest son of Brahmā and is called Abhimānī [Viṣṇu Purāṇa]. His wife was Svāhā; by her, he had 3 sons - Pāvaka, Pavamāna and Śuchi; and these had forty-five sons; altogether 49 persons who are considered identical with the 49 fires. He is also represented as a son of Aṅgiras, as a king of the Pitṛs or Manes, as a Marut and as a grandson of Śāṇḍila, and also as a star. The Harivaṁśa describes him as clothed in black, having smoke for his standard and head-piece and carrying a flaming javelin. He is borne in a chariot drawn by red horses and the 7 winds are the wheels of his car. He is accompanied by a ram and sometimes he is represented as riding on that animal. Agni was appointed by Brahamā as the sovereign of the quarter between the south and east, whence the direction is still known as Āgneyī. The Mahābhārata represents Agni as having exhausted his vigour and become dull by devouring many oblations at the several sacrifices made by king Śvetaki, but he recruited his strength by devouring the whole Khāṇḍava forest; for the story see the word खाण्डव].
    -Comp. -अ (आ) गारम् -रः, -आलयः, -गृहम् [अग्निकार्याय अगारम् शाक˚ त.] a fire- sanctuary, house or place for keeping the sacred fire; वसंश्चतुर्थो$ग्निरिवाग्न्यगारे R.5.25. रथाग्न्यगारं चापार्चीं शरशक्तिगदे- न्धनम् Mb.11.25.14.
    -अस्त्रम् fire-missile, a rocket,
    -आत्मक a. [अग्निरात्मा यस्य] of the nature of fire सोमा- त्मिका स्त्री, ˚कः पुमान्.
    -आधानम् consecrating the fire; so ˚आहिति.
    -आधेयः [अग्निराधेयो येन] a Brāhmana who maintains the sacred fire. (
    -यम्) =
    ˚आधानम्. -आहितः [अग्निराहितो येन, वा परनिपातः P.II.2.37.] one who maintains the sacred fire; See आहिताग्नि.
    -इध् m. (अग्नीध्रः) [अग्निम् इन्द्धे स अग्नीध्] the priest who kindles fire (mostly Ved).
    -इन्धनः [अग्निरिध्यते अनेन] N. of a Mantra. (नम्) kindling the fire; अग्नीन्धनं भैक्षचर्याम् Ms.2.18.
    -उत्पातः [अग्निना दिव्यानलेन कृतः उत्पातः] a fiery portent, meteor, comet &c. In Bṛ. S.33 it is said to be of five kinds: दिवि भुक्तशुभफलानां पततां रूपाणि यानि तान्युल्काः । धिष्ण्योल्का- शनिविद्युत्तारा इति पञ्चधा भिन्नाः ॥ उल्का पक्षेण फलं तद्वत् धिष्ण्याशनिस्त्रिभिः पक्षैः । विद्युदहोभिः ष़ड्भिस्तद्वत्तारा विपाचयति ॥ Different fruits are said to result from the appearances of these portents, according to the nature of their colour, position &c.
    -उद्धरणम्, -उद्धारः 1 producing fire by the friction of two araṇis.
    -2 taking out, before sun-rise, the sacred fire from its cover of ashes previous to a sacrifice.
    -उपस्थानम् worship of Agni; the Mantra or hymn with which Agni is worshipped (अग्निरुपस्थीयते$नेन) अग्निस्त्रिष्टुभ् उपस्थाने विनियोगः Sandhyā.
    -एधः [अग्निमेधयति] an incendiary.
    -कणः; -स्तोकः a spark.
    -कर्मन् n. [अग्नौ कर्म स. त.]
    1 cauterization.
    -2 action of fire.
    -3 oblation to Agni, worship of Agni (अग्निहोत्र); so ˚कार्य offering oblations to fire, feeding fire with ghee &c.; निर्वर्तिताग्निकार्यः K.16.; ˚र्यार्धदग्ध 39, Ms.3.69, अग्निकार्यं ततः कुर्यात्सन्ध्ययोरुभयोरपि । Y.1.25.
    -कला a part (or appearance) of fire; ten varieties are mentioned धूम्रार्चिरुष्मा ज्वलिनी ज्वालिनी विस्फु- लिङ्गिनी । सुश्री: सुरूपा कपिला हव्यकव्यवहे अपि ॥ यादीनां दश- वर्णानां कला धर्मप्रदा अमूः ।).
    -कारिका [अग्निं करोति आधत्ते करणे कर्तृत्वोपचारात् कर्तरि ण्वुल्]
    1 the means of consecrating the sacred fire, the Ṛik called अग्नीध्र which begins with अग्निं दूतं पुरो दधे. 2. = अग्निकार्यम्.
    -काष्ठम् अग्नेः उद्दीपनं काष्ठं शाक ˚त.] agallochum (अगुरु)
    -कुक्कुटः [अग्नेः कुक्कुट इव रक्तवर्णस्फुलिङ्गत्वात्] a firebrand, lighted wisp of straw.
    -कुण्डम [अग्नेराधानार्थं कुण्डम्] an enclosed space for keeping the fire, a fire-vessel.
    -कुमारः, -तनयः; सुतः 1 N. of Kārttikeya said to be born from fire; Rām.7. See कार्त्तिकेय.
    -2 a kind of preparation of medicinal drugs.
    -कृतः Cashew-nut; the plant Anacardium occidentale. [Mar.काजू]
    -केतुः [अग्नेः केतुरिव]
    1 smoke.
    -2 N. of two Rākṣasas on the side of Rāvaṇa and killed by Rāma.
    -कोणः -दिक् the south-east corner ruled over by Agni; इन्द्रो वह्निः पितृपतिर्नौर्ऋतो वरुणो मरुत् । कुबेर ईशः पतयः पूर्वादीनां दिशां क्रमात् ॥
    -क्रिया [अग्निना निर्वर्तिता क्रिया, शाक. त.]
    1 obsequies, funeral ceremonies.
    -2 branding; भेषजाग्निक्रियासु च Y.3.284.
    -क्रीडा [तृ. त.] fire-works, illuminations.
    -गर्भ a. [अग्निर्गर्भे यस्य] pregnant with or containing fire, having fire in the interior; ˚र्भां शमीमिव Ś 4.3. (
    --र्भः) [अग्निरिव जारको गर्भो यस्य]
    1 N. of the plant Agnijāra.
    -2 the sun stone, name of a crystal supposed to contain and give out fire when touched by the rays of the sun; cf Ś2.7.
    -3 the sacrificial stick अरणि which when churned, gives out fire.
    (-र्भा) 1 N. of the Śamī plant as containing fire (the story of how Agni was discovered to exist in the interior of the Śamī plant is told in chap. 35 of अनु- शासनपर्व in Mb.)
    -2 N. of the earth (अग्नेः सकाशात् गर्भो यस्यां सा; when the Ganges threw the semen of Śiva out on the Meru mountain, whatever on earth &c. was irradiated by its lustre, became gold and the earth was thence called वसुमती)
    -3 N. of the plant महा- ज्योतिष्मती लता (अग्निरिव गर्भो मध्यभागो यस्याः सा) [Mar. माल- कांगोणी]
    -ग्रन्थः [अग्निप्रतिपादको ग्रन्थः शाक. त.] the work that treats of the worship of Agni &c.
    -घृतम् [अग्न्युद्दीपनं घृतं शाक. त.] a kind of medicinal preparation of ghee used to stimulate the digestive power.
    -चित् m. अग्निं चितवान्; चि-भूतार्थे क्विप् P.III.2.91] one who has kept the sacred fire; यतिभिः सार्धमनग्निमग्निचित् R.8.25; अध्वरे- ष्वग्निचित्वत्सु Bk.5.11.
    -चयः, -चयनम्, -चित्या. arranging or keeping the sacred fire (अग्न्याधान); चित्याग्निचित्ये च P.III.1.132.
    -2 (
    -यः, -यनः) the Mantra used in this operation.
    -3 a heap of fire
    -चित्वत् [अग्निचयनम् अस्त्यस्मिन् मतुप्; मस्य वः । तान्तत्वान्न पद- त्वम् Tv.] having अग्निचयन or अग्निचित्.
    -चूडः A bird having a red tuft.
    -चर्णम् gunpowder. कार्यासमर्थः कत्यस्ति शस्त्रगोलाग्निचूर्णयुक् Śukranīti 2.93.
    -ज, -जात a. produced by or from fire, born from fire.
    (-जः, -जातः) 1 N. of the plant अग्निजार (अग्नये अग्न्युद्दीपनाय जायते सेवनात् प्रभवति).
    1 N. of Kārttikeya पराभिनत्क्रौञ्चमिवाद्रिमग्निजः Mb.8.9. 68.3. Viṣṇu. (
    -जम्, -जातम) gold; so ˚जन्मन्.
    -जित् m. God; Bhāg.8.14.4.
    -जिह्व a.
    1 having a fiery tongue.
    -2 one having fire for the tongue, epithet of a God or of Visṇu in the boar incarnation. (
    -ह्वा)
    1 a tongue or flame of fire.
    -2 one of the 7 tongues of Agni (कराली धूमिनी श्वेता लोहिता नीललोहिता । सुवर्णा पद्मरागा च जिह्वा: सप्त विभावसोः
    -3 N. of a plant लाङ्गली (अग्नेर्जिह्वेव शिखा यस्याः सा); of another plant (जलपिप्पली) or गजपिप्पली (विषलाङ्गला) (Mar. जल-गज पिंपळी)
    -ज्वाला 1 the flame or glow of fire.
    -2 [अग्नेर्ज्वालेव शिखा यस्याः सा] N. of a plant with red blossoms, chiefly used by dyers, Grislea Tomentosa (Mar. धायफूल, धायटी).
    -तप् a. [अग्निना तप्यते; तप्-क्विप्] having the warmth of fire; practising austerities by means of fire.
    -तपस् a. [अग्निभिः तप्यते]
    1 practising very aus- tere penance, standing in the midst of the five fires.
    -2 glowing, shining or burning like fire (तपतीति तपाः अग्निरिव तपाः) hot as fire
    -तेजस् a. having the lustre or power of fire. (अग्नेरिव तेजो यस्य). (
    -स् n.) the lustre of fire. (
    -स् m.) N. of one of the 7 Ṛiṣis of the 11th Manvantara.
    -त्रयम् the three fires, See under अग्नि.
    -द a. [अग्निं दाहार्थं गृहादौ ददाति; दा. -क.]
    1 giving or supplying with fire
    -2 tonic, stomachic, producing appetite, stimulating digestion.
    -3 incendiary; अग्निदान् भक्तदांश्चैव Ms.9.278; अग्निदानां च ये लोकाः Y.2.74; so ˚दायक, ˚दायिन्. यदग्निदायके पापं यत्पापं गुरुतल्पगे. Rām.2.75.45.
    -दग्ध a.
    1 burnt on the funeral pile; अग्निदग्धाश्च ये जीवा ये$प्यदग्धाः कुले मम Vāyu. P.
    -2 burnt with fire.
    -3 burnt at once without having fire put into the mouth, being destitute of issue (?); (pl.) a class of Manes or Pitṛis who, when alive, kept up the household flame and presented oblations to fire.
    -दमनी [अग्निर्दम्यते$नया; दम्-णिच् करणे ल्युट] a narcotic plant, Solanum Jacquini. [Mar. रिंगणी]
    -दातृ [अग्निं विधानेन ददाति] one who performs the last (funeral) ceremonies of a man; यश्चाग्निदाता प्रेतस्य पिण्डं दद्यात्स एव हि.
    -दीपन a. [अग्निं दीपयति] stimulating digestion, stomachic, tonic.
    -दीप्त a. [तृ. त्त.] glowing, set on fire, blazing (
    -प्ता) [अग्निर्जठरानलो दीप्तः सेवनात् यस्याः सा] N. of a plant ज्योतिष्मती लता (Mar. मालकांगोणी), which is said to stimulate digestion.
    -दीप्तिः f. active state of digestion.
    -दूत a. अग्निर्दूत इव यस्मिन् यस्य वा] having Agni for a messenger, said of the sacrifice or the deity invoked; यमं ह यज्ञो गच्छत्यग्निदूतो अरंकृतः Rv.1.14.13.
    -दूषितः a. branded.
    -देवः [अग्नि- रेव देवः] Agni; a worshipper of Agni.
    -देवा [अग्निर्देवो यस्याः] the third lunar mansion, the Pleiades (कृत्तिका).
    -द्वारम् the door on the south-east of a building; पूर्व- द्वारमथैशाने चाग्निद्वारं तु दक्षिणे । Māna.9.294-95.
    -धानम् [अग्निर्धियते$स्मिन्] the place or receptacle for keeping the sacred fire, the house of अग्निहोतृ; पदं कृणुते अग्निधाने Rv. 1.165.3.
    -धारणम् maintaining the sacred fire; व्रतिनां ˚णम् K. 55.
    -नयनम् = ˚प्रणयनम्.
    -निर्यासः [अग्नेर्ज- ठरानलस्येव दीपको निर्यासो यस्य] N. of the plant अग्निजार.
    -नेत्र a. [अग्निर्नेता यस्य] having Agni for the leader or conveyer of oblations, an epithet of a god in general.
    -पदम् 1 the word Agni.
    -2 fire-place.
    -3 N. of a plant.
    -परिक्रि-ष्क्रि-या care of the sacred fire, worship of fire, offering oblations; गृहार्थो$ग्निपरिष्क्रिया Ms.2.67.
    -परिच्छदः the whole sacrificial apparatus; गृह्यं चाग्निपरिच्छदम् Ms.6. 4.
    -परिधानम् enclosing the sacrificial fire with a kind of screen.
    -परीक्षा [तृ. त.] ordeal by fire.
    -पर्वतः [अग्निसाधनं पर्वतः] a volcano; महता ज्वलता नित्यमग्निमेवाग्नि- पर्वतः Rām.5.35.43.
    -पुच्छः [अग्नेः अग्न्याधानस्थानस्य पुच्छ इव]. tail or back part of the sacrificial place; the extinction of fire.
    -पुराणम् [अग्निना प्रोक्तं पुराणम्] one of the 18 Purāṇas ascribed to Vyāsa. It derives its name from its having been communicated originally by Agni to the sage Vasiṣṭha for the purpose of instructing him in the two-fold knowledge of Brahman. Its stanzas are said to be 145. Its contents are varied. It has portions on ritual and mystic worship, cosmical descriptions, chapters on the duties of Kings and the art of war, a chapter on law, some chapters on Medicine and some treatises on Rhetoric, Prosody, Grammar, Yoga, Brahmavidyā &c. &c.
    -प्रणयनम् bringing out the sacrificial fire and consecrating it according to the proper ritual.
    -प्रणिधिः Incendiary. Dk.2.8.
    -प्रतिष्ठा consecration of fire, especially the nuptial fire.
    -प्रवेशः; -शनम [स. त.] entering the fire, self-immolation of a widow on the funeral pile of her husband.
    -प्रस्कन्दनम् violation of the duties of a sacrificer (अग्निहोमाकरण); ˚परस्त्वं चाप्येवं भविष्यसि Mb.1.84.26.
    -प्रस्तरः [अग्निं प्रस्तृणाति अग्नेः प्रस्तरो वा] a flint, a stone producing fire.
    -बाहुः [अग्ने- र्बाहुरिव दीर्घशिखत्वात्]
    1 smoke.
    -2 N. of a son of the first Manu; Hariv. N. of a son of Priyavrata and Kāmyā. V. P.
    -बीजम् 1 the seed of Agni; (fig.) gold (रुद्रतेजः समुद्भूतं हेमबीजं विभावसोः)
    -2 N. of the letter र्.
    -भम [अग्नि- रिव भाति; भा-क.]
    1 'shining like fire,' gold.
    -2 N. of the constellation कृत्तिका.
    -भु n. [अग्नेर्भवति; भू-क्विप् ह्रस्वान्तः]
    1 water.
    -2 gold.
    -भू a. [अग्नेर्भवतिः भू-क्विप्] produced from fire.
    (भूः) 1 'fire-born,' N. of Kārttikeya.
    -2 N. of a teacher (काश्यप) who was taught by Agni.
    -3 (arith.) six.
    -भूति a. produced from fire. (
    -तिः) [अग्निरिव भूतिरैश्वर्यं यस्य] N. of a pupil of the last Tīrthaṅkara. (
    -तिः) f. the lustre or might of fire.
    -भ्राजस् a. Ved. [अग्निरिव भ्राजते; भ्राज्-असुन्] shining like fire. अग्निभ्राजसो विद्युतः Ṛv.5.54.11.
    -मणिः [अग्नेरुत्थापको मणिः शाक. त.] the sunstone.
    -मथ् m. [अग्निं मथ्नाति निष्पादयति; मन्थ्-क्विप्- नलोपः]
    1 the sacrificer who churns the fuel-stick.
    -2 the Mantra used in this operation, on the अरणि itself.
    -मन्थः, -न्थनम्, producing fire by friction; or the Mantra used in this operation. (
    -न्थः) [अग्निर्मथ्यते अनेन मन्थ्-करणे घञ्] N. of a tree गणिकारिका (Mar. नरवेल) Premna Spinosa (तत्काष्ठयोर्घर्षणे हि आशु वह्निरुत्पद्यते),
    -मान्द्यम् slowness of digestion, loss of appetite, dyspepsia.
    -मारुतिः अग्निश्च मरुच्च तयोरपत्यं इञ् ततो वृद्धिः इत् च; द्विपदवृद्धौ पृषो. पूर्वपदस्य ह्रस्वः Tv.] N. of the sage Agastya.
    -मित्रः N. of a king of the Śunga dynasty, son of Puṣypamitra who must have flourished before 15 B. C. -the usually accepted date of Patañjali-as the latter mentions पुष्यमित्र by name.
    -मुखः a. having Agni at the head. (
    -खः) [अग्निर्मुखमिव यस्य]
    1 a deity, god, (for the gods receive oblations through Agni who is, therefore, said to be their mouth; अग्निमुखा वै देवाः; अग्निर्मुखं प्रथमं देवतानाम् &c; or अग्निर्मुखे अग्रे येषाम्, for fire is said to have been created before all other gods.)
    -2 [अग्निर्मुखं प्रधानमुपास्यो यस्य] one who maintains the sacred fire (अग्निहोतृद्विज)
    -3 a Brāhmaṇa in general (अग्निर्दाहकत्वात् शापाग्निर्मुखे यस्य for Brāhmaṇas are said to be वाग्वज्राः).
    -4 N. of two plants चित्रक Plumbago Zeylanica and भल्लातक Semicarpus Anacardium अग्निरिव स्पर्शात् दुःखदायकं मुखमग्रम् यस्य, तन्निर्यासस्पर्शेन हि देहे क्षतोत्पत्तेस्थयोस्तथात्वम्)
    -5 a sort of powder or चूर्ण prescribed as a tonic by चक्रदत्त
    -6 'fire- mouthed, sharp-biting, an epithet of a bug. Pt. 1. (
    -खी) अग्निरिव मुखमग्रं यस्याः; गौरादि-ङीष्]
    1 N. of a plant भल्लातक (Mar. बिबवा, भिलावा) and लाङ्गलिका (विषलाङ्गला).
    -2 N. of the Gāyatri Mantra (अग्निरेव मुखं मुखत्वेन कल्पितं यस्याः सा, or अग्नेरिव मुखं प्रजापतिमुखं उत्पत्ति- द्वारं यस्याः, अग्निना समं प्रजापतिमुखजातत्वात्; कदाचिदपि नो विद्वान् गायत्रीमुदके जपेत् । गायत्र्याग्निमुखी यस्मात्तस्मादुत्थाय तां जपेत् ॥ गोभिल).
    -3 a kitchen [पाकशाला अग्निरिव उत्तप्तं मुखं यस्याः सा].
    -मूढ a. [तृ. त.] Ved. made insane or stupefied by lightning or fire.
    -यन्त्रम् A gun अग्नियन्त्रधरैश्चक्रधरैश्च पुरुषैर्वृतः Śivabhārata 12.17.
    -यानम् An aeroplane. व्योमयानं विमानं स्यात् अग्नियानं तदेव हि । अगस्त्यसंहिता.
    -योगः See पञ्चाग्निसाधन. अग्नियोगवहो ग्रीष्मे विधिदृष्टेन कर्मणा । चीर्त्वा द्वादशवर्षाणि राजा भवति पार्थिवः ॥ Mb.13.14,2.43.
    -योजनम् causing the sacrificial fire to blaze up.
    -रक्षणम् 1 con- secrating or preserving the sacred (domestic) fire or अग्निहोत्र.
    -2 [अग्निः रक्ष्यते अनेन अत्र वा] a Mantra securing for Agni protection from evil spirits &c.
    -3 the house of an अग्निहोतृ.
    -रजः, -रजस् m. [अग्निरिव रज्यते दीप्यते; रञ्ज्-असुन् नलोपः]
    1 a scarlet insect by name इन्द्रगोप.
    -2 (अग्नेः रजः) the might or power of Agni.
    -3 gold. Mb.3. 16.86.7
    -रहस्यम् mystery of (worshipping &c.) Agni; N. of the tenth book of Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa.
    -राशिः a heap of fire, burning pile.
    -रुहा [अग्निरिव रोहति रुह्-क] N. of the plant मांसादनी or मांसरोहिणी (तदङ्कुरस्य वह्नितुल्य- वर्णतया उत्पन्नत्वात्तथात्वं तस्याः).
    -रूप a. [अग्नेरिव रूपं वर्णो यस्य] fire-shaped; of the nature of fire.
    -रूपम् the nature of fire.
    -रेतस् n. the seed of Agni; (hence) gold.
    -रोहिणी [अग्निरिव रोहति; रुह्-णिनि] a hard inflammatory swelling in the armpit.
    -लोकः the world a Agni, which is situated below the summit of Meru; in the Purāṇas it is said to be in the अन्तरिक्ष, while in the Kāśī Khaṇḍa it is said to be to the south of इन्द्रपुरी; एतस्या दक्षिणे भागे येयं पूर्दृश्यते शुभा । इमामर्चिष्मतीं पश्य वीतिहोत्रपुरीं शुभाम् ॥
    -वधूः Svāhā, the daughter of Dakṣa and wife of Agni
    -वर्चस् a. [अग्नेर्वर्च इव वर्चो यस्य] glowing or bright like fire. (n.) the lustre of Agni. (-m.) N. of a teacher of the Purāṇas.
    -वर्ण a. [अग्नेरिव वर्णो यस्य] of the colour of fire; hot; fiery; सुरां पीत्वा द्विजो मोहादग्निवर्णां सुरां पिबेत् Ms.11.9; गोमूत्रमग्निवर्णं वा पिबेदुदकमेव वा 91.
    (र्णः) 1 N. of a prince, son of Sudarśana.
    -2 N. of a King of the solar race, See R.19.1. the colour of fire. (
    -र्णा) a strong liquor.
    -वर्धक a. stimulating digestion, tonic.
    (-कः) 1 a tonic.
    -2 regimen, diet (पथ्याहार).
    -वल्लभः [अग्नेर्वल्लभः सुखेन दाह्यत्वात्]
    1 the Śāla tree, Shorea Robusta.
    -2 the resinous juice of it.
    -वासस् a. [अग्निरिव शुद्धं वासो यस्य] having a red (pure like Agni) garment. (n.) a pure garment.
    -वाह a. [अग्निं वाहयति अनुमापयति वा]
    1 smoke.
    -2 a goat.
    -वाहनम् a goat (छाग).
    -विद् m.
    1 one who knows the mystery about Agni.
    -2 an अग्निहोत्रिन् q. v.
    -विमोचनम् ceremony of lowering the sacrificial fire.
    -विसर्पः pain from an inflamed tumour, inflammation.
    -विहरणम्, -विहारः 1 taking the sacrificial fire from आग्नीध्र to the उत्तरवेदि.
    -2 offering oblations to fire; प्रत्यासन्ना ˚वेला K.348.
    -वीर्यम् 1 power or might of Agni.
    -2 gold.
    -वेतालः Name of Vetāla (connected with the story of Vikra- māditya).
    -वेशः [अग्नेर्वेश इव] N. of an ancient medical authority (चरक).
    -वेश्मन् m. the fourteenth day of the karma-ṃāsa; Sūryaprajñapti.
    -वेश्यः 1 N. of a teacher, Mbh.
    -2 Name of the 22nd muhūrta; Sūryapraj- ñapti. धौम्य cf. Mb 14.64.8.
    -शरणम्, -शाला-लम् a fire-sanctuary; ˚मार्गमादेशय Ś.5; a house or place for keeping the sacred fire; ˚रक्षणाय स्थापितो$हम् V.3.
    -शर्मन् a. [अग्निरिव शृणाति तीव्रकोपत्वात् शॄ-मनिन्] very passionate. (-m.) N. of a sage.
    -शिख a. [अग्नेरिव अग्निरिव वा शिखा यस्य] fiery, fire-crested; दहतु ˚खैः सायकैः Rām.
    (-खः) 1 a lamp.
    -2 a rocket, fiery arrow.
    -3 an arrow in general.
    -4 safflower plant.
    -5 saffron.
    -6 जाङ्गलीवृक्ष.
    (-खम्) 1 saffron.
    -2 gold.
    (-खा) 1 a flame; शरैरग्निशिखोपमैः Mb.
    -2 N. of two plants लाङ्गली (Mar. वागचबका or कळलावी) Gloriosa Superba; of other plants (also Mar. कळलावी) Meni- spermum Cordifolium.
    -शुश्रूषा careful service or worship of fire.
    -शेखर a. fire-crested. (
    -रः) N. of the कुसुम्भ, कुङ्कुम and जाङ्गली trees (
    -रम्) gold,
    -शौच a. [अग्नेरिव शौचं यस्य] bright as fire; purified by fire K.252.
    -श्री a. [अग्नेरिव श्रीर्यस्य] glowing like fire; lighted by Agni
    -ष्टुत्, -ष्टुभ, -ष्टोम &c. see ˚ स्तुत्, ˚स्तुभ् &c.
    -ष्ठम् 1 kitchen; अग्निष्ठेष्वग्निशालासु Rām.6.1.16.
    -2 a fire-pan.
    -संयोगाः explosives. Kau. A.2.3.
    -ष्वात्तः see स्वात्तः
    -संस्कारः 1 consecration of fire.
    -2 hallowing or con- secrating by means of fire; burning on the funeral pile; यथार्हं ˚रं मालवाय दत्वा Dk.169; नास्य कार्यो$ग्निसंस्कारः Ms.5.69, पितरीवाग्निसंस्कारात्परा ववृतिरे क्रियाः । R.12.56.
    -सखः; -सहायः 1 the wind.
    -2 the wild pigeon (smoke- coloured).
    -3 smoke.
    -सम्भव a. [प. ब.] sprung or pro- duced from fire.
    (-वः) 1 wild safflower.
    -2 lymph, result of digestion. (
    -वम्) gold.
    -साक्षिक [अग्निः साक्षी यत्र, कप्] a. or adv. keeping fire for a witness, in the presence of fire; पञ्चबाण˚ M.4.12. ˚मर्यादो भर्ता हि शरणं स्त्रियाः H.1.v. l, R.11.48.
    -सारम् [अग्नौ सारं यस्य अत्यन्तानलोत्तापनेपि सारांशादहनात् Tv.] रसाञ्जन, a sort of medical preparation for the eyes. (
    -रः -रम्) power or essence of fire.
    -सुतः Kārttikeya; त्वामद्य निहनिष्यामि क्रौञ्चमग्निसुतो यथा । Mb.7.156.93.
    -सूत्रम् a thread of fire.
    -2 a girdle of sacrificial grass (मौञ्जीमेखला) put upon a young Brāhmaṇa at the time of investiture.
    -सूनुः (See -सुतः), (सेनानीरग्निभूर्गुहः । Amar.); देव्यङ्कसंविष्ट- मिवाग्निसूनुम् । Bu. ch.1.67.
    -स्तम्भः 1 stopping the burning power of Agni.
    -2 N. of a Mantra used in this operation.
    -3 N. of a medicine so used.
    -स्तुत् m. (अग्निष्टुत्) [अग्निः स्तूयते$त्र; स्तु-आधारे क्विप् षत्वम्] the first day of the Agniṣṭoma sacrifice; N. of a por- tion of that sacrifice which extends over one day; यजेत वाश्वमेधेन स्वर्जिता गोसवेन वा । अभिजिद्विश्वजिद्भ्यां वा त्रिवृता- ग्निष्टुतापि वा ॥ Ms.11.74.
    -स्तुभ् (˚ष्टुभ्) m. [अग्निः स्तुभ्यते$त्र; स्तुभ्-क्विप् षत्वम्]
    1 = अग्निष्टोम.
    -2 N. of a son of the sixth Manu.
    -रतोमः (˚ष्टोमः) [अग्नेः स्तोमः स्तुतिसाधनं यत्र]
    1 N. of a protracted ceremony or sacrificeial rite extending over several days in spring and forming an essential part of the ज्योतिष्टोम.
    -2 a Mantra or Kalpa with reference to this sacrifice; ˚मे भवो मन्त्रः ˚मः; ˚मस्य व्याख्यानम्, कल्पः ˚मः P.IV.3.66. Vārt.
    -3 N. of the son of the sixth Manu.
    -4 a species of the Soma plant; ˚सामन् a part of the Sāma Veda chanted at the conclu- sion of the Agniṣṭoma sacrifice.
    -सावर्णिः Name of Manu.
    -स्थ a. (ष्ठ) [अग्नौ स्थातुमर्हति; स्था-क षत्वम्] placed in, over, or near the fire. (ष्ठः) an iron frying-pan; in the अश्वमेध sacrifice the 11th Yūpa which of all the 21 is nearest the fire.
    -स्वात्तः (written both as ˚स्वात्त and ˚ष्वात्त) (pl.) [अग्नितः i. e. श्राद्धीयविप्रकर- रूपानलात् सुष्ठु आत्तं ग्रहणं येषां ते] N. of a class of Pitṛs or Manes who, when living on earth, maintained the sacred or domestic fires, but who did not perform the Agniṣṭoma and other sacrifices. They are regarded as Manes of Gods and Brāhmaṇas and also as descen- dants of Marīchi; Ms.3.195. अग्निष्वात्ताः पितर एह गच्छत Tsy.2.5.12.2. (मनुष्यजन्मन्यग्निष्टोमादियागमकृत्वा स्मार्तकर्मनिष्ठाः सन्तो मृत्वा च पितृत्वं गताः इति सायणः).
    -हुत्, -होतृ Ved. sacrificing to Agni, having Agni for a priest; Rv.1.66.8.
    -होत्रम् [अग्नये हूयते$त्र, हु-त्र, च. त.]
    1 an oblation to Agni (chiefly of milk, oil and sour gruel.).
    -2 maintenance of the sacred fire and offering oblation to it; (अग्नये होत्रं होमो$स्मिन् कर्मणीति अग्निहोत्रमिति कर्मनाम); or the sacred fire itself; तपोवनाग्निहोत्रधूमलेखासु K.26. होता स्यात् ˚त्रस्य Ms.11.36. ˚त्रमुपासते 42; स्त्रीं दाहयेत् ˚त्रेण Ms.5.167,6.4, दाहयित्वाग्निहोत्रेण स्त्रियं वृत्तवतीम् Y.1.89. The time of throwing oblations into the fire is, as ordained by the sun himself, evening (अग्नये सायं जुहुयात् सूर्याय प्रातर्जुहुयात्). Agnihotra is of two kinds; नित्य of constant obligation (यावज्जीवमग्निहोत्रं जुहोति) and काम्य occasional or optional (उपसद्भिश्चरित्वा मासमेकमग्निहोत्रं जुहोति). (
    -त्र) a. Ved.
    1 destined for, connected with, Agnihotra.
    -2 sacrificing to Agni. ˚न्यायः The rule according to which the नित्यकर्मन्s (which are to be performed यावज्जीवम्) are performed at their stipulated or scheduled time only, during one's life time. This is discussed and established by जैमिनि and शबर at Ms.6. 2.23-26. in connection with अग्निहोत्र and other कर्मन्s. ˚हवनी (णी) a ladle used in sacrificial libations, or अग्निहोत्रहविर्ग्रहणी ऋक् Tv.; See हविर्ग्रहणी; ˚हुत् offering the अग्निहोत्र; ˚आहुतिः invocation or oblation connected with अग्निहोत्र.
    -होत्रिन् a. [अग्निहोत्र-मत्वर्थे इनि]
    1 one who practises the Agnihotra, or consecrates and maintains the sacred fire.
    -2 one who has prepared the sacrifi- cial place.
    -होत्री Sacrificial cow; तामग्निहोत्रीमृषयो जगृहु- र्ब्रह्मवादिनः Bhāg.8.8.2.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > अग्निः _agniḥ

