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101 equipment
1) оборудование; оснащение; аппаратура, аппаратные средства; арматура2) армировка ( шахтного ствола)3) ж.-д. подвижной состав4) снаряжение•to abuse an equipment — неквалифицированно обращаться с оборудованием-
turn-key pattern equipment
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accessory starting equipment
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aerial equipment
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aeronautical equipment
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aerospace ground equipment
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agglomeration equipment
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air brake equipment
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airborne direction finding equipment
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airborne electronics equipment
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airborne equipment
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airborne identification equipment
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airborne weather equipment
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air-cleaning equipment
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air-conditioning equipment
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aircraft equipment
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aircraft recorder equipment
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air-handling equipment
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air-insulated equipment
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air-processing equipment
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airslide equipment
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air-survey equipment
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alignment equipment
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analog equipment
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ancillary equipment
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answering equipment
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area navigation equipment
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associated-gas handling equipment
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atmospheric heat-transfer equipment
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audio equipment
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automatic control equipment
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automatic insertion equipment
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automatic stabilization equipment
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automatic test equipment
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auxiliary equipment
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backup equipment
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ballasting equipment
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batch-preparation equipment
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bathroom-and-lavatory equipment
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blasting equipment
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blind flight equipment
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block equipment
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bookbinding equipment
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brake equipment
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bread-making equipment
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bridling equipment
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broadcasting equipment
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broadcast equipment
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brown stock washing equipment
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built-in equipment
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built-in test equipment
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cable logging equipment
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cab-signaling equipment
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calling equipment
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camp equipment
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can-making equipment
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canning equipment
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caption-producing equipment
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carburetor heat equipment
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cast molding equipment
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catering equipment
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centrifugal air-conditioning equipment
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charging equipment
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check-out equipment
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chemically-proof electrical equipment
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chilling equipment
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CMC equipment
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coal-handling equipment
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cockpit equipment
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coding equipment
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coil-handling equipment
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coil-in-box equipment
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coke-side equipment
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cold-draw equipment
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collision warning equipment
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commercial equipment
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commercial refrigeration equipment
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common equipment
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communication security equipment
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communications equipment
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communication equipment
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commuter equipment
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comparison equipment
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component-insertion equipment
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composing equipment
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compound equipment
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compression refrigeration equipment
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compressor equipment
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computer equipment
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conning equipment
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construction equipment
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continuous fusing equipment
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control equipment
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cooking equipment
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copying equipment
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cord latex equipment
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crane electrical equipment
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crushing equipment
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current collection equipment
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customer premises equipment
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data acquisition equipment
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data terminal equipment
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data transmission equipment
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data-circuit terminating equipment
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data-processing equipment
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dead-reckoning equipment
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deairing equipment
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deck equipment
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depositing equipment
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detonating equipment
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digital equipment
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digital multiplex equipment
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digital still-stare equipment
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digital video equipment
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display equipment
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distance measuring equipment
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distillation equipment
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ditching equipment
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domestic refrigeration equipment
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doping equipment
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downhole equipment
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downstream equipment
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drill stem equipment
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drilling equipment
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drilling mud handling equipment
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drilling mud mixing equipment
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drip-proof electrical equipment
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dry-quenching equipment
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dual laterolog equipment
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dusting equipment
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dustproof electrical equipment
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dust-tight electrical equipment
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earth-moving equipment
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edge-strip scanning equipment
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editing equipment
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electric face equipment
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electrical equipment
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electrodialysis membrane equipment
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electroheat equipment
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electromagnetic exploration equipment
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electronic countermeasures equipment
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electronic equipment
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emergency breathing equipment
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emission-control equipment
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engine-testing equipment
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environmental simulation equipment
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error-control equipment
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evacuating equipment
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excavating equipment
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explosionproof electrical equipment
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face equipment
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facsimile equipment
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farm equipment
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field equipment
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field-production equipment
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film equipment
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film-scanning equipment
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finishing equipment
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fire-extinguishing equipment
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firing equipment
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fishing equipment
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fixed equipment
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flame-hardening equipment
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flameproof electrical equipment
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flow head equipment
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formation density equipment
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fracturing head equipment
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fuel-injection equipment
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gas conditioning equipment
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gas processing equipment
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general-purpose equipment
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glider launch equipment
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glider tow equipment
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government furnished equipment
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grading equipment
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graphic arts equipment
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grinding-mixing equipment
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ground-based electrical equipment
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ground electrical equipment
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harvesting equipment
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hauling equipment
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heat-exchange equipment
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heat-transfer equipment
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heavy-duty equipment
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higher-horsepower equipment
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high-maintenance equipment
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high-performance equipment
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high-pressure spray equipment
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high-temperature head equipment
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high-voltage equipment
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hoisting equipment
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home video equipment
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horizontal-loop equipment
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household equipment
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humidity test equipment
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hydraulic equipment
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hygiene equipment
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indoor electrical equipment
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induced-polarization equipment
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induced-polarization logging equipment
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induction hardening equipment
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induction log equipment
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inductive heating equipment
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industrial equipment
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industrial-television equipment
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inertial navigational equipment
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ingot-forming equipment
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in-line equipment
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insertion equipment
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inspection equipment
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instrument-landing equipment
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integral test equipment
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intercity equipment
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intercooling equipment
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interlocking equipment
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isophasing equipment
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landing equipment
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laser illumination tracking equipment
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life saving equipment
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lighting equipment
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linear matting equipment
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loading equipment
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logging equipment
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log-processing equipment
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low-maintenance equipment
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lumber-drying equipment
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lumberman's equipment
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machine-computer interfacing equipment
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magnetic-tape equipment
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magnetotelluric equipment
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maintenance equipment
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makeup equipment
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manual test equipment
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marine equipment
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marine refrigeration equipment
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materials handling equipment
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MDI equipment