  • 4 saayindi

    (v) to caused to be active, motivate, cause to be dedicated. fna keebaa ka moolu sayindi. Our leader motivates people.

    Mandinka-English dictionary > saayindi

  • 5 народная партия

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > народная партия

  • 6 gobernante

    adj.
    1 ruling.
    partido gobernante governing party
    2 governing, ruling, leading.
    f. & m.
    ruler, leader.
    * * *
    1 ruling, governing
    1 ruler, leader
    \
    la clase gobernante the ruling class
    * * *
    1. adj. 2. noun mf.
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ ruling, governing

    la clase gobernante — the ruling o governing class

    2.
    SMF (=líder) ruler
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo <partido/organismo> ruling (before n), governing (before n)
    II
    masculino y femenino leader, ruler

    nuestros gobernantes — those who govern o rule the country

    * * *
    = ruler.
    Ex. This article looks at the libraries maintained by the rulers and other dignitaries of the time.
    ----
    * autoridad gobernante = ruling authority.
    * clase gobernante, la = ruling class, the, ruling elite, the.
    * élite gobernante, la = ruling elite, the.
    * gobernantes = people in high office.
    * los gobernantes = the powers-that-be.
    * partido gobernante = governing party.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo <partido/organismo> ruling (before n), governing (before n)
    II
    masculino y femenino leader, ruler

    nuestros gobernantes — those who govern o rule the country

    * * *

    Ex: This article looks at the libraries maintained by the rulers and other dignitaries of the time.

    * autoridad gobernante = ruling authority.
    * clase gobernante, la = ruling class, the, ruling elite, the.
    * élite gobernante, la = ruling elite, the.
    * gobernantes = people in high office.
    * los gobernantes = the powers-that-be.
    * partido gobernante = governing party.

    * * *
    ‹partido/organismo› ruling ( before n), governing ( before n)
    la clase gobernante the ruling o governing class
    leader
    los ciudadanos elegirán a sus gobernantes the people will choose the country's leaders o the men and women who are to govern the country
    nuestros gobernantes en los últimos años those who have governed o ruled the country in recent years
    * * *

    gobernante adjetivo ‹partido/organismo› ruling ( before n), governing ( before n)
    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino
    leader, ruler
    gobernante
    I adjetivo ruling
    II mf ruler
    ' gobernante' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    reinante
    English:
    lawful
    - ruler
    - ruling
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    ruling;
    partido gobernante governing party
    ♦ nmf
    ruler, leader
    * * *
    m leader
    * * *
    : ruling, governing
    : ruler, leader, governor
    * * *
    gobernante1 adj governing
    gobernante2 n leader

    Spanish-English dictionary > gobernante

  • 7 cabeza

    f.
    1 head.
    me duele la cabeza I've got a headache
    lavarse la cabeza to wash one's hair
    por cabeza per head
    tirarse de cabeza (al agua) to dive (into the water)
    cabeza de ajo head of garlic
    cabeza (lectora) (gen)&(computing) head
    cabeza nuclear nuclear warhead
    2 unit.
    3 lead, leading position.
    * * *
    1 (gen) head
    2 figurado (juicio) good judgement; (talento) talent, intelligence
    3 (de región) main town
    1 (jefe) head, leader
    \
    a la cabeza de at the front of, at the top of
    andar de cabeza / ir de cabeza to be rushed off one's feet
    andar de cabeza por alguien to be crazy about somebody
    cabeza abajo upside down
    cabeza arriba the right way up, upright
    calentarse la cabeza por algo to get worked up about something
    de cabeza (mentalmente) in one's head 2 (de memoria) from memory
    darse de cabeza contra algo to bang one's head against something
    de pies a cabeza from head to toe, from top to toe
    estar mal de la cabeza figurado not to be right in the head
    meterse algo en la cabeza familiar to get something into one's head
    no levantar cabeza familiar (en deporte) not to find form 2 (en negocios) not to get off the ground
    no tener ni pies ni cabeza figurado to be absurd, make no sense
    perder la cabeza figurado to lose one's head
    quitarle a alguien algo de la cabeza figurado to talk somebody out of something
    quitarse algo de la cabeza to get something out of one's head, forget something
    ser un cabeza dura to be stubborn
    subirse algo a la cabeza figurado to go to one's head
    tirarse de cabeza to dive head first (a/en, into)
    traer a alguien de cabeza / llevar a alguien de cabeza to drive somebody crazy, drive somebody mad
    volver la cabeza to look round
    cabeza de ajo bulb of garlic
    cabeza de espárrago asparagus tip
    cabeza de lista main candidate
    cabeza de partido administrative capital
    cabeza de puente bridgehead
    cabeza de turco scapegoat
    cabeza hueca scatterbrain
    cabeza loca familiar scatterbrain
    cabeza rapada skinhead
    * * *
    noun f.
    - cabeza de serie
    - cabeza de turco
    - cabeza dura
    * * *
    1. SF
    1) [de persona] head

    me duele la cabeza — I've got a headache, my head aches

    • afirmar con la cabeza — to nod (one's head)

    • agarrarse la cabeza — to hold one's head in one's hands

    • asentir con la cabeza — to nod (one's head)

    • caer de cabeza — to fall headfirst o headlong

    marcar de cabeza — (Dep) to score with a header

    • lavarse la cabeza — to wash one's hair

    • levantar la cabeza — (=mirar) to look up

    • negar con la cabeza — to shake one's head

    • por cabeza, cinco dólares por cabeza — five dollars a head, five dollars per person

    • se me va la cabeza — I feel giddy

    • volver la cabeza — to look round, turn one's head

    • me da vueltas la cabeza — my head's spinning

    2)
    - andar o ir de cabeza

    cortar cabezas —

    írsele a algn de la cabeza —

    el Sporting sigue sin levantar cabeza — Sporting still haven't managed to end their poor run of form, Sporting haven't managed to turn the corner

    hay sectores como la construcción que empiezan a levantar cabeza — some sectors, such as construction, are starting to pick up

    estar mal de la cabeza *, no estar bien de la cabeza * —

    meter algo en la cabeza a algn —

    por fin le metimos en la cabeza que... — we finally got it into his head that...

    metérsele a algn en la cabeza —

    se le ha metido en la cabeza hacerlo solo — he's taken o got it into his head to do it alone

    pasársele a algn por la cabeza —

    subirse a la cabeza —

    3) (=frente)

    • a la cabeza de, a la cabeza de la manifestación — at the head o front of the demonstration

    • ir en cabeza — to be in the lead

    ir en cabeza de la lista — to be at the top of the list, head the list

    4) (=distancia) head
    5) [de montaña] top, summit
    6) (=objeto)

    cabeza buscadora — homing head, homing device

    cabeza de biela — (Mec) big end

    cabeza de dragón — (Bot) snapdragon

    cabeza de escritura — (Tip) golf ball

    cabeza de impresión — (Inform) head, printhead

    cabeza de plátanos — LAm bunch of bananas

    cabeza impresora — (Inform) head, printhead

    2. SMF
    1) (=líder) head, leader

    es cabeza de las fuerzas armadas — he's head o the leader of the armed forces

    2)

    cabeza cuadrada — * bigot

    cabeza de chorlito — * scatterbrain

    cabeza de serie — (Dep) seed

    cabeza de serrín — * airhead *

    cabeza pelada — ( Hist) Roundhead

    cabeza visible — head, leader

    * * *
    1)
    a) (Anat) head

    un día vas a perder la cabeza — (fam & hum) you'd lose your head if it wasn't screwed on (colloq & hum)

    pararse en la or de cabeza — (AmL) to do a headstand

    b) ( medida) head

    le lleva or saca una cabeza a su hermana — he's a head taller than his sister

    c) ( pelo) hair

    tiene cabeza — he's bright, he has a good head on his shoulders

    qué poca cabeza! — have you/has he no sense?

    e) ( mente)

    tú estás mal de la cabeza — you're out of your mind

    se le ha metido en la cabeza que... — she's got it into her head that...

    andar or ir de cabeza — (fam)

    ando de cabeza con tanto trabajo — I'm up to my eyeballs o eyes in work

    anda de cabeza por ella — he's crazy about her

    calentarle a algn la cabeza con algo — (fam) to fill sb's head with sth

    calentarse la cabeza — (fam) to get worked up (colloq)

    cortar cabezas: en cuanto asumió el cargo entró a cortar cabezas as soon as she took up her post, heads started to roll; darse (con) la cabeza contra la pared ver cabezazo; ir con la cabeza ( bien) alta to hold one's head high; írsele a algn la cabeza: se me va la cabeza I feel dizzy; jugarse la cabeza (RPl fam): va a llegar tarde, me juego la cabeza you can bet your bottom dollar she'll be late (colloq); levantar cabeza (fam) ( superar problemas) to get back on one's feet; levantar la cabeza: ha estado estudiando sin levantar la cabeza she's had her head buried in her work; si tu padre levantara la cabeza! if your father was alive today...!; meterse de cabeza en algo (fam) to throw oneself into sth; no caberle a algn en la cabeza (fam): no me cabe en la cabeza que te guste I just can't understand how you can like it; en qué cabeza cabe! how could anyone be so stupid!; perder la cabeza: no perdamos la cabeza let's not panic o lose our heads; perdió la cabeza por esa mujer he lost his head over that woman; quebrarse la cabeza (Andes fam) to rack one's brains; quitarle a algn algo de la cabeza to get sth out of sb's head; quitarse algo de la cabeza < idea> to get sth out of one's head; romperse la cabeza (fam) ( preocuparse) to rack one's brains; ( lastimarse) to break one's neck (colloq); sentar (la) cabeza (fam) to settle down; subírsele a algn a la cabeza vino/éxito to go to one's head; tener la cabeza sobre los hombros (fam) to have one's head screwed on tight (AmE colloq) o (BrE colloq) screwed on; tener la cabeza llena de pájaros (fam) to have one's head in the clouds; tengo/tiene la cabeza como un bombo (fam) (me/le duele) my/his/her head feels ready to burst (colloq); (estoy/está confundido) my/his/her head's spinning; traer or llevar a algn de cabeza (fam) to drive sb crazy (colloq); nadie escarmienta en cabeza ajena — people only learn from their own mistakes

    2)
    a) ( individuo)

    por cabeza — each, a head

    b) ( de ganado) head
    3) (primer lugar, delantera)

    a la or en cabeza: estamos a la cabeza del sector we are the leading company in this sector; se colocaron a la cabeza de los otros partidos they took the lead over the other parties; iban a la cabeza de la manifestación they were at the front o head of the demonstration; el equipo va en cabeza de la clasificación — the team is at the top of the division

    4)
    a) (de alfiler, clavo, fósforo) head
    b) ( de misil) warhead
    5) (Audio, Video) head
    6) ( de plátanos) hand, bunch
    •
    * * *
    = head, knocker.
    Ex. From the way his left shoulder is tipped forward, from the set of his head and the length of his stride, one gets the feeling that he is a fully clothed sprinter just leaving the starting blocks.
    Ex. He got hit with a cricket ball, smack right on top of his knocker.
    ----
    * abrirse la cabeza = smash + Posesivo + head, smash + Posesivo + head open.
    * águila de cabeza blanca = bald eagle.
    * a la cabeza de = in the forefront of/in.
    * apostarse la cabeza = bet + Posesivo + life.
    * asentimiento con la cabeza = head-nod [head nod], nodding assent, nod.
    * asentir con la cabeza = nod, nod + assent, concur with + an assenting nod, agree with + a nod.
    * asomar la cabeza = poke + Posesivo + head, pop + Posesivo + head.
    * caber en la cabeza = get + Posesivo + head around, wrap + Posesivo + head around.
    * cabeza de ajo = head of garlic, bulb of garlic.
    * cabeza de chorlito = scatterbrain, ditzy [ditzier -comp., ditziest -sup.], ditz, dits, ditsy [ditsier -comp., ditsiest -sup.], airhead, airheaded, empty-headed, bonehead, birdbrain, nong, ning-nong.
    * cabeza de familia = head of the household, householder, head of the family.
    * cabeza de impresión = print head.
    * cabeza de la manada = leader of the pack.
    * cabeza de lanza = spearhead.
    * cabeza de lectura = scanning head.
    * cabeza de línea = railhead.
    * cabeza de muñeco que se balancea ligeramente = bobble head.
    * cabeza de playa = beachhead.
    * cabeza de puente = bridgehead.
    * cabeza de puente aéreo = airhead.
    * cabeza de semillas = seed head.
    * cabeza de serrín = ditz, dits, airhead, airheaded.
    * cabeza de turco = patsy, scapegoat, whipping boy.
    * cabeza dura = pigheaded.
    * cabeza fría = cool head.
    * cabeza hueca = empty-headed, ditzy [ditzier -comp., ditziest -sup.], ditz, dits, ditsy [ditsier -comp., ditsiest -sup.], airhead, airheaded, bonehead, nong, ning-nong.
    * cabeza lectora = read head, reading head.
    * cabeza lectora de disco = disc reading head.
    * cabeza llena de pájaros = head in the clouds.
    * cabeza nuclear = warhead.
    * cabeza + rodar = head + roll.
    * caer de cabeza = go over + Posesivo + head.
    * cigüeña de cabeza pelada = wood stork.
    * con la cabeza en las nubes = ditzy [ditzier -comp., ditziest -sup.], ditsy [ditsier -comp., ditsiest -sup.].
    * cortar la cabeza = behead.
    * dar quebraderos de cabeza = give + headaches.
    * declarar la guerra a muerte a = declare + open season on.
    * de la cabeza a los pies = from head to foot, from head to toe.
    * de pies a cabeza = from head to toe, from head to foot.
    * desde la cabeza hasta los pies = from head to toe.
    * desde la cabeza hasta los pies = head to toe, from head to foot.
    * destornillador de cabeza plana = flathead screwdriver.
    * dolor de cabeza = headache.
    * dolor de cabeza espantoso = splitting headache.
    * echar una cana al aire antes de sentar la cabeza = sow + Posesivo + wild oats.
    * en + Posesivo + cabeza = on + Posesivo + mind.
    * entrar en la cabeza = get + Posesivo + head around, wrap + Posesivo + head around, get it into + Posesivo + head.
    * esconder la cabeza como el avestruz = bury + Posesivo + head in the sand (like an ostrich), stick + Posesivo + head in the sand.
    * herida en la cabeza = head injury.
    * irse la cabeza = go + bananas.
    * írsele la cabeza = go off + Posesivo + head.
    * jugarse la cabeza = bet + Posesivo + life.
    * lanzarse de cabeza = jump in with + both feet.
    * lavarse la cabeza = wash + Posesive + hair, shampoo + Posesivo + hair.
    * lesión en la cabeza = head injury.
    * levantar la cabeza = cock + Posesivo + head.
    * liarse la manta a la cabeza = jump in + head first, jump in at + the deep end, throw + caution to the wind.
    * mantener la cabeza = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together.
    * mantener la cabeza alta = hold + Posesivo + head high.
    * mantener la cabeza fría = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * mantenerse a la cabeza = stay + ahead of the pack.
    * meter en la cabeza = get it into + Posesivo + head.
    * mover la cabeza = shake + head.
    * mover la cabeza de arriba abajo = bob.
    * mover la cabeza de forma brusca hacia delante y hacia atrás = jerk + head.
    * no dejar títere con cabeza = turn + everything upside down.
    * no encontrar ni el pie ni la cabeza = can't make head(s) or tail(s) of.
    * no perder la cabeza = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * no poder quitarse Algo de la cabeza = can't get it out of my mind.
    * no tener ni pies ni cabeza = can't make head(s) or tail(s) of, be pointless.
    * pasar por encima de la cabeza = go over + Posesivo + head.
    * pedir la cabeza de Alguien = bay for + Posesivo + blood.
    * pensamiento que ronda la cabeza de uno = thought + run through + Posesivo + head.
    * perder la cabeza = lose + Posesivo + mind, lose + Posesivo + head, lose + Posesivo + marbles, go + bonkers, fly off + the handle, go (right) off + Posesivo + rocker, go out of + Posesivo + mind, go + soft in the head.
    * piojo de la cabeza = head louse.
    * poner a + Nombre + a la cabeza de = put + Nombre + ahead in.
    * poner precio a la cabeza de Alguien = put + a price on + Posesivo + head.
    * por cabeza = per person.
    * quebradero de cabeza = headache.
    * rascarse la cabeza = scratch + Posesivo + head.
    * reventarse la cabeza = smash + Posesivo + head.
    * romperse la cabeza = puzzle + Reflexivo, scratch + Posesivo + head, rack + Posesivo + brains.
    * sentar la cabeza = settle down.
    * señal con la cabeza = nod.
    * sin cabeza = headless, decapitated.
    * sin pies ni cabeza = without rhyme or reason.
    * subírsele a la cabeza, creérselo = go to + Posesivo + head.
    * subírsele los humos a la cabeza = get + too big for + Posesivo + boots, get + too big for + Posesivo + breeches.
    * tirarse de cabeza = jump in + head first, dive in, dive + head-first.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Anat) head

    un día vas a perder la cabeza — (fam & hum) you'd lose your head if it wasn't screwed on (colloq & hum)

    pararse en la or de cabeza — (AmL) to do a headstand

    b) ( medida) head

    le lleva or saca una cabeza a su hermana — he's a head taller than his sister

    c) ( pelo) hair

    tiene cabeza — he's bright, he has a good head on his shoulders

    qué poca cabeza! — have you/has he no sense?

    e) ( mente)

    tú estás mal de la cabeza — you're out of your mind

    se le ha metido en la cabeza que... — she's got it into her head that...

    andar or ir de cabeza — (fam)

    ando de cabeza con tanto trabajo — I'm up to my eyeballs o eyes in work

    anda de cabeza por ella — he's crazy about her

    calentarle a algn la cabeza con algo — (fam) to fill sb's head with sth

    calentarse la cabeza — (fam) to get worked up (colloq)

    cortar cabezas: en cuanto asumió el cargo entró a cortar cabezas as soon as she took up her post, heads started to roll; darse (con) la cabeza contra la pared ver cabezazo; ir con la cabeza ( bien) alta to hold one's head high; írsele a algn la cabeza: se me va la cabeza I feel dizzy; jugarse la cabeza (RPl fam): va a llegar tarde, me juego la cabeza you can bet your bottom dollar she'll be late (colloq); levantar cabeza (fam) ( superar problemas) to get back on one's feet; levantar la cabeza: ha estado estudiando sin levantar la cabeza she's had her head buried in her work; si tu padre levantara la cabeza! if your father was alive today...!; meterse de cabeza en algo (fam) to throw oneself into sth; no caberle a algn en la cabeza (fam): no me cabe en la cabeza que te guste I just can't understand how you can like it; en qué cabeza cabe! how could anyone be so stupid!; perder la cabeza: no perdamos la cabeza let's not panic o lose our heads; perdió la cabeza por esa mujer he lost his head over that woman; quebrarse la cabeza (Andes fam) to rack one's brains; quitarle a algn algo de la cabeza to get sth out of sb's head; quitarse algo de la cabeza < idea> to get sth out of one's head; romperse la cabeza (fam) ( preocuparse) to rack one's brains; ( lastimarse) to break one's neck (colloq); sentar (la) cabeza (fam) to settle down; subírsele a algn a la cabeza vino/éxito to go to one's head; tener la cabeza sobre los hombros (fam) to have one's head screwed on tight (AmE colloq) o (BrE colloq) screwed on; tener la cabeza llena de pájaros (fam) to have one's head in the clouds; tengo/tiene la cabeza como un bombo (fam) (me/le duele) my/his/her head feels ready to burst (colloq); (estoy/está confundido) my/his/her head's spinning; traer or llevar a algn de cabeza (fam) to drive sb crazy (colloq); nadie escarmienta en cabeza ajena — people only learn from their own mistakes

    2)
    a) ( individuo)

    por cabeza — each, a head

    b) ( de ganado) head
    3) (primer lugar, delantera)

    a la or en cabeza: estamos a la cabeza del sector we are the leading company in this sector; se colocaron a la cabeza de los otros partidos they took the lead over the other parties; iban a la cabeza de la manifestación they were at the front o head of the demonstration; el equipo va en cabeza de la clasificación — the team is at the top of the division

    4)
    a) (de alfiler, clavo, fósforo) head
    b) ( de misil) warhead
    5) (Audio, Video) head
    6) ( de plátanos) hand, bunch
    •
    * * *
    = head, knocker.

    Ex: From the way his left shoulder is tipped forward, from the set of his head and the length of his stride, one gets the feeling that he is a fully clothed sprinter just leaving the starting blocks.

    Ex: He got hit with a cricket ball, smack right on top of his knocker.
    * abrirse la cabeza = smash + Posesivo + head, smash + Posesivo + head open.
    * águila de cabeza blanca = bald eagle.
    * a la cabeza de = in the forefront of/in.
    * apostarse la cabeza = bet + Posesivo + life.
    * asentimiento con la cabeza = head-nod [head nod], nodding assent, nod.
    * asentir con la cabeza = nod, nod + assent, concur with + an assenting nod, agree with + a nod.
    * asomar la cabeza = poke + Posesivo + head, pop + Posesivo + head.
    * caber en la cabeza = get + Posesivo + head around, wrap + Posesivo + head around.
    * cabeza de ajo = head of garlic, bulb of garlic.
    * cabeza de chorlito = scatterbrain, ditzy [ditzier -comp., ditziest -sup.], ditz, dits, ditsy [ditsier -comp., ditsiest -sup.], airhead, airheaded, empty-headed, bonehead, birdbrain, nong, ning-nong.
    * cabeza de familia = head of the household, householder, head of the family.
    * cabeza de impresión = print head.
    * cabeza de la manada = leader of the pack.
    * cabeza de lanza = spearhead.
    * cabeza de lectura = scanning head.
    * cabeza de línea = railhead.
    * cabeza de muñeco que se balancea ligeramente = bobble head.
    * cabeza de playa = beachhead.
    * cabeza de puente = bridgehead.
    * cabeza de puente aéreo = airhead.
    * cabeza de semillas = seed head.
    * cabeza de serrín = ditz, dits, airhead, airheaded.
    * cabeza de turco = patsy, scapegoat, whipping boy.
    * cabeza dura = pigheaded.
    * cabeza fría = cool head.
    * cabeza hueca = empty-headed, ditzy [ditzier -comp., ditziest -sup.], ditz, dits, ditsy [ditsier -comp., ditsiest -sup.], airhead, airheaded, bonehead, nong, ning-nong.
    * cabeza lectora = read head, reading head.
    * cabeza lectora de disco = disc reading head.
    * cabeza llena de pájaros = head in the clouds.
    * cabeza nuclear = warhead.
    * cabeza + rodar = head + roll.
    * caer de cabeza = go over + Posesivo + head.
    * cigüeña de cabeza pelada = wood stork.
    * con la cabeza en las nubes = ditzy [ditzier -comp., ditziest -sup.], ditsy [ditsier -comp., ditsiest -sup.].
    * cortar la cabeza = behead.
    * dar quebraderos de cabeza = give + headaches.
    * declarar la guerra a muerte a = declare + open season on.
    * de la cabeza a los pies = from head to foot, from head to toe.
    * de pies a cabeza = from head to toe, from head to foot.
    * desde la cabeza hasta los pies = from head to toe.
    * desde la cabeza hasta los pies = head to toe, from head to foot.
    * destornillador de cabeza plana = flathead screwdriver.
    * dolor de cabeza = headache.
    * dolor de cabeza espantoso = splitting headache.
    * echar una cana al aire antes de sentar la cabeza = sow + Posesivo + wild oats.
    * en + Posesivo + cabeza = on + Posesivo + mind.
    * entrar en la cabeza = get + Posesivo + head around, wrap + Posesivo + head around, get it into + Posesivo + head.
    * esconder la cabeza como el avestruz = bury + Posesivo + head in the sand (like an ostrich), stick + Posesivo + head in the sand.
    * herida en la cabeza = head injury.
    * irse la cabeza = go + bananas.
    * írsele la cabeza = go off + Posesivo + head.
    * jugarse la cabeza = bet + Posesivo + life.
    * lanzarse de cabeza = jump in with + both feet.
    * lavarse la cabeza = wash + Posesive + hair, shampoo + Posesivo + hair.
    * lesión en la cabeza = head injury.
    * levantar la cabeza = cock + Posesivo + head.
    * liarse la manta a la cabeza = jump in + head first, jump in at + the deep end, throw + caution to the wind.
    * mantener la cabeza = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together.
    * mantener la cabeza alta = hold + Posesivo + head high.
    * mantener la cabeza fría = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * mantenerse a la cabeza = stay + ahead of the pack.
    * meter en la cabeza = get it into + Posesivo + head.
    * mover la cabeza = shake + head.
    * mover la cabeza de arriba abajo = bob.
    * mover la cabeza de forma brusca hacia delante y hacia atrás = jerk + head.
    * no dejar títere con cabeza = turn + everything upside down.
    * no encontrar ni el pie ni la cabeza = can't make head(s) or tail(s) of.
    * no perder la cabeza = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * no poder quitarse Algo de la cabeza = can't get it out of my mind.
    * no tener ni pies ni cabeza = can't make head(s) or tail(s) of, be pointless.
    * pasar por encima de la cabeza = go over + Posesivo + head.
    * pedir la cabeza de Alguien = bay for + Posesivo + blood.
    * pensamiento que ronda la cabeza de uno = thought + run through + Posesivo + head.
    * perder la cabeza = lose + Posesivo + mind, lose + Posesivo + head, lose + Posesivo + marbles, go + bonkers, fly off + the handle, go (right) off + Posesivo + rocker, go out of + Posesivo + mind, go + soft in the head.
    * piojo de la cabeza = head louse.
    * poner a + Nombre + a la cabeza de = put + Nombre + ahead in.
    * poner precio a la cabeza de Alguien = put + a price on + Posesivo + head.
    * por cabeza = per person.
    * quebradero de cabeza = headache.
    * rascarse la cabeza = scratch + Posesivo + head.
    * reventarse la cabeza = smash + Posesivo + head.
    * romperse la cabeza = puzzle + Reflexivo, scratch + Posesivo + head, rack + Posesivo + brains.
    * sentar la cabeza = settle down.
    * señal con la cabeza = nod.
    * sin cabeza = headless, decapitated.
    * sin pies ni cabeza = without rhyme or reason.
    * subírsele a la cabeza, creérselo = go to + Posesivo + head.
    * subírsele los humos a la cabeza = get + too big for + Posesivo + boots, get + too big for + Posesivo + breeches.
    * tirarse de cabeza = jump in + head first, dive in, dive + head-first.