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measuring equipment
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mechanical refrigerating equipment
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metering equipment
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microfilm duplicating equipment
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milling equipment
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mine electrical equipment
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mineral processing equipment
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mine-rescue equipment
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mining equipment
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mixing equipment
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mobile equipment
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monitoring equipment
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monophonic equipment
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multidimension gaging equipment
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multiplex equipment
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navigation equipment
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NC equipment
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night vision equipment
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night-flying equipment
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nozzle-stopper equipment
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office equipment
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off-line equipment
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oil field equipment
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oil-dispensing equipment
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on-line equipment
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open-type electrical equipment
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optional equipment
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ore-handling equipment
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outdoor electrical equipment
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outside broadcasting equipment
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overhead equipment
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paper converting equipment
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parts handling equipment
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pass-through stretch wrapping equipment
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payoff equipment
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perforating equipment
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peripheral equipment
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permanent way equipment
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phototypesetting equipment
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photovoltaic equipment
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Piggyback equipment
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platemaking equipment
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pneumatic equipment
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portable electrical equipment
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portable equipment
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power equipment
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power-conditioning equipment
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powerhouse permanent equipment
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printing equipment
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process control equipment
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processing equipment
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production equipment
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production run equipment
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projection equipment
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protected equipment
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protection equipment
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public address equipment
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pusher-side equipment
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quenching equipment
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radar equipment
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radio communication equipment
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radio equipment
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radio receiving equipment
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radio transmitting equipment
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radioactivity well logging equipment
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rail brake equipment
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railway equipment
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ranging equipment
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readout equipment
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reciprocating air-conditioning equipment
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reciprocating compression equipment
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reference measuring equipment
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reflection equipment
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refraction equipment
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refrigerating equipment
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remote control equipment
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residue recovery equipment
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resistivity logging equipment
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rigging equipment
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round-trip equipment
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running equipment
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sawmill equipment
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scrap-handling equipment
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scrap-processing equipment
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scrap-reclaiming equipment
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sealed electrical equipment
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security equipment
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seismic exploration equipment
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self-contained equipment
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self-potential equipment
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service equipment
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setting equipment
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shear knife changing equipment
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shipboard equipment
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shooting equipment
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sign towing equipment
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signal-conversion equipment
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simple equipment
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sinking equipment
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slaughtering equipment
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slicing equipment
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slide equipment
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small commercial refrigeration equipment
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smoking equipment
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snow handling equipment
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solids control equipment
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sonic equipment
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sound equipment
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spark-erosion equipment
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special-effects equipment
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special-purpose equipment
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splashproof equipment
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spray equipment
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stand-alone equipment
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standard equipment
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standardization equipment
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standby equipment
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stationary equipment
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stereophonic equipment
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stereo equipment
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stoplog handling equipment
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stripping equipment
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strip-storage equipment
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studio-production equipment
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studio equipment
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stump-pulling equipment
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stump-to-roadside equipment
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submersible electrical equipment
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subtitling equipment
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supervisory equipment
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surface equipment
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surface hardening equipment
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surface measuring equipment
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survival equipment
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switching equipment
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talk-back equipment
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telecine equipment
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television automatic-monitoring equipment
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television equipment
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television field equipment
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television relay equipment
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television studio equipment
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television-broadcasting equipment
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television-film equipment
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tensioning equipment
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terminal equipment
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testing equipment
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test equipment
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timing equipment
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totally enclosed electrical equipment
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tower equipment
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track circuit equipment
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trackside equipment
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track equipment
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tracking equipment
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traction electrical equipment
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train-stop equipment
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transient electromagnetic equipment
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tunneling equipment
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turning gaging equipment
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turnout equipment
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underground equipment
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underwater equipment
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underwater TV equipment
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user equipment
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vacuum coating equipment
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vacuum-casting equipment
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vacuum-distillation equipment
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vacuum-treating equipment
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vehicular equipment
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ventilating equipment
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video equipment
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video tape editing equipment
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warp knitting equipment
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water treating equipment
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waterproof electrical equipment
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welding equipment
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wellhead equipment
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well-logging equipment
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wheel alignment equipment
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woodworking equipment -
102 black
blæk
1. adjective1) (of the colour in which these words are printed: black paint.) negro2) (without light: a black night; The night was black and starless.) negro, oscuro3) (dirty: Your hands are black!; black hands from lifting coal.) negro4) (without milk: black coffee.) solo5) (evil: black magic.) negro, negra6) ((often offensive: currently acceptable in the United States, South Africa etc) Negro, of African, West Indian descent.) negro7) ((especially South Africa) coloured; of mixed descent (increasingly used by people of mixed descent to refer to themselves).) negro
2. noun1) (the colour in which these words are printed: Black and white are opposites.) negro2) (something (eg paint) black in colour: I've used up all the black.) negro3) ((often with capital: often offensive: currently acceptable in the United states, South Africa etc) a Negro; a person of African, West Indian etc descent.) negro
3. verb(to make black.) ennegrecer, volver negro- blacken
- black art/magic
- blackbird
- blackboard
- black box
- the Black Death
- black eye
- blackhead
- blacklist
4. verb(to put (a person etc) on such a list.) poner en la lista negra
5. noun(the act of blackmailing: money got by blackmail.) chantaje- Black Maria
- black market
- black marketeer
- blackout
- black sheep
- blacksmith
- black and blue
- black out
- in black and white
black1 adj1. negro2. solo / sin lecheblack2 n negrotr[blæk]1 negro,-a2 (gloomy) aciago,-a, negro,-a3 (dirty) sucio,-a4 (threatening) amenazador,-ra1 (colour) negro2 (person) negro,-a1 (make black) ennegrecer2 (boycott) boicotear\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLblack and white blanco y negroto put something down in black and white familiar poner algo por escritoto black somebody's eye ponerle a alguien el ojo amoratadoto be in somebody's black books estar en la lista negra de alguiento give somebody a black look apuñalar a alguien con la miradato look black no ser nada prometedor,-rato wear black (be in mourning) estar de lutoas black as pitch/coal/night negro,-a como el carbónBlack Africa Africa Negrablack beetle cucarachablack box SMALLAVIATION/SMALL caja negrablack economy economía sumergidablack eye ojo morado, ojo a la funeralaBlack Forest SMALLGEOGRAPHY/SMALL Selva NegraBlack Forest gâteau tarta de la Selva NegraBlack Friar fraile nombre masculino dominicoblack hole agujero negroblack humour humor nombre masculino negroblack ice hieloblack magic magia negrablack mark mala notablack market mercado negroblack marketeer estraperlista nombre masulino o femeninoBlack power movimiento de poder negroblack pepper SMALLCOOKERY/SMALL pimienta negrablack pudding morcillaBlack Sea Mar Negroblack sheep figurative use oveja negrablack velvet cóctel de champán y cerveza negra, black velvet nombre masculinoblack ['blæk] vt: ennegrecerblack adj1) : negro (color, raza)2) soiled: sucio3) dark: oscuro, negro4) wicked: malvado, perverso, malo5) gloomy: negro, sombrío, deprimenteblack n1) : negro m (color)2) : negro m, -gra f (persona)adj.• negro, -a adj.• sardo, -a adj.n.• luto s.m.• negro s.m.v.• embetunar v.
I blækadjective -er, -est1)a) <dress/hair/ink> negro; < sky> oscuro, negroblack cloud — nubarrón m, nube f negra
to beat somebody black and blue — (colloq) darle* una tremenda paliza a alguien (fam)
b) ( dirty) (pred) negro, sucísimoc) < coffee> negro (AmL), solo (Esp), tinto (Col), puro (Chi); < tea> solo, sin leche, puro (Chi)3) (sad, hopeless) negrothings were looking pretty black — las cosas tomaban mal cariz or se estaban poniendo feas; paint II c)
4) ( illegal)the black economy — la economía informal or paralela (AmL), la economía sumergida (Esp)
II
1) u ( color) negro m2) c also3) ( freedom from debt)to be in the black — no estar* en números rojos
III
a) ( bruise)to black somebody's eye — ponerle* un ojo morado a alguien
b) ( boycott) (BrE) boicotearPhrasal Verbs:[blæk]1. ADJ(compar blacker) (superl blackest)1) (in colour) negro(accident) black spot — (Aut) punto m negro
black and white photo — foto f en blanco y negro
black and white TV — TV f monocromo
- swear black and blue2) (of race) negroblack woman — negra f
3) (=dark) oscuro, tenebrosoas black as pitch, as black as your hat — oscuro como boca de lobo
4) (=dirty) sucio; (with smoke) negro, ennegrecido5) (Brit) (trade union parlance)6) (fig) [day, event] negro, funesto, aciago; [outlook] negro; [forecast] pesimista; [thought] malévolo; [rage] negro; [look] ceñudo, de desaprobación2. N1) (=colour) negro m, color m negroin black and white —
there it is in black and white! — ¡ahí lo tiene en letras de molde!