    * * *
    A
    negó con la cabeza she shook her head
    asintió con la cabeza he nodded, he nodded his head
    sacó la cabeza por la ventanilla he stuck o put his head out of the window
    volvió la cabeza para ver si lo seguían he looked around o turned his head to see if he was being followed
    bajó la cabeza avergonzado he lowered his head in shame
    me duele la cabeza I've got a headache, my head aches
    es para darse de or la cabeza contra la pared it's enough to make you cry
    se tiró al agua de cabeza she dived into the water (head first)
    marcó de cabeza he scored with a header o with his head, he headed the ball into the net
    un día vas a perder la cabeza ( fam hum); you'd lose your head if it wasn't screwed on ( colloq hum)
    me unté de grasa de la cabeza hasta los pies I got covered in grease from head to toe o foot
    pararse en la or de cabeza ( AmL); to stand on one's head, to do a headstand
    2 (medida) head
    ganó por una cabeza he won by a head
    le lleva una cabeza a su hermana he's a head taller than his sister, his sister only comes up to his shoulder
    3 (pelo) hair
    me tengo que lavar la cabeza I have to wash my hair
    4
    (inteligencia): tiene cabeza, pero es muy vago he's bright o ( AmE) smart o he has a good head on his shoulders, but he's very lazy
    al pobre niño no le da la cabeza the poor kid doesn't have the brains for it
    usa la cabeza use your head
    nunca tuve cabeza para las ciencias I never had a head for science
    no lo copié, salió todo de mi cabeza I didn't copy it, it was all out of my own head
    ¡qué poca cabeza! have you/has he no sense?
    5
    (mente): ¡que cabeza la mía! se me había olvidado completamente su cumpleaños what a memory! I had totally forgotten her birthday
    tenía la cabeza en otra cosa my mind was elsewhere o I was thinking about something else
    tú estás mal or no estás bien de la cabeza you're crazy, you're out of your mind, you're out of ( AmE) o ( BrE) off your head ( colloq)
    con tantos halagos se le llenó la cabeza de humos all that praise went to his head
    se me ha ido de la cabeza it's gone right out of my head
    ¿quién te ha metido esas ideas en la cabeza? who's put those ideas into your head?
    se le ha metido en la cabeza que se quiere casar she's got it into her head that she wants to get married
    le dije lo primero que me vino a la cabeza I said the first thing that came into my head
    jamás se me pasó por la cabeza semejante idea the idea never even crossed my mind
    ya te puedes ir quitando or sacando a esa mujer de la cabeza you'd better start getting that woman out of your head, you'd better start forgetting about that woman
    andar or ir de cabeza ( fam): ando de cabeza con tanto trabajo I'm up to my eyeballs o eyes in work
    anda de cabeza por ella he's crazy about her
    calentarle a algn la cabeza con algo ( fam); to fill sb's head with sth
    calentarse la cabeza ( fam); to get worked up ( colloq)
    como malo de la cabeza ( fam): se puso a comer como malo de la cabeza he stuffed himself silly ( colloq), he ate like there was no tomorrow ( colloq)
    cortar cabezas: en cuanto asumió el cargo entró a cortar cabezas as soon as she took up her post, heads started to roll
    darle por la cabeza a algn ( RPl); to criticize sb, knock sb ( colloq)
    esconder la cabeza ( Chi fam); to make oneself scarce
    ir con la cabeza alta to hold one's head high
    írsele a algn la cabeza: se me va la cabeza I feel dizzy
    jugarse la cabeza ( RPl fam): seguro que llega tarde, me juego la cabeza you can bet your life o your bottom dollar she'll be late ( colloq)
    levantar cabeza ( fam); to get back on one's feet
    aún tienen muchas deudas pero ya levantarán cabeza they've still got a lot of debts but they'll pull through o pick themselves up o get back on their feet
    la selección no levanta cabeza the national team can't get out of its rut
    levantar la cabeza: ha estado estudiando todo el día sin levantar la cabeza she's had her head buried in her work all day
    ¡si tu padre levantara la cabeza! your father would turn in his grave!, if your father was alive today … !
    meterse de cabeza en algo ( fam); to throw oneself into sth
    no caberle a algn en la cabeza ( fam): no me cabe en la cabeza que te guste vivir aquí I just can't understand how you like living here
    ¡en qué cabeza cabe meter un plato de plástico en el horno! who'd be stupid enough to put a plastic plate in the oven?
    perder la cabeza: tranquilidad, no perdamos la cabeza keep calm, let's not panic o lose our heads
    ¿has perdido la cabeza? have you gone crazy?, are you out of your mind?
    perdió la cabeza por esa mujer he lost his head over that woman
    romperse or ( Andes) quebrarse la cabeza ( fam) (preocuparse) to rack one's brains; (lastimarse) to break one's neck ( colloq)
    sentar (la) cabeza ( fam); to settle down
    ser duro de cabeza ( fam); to be stupid
    subírsele a algn a la cabeza: el vino/éxito se le ha subido a la cabeza the wine/her success has gone to her head
    tener la cabeza como un bombo ( fam): tengo la cabeza como un bombo (me duele) I have o I've got a splitting headache! ( colloq), my head feels ready o ( BrE) fit to burst ( colloq) (estoy confundido) my head's spinning, my head feels ready o ( BrE) fit to burst ( colloq)
    tener la cabeza como un colador to have a head like a sieve
    tener la cabeza en su sitio or bien puesta or sobre los hombros ( fam); to have one's head screwed on tight ( AmE colloq), to have one's head screwed on ( BrE colloq)
    tener la cabeza llena de pájaros ( fam); to have one's head in the clouds, be living in a fantasy world, be living in cloud-cuckoo-land
    traer or llevar a algn de cabeza ( fam); to drive sb crazy ( colloq)
    trae a los hombres de cabeza she drives men wild o crazy ( colloq)
    más vale ser cabeza de ratón que cola de león it's better to be a big fish in a small pond than a small fish in a big pond
    nadie escarmienta en cabeza ajena people only learn from their own mistakes, you have to make your own mistakes
    Compuestos:
    masculine and feminine ( fam) scatterbrain ( colloq)
    headcheese ( AmE), brawn ( BrE)
    masculine and feminine ( Ven fam) clumsy idiot ( colloq)
    feminine ( Chi fam): salió con su cabeza de pescado he made a silly remark
    hablaban cabezas de pescado they were talking a load of nonsense ( colloq)
    masculine and feminine ( Chi fam) scatterbrain ( colloq)
    A
    masculine and feminine ( fam): es un cabeza dura he's so stubborn o ( colloq) pigheaded
    B adjective pigheaded ( colloq), stubborn
    masculine and feminine ( fam) scatterbrain ( colloq)
    B
    1
    (individuo): por cabeza each, a head
    pagamos $50 por cabeza we paid $50 a head o each
    tienen más de 600 cabezas (de ganado) they have more than 600 head of cattle
    C
    (primer lugar, delantera): se hizo con la cabeza she got to the front, she went into the lead
    a la or en cabeza: estamos a la cabeza de las empresas del sector we are the leading company in this sector
    se colocaron a la cabeza de los otros partidos en los sondeos they took the lead over the other parties in the opinion polls
    iban a la cabeza de la manifestación they were at the front o head of the demonstration, they were leading o heading the demonstration
    el equipo va en cabeza de la clasificación the team is at the top of o leads the division
    Compuestos:
    masculine and feminine leader, lead climber
    masculine and feminine head of the family
    masculine head of the Church
    feminine beachhead
    feminine bridgehead
    derrotó a Guillén, cabeza de serie número cuatro he beat Guillén, seeded number four o the fourth seed o the number four seed
    D
    1 (de un alfiler, un clavo, una cerilla) head
    2 (de un misil) warhead
    Compuestos:
    atomic warhead
    ● cabeza de biela or émbolo
    main bearing, big end ( BrE)
    warhead
    nuclear warhead
    E ( Audio, Vídeo) head
    Compuestos:
    write head
    recording head
    playback head
    playback head
    F (de plátanos) hand, bunch
    Compuesto:
    bulb of garlic
    G (de un camión) tractor unit
    * * *

     

    cabeza sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) (Anat) head;

    ◊ de la cabeza a los pies from head to toe o foot;

    me duele la cabeza I've got a headache;
    marcó de cabeza he scored with a header;
    pararse en la or de cabeza (AmL) to do a headstand;
    cabeza rapada skinhead
    b) ( medida) head;


    c) ( pelo) hair;




    ¡qué poca cabeza! have you/has he no sense?
    e) ( mente):

    ◊ ¡que cabeza la mía! what a memory!;

    tú estás mal de la cabeza you're out of your mind;
    se me ha ido de la cabeza it's gone right out of my head;
    se le ha metido en la cabeza que … she's got it into her head that …;
    no se me pasó por la cabeza it didn't cross my mind;
    cabeza de chorlito sustantivo masculino y femenino (fam) scatterbrain (colloq);
    írsele a algn la cabeza to feel dizzy;
    levantar cabeza (fam) ( superar problemas) to get back on one's feet;
    perder la cabeza: no perdamos la cabeza let's not panic o lose our heads;
    perdió la cabeza por esa mujer he lost his head over that woman;
    quitarle a algn algo de la cabeza to get sth out of sb's head;
    romperse la cabeza (fam) ( preocuparse) to rack one's brains;

    ( lastimarse) to break one's neck (colloq);

    tener la cabeza llena de pájaros (fam) to have one's head in the clouds
    2
    a) ( individuo):




    3 (primer lugar, delantera):

    a la cabeza de la manifestación at the front o head of the demonstration;
    el equipo va en cabeza de la clasificación the team is at the top of the division;
    cabeza de familia head of the family;
    cabeza de serie seed
    4
    a) (de alfiler, clavo, fósforo) head


    5 (Audio, Video) head
    6 ( de plátanos) hand, bunch;

    cabeza sustantivo femenino
    1 head: le dolía la cabeza, she had a headache
    2 (sentido común) sense
    3 (mente) mind, head: no se me pasó por la cabeza it didn't even occur to me
    no puedo quitármelo de la cabeza, I can't get it out of my mind
    me vino a la cabeza la idea, the idea sprang to my mind
    4 (habilidad) no tiene cabeza para los negocios, he hasn't got a good head for business
    5 (cabellera) hair: se lavó la cabeza, he washed his hair
    6 (responsable, líder) es la cabeza pensante de la banda, he's the brains behind the gang
    la cabeza de la Iglesia Anglicana, the head of the Anglican Church
    cabeza de familia, head of the family 7 cabeza de ajo, bulb of garlic
    8 familiar cabeza de chorlito, scatterbrain, featherhead
    cabeza dura, stubborn o obstinate person
    cabeza de turco, scapegoat
    cabeza rapada, skinhead
    Dep cabeza de serie, heat, seed: jugará contra el cabeza de serie número 2, she's going to play against the second seed
    9 cabeza de ganado, head of cattle
    ♦ Locuciones: a la cabeza de, at the front o top of
    con la cabeza alta, with one's head held high: puedes decirlo con la cabeza bien alta, you can say it with your head held high
    de cabeza, (de lleno) completely
    (en natación) se tiró de cabeza a la piscina, he dived headfirst into the pool
    Dep metió un gol de cabeza, he headed a goal
    en cabeza, in the lead
    estar mal/tocado de la cabeza, to be a mental case
    perder la cabeza, to lose one's temper
    rodar cabezas: si baja la cotización, van a rodar cabezas, if the share price goes down heads will roll
    romperse la cabeza, to rack one's brains
    traer a alguien de cabeza, to drive sb mad
    por cabeza, per person: debemos poner cinco mil pesetas por cabeza, we should charge five thousand pesetas per head
    sentar la cabeza: ya tienes edad de sentar la cabeza, it's about time you settled down
    ' cabeza' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acéfala
    - acéfalo
    - ajo
    - asentir
    - bajar
    - brecha
    - cabecear
    - caber
    - cabezazo
    - cabezón
    - cabezona
    - cabezudo
    - calentar
    - calentarse
    - cantidad
    - casco
    - chorlito
    - coco
    - dar
    - descolgarse
    - descontar
    - desgraciada
    - desgraciado
    - entrar
    - escalabrar
    - escarmentar
    - gacha
    - gacho
    - girar
    - hueca
    - hueco
    - inclinar
    - infernal
    - jaqueca
    - ladear
    - matar
    - melón
    - mover
    - negación
    - pájaro
    - pañuelo
    - pie
    - por
    - quebradero
    - reclinar
    - remate
    - reposar
    - romperse
    - rondar
    - sacar
    English:
    above
    - ache
    - aching
    - ahead
    - bad
    - balance
    - bang
    - bare
    - bash
    - bash in
    - bend
    - bonk
    - bow
    - bump
    - catch up
    - clear
    - cock
    - crack
    - crush
    - crushing
    - dive
    - dizzy
    - excruciating
    - giddy
    - grave
    - hair
    - hammer
    - hang
    - head
    - head-first
    - headache
    - headroom
    - hit
    - hold
    - idea
    - incline
    - keep down
    - knock
    - lead
    - lift
    - look round
    - lose
    - mind
    - monstrous
    - nod
    - nut
    - one-track
    - overhead
    - pat
    - per capita
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [de persona, animal] head;
    me duele la cabeza I've got a headache;
    bajar o [m5] doblar la cabeza to bow one's head;
    de cabeza [en fútbol] with a header;
    marcó de cabeza he scored with his head o with a header, he headed a goal;
    tirarse de cabeza (al agua) to dive (into the water);
    se tiró de cabeza a la piscina she dived into the pool;
    Am
    en cabeza [sin sombrero] bareheaded;
    le lleva una cabeza a su madre she's a head taller than her mother;
    Fam
    le abrieron la cabeza de un ladrillazo they split his skull with a brick;
    lavarse la cabeza to wash one's hair;
    Fam
    alzar o [m5] levantar cabeza to get back on one's feet, to recover;
    desde que perdieron la final, no han conseguido alzar o [m5] levantar cabeza they still haven't recovered from losing the final, they still haven't managed to pick themselves up after losing the final;
    no hay manera de que alce o [m5] levante cabeza it's hard to see her recovering o getting over it;
    ¡si tu padre levantara la cabeza…! your father would turn in his grave…!;
    Fam
    calentar o [m5] hinchar la cabeza a alguien to drive sb mad;
    no te calientes más la cabeza, no hay nada que hacer stop getting worked up o Br het up about it, there's nothing we can do;
    con la cabeza (bien) alta with one's head held high;
    Fam
    la cabeza me da vueltas my head's spinning;
    darse de cabeza en la pared: se dio de cabeza en la pared por haber actuado tan torpemente she kicked herself for behaving so stupidly;
    Fam
    se me va la cabeza [me mareo] I feel dizzy;
    RP Fam
    jugarse la cabeza to be absolutely sure;
    ¿te parece que al final se van a casar? – ¡me juego la cabeza! do you think that they'll end up getting married? – you can bet on it!;
    me juego la cabeza que hoy gana Nacional I'll give you any odds Nacional wins today;
    meter la cabeza to get one's foot in the door;
    meterse de cabeza en algo to plunge into sth;
    Fam
    tengo la cabeza como un bombo my head is throbbing;
    Fam
    me estás poniendo la cabeza como un bombo con tantas preguntas estúpidas you're making my head spin o hurt with all those stupid questions;
    Fam
    rodar cabezas: si no se producen resultados, rodarán cabezas if things don't get better, heads will roll;
    Fam
    romperse o [m5] quebrarse la cabeza to Br rack o US cudgel one's brains;
    le amenazó con romperle la cabeza he threatened to smash her head in o to bash her brains in;
    sacar la cabeza [aparecer] to show one's face;
    [atreverse] to speak up; Fam
    subirse a la cabeza: se le subió a la cabeza it went to his head;
    el vino se le subió a la cabeza the wine went to her head;
    se le ha subido a la cabeza el ascenso his promotion has gone to his head;
    Fam
    tener la cabeza a pájaros o [m5] llena de pájaros to have one's head in the clouds;
    Fam Fam
    tenía la cabeza en otra parte my mind was wandering, my thoughts were elsewhere;
    Fam
    tener la cabeza en su sitio o [m5] bien puesta to have a sound head on one's shoulders, to have one's head screwed on (properly);
    volver la cabeza [negar el saludo] to turn away;
    más vale ser cabeza de ratón que cola de león it's better to reign in Hell than to serve in Heaven
    Culin cabeza de jabalí Br brawn, US headcheese
    2. [mente]
    tiene buena cabeza para los números she has a (good) head for numbers;
    Fam
    andar o [m5]estar mal de la cabeza, RP [m5] estar de la cabeza to be funny in the head;
    no me cabe en la cabeza I simply can't understand it;
    no me cabe en la cabeza que haya sido él I can't believe it was him;
    írsele a alguien de la cabeza: se me ha ido completamente de la cabeza it's gone clean out of my mind o head;
    no consigo que el accidente se me vaya de la cabeza I can't get the accident out of my mind;
    meter algo en la cabeza a alguien to get sth into sb's head;
    métete en la cabeza que no vas a poder ir get it into your head that you're not going to be able to go;
    se le ha metido en la cabeza que… he has got it into his head that…;
    se me pasó por la cabeza it crossed my mind;
    venir a la cabeza to come to mind;
    ahora no me viene a la cabeza I can't think of it right now;
    me he olvidado, ¡qué mala cabeza tengo! how silly of me to forget!
    tener mucha cabeza to have brains
    3. [juicio] sense;
    tener poca cabeza to have no sense;
    obrar con cabeza to use one's head;
    tener mala cabeza to act foolishly;
    perder la cabeza to lose one's head;
    Pedro ha perdido la cabeza por esa chica Pedro has lost his head over that girl;
    ¿has perdido la cabeza o qué? are you out of your mind?
    4. [posición] front, head;
    cabeza abajo upside down;
    cabeza arriba the right way up;
    a la o [m5] en cabeza [en competición] in front, in the lead;
    [en lista] at the top o head;
    el equipo francés está a la cabeza de la clasificación the French team is top of the league;
    está situado en (la) cabeza del pelotón he's at the front of the pack, he's amongst the leaders of the pack;
    a la cabeza de [delante de] at the head of;
    [al cargo de] in charge of;
    estar a la cabeza de la empresa to run the company;
    Juan está a la cabeza de la expedición Juan is the leader of the expedition;
    la cabeza visible del movimiento the public face of the movement
    cabeza de mina coalface; Mil cabeza de playa beachhead; Mil & Fig cabeza de puente bridgehead;
    5. [de clavo, alfiler, fémur, cometa] head
    cabeza de ajo head of garlic;
    cabeza atómica nuclear warhead;
    Aut cabeza de biela big end; Informát & TV cabeza de borrado erase head;
    cabeza buscadora [en misil] homing device;
    cabeza grabadora [en vídeo, casete] recording head;
    cabeza lectora [en vídeo, casete] (read) head;
    Informát cabeza lectora-grabadora read-write head;
    cabeza magnética magnetic head;
    cabeza nuclear nuclear warhead;
    cabeza reproductora [en vídeo, casete] (playback) head
    6. [animal cuadrúpedo]
    cabeza (de ganado) head (of cattle)
    7.
    por cabeza [persona] per head;
    costará 500 por cabeza it will cost 500 per head;
    pagamos diez euros por cabeza we paid ten euros each
    8. [población] cabeza de partido Br ≈ county town, US ≈ county seat
    9. Comp
    Esp Fam
    andar o [m5] ir de cabeza [muy atareado] to be snowed under;
    esta semana voy de cabeza y no he tenido tiempo de llamar a nadie I'm really snowed under this week and I haven't had time to call anyone;
    Esp
    escarmentar en cabeza ajena to learn from another's mistakes;
    RP
    darle por la cabeza a alguien to really lay o slang into sb;
    Fam
    ir de cabeza a to head straight for;
    Esp Fam
    ir de cabeza con alguien [enamorado] to be head over heels in love with sb;
    Esp Fam
    llevar a alguien de cabeza: los hijos la llevan de cabeza the children drive her up the wall;
    Fam
    sentar la cabeza to settle down;
    Fam
    (estar) tocado de la cabeza (to be) touched;
    Esp Fam
    traer de cabeza a alguien to drive sb mad
    ♦ nmf
    Fam cabeza de chorlito [despistado] scatterbrain; [estúpido] airhead; Fam cabeza cuadrada:
    es un cabeza cuadrada he's got his ideas and he won't listen to anyone else;
    Fam cabeza dura:
    es un cabeza dura he's got his ideas and he won't listen to anyone else;
    cabeza de familia head of the family;
    Fam cabeza hueca airhead; Pol cabeza de lista = person who heads a party's list of candidates;
    va como cabeza de lista por Salamanca he's the head of the party list for Salamanca;
    Fam cabeza loca airhead; RP cabeza de novia airhead;
    cabeza pensante: [m5] las cabezas pensantes de la derecha venezolana the policy-makers of the Venezuelan right;
    las cabezas pensantes de la organización the brains behind the organization;
    cabeza rapada skinhead;
    Dep cabeza de serie seed;
    el primer cabeza de serie se enfrenta al segundo the top o number one seed will play the second o number two seed;
    cabeza de turco scapegoat
    * * *
    I f
    1 ANAT head;
    no estar bien de la cabeza fam not be right in the head fam ;
    írsele la cabeza feel giddy o dizzy;
    con la cabeza alta with one’s head held high;
    subírsele a alguien a la cabeza fig go to s.o.’s head;
    llevarse las manos a la cabeza fig throw one’s hands up (in the air);
    ir de cabeza be snowed under;
    sentar la cabeza settle down;
    no levantar cabeza fig be knocked sideways;
    tras la derrota, el equipo no consiguió levantar cabeza the team was knocked sideways by the defeat
    2 ( razón)
    :
    perder la cabeza fig lose one’s head;
    traer a alguien de cabeza drive s.o. crazy;
    3 ( memoria)
    :
    tener mala cabeza have a bad memory
    :
    se me viene a la cabeza … it occurs to me …;
    meterse algo en la cabeza get sth into one’s head;
    quitarse algo de la cabeza get sth out of one’s head;
    calentarle la cabeza a alguien fig fill s.o.’s head with ideas;
    calentarse la cabeza get worked up;
    mantener la cabeza fría keep a cool head;
    romperse la cabeza fig rack one’s brains
    5 ( persona)
    :
    por cabeza per head, per person
    6
    :
    en cabeza the team at the top;
    estar a la cabeza be out in front, be the leader
    II m/f de familia, grupo head
    * * *
    cabeza nf
    1) : head
    2)
    cabeza hueca : scatterbrain
    3)
    de cabeza : head first
    4)
    dolor de cabeza : headache
    * * *
    1. (en general) head
    2. (seso) intelligence
    3. (memoria) memory
    ir a la cabeza / ir en cabeza to be at the top / to lead [pt. & pp. led]
    perder la cabeza to lose your head [pt. & pp. lost]
    de cabeza headlong / headfirst
    por cabeza a head / per head