2) (=person) negro(-a) m / f3) (=mourning) luto mto be in black, wear black — estar de luto
4) (=darkness) oscuridad f, noche f5)3. VT1) ennegrecer; [+ shoes] limpiar, lustrarto black sb's eye — poner a algn el ojo amoratado, poner a algn el ojo a la funerala (Sp) *
2) (Brit) (trade union parlance) boicotear4.CPDblack arts NPL — magia f negra
black bass N — perca f negra, perca f truchada
black belt N — (Sport) cinturón m negro
black box N — (Aer) caja f negra
black cab N — (Brit) taxi m negro (el típico británico)
black coffee N — café m solo, tinto m (Col); (large) café m americano
black college N — (US) universidad para gente de color
black comedy N — comedia f negra
Black Country N — región industrial al noroeste de Birmingham (Inglaterra)
Black Death N — peste f negra
black economy N — economía f negra
Black English N — (US) inglés hablado por los negros americanos
Black Forest N — Selva f Negra
Black Forest gâteau N — pastel de chocolate, nata y guindas
black goods NPL — géneros mpl sujetos a boicoteo
black grouse N — gallo m lira
black hole N — (Astron) agujero m negro
black humour N — humor m negro
black ice N — hielo invisible en la carretera
black line N — raya f en negro
black magic N — magia f negra
Black Maria N — (Brit) coche m or furgón m celular
black mark N — señal f roja; (fig) nota f adversa, punto m negativo
black market N — mercado m negro, estraperlo m (Sp)
black marketeer N — estraperlista mf (Sp)
Black Moslem N — musulmán m negro
Black Nationalism N — nacionalismo m negro
Black Panthers NPL — Panteras fpl negras
black pepper N — pimienta f negra
Black Power N — poder m negro
black pudding N — (Brit) morcilla f, moronga f (Mex)
Black Rod N — (Brit) (Parl) dignatario de la Cámara de los Lores encargado de reunir a los Comunes en la apertura del Parlamento
black sheep (of the family) N — oveja f negra
Black Studies N — (US) estudios de la cultura negra americana
"black tie" — (on invitation) "de etiqueta"
black tie dinner N — cena f de etiqueta
Black Watch N — (Brit) (Mil) regimiento escocés
black widow (spider) N — viuda f negra
* * *
I [blæk]adjective -er, -est1)a) <dress/hair/ink> negro; < sky> oscuro, negroblack cloud — nubarrón m, nube f negra
to beat somebody black and blue — (colloq) darle* una tremenda paliza a alguien (fam)
b) ( dirty) (pred) negro, sucísimoc) < coffee> negro (AmL), solo (Esp), tinto (Col), puro (Chi); < tea> solo, sin leche, puro (Chi)3) (sad, hopeless) negrothings were looking pretty black — las cosas tomaban mal cariz or se estaban poniendo feas; paint II c)
4) ( illegal)the black economy — la economía informal or paralela (AmL), la economía sumergida (Esp)
II
1) u ( color) negro m2) c also3) ( freedom from debt)to be in the black — no estar* en números rojos
III
a) ( bruise)to black somebody's eye — ponerle* un ojo morado a alguien
b) ( boycott) (BrE) boicotearPhrasal Verbs: -
103 travail
1. masculine nouna. ( = activité) le travail work• avoir du travail/beaucoup de travail to have some work/a lot of work to do• horaire/vêtements de travail work schedule/clothes• conditions/méthodes/groupe/déjeuner de travail working conditions/methods/group/lunch• à travail égal, salaire égal equal pay for equal work• améliorer la communication, c'est tout un travail ! improving communications is quite a task!• c'est un travail de spécialiste (difficile à faire) it's a job for a specialist ; (bien fait) it's the work of a specialist• travaux de recherche/de construction research/building work• « pendant les travaux, le magasin restera ouvert » "business as usual during alterations"• « attention ! travaux ! » "caution! work in progress!" ; (sur la route) "roadworks ahead!" (Brit) "roadwork ahead!" (US)• avoir un travail intéressant/lucratif to have an interesting/a highly paid job• travail d'équipe or en équipe team workd. ( = façonnage) [de bois, cuir, fer] working2. compounds► un travail de fourmi a long, painstaking job* * *
1.
pl - aux tʀavaj, o nom masculin1) ( contraire de repos) work2) (tâche faite, à faire) job; (ensemble des tâches, besogne) work [U]j'ai un travail fou — I'm up to my eyes in work, I've got a lot of work on
3) ( fait d'exercer un emploi) work; ( emploi rémunéré) work [U], job; ( lieu) work4) Économie, Sociologie (activité, population active) labour [BrE] [U]division du travail — division of labour [BrE]
5) ( résultat d'un fonctionnement) (de machine, d'organe) work [U]6) ( ouvrage érudit) work ( sur on)7) ( façonnage)le travail de — working with ou in [métal, bois, pierre]
apprendre le travail du bois/métal — to learn woodwork/metalwork
8) (technique, exécution) workmanship9) Physique work10) ( action) (d'eau, érosion) action (de of); fig (d'imagination, inconscient) workings (pl) (de of)11) ( altération) ( de vin) fermentation, working; ( de bois) warping12) Médecine ( pendant un accouchement) labour [BrE]
2.
travaux nom masculin pluriel1) ( en chantier) work [U]; ( sur une route) roadworks GB, roadwork [U] UStravaux de construction — construction work [U]
‘fermé pour travaux’ — ( sur une devanture) ‘closed for repairs ou alterations’
‘attention, travaux’ — gén ‘caution, work in progress’; ( sur une route) ‘caution, road under repair’
2) (recherche, études) work [U] ( sur on)3) ( débats) deliberationsles travaux agricoles/de la ferme — agricultural/farm work [U]
travaux de couture — needlework [U]
•Phrasal Verbs:* * *tʀavaj, o travaux pl1. nm1) (= activité, effort) workJ'ai beaucoup de travail. — I've got a lot of work.
C'est un travail épuisant. — It's exhausting work.
se mettre au travail — to start work, to get down to work
outils de travail — working tools, work tools
2) (= tâche spécifique) jobDonne-lui un travail facile. — Give him an easy job.
3) (= emploi, gagne-pain) job, work no plIl a un travail intéressant. — He's got an interesting job.
Il est sans travail depuis un an. — He has been out of work for a year.
4) (= lieu) workAu travail, je m'entends bien avec mes collègues. — I get on well with my colleagues at work.
5) ÉCONOMIE (= ressource, facteur) labour Grande-Bretagne labor USAla législation du travail — labour law, labour legislation
6) MÉDECINE (de l'accouchement) labour Grande-Bretagne labor USA7) (= façonnage)2. travaux nmpl(= chantier) (de réparation, agricoles) work, (sur route) roadworks, [construction] building work, building* * *I.A nm1 ( contraire de repos) work; le travail intellectuel intellectual work; le travail scolaire schoolwork; ça demande des mois de travail it requires months of work; se mettre au travail to get down to work, to start work; être en plein travail to be busy working;2 (tâche faite, à faire) job; (ensemble des tâches, besogne) work ¢; faire un travail to do a job; distribuer le travail to allocate jobs; ce n'est pas mon travail it's not my job; c'est un travail de professionnel ( à faire) it's a job for a professional; ( bien fait) it's a very professional job; c'est un travail d'homme it's man's work; commencer un travail to start a job; mener un travail de recherche to do research work; avoir du travail to have work to do; j'ai un travail fou I'm up to my eyes in work, I've got a lot of work on; les enfants, ça donne du travail, les enfants, c'est du travail children make a lot of work; les gros travaux the heavy work; s'occuper à de petits travaux to do little jobs; faire quelques travaux de jardinage to do a few gardening jobs; (félicitations) c'est du beau travail! aussi iron you've done a great job on that; qu'est-ce que c'est que ce travail? what do you call this?; et voilà le travail! that's that done!;3 ( fait d'exercer un emploi) work; ( emploi rémunéré) work ¢, job; ( lieu) work; ne me téléphone pas à mon travail don't call me at work; chercher du/un travail to look for work/a job; bien content d'avoir du/un travail glad to be in work/to have a job; être sans travail to be out of work; donner du travail à qn ( employer) to give sb a job; reprendre le travail to go back to work; cesser le travail to stop work; aller au travail to go to work; être au travail to be at work; que fais-tu comme travail? what do you do?, what's your job?; il ne fait que son travail he's only doing his job; le travail en usine/de bureau factory/office ou clerical work; le travail temporaire/à mi-temps temporary/part-time work; un travail à mi-temps a part-time job; le travail en équipe team work; le travail en équipes shiftwork; le travail de nuit nightwork; il a un travail de nuit he works nights; le travail indépendant freelance work, self-employment; conditions/semaine de travail working conditions/week; vivre de son travail to work for one's living; ⇒ salaire;4 Écon, Sociol (activité, population active) labourGB ¢; le capital et le travail capital and labourGB; organisation/division du travail organization/division of labourGB; force de travail workforce; entrer dans le monde du travail to enter the world of work; la psychologie du travail industrial psychology;5 ( résultat d'un fonctionnement) (de machine, d'organe) work ¢; le travail du cœur the work done by the heart; le travail musculaire muscular effort, the work done by the muscles;6 ( ouvrage érudit) work (sur on); publier un travail sur la Renaissance to publish a work on the Renaissance;7 ( façonnage) le travail de working with ou in [métal, bois, pierre]; le travail de l'ivoire est difficile working with ou in ivory is difficult; apprendre le travail du bois/métal to learn woodwork/metalwork;8 (technique, exécution) workmanship; un travail superbe a superb piece of workmanship; un coffret d'un beau travail a beautifully made box; une dentelle d'un travail délicat a delicate piece of lacework;10 ( action) (d'eau, érosion) action (de of); fig (d'imagination, inconscient) workings (pl) (de of); le travail du temps the work of time;12 Méd ( pendant accouchement) labourGB; entrer/être en travail to go into/be in labourGB; salle de travail labourGB ward.B travaux nmpl1 ( en chantier) work (sg); ( sur une route) roadworks GB, roadwork ¢ US; travaux de construction/réfection/soutènement construction/renovation/retaining work ¢; travaux de terrassement earthworks; travaux d'aménagement ( de bâtiment) alterations (de to), improvements (de to); ( d'un site) redevelopment ¢ (de of); ( d'une route) roadworks (de on); faire faire des travaux dans sa maison to have work done in one's house; nous sommes en plein travaux we're in the middle of having some work done; ‘fermé pour travaux’ ( sur une devanture) ‘closed for repairs ou alterations’; ‘attention, travaux’ gén ‘caution, work in progress’; ( sur une route) ‘caution, road under repair’;2 (recherche, études) work ¢ (sur on); publier le résultat de ses travaux to publish the results of one's work;3 ( débats) (d'assemblée, de commission) deliberations;4 ( opérations de même nature) les travaux agricoles/de la ferme agricultural/farm work; travaux de couture needlework.travail à la chaîne assembly-line work; travail clandestin work for which no earnings are declared; travail à domicile working at or from home; travail des enfants child labourGB; travail d'intérêt général Jur community service; travail manuel manual work; travail au noir○ gén work for which no earnings are declared; ( exercice d'un second emploi non déclaré) moonlighting; travail aux pièces piece work; travail posté shift work; travail de Romain Herculean task; travail de titan = travail de Romain; travaux d'aiguille needlework ¢; travaux des champs agricultural ou farm work ¢; travaux de dame fancywork ¢; travaux dirigés, TD Univ practical (sg); travaux forcés Jur hard labourGB (sg); fig slave labourGB ¢; travaux manuels Scol handicrafts; travaux ménagers housework ¢; travaux pratiques, TP Scol, Univ practical work ¢; ( en laboratoire) lab work ¢; travaux préparatoires Jur ( pour un texte de loi) preliminary documents; travaux publics, TP ( travail) civil engineering ¢; ( ouvrages) civil engineering works, public works; travaux routiers roadworks GB, roadwork ¢ US.II.I( pluriel travaux) [travaj, o] nom masculinA.[ACTION]1. [occupation]le travail de jour/nuit day/night workje finis le travail à cinq heures I stop ou finish work at fiveun travail de longue haleine a long-term work ou projectle travail posté ou par roulement shift workle travail manuel manual work ou laboura. [occasionnel] undeclared casual work, moonlightingb. [comme pratique généralisée] black economya. [généralement] temporary workb. [dans un bureau] temping2. [tâches imposées] work3. [tâche déterminée] jobfaire un travail de recherche/traduction to do a piece of research/a translationc'est un travail de bagnard ou forçat it's back-breaking work ou a back-breaking jobc'est un travail de Romain ou de Titan it's a colossal job4. [efforts] (hard) workil a encore du travail s'il veut devenir champion he's still got a lot of work to do if he wants to be champion5. [exécution] workon lui a confié les peintures et elle a fait du bon/mauvais travail she was responsible for doing the painting and she made a good/bad job of itje ne retrouve pas une seule disquette, qu'est-ce que c'est que ce travail? I can't find a single floppy disc, what's going on here?6. [façonnage] workingelle est attirée par le travail du bois/de la soie she's interested in working with wood/with silk[responsabilité] jobchercher du ou un travail to be job-hunting, to be looking for a jobsans travail unemployed, jobless, out of work8. [dans le système capitaliste] labour9. [contrainte exercée - par la chaleur, l'érosion] action10. PHYSIOLOGIE [accouchement] labourle travail n'est pas commencé/est commencé the patient has not yet gone/has gone into labour[activité] workréduire le travail du cœur/des reins to lighten the strain on the heart/on the kidneysB.[RÉSULTAT, EFFET]1. [écrit] piece2. [transformation - généralement] work[modification interne - dans le bois] warping ; [ - dans le fromage] maturing ; [ - dans le vin] workingtravaux nom masculin pluriel‘fermé pendant les travaux’ ‘closed for ou during alterations’‘attention, travaux’ ‘caution, work in progress’travaux domestiques ou ménagers houseworka. [généralement] arts and craftsa. [généralement] practical workb. [en laboratoire] lab work2. [d'une commission] work————————au travail locution adverbialese mettre au travail to get down ou to set to workallez, au travail! come on, get to work!————————de travail locution adjectivale1. [horaire, séance] working[vêtement, camarade, permis] work (modificateur)2. [d'accouchement - période] labour (modificateur) ; [ - salle] labour (modificateur), delivery (modificateur)————————du travail locution adjectivale[accident, sociologie, législation] industrial————————en travail adverbeentrer en travail to go into ou to start labourII -