    Spanish-English dictionary > cabeza

  • 8 clasificación

    f.
    1 classification, bracket, sorting, categorization.
    2 classified results.
    3 league table, placing in league rank, placing.
    4 classification, break-down, grading.
    * * *
    1 (gen) classification
    2 (distribución) sorting, filing
    3 DEPORTE league, table
    4 (de discos) top twenty, hit parade
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=categorización) classification
    2) (=ordenación) [de documentos] classification; (Inform, Correos) sorting
    3) (Náut) rating
    4) [en torneo] qualification
    5) (=lista) table, league
    * * *
    1) (de documentos, libros) classification; ( de cartas) sorting
    2) ( de película -acción) classification; (- certificado)

    ¿qué clasificación (moral) tiene? — what certificate has it got?

    3) (de elemento, animal, planta) classification
    4) (Dep)
    a) ( para una etapa posterior) qualification
    b) ( tabla) placings (pl); ( puesto) position, place
    * * *
    = classification, map, mapping, ranking, sorting, subject cataloguing, rank order, league table, sift, scoreboard, scorecard, grading, leader board.
    Ex. Classification, then, is the grouping of like objects.
    Ex. A detailed study of a co-citation map, its core documents' citation patterns and the related journal structures, is presented.
    Ex. Recently, proponents of co-citation cluster analysis have claimed that in principle their methodology makes possible the mapping of science using the data in the Science Citation Index.
    Ex. Those documents with sufficiently high rankings will be deemed relevant and eventually retrieved.
    Ex. Storage medium and associated equipment (for example, sorting and punching devices, cards, magnetic tape) tends to be cheaper than the term record index equivalent.
    Ex. This facility enables descriptive and subject cataloguing to be done by two different people.
    Ex. This is an interesting reversal of the rank order of countries for both stock held and expenditure per head of population.
    Ex. In addition to producing these 'league tables' of microcomputer applications, Burton also indicated the applications software that libraries were using.
    Ex. The method of work agreed was that the chairperson would make a first sift of proposals and divide them into two groups.
    Ex. Evaluation the research is through 4 strategies: a simple scoreboard; scoreboard plus other details such as references; scoreboard with the minimal critera of, e.g., sample size and statistical procedures used; examination of actual material.
    Ex. After a year's rapid development of portals by major search engines, adding such things as scorecards, news headlines or links to other services, search engine developers are now turning to personalization as a way of holding their users.
    Ex. It is interesting that, in this case, socio-economic grading was a better social discriminator than was terminal educational age.
    Ex. Since its launch, the project has been plagued by a small number of people cheating to elevate their ranking in the leader boards.
    ----
    * clasificación abreviada = abridged classification.
    * clasificación analítico-sintética = analytico-synthetic classification.
    * clasificación automática = automatic classification.
    * clasificación bibliográfica = bibliographic classification, library classification.
    * Clasificación Bibliográfica (BC) = Bibliographic Classification (BC).
    * clasificación cruzada = cross-classification.
    * Clasificación Decimal de Dewey (DDC o DC) = Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC o DC).
    * Clasificación Decimal, la = Decimal Classification, the.
    * Clasificación Decimal Universal (CDU) = UDC (Universal Decimal Classification).
    * clasificación de Dewey, la = Dewey scheme, the.
    * clasificación de la literatura narrativa = fiction classification.
    * clasificación del correo = mail sorting.
    * clasificación del suelo = zoning.
    * Clasificación de Ranganathan = Colon Classification (CC), Colon Classification Scheme.
    * clasificación enumerativa = enumerative classification.
    * clasificación específica = close classification, specific classification.
    * clasificación facetada = faceted classification.
    * clasificación general = broad classification, broad classification.
    * Clasificación Industrial General de las Actividades Económicas (NACE) = General Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (NACE).
    * clasificación monojerárquica = monohierarchical classification.
    * clasificación por antigüedad = seniority ranking.
    * clasificación por materia = subject classification.
    * clasificación por pertinencia = relevance ranking.
    * clasificación unidimensional = monodimensional classification.
    * de clasificación = classificatory indicator, classificatory.
    * dispositivo de clasificación = sorting device.
    * Grupo de Investigación sobre la Clasificación (CRG) = Classification Research Group (CRG).
    * indicador de clasificación = classificatory indicator.
    * LCCN (Notación de la Clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso) = LCCN (Library of Congress Classification Number).
    * número de clasificación = class mark [classmark], class number, classification number, rank number.
    * ocupar un lugar en una clasificación = rank.
    * paquete de clasificación = sort package.
    * sistema de clasificación = classification scheme, scheme, classification system, classification schedules, grading system.
    * sistema de clasificación analítico = analytical classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación de Bliss = Bliss classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación decimal = decimal classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso = LCC (Library of Congress Classification).
    * sistema de clasificación dicotomizado = dichotomized classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación enciclopédica = general classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación enumerativo = enumerative classification scheme, enumerative scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación especializado = special classification scheme, special scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación facetado = faceted classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación general = general scheme, general classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación jerárquico = hierarchical classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación lineal = linear classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación multidimensional = multidimensional classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación por disciplinas = discipline-oriented scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación sintético = synthetic classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación universal = universal classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación verbal = verbal classification system.
    * tabla de clasificación = classification schedule.
    * * *
    1) (de documentos, libros) classification; ( de cartas) sorting
    2) ( de película -acción) classification; (- certificado)

    ¿qué clasificación (moral) tiene? — what certificate has it got?

    3) (de elemento, animal, planta) classification
    4) (Dep)
    a) ( para una etapa posterior) qualification
    b) ( tabla) placings (pl); ( puesto) position, place
    * * *
    = classification, map, mapping, ranking, sorting, subject cataloguing, rank order, league table, sift, scoreboard, scorecard, grading, leader board.

    Ex: Classification, then, is the grouping of like objects.

    Ex: A detailed study of a co-citation map, its core documents' citation patterns and the related journal structures, is presented.
    Ex: Recently, proponents of co-citation cluster analysis have claimed that in principle their methodology makes possible the mapping of science using the data in the Science Citation Index.
    Ex: Those documents with sufficiently high rankings will be deemed relevant and eventually retrieved.
    Ex: Storage medium and associated equipment (for example, sorting and punching devices, cards, magnetic tape) tends to be cheaper than the term record index equivalent.
    Ex: This facility enables descriptive and subject cataloguing to be done by two different people.
    Ex: This is an interesting reversal of the rank order of countries for both stock held and expenditure per head of population.
    Ex: In addition to producing these 'league tables' of microcomputer applications, Burton also indicated the applications software that libraries were using.
    Ex: The method of work agreed was that the chairperson would make a first sift of proposals and divide them into two groups.
    Ex: Evaluation the research is through 4 strategies: a simple scoreboard; scoreboard plus other details such as references; scoreboard with the minimal critera of, e.g., sample size and statistical procedures used; examination of actual material.
    Ex: After a year's rapid development of portals by major search engines, adding such things as scorecards, news headlines or links to other services, search engine developers are now turning to personalization as a way of holding their users.
    Ex: It is interesting that, in this case, socio-economic grading was a better social discriminator than was terminal educational age.
    Ex: Since its launch, the project has been plagued by a small number of people cheating to elevate their ranking in the leader boards.
    * clasificación abreviada = abridged classification.
    * clasificación analítico-sintética = analytico-synthetic classification.
    * clasificación automática = automatic classification.
    * clasificación bibliográfica = bibliographic classification, library classification.
    * Clasificación Bibliográfica (BC) = Bibliographic Classification (BC).
    * clasificación cruzada = cross-classification.
    * Clasificación Decimal de Dewey (DDC o DC) = Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC o DC).
    * Clasificación Decimal, la = Decimal Classification, the.
    * Clasificación Decimal Universal (CDU) = UDC (Universal Decimal Classification).
    * clasificación de Dewey, la = Dewey scheme, the.
    * clasificación de la literatura narrativa = fiction classification.
    * clasificación del correo = mail sorting.
    * clasificación del suelo = zoning.
    * Clasificación de Ranganathan = Colon Classification (CC), Colon Classification Scheme.
    * clasificación enumerativa = enumerative classification.
    * clasificación específica = close classification, specific classification.
    * clasificación facetada = faceted classification.
    * clasificación general = broad classification, broad classification.
    * Clasificación Industrial General de las Actividades Económicas (NACE) = General Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (NACE).
    * clasificación monojerárquica = monohierarchical classification.
    * clasificación por antigüedad = seniority ranking.
    * clasificación por materia = subject classification.
    * clasificación por pertinencia = relevance ranking.
    * clasificación unidimensional = monodimensional classification.
    * de clasificación = classificatory indicator, classificatory.
    * dispositivo de clasificación = sorting device.
    * Grupo de Investigación sobre la Clasificación (CRG) = Classification Research Group (CRG).
    * indicador de clasificación = classificatory indicator.
    * LCCN (Notación de la Clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso) = LCCN (Library of Congress Classification Number).
    * número de clasificación = class mark [classmark], class number, classification number, rank number.
    * ocupar un lugar en una clasificación = rank.
    * paquete de clasificación = sort package.
    * sistema de clasificación = classification scheme, scheme, classification system, classification schedules, grading system.
    * sistema de clasificación analítico = analytical classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación de Bliss = Bliss classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación decimal = decimal classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso = LCC (Library of Congress Classification).
    * sistema de clasificación dicotomizado = dichotomized classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación enciclopédica = general classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación enumerativo = enumerative classification scheme, enumerative scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación especializado = special classification scheme, special scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación facetado = faceted classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación general = general scheme, general classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación jerárquico = hierarchical classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación lineal = linear classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación multidimensional = multidimensional classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación por disciplinas = discipline-oriented scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación sintético = synthetic classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación universal = universal classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación verbal = verbal classification system.
    * tabla de clasificación = classification schedule.

    * * *
    A (de documentos, libros) classification; (de cartas) sorting
    el ordenador que hace la clasificación del correo the computer that sorts the mail
    B (de una película — acción) classification
    (— certificado): ¿qué clasificación (moral) tiene? what certificate has it got?
    C (de un elemento, una planta) classification
    D ( Dep)
    peligra nuestra clasificación para la final we are in danger of not making o of not qualifying for the final
    esta victoria le supone la clasificación para la fase final this victory means that he will go through to o has qualified for the finals
    2 (tabla) placings (pl); (puesto) position, place
    quinto en la clasificación final del rally fifth in the final placings for the rally
    * * *

    clasificación sustantivo femenino
    1 (de documentos, animales, plantas) classification;
    ( de cartas) sorting
    2 ( de película) certificate
    3


    b) ( tabla) placings (pl);

    ( puesto) position, place;

    clasificación sustantivo femenino
    1 classification
    2 Dep (lista) table: es el tercero en la clasificación mundial, he's ranked third in the world
    (acción) qualification: la atleta española no ha conseguido su clasificación, the Spanish athlete has not qualified
    ' clasificación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    encabezar
    - escala
    - juvenil
    - cabeza
    - descender
    - escalar
    - fase
    - frente
    - ocupar
    - prueba
    - puesto
    English:
    classification
    - filing
    - rating
    - table
    - preliminary
    - qualification
    * * *
    1. [ordenación] classification
    Econ clasificación de solvencia credit rating
    2. [de animal, planta] classification
    3. [de película] classification
    4. Dep [lista] [en liga] (league) Br table o US standings;
    [en carrera, torneo] classification;
    encabezar la clasificación [en liga] to be at the top of the league;
    [en carrera, torneo] to lead the classification clasificación combinada combined event;
    clasificación por equipos team classification;
    clasificación general (general) classification;
    clasificación de la regularidad points classification
    5. Dep [para competición] qualification;
    no consiguieron lograr la clasificación para las semifinales they didn't manage to qualify for the semifinals
    * * *
    f
    1 DEP en competición qualification
    2 de liga league table
    3
    :
    * * *
    1) : classification, sorting out
    2) : rating
    3) calificación: qualification (in competitions)
    * * *
    1. (en general) classification
    2. (en deporte acción) qualifying
    ¿quién es el líder de la clasificación de primera? who is top of the first division?