104 Jeanneret, Charles-Edouard (Le Corbusier)
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 6 October 1887 La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerlandd. 27 August 1965 Cap Martin, France[br]Swiss/French architect.[br]The name of Le Corbusier is synonymous with the International style of modern architecture and city planning, one utilizing functionalist designs carried out in twentieth-century materials with modern methods of construction. Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, born in the watch-making town of La Chaux-de-Fonds in the Jura mountain region, was the son of a watch engraver and dial painter. In the years before 1918 he travelled widely, studying building in many countries. He learned about the use of reinforced concrete in the studio of Auguste Perret and about industrial construction under Peter Behrens. In 1917 he went to live in Paris and spent the rest of his life in France; in 1920 he adopted the name of Le Corbusier, one derived from that of his ancestors (Le Corbesier), and ten years later became a French citizen.Le Corbusier's long working life spanned a career divided into three distinct parts. Between 1905 and 1916 he designed a number of simple and increasingly modern houses; the years 1921 to 1940 were ones of research and debate; and the twenty years from 1945 saw the blossoming of his genius. After 1917 Le Corbusier gained a reputation in Paris as an architect of advanced originality. He was particularly interested in low-cost housing and in improving accommodation for the poor. In 1923 he published Vers une architecture, in which he planned estates of mass-produced houses where all extraneous and unnecessary features were stripped away and the houses had flat roofs and plain walls: his concept of "a machine for living in". These white boxes were lifted up on stilts, his pilotis, and double-height living space was provided internally, enclosed by large areas of factory glazing. In 1922 Le Corbusier exhibited a city plan, La Ville contemporaine, in which tall blocks made from steel and concrete were set amongst large areas of parkland, replacing the older concept of city slums with the light and air of modern living. In 1925 he published Urbanisme, further developing his socialist ideals. These constituted a major reform of the industrial-city pattern, but the ideas were not taken up at that time. The Depression years of the 1930s severely curtailed architectural activity in France. Le Corbusier designed houses for the wealthy there, but most of his work prior to 1945 was overseas: his Centrosoyus Administration Building in Moscow (1929–36) and the Ministry of Education Building in Rio de Janeiro (1943) are examples. Immediately after the end of the Second World War Le Corbusier won international fame for his Unité d'habitation theme, the first example of which was built in the boulevard Michelet in Marseille in 1947–52. His answer to the problem of accommodating large numbers of people in a small space at low cost was to construct an immense all-purpose block of pre-cast concrete slabs carried on a row of massive central supports. The Marseille Unité contains 350 apartments in eight double storeys, with a storey for shops half-way up and communal facilities on the roof. In 1950 he published Le Modular, which described a system of measurement based upon the human male figure. From this was derived a relationship of human and mathematical proportions; this concept, together with the extensive use of various forms of concrete, was fundamental to Le Corbusier's later work. In the world-famous and highly personal Pilgrimage Church of Notre Dame du Haut at Ronchamp (1950–5), Le Corbusier's work was in Expressionist form, a plastic design in massive rough-cast concrete, its interior brilliantly designed and lit. His other equally famous, though less popular, ecclesiastical commission showed a contrasting theme, of "brutalist" concrete construction with uncompromisingly stark, rectangular forms. This is the Dominican Convent of Sainte Marie de la Tourette at Eveux-sur-l'Arbresle near Lyon, begun in 1956. The interior, in particular, is carefully worked out, and the lighting, from both natural and artificial sources, is indirect, angled in many directions to illuminate vistas and planes. All surfaces are carefully sloped, the angles meticulously calculated to give optimum visual effect. The crypt, below the raised choir, is painted in bright colours and lit from ceiling oculi.One of Le Corbusier's late works, the Convent is a tour de force.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHonorary Doctorate Zurich University 1933. Honorary Member RIBA 1937. Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1937. American Institute of Architects Gold Medal 1961. Honorary Degree University of Geneva 1964.BibliographyHis chief publications, all of which have been numerously reprinted and translated, are: 1923, Vers une architecture.1935, La Ville radieuse.1946, Propos d'urbanisme.1950, Le Modular.Further ReadingP.Blake, 1963, Le Corbusier: Architecture and Form, Penguin. R.Furneaux-Jordan, 1972, Le Corbusier, Dent.W.Boesiger, 1970, Le Corbusier, 8 vols, Thames and Hudson.——1987, Le Corbusier: Architect of the Century, Arts Council of Great Britain.DYBiographical history of technology > Jeanneret, Charles-Edouard (Le Corbusier)
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105 Kay, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. probably before 1747d. 1801 Bury, Lancashire, England[br]English inventor of the drop box, whereby shuttles with different wefts could be stored and selected when needed.[br]Little is known about the early life of Robert Kay except that he may have moved to France with his father, John Kay of Bury in 1747 but must have returned to England and their home town of Bury soon after. He may have been involved with his father in the production of a machine for making the wire covering for hand cards to prepare cotton for spinning. However, John Aikin, writing in 1795, implies that this was a recent invention. Kay's machine could pierce the holes in the leather backing, cut off a length of wire, bend it and insert it through the holes, row after row, in one operation by a person turning a shaft. The machine preserved in the Science Museum, in London's South Kensington, is more likely to be one of Robert's machine than his father's, for Robert carried on business as a cardmaker in Bury from 1791 until his death in 1801. The flying shuttle, invented by his father, does not seem to have been much used by weavers of cotton until Robert invented the drop box in 1760. Instead of a single box at the end of the sley, Robert usually put two, but sometimes three or four, one above another; the boxes could be raised or lowered. Shuttles with either different colours or different types of weft could be put in the boxes and the weaver could select any one by manipulating levers with the left hand while working the picking stick with the right to drive the appropriate shuttle across the loom. Since the selection could be made without the weaver having to pick up a shuttle and place it in the lath, this invention helped to speed up weaving, especially of multi-coloured checks, which formed a large part of the Lancashire output.Between 1760 and 1763 Robert Kay may have written a pamphlet describing the invention of the flying shuttle and the attack on his father, pointing out how much his father had suffered and that there had been no redress. In February 1764 he brought to the notice of the Society of Arts an improvement he had made to the flying shuttle by substituting brass for wood, which enabled a larger spool to be carried.[br]Further ReadingA.P.Wadsworth and J. de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, Manchester.A.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London; and R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (for details about the drop box).RLH -