    Spanish-English dictionary > clasificación

  • 9 δημαγωγούσ'

    δημαγωγοῦσα, δημαγωγέω
    to be a leader of the people: pres part act fem nom /voc sg (attic epic doric)
    δημαγωγοῦσι, δημαγωγέω
    to be a leader of the people: pres part act masc /neut dat pl (attic epic doric)
    δημαγωγοῦσι, δημαγωγέω
    to be a leader of the people: pres ind act 3rd pl (attic epic doric)
    δημαγωγοῦσαι, δημαγωγέω
    to be a leader of the people: pres part act fem nom /voc pl (attic epic doric)

    Morphologia Graeca > δημαγωγούσ'

  • 10 δημαγωγοῦσ'

    δημαγωγοῦσα, δημαγωγέω
    to be a leader of the people: pres part act fem nom /voc sg (attic epic doric)
    δημαγωγοῦσι, δημαγωγέω
    to be a leader of the people: pres part act masc /neut dat pl (attic epic doric)
    δημαγωγοῦσι, δημαγωγέω
    to be a leader of the people: pres ind act 3rd pl (attic epic doric)
    δημαγωγοῦσαι, δημαγωγέω
    to be a leader of the people: pres part act fem nom /voc pl (attic epic doric)

    Morphologia Graeca > δημαγωγοῦσ'

  • 11 Leithammel

    m
    1. Tier: bellwether
    2. umg., fig. (Führer) leader of the pack, boss figure, alpha male etc.; manche Leute brauchen immer einen Leithammel some people always have to play follow-my-leader
    * * *
    der Leithammel
    bellwether
    * * *
    Leit|ham|mel
    m
    bellwether; (fig inf) leader, bellwether (liter)
    * * *
    Leit·ham·mel
    m (fam) bellwether fig
    * * *
    der (abwertend): (Führer) leader [of the herd]; boss-figure
    * * *
    1. Tier: bellwether
    2. umg, fig (Führer) leader of the pack, boss figure, alpha male etc;
    manche Leute brauchen immer einen Leithammel some people always have to play follow-my-leader
    * * *
    der (abwertend): (Führer) leader [of the herd]; boss-figure
    * * *
    m.
    bellwether n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Leithammel

  • 12 responsable

    c black responsable [ʀεspɔ̃sabl]
    1. adjective
    • civilement/pénalement responsable liable in civil/criminal law
    2. masculine noun, feminine noun
       a. ( = coupable) person responsible
       b. ( = personne compétente) person in charge
    c black   c. ( = dirigeant) official
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ✎ Le mot anglais s'écrit avec un i et non un a.
    * * *
    ʀɛspɔ̃sabl
    1.
    1) ( coupable) [personne, défaillance, erreur] responsible (après n) ( de quelque chose for something)
    2) ( devant répondre de ses actes) responsible, accountable ( de quelque chose for something); ( légalement) responsible, liable ( de quelque chose for something)

    être responsable de quelque chose/quelqu'un — to be responsible for something/somebody, to be in charge of something/somebody

    4) ( raisonnable) [personne, attitude, acte] responsible

    un vote/rapport responsable — a sensible vote/report


    2.
    1) ( personne en charge) gén person in charge; (gérant, directeur) manager; ( chef de parti) leader; ( chef de service) head; ( administrateur) official

    les responsables de la catastrophe — the people responsible ou to blame for the catastrophe

    3) ( cause)

    le grand responsable c'est le tabac/le manque d'amour — smoking/lack of love is the main cause

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    ʀɛspɔ̃sabl
    1. adj
    1) (moralement) responsible

    responsable de [dégâts, crimes] — liable for

    3)

    responsable de (= chargé de) — in charge of, responsible for

    2. nmf
    1) [ravitaillement, sécurité] person in charge

    Je voudrais parler au responsable. — I'd like to speak to the person in charge.

    2) [parti, syndicat] official
    3) (= coupable)

    Il faut punir les responsables. — Those responsible must be punished.

    * * *
    A adj
    1 ( coupable) [personne, défaillance, erreur] responsible ( après n) (de qch for sth); il est responsable de l'incendie he's responsible for the fire; l'alcool est responsable de nombreux accidents alcohol is responsible ou is to blame for many accidents;
    2 ( devant répondre de ses actes) responsible, accountable (de qch for sth); ( légalement) responsible, liable (de qch for sth); être responsable de ses actes to be responsible for one's actions; on est responsable de ce que l'on dit/écrit you are responsible for what you say/write;
    3 ( ayant la charge) être responsable de qch/qn to be responsible for sth/sb, to be in charge of sth/sb; je suis responsable du magasin I am responsible for the shop GB ou store US; qui est la personne responsable ici? who is in charge here?;
    4 ( raisonnable) [personne, attitude, acte] responsible; être très responsable to be very responsible; un vote/rapport responsable a sensible vote/report.
    B nmf
    1 ( personne en charge) gén person in charge; (gérant, directeur) manager; ( chef de parti) leader; ( chef de service) head; ( administrateur) official; je voudrais parler au responsable I'd like to talk to the person in charge; selon un responsable politique according to a political leader; M. Doucet, responsable d'une petite entreprise Mr Doucet, the manager of a small company; plusieurs responsables communistes/catholiques several communist/catholic leaders; un haut responsable de la Banque Mondiale a high-ranking official at the World Bank; des responsables de la police senior police officers;
    2 ( personne coupable) les responsables de la catastrophe the people responsible ou to blame for the catastrophe; les responsables seront punis those responsible ou those who are to blame will be punished; c'est lui le responsable he is responsible ou to blame;
    3 ( cause) le grand responsable c'est le tabac/le manque d'amour smoking/lack of love is the main cause.
    le responsable de classe form representative (elected by the pupils to represent them).
    [rɛspɔ̃sabl] adjectif
    1. [garant de]
    2. [chargé de]
    responsable de in charge of, responsible for
    3. responsable de [à l'origine de]: l'abus des graisses animales est largement responsable des affections cardiaques the main contributing factor to heart disease is over-consumption of animal fats
    5. [réfléchi] responsible
    ————————
    [rɛspɔ̃sabl] nom masculin et féminin
    1. [coupable]
    le responsable, la responsable the person responsible ou to blame
    2. [dirigeant - politique] leader ; [ - administratif] person in charge

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > responsable

  • 13 Kopf

    m; -(e)s, Köpfe
    1. head (auch von Sachen und TECH.); (Briefkopf) letterhead; einer Seite etc.: top; einer Pfeife: bowl; Kopf an Kopf closely packed; beim Rennen etc.: neck and neck; Kopf stehen stand on one’s head; FLUG. nose over; umg., fig. go mad (bes. Am. crazy) ( wegen over); es steht auf dem Kopf it’s upside down; etw. auf den Kopf stellen turn s.th. upside down; die Bude auf den Kopf stellen umg. (durchsuchen, in Unordnung bringen) turn the place upside down; (ausgelassen feiern) have a wild fling; die Tatsachen auf den Kopf stellen turn the facts on their head, twist things ( oder the facts); und wenn du dich auf den Kopf stellst umg. you can do what you like, you can talk until you’re blue in the face; von Kopf bis Fuß from head to foot, from top to toe; den Kopf hängen lassen hang one’s head; den Kopf oben behalten umg. keep one’s chin (Brit. auch pecker) up; Kopf hoch! umg. chin up!; einen dicken oder schweren Kopf haben umg. have a headache; umg. have a thick head; vom Alkohol: have a hangover; einen roten Kopf bekommen go red, blush; jemandem den Kopf waschen wash s.o.’s hair; umg., fig. give s.o. a piece of one’s mind; Fisch 1
    2. (Sinn, Verstand, Urteil) head, mind; (Willen) head; (Gedächtnis) memory; aus dem Kopf aufsagen: from memory, by heart; im Kopf ausrechnen work out in one’s head; ich habe andere Dinge im Kopf I’ve got other things on my mind ( oder to think about); er hat nur Fußball im Kopf all he ever thinks about is football; er ist nicht ganz richtig im Kopf umg. he’s got a screw loose; wo hatte ich nur meinen Kopf? what was I thinking of?; den Kopf voll haben have a lot ( oder too much) on one’s mind; das kannst du dir aus dem Kopf schlagen you can forget (about) that; das will mir nicht aus dem Kopf I can’t get it out of my mind; das hältste ja im Kopf nicht aus umg. it’s enough to drive you (a)round the bend; sich (Dat) etw. durch den Kopf gehen lassen think s.th. over; jemandem im Kopf herumgehen go (a)round and (a)round in s.o.’s mind; er hat es sich in den Kopf gesetzt, es zu tun he’s determined to do it; umg. he’s dead set on doing it; geht das nicht in deinen Kopf? can’t you get that into your head?; jemandem in den Kopf oder zu Kopf steigen go to s.o.’s head; sich (Dat) den Kopf zerbrechen rack one’s brains; seinen eigenen Kopf haben have a mind of one’s own; es kann nicht immer alles nach deinem Kopf gehen you can’t get your own way all of the time; mir steht der Kopf nicht danach I don’t really feel like it; einen kühlen Kopf bewahren keep a cool head; (nicht zornig werden) keep one’s cool umg.
    3. fig. (Geist, Denker) (great) thinker; (Führer) head, leader; (treibende Kraft) mastermind, driving force; ein fähiger / kluger Kopf a capable / intelligent person; der Kopf von etw. sein mastermind s.th.
    4. (einzelne Person) person, head; (Stück) piece; pro Kopf a head, per person, each
    5. fig. (Leben) seinen Kopf retten save one’s skin; Kopf und Kragen riskieren risk one’s neck; das wird ihn den Kopf kosten! it’ll cost him his life; das kann den Kopf nicht kosten it can’t cost the earth
    6. sonstige Wendungen: er wird dir schon nicht gleich den Kopf abreißen he won’t bite your head off; den Kopf in den Sand stecken hide one’s head in the sand; den Kopf ( nicht) verlieren (not) lose one’s head; den Kopf aus der Schlinge ziehen wriggle out of it, bes. Am. auch beat the rap umg.; sich (Dat) einen Kopf machen umg. worry; darüber mach ich mir keinen Kopf umg. I’m not going to worry about that; er ist nicht auf den Kopf gefallen umg. he’s no fool; ich weiß nicht, wo mir der Kopf steht umg. I don’t know whether I’m coming or going; jemandem den Kopf verdrehen umg. turn s.o.’s head; jemandem den Kopf zurechtrücken umg. bring s.o. to his ( oder her) senses, sort s.o. out; sein Geld auf den Kopf hauen umg. blow one’s money; immer mit dem Kopf durch die Wand wollen umg. be pigheaded; bis über den Kopf in Schulden stecken be up to one’s neck (umg. eyeballs) in debt; jemandem über den Kopf wachsen umg. outgrow s.o.; Arbeit etc.: get too much for s.o.; über seinen Kopf hinweg over his head, without consulting him; jemanden vor den Kopf stoßen umg. put s.o.’s nose out of joint; jemandem Beleidigungen an den Kopf werfen hurl insults at s.o.; wie vor den Kopf geschlagen speechless; Köpfe werden rollen heads will roll; da fasst man sich doch an den Kopf it really makes you wonder; was man nicht im Kopf hat, muss man in den Beinen haben a short memory makes work for the legs; Kopf oder Zahl? heads or tails?
    7. ein Kopf Salat / Blumenkohl a (head of) lettuce / cauliflower
    * * *
    der Kopf
    head
    * * *
    Kọpf
    * * *
    der
    1) (a clever person: He's one of the best brains in the country.) brain
    2) (the top part of the human body, containing the eyes, mouth, brain etc; the same part of an animal's body: The stone hit him on the head; He scratched his head in amazement.) head
    3) (a person's mind: An idea came into my head last night.) head
    4) (anything that is like a head in shape or position: the head of a pin; The boy knocked the heads off the flowers.) head
    * * *
    <-[e]s, Köpfe>
    [kɔpf, pl ˈkœpfə]
    m
    1. (Haupt) head
    \Kopf runter! duck!
    \Kopf weg! (fam) out the way! fam
    \Kopf an \Kopf shoulder to shoulder; (bei Wettrennen) neck and neck
    bis zu den letzten hundert Metern lagen sie \Kopf an \Kopf they were neck and neck until the last hundred metres
    mit besoffenem \Kopf (sl) pissed out of one's head sl
    bis über den \Kopf above one's head; (fig) up to one's neck [or ears]
    mit bloßem \Kopf bareheaded
    jdm brummt der \Kopf (fam) sb's head is thumping fam
    einen dicken [o schweren] \Kopf haben (fam) to have a sore head fam
    den \Kopf einziehen to lower one's head
    jds \Kopf fordern (a. fig) to demand sb's head a. fig
    wir fordern seinen \Kopf! off with his head!
    von \Kopf bis Fuß from head to foot [or top to toe]
    einen [halben] \Kopf größer/kleiner als jd sein to be [half a] head taller/smaller than sb
    den \Kopf in die Hände stützen to rest one's head in one's hands
    den \Kopf hängen lassen (a. fig) to hang one's head a. fig
    jdn den \Kopf kosten to cost sb their head; (fig) to cost sb their job; (Amt) to cost sb their position; (Karriere) to cost sb their career
    den \Kopf in den Nacken werfen to throw one's head back
    mit dem \Kopf nicken to nod one's head
    einen [ganz] roten \Kopf bekommen to go red in the face; (vor Scham a.) to blush
    den \Kopf schütteln to shake one's head
    jdm schwindelt der \Kopf, jds \Kopf schwindelt sb's head is spinning
    den \Kopf sinken lassen to lower one's head
    auf dem \Kopf stehen to stand on one's head
    jdm über den \Kopf wachsen to grow taller than sb; (fig) to be too much for sb
    sich dat den \Kopf waschen to wash one's hair
    [mit dem] \Kopf voraus [o voran] headfirst, headlong AM
    2. (oberer, vorderer Teil) head; (Briefkopf) [letter]head; einer Pfeife bowl; eines Plattenspielers head
    \Kopf oder Zahl? heads or tails?
    die Blumen lassen schon die Köpfe [o den \Kopf] hängen the flowers are already drooping
    am \Kopf der Tafel sitzen to sit at the head of the table
    auf dem \Kopf stehen to be upside down
    3. HORT head
    ein \Kopf Kohl/Salat a head of cabbage/lettuce
    4. kein pl (Gedanken) head, mind; (Erinnerung) memory
    aus dem \Kopf from memory, by heart
    sie kann das Gedicht aus dem \Kopf hersagen she can recite the poem from memory [or by heart]
    etw geht jdm durch den \Kopf sb is thinking about sth
    mir geht so viel durch den \Kopf! there is so much going through my mind!
    sich dat etw durch den \Kopf gehen lassen to consider sth, to mull sth over
    den \Kopf voll [mit etw dat] haben (fam) to be preoccupied [with sth]
    ich habe den \Kopf so voll, dass ich mich kaum konzentrieren kann I've got so much on my mind I find it difficult to concentrate
    ich habe den \Kopf schon voll genug! I've got enough on my mind!
    im \Kopf in one's head
    etw im \Kopf behalten to keep sth in one's memory
    die Einzelheiten kann ich nicht alle im \Kopf behalten I can't remember all the details
    etw im \Kopf haben (sich erinnern) to have made a mental note of sth; (sich mit etw beschäftigen) to be thinking about sth
    anderes [o andere Dinge] im \Kopf haben to have other things to worry about
    nur [o nichts als] Arbeit/Fußball im \Kopf haben to think of nothing but work/football
    die Melodie im \Kopf haben to remember the tune
    etw im \Kopf rechnen to calculate sth in one's head
    in den Köpfen [der Menschen] spuken to haunt people's thoughts
    diese Vorstellung spukt noch immer in den Köpfen vieler Menschen this idea still haunts many people's thoughts
    jdm kommt etw in den \Kopf sb remembers sth
    mir ist neulich in den \Kopf gekommen, dass... it crossed my mind the other day, that...
    sich dat keinen \Kopf machen (fam) to not worry
    etw schießt jdm durch den \Kopf sth flashes through sb's mind
    jdm schwirrt der \Kopf (fam) sb's head is buzzing
    jdm durch den \Kopf schwirren (fam) to buzz around sb's head
    nicht [o kaum] wissen, wo einem der \Kopf steht (fam) to not know whether one is coming or going fam
    etw will jdm nicht aus dem \Kopf sb can't get sth out of their head
    sich dat [über etw akk] den \Kopf zerbrechen (fam) to rack one's brains [over sth] fam
    5. kein pl (Verstand, Intellekt) mind
    du hast wohl was am \Kopf! (sl) you're not quite right in the head! fam
    ein heller [o kluger] [o schlauer] \Kopf sein (fam) to have a good head on one's shoulders, to be clever
    du bist ein kluger \Kopf! you are a clever boy/girl! fam
    einen klaren \Kopf behalten to keep a clear head
    einen kühlen \Kopf bewahren [o behalten] to keep a cool head
    nicht auf den \Kopf gefallen sein to be no fool
    jdm den \Kopf verdrehen (fam) to turn sb's head
    den \Kopf verlieren (fam) to lose one's head
    jdm den \Kopf zurechtsetzen [o zurechtrücken] (fam) to make sb see sense
    nicht ganz richtig [o klar] im \Kopf sein (fam) to be not quite right in the head fam
    etw im \Kopf nicht aushalten (fam) to not be able to bear sth
    etw geht [o will] jdm nicht in den \Kopf (fam) sb just can't understand sth
    will dir das denn nicht in den \Kopf? can't you get that into your head?
    es im \Kopf haben (fam) to have [got] brains fam
    dafür muss man's im \Kopf haben you need brains for that fam
    6. kein pl (Wille) mind
    seinen \Kopf durchsetzen to get one's way
    nach jds \Kopf gehen to go [or be] the way sb wants
    seinen eigenen \Kopf haben (fam) to have a mind of one's own
    über jds \Kopf hinweg over sb's head
    sich dat etw aus dem \Kopf schlagen to get sth out of one's head
    sich dat in den \Kopf setzen, etw zu tun to get it into one's head to do sth
    sie hat es sich in den \Kopf gesetzt, Schauspielerin zu werden she's got it into her head to become an actress
    jdm steht der \Kopf nicht nach etw dat sb doesn't feel like sth
    7. kein pl (Person) head, person
    eine Belohnung [o Summe] auf jds \Kopf aussetzen to put a price on sb's head
    auf den \Kopf dieses Mörders waren 500 Dollar Belohnung ausgesetzt a reward of $500 had been offered for the murderer's capture
    eine hundert \Kopf starke Gruppe a group of hundred people
    pro \Kopf per head [or form capita
    8. (Führer) leader; (Denker) brains pl, mastermind
    die besten Köpfe arbeiten für uns the best brains are working for us
    ▪ der \Kopf einer S. gen the person behind sth
    9.
    ▶ jdm nicht [gleich] den \Kopf abreißen (fam) to not bite sb's head off fam
    ▶ was man nicht im \Kopf hat, [das] muss man in den Beinen haben (prov) bad memory means a lot of legwork fam
    ▶ sich [gegenseitig] die Köpfe einschlagen (fam) to be at each other's throats fam
    ▶ sich dat an den \Kopf fassen [o greifen] to shake one's head in disbelief fig
    ▶ etw vom \Kopf auf die Füße stellen (fam) to set sth right [or straight]
    ▶ jd ist nicht auf den \Kopf gefallen (fam) sb wasn't born yesterday fig fam
    ▶ wie vor den \Kopf geschlagen sein (fam) to be dumbstruck
    ▶ etw auf den \Kopf hauen (fam) to spend all of sth
    ▶ sich die Köpfe heißreden (fam) to talk oneself into a frenzy
    ▶ jdm auf dem \Kopf herumtanzen (fam) to do as one likes with sb
    ▶ den \Kopf [für jdn/etw] hinhalten (fam) to take the blame [for sb/sth]
    ▶ \Kopf hoch! [keep your] chin up! fig
    ▶ den \Kopf hoch tragen to keep one's head held high
    ▶ sich akk um \Kopf und Kragen reden to talk oneself into trouble
    ▶ \Kopf und Kragen riskieren (Leben, Gesundheit) to risk life and limb; (Existenz, Job) to risk one's neck fig
    ▶ jdn einen \Kopf kürzer machen (sl) to chop sb's head off fig sl
    ▶ sich einen \Kopf [über etw] machen to ponder sth, to not be able to stop thinking about sth
    ▶ den \Kopf oben behalten to keep one's chin up, to not loose heart
    halt den \Kopf oben, Junge (fam) chin up, kid fam
    ▶ jdm raucht der \Kopf (fam) sb's head is spinning
    ▶ Köpfe werden rollen heads will roll
    ▶ den \Kopf in den Sand stecken to bury one's head in the sand fig
    ▶ den \Kopf aus der Schlinge ziehen to dodge danger
    ▶ bis über den \Kopf in Schwierigkeiten stecken to be up to one's neck in problems fam
    ▶ jdm auf den \Kopf spucken können (fam) to be head and shoulders above sb fam
    ▶ sich dat nicht auf den \Kopf spucken lassen (sl) to not let people walk all over one
    ▶ jdm in den \Kopf [o zu Kopf[e]] steigen to go to sb's head
    ▶ etw auf den \Kopf stellen (durchsuchen) to turn sth upside down [or inside out]; (ins Gegenteil verkehren) to turn sth on its head fig
    ▶ du kannst dich auf den \Kopf stellen, [aber]... (fam)
    ▶ und wenn du dich auf den \Kopf stellst,... (fam) you can talk until you're blue in the face, [but]... fam
    ▶ jdn vor den \Kopf stoßen to offend sb
    ▶ jd vergisst noch mal seinen \Kopf (fam) sb would forget their head if it wasn't screwed on fam
    ▶ mit dem \Kopf durch die Wand [rennen] wollen (fam) to be determined to get one's way
    ▶ jdm den \Kopf waschen to give sb a telling-off
    ▶ seinen \Kopf darauf wetten, dass... (fam) to bet one's bottom dollar that... fam
    ▶ jdm etw an den \Kopf werfen [o (fam) schmeißen] to chuck [or sling] sth at sb fam
    jdm Beleidigungen an den \Kopf werfen to hurl insults at sb
    ▶ jdm etw auf den \Kopf zusagen to tell sb sth to their face
    * * *
    der; Kopf[e]s, Köpfe
    1) head