106 sanayi
,-ii industry: mensucat sanayii the textile industry. otomobil sanayii the automobile industry. - devrimi industrial revolution. - mühendisliği industrial engineering. -i nefise the fine arts. - odası association of manufacturers. -
107 RSA
sigles Royal Society of Arts societat britànica per al foment de les arts, la producció industrial i el comerç -
108 Clegg, Samuel
[br]b. 2 March 1781 Manchester, Englandd. 8 January 1861 Haverstock Hill, Hampstead, London, England[br]English inventor and gas engineer.[br]Clegg received scientific instruction from John Dalton, the founder of the atomic theory, and was apprenticed to Boulton \& Watt. While at their Soho factory in Birmingham, he assisted William Murdock with his experiments on coal gas. He left the firm in 1804 and set up as a gas engineer on his own account. He designed and installed gas plant and lighting in a number of factories, including Henry Lodge's cotton mill at Sowerby Bridge and in 1811 the Jesuit College at Stoneyhurst in Lancashire, the first non-industrial establishment to be equipped with gas lighting.Clegg moved to London in 1813 and successfully installed gas lighting at the premises of Rudolf Ackermann in the Strand. His success in the manufacture of gas had earned him the Royal Society of Arts Silver Medal in 1808 for furthering "the art of gas production", and in 1813 it brought him the appointment of Chief Engineer to the first gas company, the Chartered Gas, Light \& Coke Company. He left in 1817, but remained in demand to set up gas works and advise on the formation of gas companies. Throughout this time there flowed from Clegg a series of inventions of fundamental importance in the gas industry. While at Lodge's mill he had begun purifying gas by adding lime to the gas holder, and at Stoneyhurst this had become a separate lime purifier. In 1815, and again in 1818, Clegg patented the wet-meter which proved to be the basis for future devices for measuring gas. He invented the gas governor and, favouring the horizontal retort, developed the form which was to become standard for the next forty years. But after all this, Clegg joined a concern in Liverpool which failed, taking all his possessions with it. He made a fresh start in Lisbon, where he undertook various engineering works for the Portuguese government. He returned to England to find railway construction gathering pace, but he again backed a loser by engaging in the ill-fated atmospheric-rail way project. He was finally discouraged from taking part in further enterprises, but he received a government appointment as Surveying Officer to conduct enquiries in connection with the various Bills on gas that were presented to Parliament. Clegg also contributed to his son's massive treatise on the manufacture of coal gas.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society of Arts Silver Medal 1808.Further ReadingMinutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers (1862) 21:552–4.S.Everard, 1949, The History of the Gas light and Coke Company, London: Ernest Benn.LRD -
109 Clement (Clemmet), Joseph
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]bapt. 13 June 1779 Great Asby, Westmoreland, Englandd. 28 February 1844 London, England[br]English machine tool builder and inventor.[br]Although known as Clement in his professional life, his baptism at Asby and his death were registered under the name of Joseph Clemmet. He worked as a slater until the age of 23, but his interest in mechanics led him to spend much of his spare time in the local blacksmith's shop. By studying books on mechanics borrowed from his cousin, a watchmaker, he taught himself and with the aid of the village blacksmith made his own lathe. By 1805 he was able to give up the slating trade and find employment as a mechanic in a small factory at Kirkby Stephen. From there he moved to Carlisle for two years, and then to Glasgow where, while working as a turner, he took lessons in drawing; he had a natural talent and soon became an expert draughtsman. From about 1809 he was employed by Leys, Mason \& Co. of Aberdeen designing and making power looms. For this work he built a screw-cutting lathe and continued his self-education. At the end of 1813, having saved about £100, he made his way to London, where he soon found employment as a mechanic and draughtsman. Within a few months he was engaged by Joseph Bramah, and after a trial period a formal agreement dated 1 April 1814 was made by which Clement was to be Chief Draughtsman and Superintendent of Bramah's Pimlico works for five years. However, Bramah died in December 1814 and after his sons took over the business it was agreed that Clement should leave before the expiry of the five-year period. He soon found employment as Chief Draughtsman with Henry Maudslay \& Co. By 1817 Clement had saved about £500, which enabled him to establish his own business at Prospect Place, Newington Butts, as a mechanical draughtsman and manufacturer of high-class machinery. For this purpose he built lathes for his own use and invented various improvements in their detailed design. In 1827 he designed and built a facing lathe which incorporated an ingenious system of infinitely variable belt gearing. He had also built his own planing machine by 1820 and another, much larger one in 1825. In 1828 Clement began making fluted taps and dies and standardized the screw threads, thus anticipating on a small scale the national standards later established by Sir Joseph Whitworth. Because of his reputation for first-class workmanship, Clement was in the 1820s engaged by Charles Babbage to carry out the construction of his first Difference Engine.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsSociety of Arts Gold Medal 1818 (for straightline mechanism), 1827 (for facing lathe); Silver Medal 1828 (for lathe-driving device).BibliographyExamples of Clement's draughtsmanship can be found in the Transactions of the Society of Arts 33 (1817), 36 (1818), 43 (1925), 46 (1828) and 48 (1829).Further ReadingS.Smiles, 1863, Industrial Biography, London, reprinted 1967, Newton Abbot (virtually the only source of biographical information on Clement).L.T.C.Rolt, 1965, Tools for the Job, London (repub. 1986); W.Steeds, 1969, A History of Machine Tools 1700–1910, Oxford (both contain descriptions of his machine tools).RTSBiographical history of technology > Clement (Clemmet), Joseph
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110 das Kunstgewerbe
- {applied arts; arts and crafts; industrial art} -
111 design
1. [dıʹzaın] n1. 1) замысел; планto have a design for /of/ an insurrection - планировать восстание
to frustrate smb.'s designs - сорвать чьи-л. замыслы /планы/
2) часто pl (злой) умыселto have designs on /against/ smb. - вынашивать коварные замыслы против кого-л.