    jemandem den Kopf waschen — wash somebody's hair; (fig. ugs.): (jemanden zurechtweisen) give somebody a good talking-to (sl.); give somebody what for (sl.)

    [um] einen ganzen/halben Kopf größer sein — be a good head/a few inches taller

    sie haben sich die Köpfe heiß geredet — the conversation/debate became heated

    Kopf an Kopf — (im Wettlauf) neck and neck

    den Kopf einziehen — duck; (fig.): (sich einschüchtern lassen) be intimidated

    ich werde/er wird dir nicht gleich den Kopf abreißen — (ugs.) I'm/he's not going to bite your head off

    jemandem schwirrt/raucht der Kopf — somebody's head is spinning

    nicht wissen, wo einem der Kopf steht — not know whether one is coming or going

    einen dicken Kopf haben — (vom Alkohol) have a thick head (coll.) or a hangover

    jemandem od. jemanden den Kopf kosten — cost somebody dearly; (jemanden das Leben kosten) cost somebody his/her life

    den Kopf hinhalten [müssen] — (ugs.) [have to] face the music; [have to] take the blame or (coll.) rap

    den Kopf hoch tragen — hold one's head high

    jemandem den Kopf zurechtrücken — (ugs.) bring somebody to his/her senses

    sich [gegenseitig] die Köpfe einschlagen — be at each other's throats

    sich (Dat.) an den Kopf fassen od. greifen — (ugs.) throw up one's hands in despair

    sein Geld auf den Kopf hauen — (ugs.) blow one's money (coll.)

    etwas auf den Kopf stellen — (ugs.) turn something upside down

    auf dem Kopf stehen — (ugs.) be upside down

    Kopf stehen — stand on one's head; (ugs.): (überrascht sein) be bowled over

    den Ablauf der Ereignisse auf den Kopf stellen — get the order of events completely or entirely wrong

    jemandem auf dem Kopf herumtanzen — (ugs.) treat somebody just as one likes; do what one likes with somebody

    jemandem auf den Kopf spucken können — (salopp scherzh.) be head and shoulders taller than somebody

    er ist nicht auf den Kopf gefallen — (ugs.) there are no flies on him (fig. coll.)

    jemandem in den od. zu Kopf steigen — go to somebody's head

    mit dem Kopf durch die Wand wollen (ugs.) /sich (Dat.) den Kopf einrennen — beat or run one's head against a brick wall

    etwas über jemandes Kopf [hin]weg entscheiden/über jemandes Kopf hinwegreden — decide something/talk over somebody's head

    jemandem über den Kopf wachsen — (ugs.) outgrow somebody; (jemanden überfordern) become too much for somebody

    bis über den Kopf in etwas stecken — (ugs.) be up to one's ears in something

    es geht um Kopf und Kragen — (ugs.) it's a matter of life and death

    sich um Kopf und Kragen reden — (ugs.) risk one's neck with careless talk

    jemanden vor den Kopf stoßen — (ugs.) offend somebody; s. auch Hand 3)

    2) (Person) person

    ein kluger/fähiger Kopf sein — be a clever/able man/woman

    pro Kopf — per head or person

    5) (Verstand) mind; head

    er hat die Zahlen im Kopf — (ugs.) he has the figures in his head

    er hat nur Autos im Kopf — (ugs.) all he ever thinks about is cars

    sie ist nicht ganz richtig im Kopf — (ugs.) she's not quite right in the head

    einen klaren/kühlen Kopf bewahren od. behalten — keep a cool head; keep one's head

    jemandem den Kopf verdrehen — (ugs.) steal somebody's heart [away]

    sich (Dat.) den Kopf zerbrechen — (ugs.) rack one's brains (über + Akk. over); (sich Sorgen machen) worry (über + Akk. about)

    aus dem Kopf — (aus dem Gedächtnis) off the top of one's head

    das geht od. will ihm nicht aus dem Kopf — he can't get it out of his mind

    sich (Dat.) etwas aus dem Kopf schlagen — put something out of one's head

    sich (Dat.) etwas durch den Kopf gehen lassen — think something over

    jemandem im Kopf herumgehen — (ugs.) go round and round in somebody's mind

    jemandem/sich etwas in den Kopf setzen — put something into somebody's head/get something into one's head

    etwas im Kopf [aus]rechnen — work something out in one's head

    was man nicht im Kopf hat, muss man in den Beinen haben — a short memory makes work for the legs

    jemandem geht od. will etwas nicht in den Kopf [hinein] — (ugs.) somebody can't get something into his/her head

    6) (von Nadeln, Nägeln, Blumen) head; (von Pfeifen) bowl
    7)

    ein Kopf Salat/Blumenkohl/Rotkohl — a lettuce/cauliflower/red cabbage

    8) (oberer Teil) head

    Kopf [oder Zahl?] — heads [or tails?]

    * * *
    Kopf m; -(e)s, Köpfe
    1. head ( auch von Sachen und TECH); (Briefkopf) letterhead; einer Seite etc: top; einer Pfeife: bowl;
    Kopf an Kopf closely packed; beim Rennen etc: neck and neck;
    es steht auf dem Kopf it’s upside down;
    etwas auf den Kopf stellen turn sth upside down;
    die Bude auf den Kopf stellen umg (durchsuchen, in Unordnung bringen) turn the place upside down; (ausgelassen feiern) have a wild fling;
    die Tatsachen auf den Kopf stellen turn the facts on their head, twist things ( oder the facts);
    und wenn du dich auf den Kopf stellst umg you can do what you like, you can talk until you’re blue in the face;
    von Kopf bis Fuß from head to foot, from top to toe;
    den Kopf hängen lassen hang one’s head;
    den Kopf oben behalten umg keep one’s chin (Br auch pecker) up;
    Kopf hoch! umg chin up!;
    schweren Kopf haben umg have a headache; umg have a thick head; vom Alkohol: have a hangover;
    jemandem den Kopf waschen wash sb’s hair; umg, fig give sb a piece of one’s mind; → Fisch 1
    2. (Sinn, Verstand, Urteil) head, mind; (Willen) head; (Gedächtnis) memory;
    aus dem Kopf aufsagen: from memory, by heart;
    im Kopf ausrechnen work out in one’s head;
    ich habe andere Dinge im Kopf I’ve got other things on my mind ( oder to think about);
    er hat nur Fußball im Kopf all he ever thinks about is football;
    er ist nicht ganz richtig im Kopf umg he’s got a screw loose;
    wo hatte ich nur meinen Kopf? what was I thinking of?;
    den Kopf vollhaben have a lot ( oder too much) on one’s mind;
    das kannst du dir aus dem Kopf schlagen you can forget (about) that;
    das will mir nicht aus dem Kopf I can’t get it out of my mind;
    das hältste ja im Kopf nicht aus umg it’s enough to drive you (a)round the bend;
    sich (dat)
    jemandem im Kopf herumgehen go (a)round and (a)round in sb’s mind;
    er hat es sich in den Kopf gesetzt, es zu tun he’s determined to do it; umg he’s dead set on doing it;
    geht das nicht in deinen Kopf? can’t you get that into your head?;
    zu Kopf steigen go to sb’s head;
    sich (dat)
    den Kopf zerbrechen rack one’s brains;
    seinen eigenen Kopf haben have a mind of one’s own;
    es kann nicht immer alles nach deinem Kopf gehen you can’t get your own way all of the time;
    mir steht der Kopf nicht danach I don’t really feel like it;
    einen kühlen Kopf bewahren keep a cool head; (nicht zornig werden) keep one’s cool umg
    3. fig (Geist, Denker) (great) thinker; (Führer) head, leader; (treibende Kraft) mastermind, driving force;
    ein fähiger/kluger Kopf a capable/intelligent person;
    der Kopf von etwas sein mastermind sth
    4. (einzelne Person) person, head; (Stück) piece;
    pro Kopf a head, per person, each
    5. fig (Leben)
    seinen Kopf retten save one’s skin;
    Kopf und Kragen riskieren risk one’s neck;
    das wird ihn den Kopf kosten! it’ll cost him his life;
    das kann den Kopf nicht kosten it can’t cost the earth
    den Kopf in den Sand stecken hide one’s head in the sand;
    den Kopf (nicht) verlieren (not) lose one’s head;
    den Kopf aus der Schlinge ziehen wriggle out of it, besonders US auch beat the rap umg;
    sich (dat)
    einen Kopf machen umg worry;
    darüber mach ich mir keinen Kopf umg I’m not going to worry about that;
    ich weiß nicht, wo mir der Kopf steht umg I don’t know whether I’m coming or going;
    jemandem den Kopf verdrehen umg turn sb’s head;
    jemandem den Kopf zurechtrücken umg bring sb to his ( oder her) senses, sort sb out;
    sein Geld auf den Kopf hauen umg blow one’s money;
    bis über den Kopf in Schulden stecken be up to one’s neck (umg eyeballs) in debt;
    jemandem über den Kopf wachsen umg outgrow sb; Arbeit etc: get too much for sb;
    über seinen Kopf hinweg over his head, without consulting him;
    jemanden vor den Kopf stoßen umg put sb’s nose out of joint;
    Köpfe werden rollen heads will roll;
    da fasst man sich doch an den Kopf it really makes you wonder;
    was man nicht im Kopf hat, muss man in den Beinen haben a short memory makes work for the legs;
    Kopf oder Zahl? heads or tails?
    7.
    ein Kopf Salat/Blumenkohl a (head of) lettuce/cauliflower
    * * *
    der; Kopf[e]s, Köpfe
    1) head

    jemandem den Kopf waschen — wash somebody's hair; (fig. ugs.): (jemanden zurechtweisen) give somebody a good talking-to (sl.); give somebody what for (sl.)

    [um] einen ganzen/halben Kopf größer sein — be a good head/a few inches taller

    sie haben sich die Köpfe heiß geredet — the conversation/debate became heated

    Kopf an Kopf — (im Wettlauf) neck and neck

    den Kopf einziehen — duck; (fig.): (sich einschüchtern lassen) be intimidated

    ich werde/er wird dir nicht gleich den Kopf abreißen — (ugs.) I'm/he's not going to bite your head off

    jemandem schwirrt/raucht der Kopf — somebody's head is spinning

    nicht wissen, wo einem der Kopf steht — not know whether one is coming or going

    einen dicken Kopf haben — (vom Alkohol) have a thick head (coll.) or a hangover

    jemandem od. jemanden den Kopf kosten — cost somebody dearly; (jemanden das Leben kosten) cost somebody his/her life

    den Kopf hinhalten [müssen] — (ugs.) [have to] face the music; [have to] take the blame or (coll.) rap

    jemandem den Kopf zurechtrücken — (ugs.) bring somebody to his/her senses

    sich [gegenseitig] die Köpfe einschlagen — be at each other's throats

    sich (Dat.) an den Kopf fassen od. greifen — (ugs.) throw up one's hands in despair

    sein Geld auf den Kopf hauen — (ugs.) blow one's money (coll.)

    etwas auf den Kopf stellen — (ugs.) turn something upside down

    auf dem Kopf stehen — (ugs.) be upside down

    Kopf stehen — stand on one's head; (ugs.): (überrascht sein) be bowled over

    jemandem auf dem Kopf herumtanzen — (ugs.) treat somebody just as one likes; do what one likes with somebody

    jemandem auf den Kopf spucken können — (salopp scherzh.) be head and shoulders taller than somebody

    er ist nicht auf den Kopf gefallen — (ugs.) there are no flies on him (fig. coll.)

    jemandem in den od. zu Kopf steigen — go to somebody's head

    mit dem Kopf durch die Wand wollen (ugs.) /sich (Dat.) den Kopf einrennen — beat or run one's head against a brick wall

    etwas über jemandes Kopf [hin]weg entscheiden/über jemandes Kopf hinwegreden — decide something/talk over somebody's head

    jemandem über den Kopf wachsen — (ugs.) outgrow somebody; (jemanden überfordern) become too much for somebody

    bis über den Kopf in etwas stecken — (ugs.) be up to one's ears in something

    es geht um Kopf und Kragen — (ugs.) it's a matter of life and death

    sich um Kopf und Kragen reden — (ugs.) risk one's neck with careless talk

    jemanden vor den Kopf stoßen — (ugs.) offend somebody; s. auch Hand 3)

    2) (Person) person

    ein kluger/fähiger Kopf sein — be a clever/able man/woman

    pro Kopf — per head or person

    5) (Verstand) mind; head

    er hat die Zahlen im Kopf — (ugs.) he has the figures in his head

    er hat nur Autos im Kopf — (ugs.) all he ever thinks about is cars

    sie ist nicht ganz richtig im Kopf — (ugs.) she's not quite right in the head

    einen klaren/kühlen Kopf bewahren od. behalten — keep a cool head; keep one's head

    jemandem den Kopf verdrehen — (ugs.) steal somebody's heart [away]

    sich (Dat.) den Kopf zerbrechen — (ugs.) rack one's brains (über + Akk. over); (sich Sorgen machen) worry (über + Akk. about)

    aus dem Kopf — (aus dem Gedächtnis) off the top of one's head

    das geht od. will ihm nicht aus dem Kopf — he can't get it out of his mind

    sich (Dat.) etwas aus dem Kopf schlagen — put something out of one's head

    sich (Dat.) etwas durch den Kopf gehen lassen — think something over

    jemandem im Kopf herumgehen — (ugs.) go round and round in somebody's mind

    jemandem/sich etwas in den Kopf setzen — put something into somebody's head/get something into one's head

    etwas im Kopf [aus]rechnen — work something out in one's head

    was man nicht im Kopf hat, muss man in den Beinen haben — a short memory makes work for the legs

    jemandem geht od. will etwas nicht in den Kopf [hinein] — (ugs.) somebody can't get something into his/her head

    6) (von Nadeln, Nägeln, Blumen) head; (von Pfeifen) bowl
    7)

    ein Kopf Salat/Blumenkohl/Rotkohl — a lettuce/cauliflower/red cabbage

    Kopf [oder Zahl?] — heads [or tails?]