to have designs on smb.'s life - покушаться на чью-л. жизнь
3) рел. божье провидение, божественный промыс(е)л2. цель, намерениеwith (a) design - с намерением, с целью
by design - намеренно; преднамеренно, предумышленно
3. 1) (творческий) замысел; план, проект2) планирование3) вчт. проектирование; конструированиеcomputer design - проектирование или конструирование вычислительных машин
4. 1) чертёж, эскиз; конструкция; проект; расчётdesign load - расчётная нагрузка (самолёта, корабля)
2) рисунок, узор(of) poor design - плохо выполненный, бедный, бедного рисунка
school of design - школа изобразительных искусств, художественная школа
3) модель4) композиция5) искусство композиции5. дизайн; внешний вид, исполнениеin marketing an article design is as important as construction - для коммерческого успеха товара дизайн имеет такое же значение, как конструкция
6. произведение искусства2. [dıʹzaın] v1. замышлять; намереваться; планировать2. предназначатьto design the room as /to be/ a study - отвести комнату под кабинет
the books are designed for the German reader - книги предназначаются для /рассчитаны на/ немецкого читателя
3. 1) составлять план, схему; планировать, проектировать, конструироватьto design the construction of the docks - проектировать строительство доков
2) вынашивать замысел; задуматьto design a book [a musical composition] - вынашивать замысел книги [музыкального произведения]
4. 1) чертить; вычерчивать схему2) заниматься проектированием, проектировать; быть проектировщиком, конструктором3) создавать узор, рисунок, фасон и т. п.5. исполнять, выполнятьthe new model is designed much better - в новом исполнении модель сильно выигрывает
6. книжн. собираться поехать -
112 film
1) плёнка, тонкий слой || покрываться плёнкой2) оболочка; покрытие4) (фото)плёнка5) киноплёнка; кинолента6) (кино)фильм; фильмокопия || производить киносъёмку; снимать на киноплёнку7) геофиз. диаграмма (сейсмограмма), записанная на фотоплёнке•film perforated (along) one edge — киноплёнка с односторонней перфорацией;to run through the film — просматривать фильм;to thread the film — заряжать киноплёнку-
acetate film
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adhesive film
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adsorbed film
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advertising film
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aerial film
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air bubble film
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air film
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aligning film
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amateur film
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amorphous film
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animated film
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anodized film
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antifogging film
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antihalation film
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antireflection film
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autopositive film
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axially oriented film
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balanced film
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base film
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biaxially-oriented film
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bimetallized film
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black-and-white film
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blank film
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blown film
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blue diazo assembly film
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boundary film
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bubble film
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bubble-free film
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burnished film
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calendered film
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carrying film
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cartoon film
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cast film
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center fold film
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cinema film
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cine film
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clearbase film
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cling film
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coarse-grain film
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color film
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commercial film
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composite film
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conducting film
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contact film
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continuous film
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continuous lubricating film
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continuous tone film
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convergent lubricant film
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convergent film
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cooling film
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cryovac film
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crystalline film
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cut film
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diazo-type film
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diazo film
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dichromated gelatine film
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dichromated gelatin film
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dielectric film
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discontinuous film
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distillation film
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doped film
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double-coated film
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drafting film
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dry process film
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dry silver film
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dubbed film
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duplicating film
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dye-degraded library film
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educational film
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elastohydrodynamic lubrication film
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electrodeposited film
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electron-beam evaporated film
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endless type film
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epitaxial film
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evaporated film
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exposed film
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faded film
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fast film
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feature film
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ferroelectric film
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fibrillated film
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field-oxide film
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fine-grain film
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fire-proof film
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flat film
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flexible film
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garnet film
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gas film
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getter film
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glass film
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glue film
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graphic arts film
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grown film
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gussetted tubular film
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hard film
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hardened film
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heat developable film
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heat stabilized film
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high clarity film
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high-gamma film
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high-impact film
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high-speed color negative film
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holographic film
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hot tack film
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hot-wall film
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hydrodynamic oil film
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hypersensitized film
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imperforated film
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imperforate film
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indium-tin oxide film
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industrial film
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infrachromatic film
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ink film
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instant film
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instructional film
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instruction film
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insulating film
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intermediate film
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internegative film
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interpositive film
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intrinsic film
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iridescent film
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ITO film
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kapton film
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laminar film
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laminate film
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laminated film
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Langmuir-Blodgett film
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large-grain film
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lenticular film
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light-control film
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light-guiding film
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light-sensitive film
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light-struck film
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line film
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lith film
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logging film
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loop film
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low defect film
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low-friction film
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low-gamma film
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low-slip film
-
lubricant film
-