    * * *
    ¨-e m.
    head n.
    heading n.
    pate n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Kopf

  • 14 обществен

    social, of society; public
    обществен строй a social order, an order/a pattern of society
    общественнят ред the public peace
    обществен живот social/public life
    обществен имот, обществена собственост public property
    обществен продукт икон. gross national product
    обществен труд social labour
    обществен дълг a public duty; a social obligation
    обществен контрол public control
    обществен деец a public man/figure/worker
    местен обществен деец a community leader
    обществена личност a public personality
    обществена работа work for the community
    върша обществен а работа do work for the community
    обществена дейност civic activities
    обществена организация a social organization
    обществена застраховка a social security
    обществена сигурност public security
    обществена съвест public conscience
    обществена тайна an open secret
    обществено положение social standing/status, station/status in life, walk of/in life
    обществено мнение public/popular opinion
    обществен презрение/порицание public contempt/censure
    обществено начало a principle of public service
    обществено достояние public knowledge
    правя нещо обществено достояние make s.th. public
    обществено добруване/благополучие public welfare
    обществено съзнание/чувство public spirit (edness), civic sense
    с обществено съзнание/чувство public-spirited, socially conscious
    обществено хранене public catering
    заведение за обществено хранене catering establishment
    обществени бани/градини/заведения public baths/gardens/establishments
    обществени сгради public works
    обществени средства public funds
    обществени науки social sciences
    обществени столове communal refectories, canteens
    обществен и задължения social obligations
    обществени различия social contrasts/disparities
    хора с най-различни обществени положения people of all conditions
    * * *
    общѐствен,
    прил. social, of society; public; местен \обществен деец a community leader; на \обществени начала (за длъжност) unsalaried; \обществен деец a public man/figure/worker; \обществен дълг a public duty; a social obligation; \обществен имот, \обществена собственост public property; \обществен контрол public control; \обществен продукт икон. gross national product; \обществен строй a social order, an order/a pattern of society; \обществен труд social labour; \обществена дейност civil activities; \обществена застраховка a social security; \обществена работа work for the community; \обществена сигурност public security; \обществена съвест public conscience; \обществена тайна an open secret; \обществени науки social sciences; \обществени различия social contrasts/disparities; \обществени сгради public works; \обществени средства public funds; \обществени столове communal refectories, canteens; \обществени услуги public services; \общественият ред the public peace; \обществено достояние public knowledge; \обществено мнение public/popular opinion; \обществено начало a principle of public service; \обществено положение social standing/status, station/status in life, walk of/in life; \обществено строителство public works; \обществено съзнание/чувство public spirit(edness), civic sense; \обществено хранене catering establishment; правя нещо \обществено достояние make s.th. public; с \обществено съзнание/чувство public-spirited, socially conscious, community minded; хора с най-различни \обществени положения people of all conditions, people from all walks of life.
    * * *
    public: I use the обществен transport - Използвам обществения транспорт; common; communal
    * * *
    1. social, of society;public 2. ОБЩЕСТВЕН деец a public man/figure/ worker 3. ОБЩЕСТВЕН дълг a public duty;a social obligation 4. ОБЩЕСТВЕН живот social/ public life 5. ОБЩЕСТВЕН и задължения social obligations 6. ОБЩЕСТВЕН имот, ОБЩЕСТВЕНа собственост public property 7. ОБЩЕСТВЕН контрол public control 8. ОБЩЕСТВЕН презрение/порицание public contempt/censure 9. ОБЩЕСТВЕН продукт икон. gross national product 10. ОБЩЕСТВЕН строй a social order, an order/a pattern of society 11. ОБЩЕСТВЕН труд social labour 12. ОБЩЕСТВЕНa дейност civic activities 13. ОБЩЕСТВЕНa застраховка a social security 14. ОБЩЕСТВЕНa личност a public personality 15. ОБЩЕСТВЕНa организация a social organization 16. ОБЩЕСТВЕНa работа work for the community 17. ОБЩЕСТВЕНa сигурност public security 18. ОБЩЕСТВЕНa съвест public conscience 19. ОБЩЕСТВЕНa тайна an open secret 20. ОБЩЕСТВЕНo добруване/благополучие public welfare 21. ОБЩЕСТВЕНo достояние public knowledge 22. ОБЩЕСТВЕНo мнение public/popular opinion 23. ОБЩЕСТВЕНo начало a principle of public service 24. ОБЩЕСТВЕНo положение social standing/status, station/ status in life, walk of/in life 25. ОБЩЕСТВЕНo съзнание/чувство public spirit(edness), civic sense 26. ОБЩЕСТВЕНo хранене public catering 27. ОБЩЕСТВЕНи бани/градини/заведения public baths/gardens/establishments 28. ОБЩЕСТВЕНи науки social sciences 29. ОБЩЕСТВЕНи различия social contrasts/disparities 30. ОБЩЕСТВЕНи сгради public works 31. ОБЩЕСТВЕНи средства public funds 32. ОБЩЕСТВЕНи столове communal refectories, canteens 33. ОБЩЕСТВЕНнят ред the public peace 34. върша ОБЩЕСТВЕН а работа do work for the community 35. заведение за ОБЩЕСТВЕНо хранене catering establishment 36. местен ОБЩЕСТВЕН деец a community leader 37. на ОБЩЕСТВЕНи начала (за длъжност) unsalaried 38. правя нещо ОБЩЕСТВЕНо достояние make s.th. public 39. с ОБЩЕСТВЕНо съзнание/чувство public-spirited, socially conscious 40. хора с най-различни ОБЩЕСТВЕНи положения people of all conditions

    Български-английски речник > обществен

  • 15 la mayoría de la gente

    = most people, the majority of the people
    Ex. Most people want -- and need -- an idealized father figure as a leader.
    Ex. Mali is a country with a strong oral tradition and consequently books are marginal to the majority of the people.
    * * *
    = most people, the majority of the people

    Ex: Most people want -- and need -- an idealized father figure as a leader.

    Ex: Mali is a country with a strong oral tradition and consequently books are marginal to the majority of the people.

    Spanish-English dictionary > la mayoría de la gente

  • 16 la mayoría de las personas

    = most people, the majority of the people
    Ex. Most people want -- and need -- an idealized father figure as a leader.
    Ex. Mali is a country with a strong oral tradition and consequently books are marginal to the majority of the people.
    * * *
    = most people, the majority of the people

    Ex: Most people want -- and need -- an idealized father figure as a leader.

    Ex: Mali is a country with a strong oral tradition and consequently books are marginal to the majority of the people.

    Spanish-English dictionary > la mayoría de las personas

  • 17 la mayoría del mundo

    = the majority of the world, most people, the majority of the people
    Ex. Free trade is not working for the majority of the world.
    Ex. Most people want -- and need -- an idealized father figure as a leader.
    Ex. Mali is a country with a strong oral tradition and consequently books are marginal to the majority of the people.
    * * *
    = the majority of the world, most people, the majority of the people

    Ex: Free trade is not working for the majority of the world.

    Ex: Most people want -- and need -- an idealized father figure as a leader.
    Ex: Mali is a country with a strong oral tradition and consequently books are marginal to the majority of the people.

    Spanish-English dictionary > la mayoría del mundo

  • 18 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 19 natural

    adj.
    1 natural (no artificial).
    es más guapa al natural que en la fotografía she's prettier in real life than in the photograph
    ser natural en alguien to be in somebody's nature
    2 natural, normal.
    es lo más natural del mundo it's the most natural thing in the world, it's perfectly natural
    es natural que se enfade it's natural that he should be angry
    3 native (nativo).
    ser natural de to come from
    4 illegitimate (ilegítimo) (hijo).
    5 native born, native, natural.
    f. & m.
    1 native (nativo).
    2 character.
    m.
    nature, disposition (talante).
    * * *
    1 (no artificial) natural
    2 (fruta, flor) fresh
    3 (sin elaboración) plain; (sin alteración) additive-free
    4 (espontáneo) unaffected, natural
    5 (lógico) natural, to be expected
    6 (ilegítimo) natural, illegitimate
    1 (temperamento) nature, disposition
    2 (nativo) native, inhabitant
    3 (en toreo) type of pass
    \
    al natural (en la realidad) in real life 2 COCINA in its own juice
    de tamaño natural life-sized
    del natural (pintado, sacado) from life
    ser natural de to be a native of, come from
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=no artificial) [calor] natural; [luz, frontera] natural; [seda] pure; [flor] real
    2) (=fresco) fresh
    3) (=sin aditivos) natural
    4) (=a temperatura ambiente)
    5) (=innato) natural

    la bondad es natural en él — kindness is in his nature, it's in his nature to be kind

    6) (=normal) natural

    es lo más natural del mundo — it's perfectly natural, it's the most natural thing in the world

    7) (=no afectado) natural
    8) (=ilegítimo) illegitimate
    9) (=nativo)

    ¿de dónde es usted natural? — where are you from?, where were you born?

    10)
    11) (Mús) natural
    2.
    SMF native
    3. SM
    1) (=carácter) nature
    2)

    al natural: fruta al natural — (=sin aditamentos) fruit in its own juice

    se sirve al natural — (=a temperatura ambiente) it is served at room temperature

    3) (Arte)

    del natural: pintar del natural — to paint from life

    4) (Taur) type of pass
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) < fenómeno> natural; < ingredientes> natural

    en estado natural — natural, native

    al natural — < mejillones> in brine

    es más bonita al natural — she's prettier without makeup

    b) ( a temperatura ambiente) <cerveza/gaseosa> unchilled
    c) (Mús) natural
    2)
    a) ( espontáneo) <gesto/persona> natural
    b) ( inherente) natural, innate
    c) ( normal) natural
    3) (frml) ( nativo)

    ser natural de — to be a native of, to come from

    II
    1) ( carácter) nature
    2) ( nativo) native
    3) (Art)
    * * *
    = natural, effortless, natural-born, native, naturally-occurring.
    Ex. Also, title entries were ordered by grammatical arrangement, rather than in natural word order.
    Ex. The effortless ease of such replies does conceal from the enquirer the extensive anticipatory effort of the librarian in studying the sources of information and his prior experience in their use.
    Ex. Giving a natural-born leader a new book to read for himself will mean that, if he likes it, very soon other children in the group will be wanting to read it too = Dar a un líder nato un nuevo libro para que lo lea por su cuenta significa que, si le gusta, muy pronto otros niños del grupo querrán leerlo también.
    Ex. Malcolm Stanhope, also a native of the state, entered the library field at the age of 30, after having been a computer salesman for eight years.
    Ex. This is a naturally-occurring abrasive traditionally employed in buffing metal.
    ----
    * a escala natural = full-scale.
    * alimentos naturales = health food.
    * catástrofe natural = natural calamity, natural disaster.
    * ciencias naturales = natural sciences.
    * como algo natural = as a matter of course.
    * consecuencia natural = corollary.
    * defensas naturales = natural defences.
    * derecho natural = natural right, natural law.
    * desastre natural = natural disaster, natural calamity.
    * de un modo poco natural = unnaturally.
    * en su estado natural = in the wild.
    * entorno natural = natural setting.
    * entorno natural, el = natural environment, the.
    * estado natural = natural state.
    * fibra natural = natural fibre.
    * formar parte natural de su entorno = blend into + the landscape.
    * gas natural = natural gas.
    * habilidad natural = natural ability.
    * hábitat natural = wildlife habitat.
    * iluminación natural = natural lighting.
    * lenguaje de indización natural = natural indexing language.
    * lenguaje natural = natural language.
    * luz natural = natural daylight, natural light.
    * madre o padre natural = birth parent.
    * mes natural = calendar month.
    * mirador natural = belvedere.
    * morir de muerte natural = die + a natural death.
    * muerte natural = natural death.
    * museo de ciencias naturales = natural science museum.
    * natural del país = native-born.
    * paisaje natural = natural scenery, natural landscape.
    * paraje natural = wildland.
    * parque natural = nature park.
    * poco natural = unnatural, stilted.
    * producto natural = natural product.
    * recursos de gas natural = natural gas resources.
    * reserva natural = nature reserve, nature preserve, wildlife preserve.
    * ser algo natural para = be second nature to + Pronombre, come + naturally to.
    * ser natural de = be a native of.
    * sobrenatural, lo = supernatural, the.
    * sopa natural = fresh soup.
    * tendencia natural = in-built tendency.
    * término del lenguaje natural = natural-language term.
    * tienda de alimentos naturales = health food store, health food shop.
    * ventilación natural = natural ventilation.
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) < fenómeno> natural; < ingredientes> natural

    en estado natural — natural, native

    al natural — < mejillones> in brine

    es más bonita al natural — she's prettier without makeup

    b) ( a temperatura ambiente) <cerveza/gaseosa> unchilled
    c) (Mús) natural
    2)
    a) ( espontáneo) <gesto/persona> natural
    b) ( inherente) natural, innate
    c) ( normal) natural
    3) (frml) ( nativo)

    ser natural de — to be a native of, to come from

    II
    1) ( carácter) nature
    2) ( nativo) native
    3) (Art)
    * * *
    = natural, effortless, natural-born, native, naturally-occurring.

    Ex: Also, title entries were ordered by grammatical arrangement, rather than in natural word order.

    Ex: The effortless ease of such replies does conceal from the enquirer the extensive anticipatory effort of the librarian in studying the sources of information and his prior experience in their use.
    Ex: Giving a natural-born leader a new book to read for himself will mean that, if he likes it, very soon other children in the group will be wanting to read it too = Dar a un líder nato un nuevo libro para que lo lea por su cuenta significa que, si le gusta, muy pronto otros niños del grupo querrán leerlo también.
    Ex: Malcolm Stanhope, also a native of the state, entered the library field at the age of 30, after having been a computer salesman for eight years.
    Ex: This is a naturally-occurring abrasive traditionally employed in buffing metal.
    * a escala natural = full-scale.
    * alimentos naturales = health food.
    * catástrofe natural = natural calamity, natural disaster.
    * ciencias naturales = natural sciences.
    * como algo natural = as a matter of course.
    * consecuencia natural = corollary.
    * defensas naturales = natural defences.
    * derecho natural = natural right, natural law.
    * desastre natural = natural disaster, natural calamity.
    * de un modo poco natural = unnaturally.
    * en su estado natural = in the wild.
    * entorno natural = natural setting.
    * entorno natural, el = natural environment, the.
    * estado natural = natural state.
    * fibra natural = natural fibre.
    * formar parte natural de su entorno = blend into + the landscape.
    * gas natural = natural gas.
    * habilidad natural = natural ability.
    * hábitat natural = wildlife habitat.
    * iluminación natural = natural lighting.
    * lenguaje de indización natural = natural indexing language.
    * lenguaje natural = natural language.
    * luz natural = natural daylight, natural light.
    * madre o padre natural = birth parent.
    * mes natural = calendar month.
    * mirador natural = belvedere.
    * morir de muerte natural = die + a natural death.
    * muerte natural = natural death.
    * museo de ciencias naturales = natural science museum.
    * natural del país = native-born.
    * paisaje natural = natural scenery, natural landscape.
    * paraje natural = wildland.
    * parque natural = nature park.
    * poco natural = unnatural, stilted.
    * producto natural = natural product.
    * recursos de gas natural = natural gas resources.
    * reserva natural = nature reserve, nature preserve, wildlife preserve.
    * ser algo natural para = be second nature to + Pronombre, come + naturally to.
    * ser natural de = be a native of.
    * sobrenatural, lo = supernatural, the.
    * sopa natural = fresh soup.
    * tendencia natural = in-built tendency.
    * término del lenguaje natural = natural-language term.
    * tienda de alimentos naturales = health food store, health food shop.
    * ventilación natural = natural ventilation.

    * * *
    A
    1 ‹fenómeno› natural; ‹ingredientes› natural
    una de las grandes bellezas naturales de nuestro país one of our country's great natural beauty spots
    en estado natural natural, native
    ¿piña natural o de lata? fresh pineapple or tinned?
    al natural ‹mejillones› in brine
    una lata de tomates al natural a can of tomatoes in natural juice
    es mucho más bonita al natural she's much prettier without makeup
    3 (a temperatura ambiente) ‹cerveza/gaseosa› unchilled
    se sirve al natural serve at room temperature
    4 ( Mús) natural
    fa natural F natural
    B
    1 (sin afectación, espontáneo) ‹gesto/pose/persona› natural
    es muy natural en el trato she has a very natural manner
    2 (inherente) natural, innate
    una inclinación natural hacia la música a natural o an innate musical ability
    la generosidad es natural en ella she's generous by nature
    3 (normal) natural
    se acostó tarde y como es natural se quedó dormida she went to bed late and, of course o naturally, overslept
    me parece lo más natural del mundo it seems perfectly natural to me
    natural QUE + SUBJ:
    es natural que le cueste adaptarse it's quite natural o normal that he should find it hard to adapt
    es muy natural que le hayan dicho que no it's only natural that they refused o that they should have refused him
    C ( frml) (nativo) ser natural DE to be a native OF, to come FROM
    Juan Prieto, de 33 años, natural de Alicante Juan Prieto, 33 years old, from Alicante
    A (carácter) nature
    es de natural generoso she has a generous nature, she is generous by nature
    B (nativo) native
    los naturales del lugar people from the area
    C ( Art):
    pintar/dibujar del natural to paint/draw from life
    (nativo) native
    los naturales del lugar the people from the area
    * * *

     

    natural adjetivo
    1
    a) ‹fenómeno/ingrediente› natural;

    ‹ fruta› fresh;

    b) ( a temperatura ambiente) ‹cerveza/gaseosa› unchilled

    c) (Mús) natural

    2
    a) ( espontáneo) ‹gesto/persona› natural




    3 (frml) ( nativo) ser natural de to be a native of, to come from
    ■ sustantivo masculino

    b) ( nativo) native;


    natural
    I adjetivo
    1 natural: es una persona muy natural, he's a very natural person
    (no artificial, fresco) fresh: es una rosa natural, it's a fresh rose
    a tamaño natural, life-size
    2 (normal, lógico) me parece natural, it seems natural to me
    3 (nativo) soy natural de Castilla, I come from Castilla
    4 Mat natural
    II sustantivo masculino
    1 (temperamento, inclinación) nature
    2 Arte life: lo pintó del natural, he painted it from life
    III mf (oriundo) native
    ' natural' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    canal
    - cien
    - cruda
    - crudo
    - día
    - emanación
    - expolio
    - hijo
    - limonada
    - lógica
    - lógico
    - luz
    - mirador
    - muerte
    - nata
    - nato
    - reserva
    - sencilla
    - sencillo
    - sobrexplotación
    - tamaña
    - tamaño
    - turba
    - anfiteatro
    - café
    - cataclismo
    - en
    - franco
    - gruta
    - llano
    - museo
    - naturalidad
    - naturismo
    - naturista
    - pantano
    - parque
    - recurso
    - riqueza
    - siniestro
    English:
    border
    - born
    - curl
    - designate
    - fair
    - full-scale
    - hail
    - life
    - life-size
    - life-sized
    - lifelike
    - mention
    - native
    - natural
    - natural childbirth
    - naturally
    - nature reserve
    - nature trail
    - plain
    - process
    - reserve
    - successor
    - sunlight
    - unaffected
    - unnatural
    - unnaturally
    - unspoilt
    - wear
    - wild
    - wildlife park
    - die
    - dry
    - effortless
    - environment
    - flair
    - full
    - good
    - may
    - might
    - nature
    - pond
    - resource
    - should
    - unspoiled
    - wastage
    - wilderness
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [de la naturaleza] [recursos, frontera] natural;
    un fenómeno natural a natural phenomenon
    2. [sin aditivos] [yogur] natural;
    [zumo] fresh;
    al natural [fruta] in its own juice;
    [en persona] in the flesh;
    es más guapa al natural que en la fotografía she's prettier in real life o in the flesh than in the photograph
    3. [fresco] [flores, fruta, leche] fresh
    4. [lógico, normal] natural, normal;
    ser natural en alguien to be in sb's nature;
    es lo más natural del mundo it's the most natural thing in the world, it's perfectly natural;
    es natural que se enfade it's natural that he should be angry
    5. [nativo] native;
    ser natural de to come from
    6. [ilegítimo] illegitimate;
    hijo natural illegitimate child
    7. [hábil y no hábil]
    año/mes natural calendar year/month;
    30 días naturales de vacaciones 30 days' holiday (including weekends)
    8. RP [del tiempo] unchilled, at room temperature;
    un agua natural a glass of unchilled water
    9. Mús natural
    ♦ nmf
    [nativo] native
    ♦ nm
    1. [talante] nature, disposition
    2. Arte
    un dibujo del natural a life drawing
    3. Taurom = left-handed pass without the sword
    * * *
    I adj
    1 natural;
    es natural it’s only natural
    2 MÚS nota natural
    3
    :
    ser natural de come from
    II m
    :
    fruta al natural fruit in its own juice
    * * *
    natural adj
    1) : natural
    2) : normal
    como es natural: naturally, as expected
    3)
    natural de : native of, from
    4)
    de tamaño natural : life-size
    1) carácter: disposition, temperament
    2) : native
    un natural de Venezuela: a native of Venezuela
    * * *
    natural1 adj (en general) natural
    los naturales de Sevilla people born in Seville / people from Seville

    Spanish-English dictionary > natural

  • 20 Jugendbetreuer

    * * *
    Ju|gend|be|treu|er(in)
    m(f)
    youth leader, ≈ adult supervisor who looks after young people
    * * *

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Jugendbetreuer

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