magnetic bubble film
-
magnetic film
-
masking film
-
matrix film
-
mechanized processing film
-
medical film
-
medium speed film
-
medium-grain film
-
metallized film
-
moistureproof film
-
motion-picture film
-
multilayer film
-
multireel film
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multirow film
-
mylar film
-
name plate film
-
narrow-gage film
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narrow film
-
negative film
-
news film
-
nonfogging film
-
nonsilver film
-
nonwettable film
-
normal film
-
offset film
-
oil bound film
-
oil film
-
oiliness film
-
one-edge perforated film
-
opal film
-
opaque film
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opp film
-
oriented film
-
oriented polypropylene film
-
orthochromatic film
-
oven film
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oxide film
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oxidized film
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panchromatic film
-
pan film
-
panoramic film
-
passivating film
-
patterned film
-
pearlescent film
-
peelable film
-
peel-off film
-
perforated film
-
photochromic film
-
photoconductor-thermoplastic film
-
photographic film
-
photoplastic recording film
-
photoresist film
-
phototechnical film
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phototypesetting film
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piezoelectric film
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polarizer film
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polarizing film
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Polaroid film
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polycrystalline film
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polyethylene film
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polyimide film
-
polymer film
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positive film
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prescreened film
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print film
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process film
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professional film
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protective film
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publicity film
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pure film
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PVC film
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RA film
-
radiographic film
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rapid access film
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raw film
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recording film
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reflecting film
-
released film
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release film
-
resist film
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resistance film
-
reversal film
-
ripple film
-
roll film
-
room daylight film
-
rust film
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safety film
-
sandwich film
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saran film
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seismic film
-
self-developing film
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semiconductor film
-
sensitized film
-
sheet film
-
short-length film
-
shrinkable film
-
shrink film
-
silent film
-
single-crystal film
-
single-oxide film
-
single-perforated film
-
single-wound film
-
sliced film
-
slide film
-
slit film
-
small-grain film
-
soft film
-
sound film
-
spacer film
-
split film
-
spray deposited film
-
sprocketed film
-
sputtered film
-
squeezed film
-
squeeze film
-
stacked film
-
standard film
-
steam film
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steam-water film
-
stereoscopic film
-
stretch film
-
stretched film
-
stripping film
-
subminiature film
-
substrate film
-
superconducting film
-
support film
-
surface film
-
taped film
-
television film
-
test film
-
thermally grown film
-
thick film
-
thin film
-
tin oxide film
-
transfer film
-
transparency film
-
transparent film
-
trichromatic film
-
tubular film
-
TV film
-
unbalanced film
-
unsupported film
-
vapor film
-
vapor-deposited film
-
variable-area film
-
variable-density film
-
vesicular film
-
video film
-
washoff relief film
-
waster film
-
wear-inhibiting film
-
wedge-shaped oil film
-
wide-screen film
-
wrapping film
-
X-ray film -
113 designers
эк. тр., амер. дизайнеры (по SOC включают следующие группы профессий: "коммерческие и промышленные дизайнеры", "модельеры", "цветочные дизайнеры", "графические дизайнеры", "дизайнеры интерьеров", "выставщики товаров и разработчики витрин", "художники-декораторы и дизайнеры выставок"; входят в подраздел "работники сферы искусства и дизайна" в разделе "профессии в области искусства, дизайна, развлечений, спорта и средств массовой информации")See: -
114 ICA
1) Общая лексика: Immigration and Checkpoint Authority-Управление иммиграции и пограничного контроля (Сингапур), In Country Audit, ignition-capable apparatus2) Компьютерная техника: Intelligent Computing Architecture3) Медицина: internal carotid artery4) Американизм: Independent Contracting Agent5) Военный термин: Independent Cost Analysis, Integrated Control Architecture, Intelligence Center Atlantic, individual combat actions, intelligence collection area, interagency communications agency, investigative and corrective action, item change analysis6) Техника: indole-3-carboxylic acid, interapplication communications architecture, intracavity absorption7) Юридический термин: I Check All, Iowa Code Annotated8) Бухгалтерия: International Congress of Accountants, Международный конгресс бухгалтеров (International Congress of Accountants)9) Лингвистика: Independent Contractor Agreement10) Сокращение: Industrial Co-operation Agreement, Institute of Contemporary Arts, International Communication Agency, International Communications Agency, International Cooperative Alliance, International Council on Archives, Intelligent Communications Adapter, Inter-application Communications Architecture, International Cocoa Agreement, International Coffee Agreement, International Commodity Agreement, International Cooperation Administration11) Университет: Interuniversity Conference Of Agriculture12) Электроника: Independent Component Analysis, Isotropically Conductive Adhesive13) Вычислительная техника: Independent Computing Architecture, Integrated Communications Architecture, Intelligent Communication Adapter, Interapplications Communications Architecture, immediate constituent analyzer, Intelligent Communication Adapter (Banyan, VINES), Independent Computing Architecture (Cytrix, Windows, NT, ASP), Information Connection Architecture (SGI), Integrated Chameleon Architecture (SGML), International Communications Association (organization), алгоритм анализа по непосредственно составляющим, интерактивное коммуникационное средство14) Нефть: Intergas central Asia, Интергаз-центральная азия (название компании-оператора трубопровода Макат-Северный Кавказ)15) Иммунология: islet cell antibodies16) Космонавтика: International Cartographic Association17) Банковское дело: Interbank Card Association Number18) Воздухоплавание: Initial Cruise Altitude19) Фирменный знак: Indigenous Communications Australia, Intellectual Capital Associates20) Реклама: Международная коммуникационная ассоциация21) Деловая лексика: Independent Crane Advisor22) Образование: Internet Classroom Assistant23) Сетевые технологии: Intelligent Console Architecture, International Communications Association, interapplication communication architecture, intercomputer adapter, Международная ассоциация связи, адаптер каналов связи, архитектура интеллектуальной консоли24) Химическое оружие: Independent cost analysis/assessment25) Интернет: Internet Commerce Association26) Расширение файла: Image Object Content Architecture Bitmap graphics file, Institute of Chartered Accountants, International Communication Association, Intra-application Communications Area, Icon archive (IoCA)27) Рыболовство: (Integrated Catch-at-age Analysis) сепарабельный последовательный популяционный анализ, основанный на интеграции дополнительной информации о запасе28) ООН: Institute of Cultural Affairs29) Общественная организация: Interstitial Cystitis Association30) НАСА: Integration Control Agreement31) Международная торговля: International Co-operative Alliance -
115 прикладное искусство
1) General subject: arts and crafts, commercial art (реклама, дизайн, фотография), ornamental art2) Law: applied art3) Economy: industrial art4) Architecture: decorative art5) Advertising: utility artУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > прикладное искусство
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116 Kunstgewerbe
Kunstgewerbe
applied art, arts and crafts, industrial art -
117 acabado
adj.1 finished, accomplished, concluded, all through.2 washed-up, all through.3 finished, well-done, perfect.4 depleted.m.1 finishing, finish.2 polished surface.3 finishing work.past part.past participle of spanish verb: acabar.* * *1 finish————————1→ link=acabar acabar► adjetivo1 (terminado) finished; (perfecto) perfect, complete■ acabado,-a de hacer freshly made2 figurado (malparado) worn-out, spent1 finish* * *1. (f. - acabada)adj.finished, done, complete, over2. noun m.* * *1. ADJ1) (=completo) finished2) (=viejo) old, worn outestar acabado — [de salud] to be a wreck
está acabado como futbolista — he's finished as a footballer, his footballing days are over
está muy acabado — Méx he's looking very old
2.SM (Téc) finish* * *I- da adjetivoa) [estar] < trabajo> finishedb) [estar] < persona> finishedIImasculino finish* * *I- da adjetivoa) [estar] < trabajo> finishedb) [estar] < persona> finishedIImasculino finish* * *acabado11 = finish, finishing, surfacing.Ex: The intention was to make the interior finish as flexible and adaptable as possible.
Ex: An enquirer wishes to retrieve documents on the ' finishing of concrete floors for industrial buildings'.Ex: The finishing or final surfacing of ordinary printing papers took place in the calender of the paper-making machine, when they were said to be machine-finished.* acabado a máquina = machine-finished.* acabado de lujo = luxury appointment.* acabado mate = matte finish.* dar un nuevo acabado = refinish.acabado22 = finished, spent.Ex: For storytelling and reading aloud are performance arts: They involve a script (even when the words are improvised on the spot), an interpreter (the teller or reader), and an audience, and as in all performances, the audience plays a part in molding the finished work.
Ex: If you repeatedly deadhead - trim off the spent flowers - the plant goes into overdrive.* acabado en meseta = flat-topped.* acabado en punta = pointed.* * *1 [ ESTAR] ‹trabajo› finishedesto tiene que estar acabado para mañana this has to finished by tomorrowson todos productos muy bien acabados they are all well-finished products2 [ ESTAR] ‹persona› finishedpolíticamente está acabado politically, he's finishedfinishfotos con acabado mate/satinado photos with a matt/satin finish* * *
Del verbo acabar: ( conjugate acabar)
acabado es:
el participio
Multiple Entries:
acabado
acabar
acabado 1◊ -da adjetivo [estar]
acabado 2 sustantivo masculino
finish
acabar ( conjugate acabar) verbo intransitivo
1
[ persona] to finish;
[ novios] to split up;
(+ compl)
ese chico va a acabado mal that boy will come to no good;
la película acabó bien the movie had a happy ending;
acabadoán aceptándolo o por aceptarlo they'll end up accepting it;
acabado de algo to end up as sth;
acabó de camarero he ended up (working) as a waiterc) ( rematar) acabado en algo to end in sth
2
‹con bombones/bebidas› to finish off sth;
‹con salud/carrera› to ruin sth;
‹con sueldo/herencia› to fritter away sth;
‹con abuso/problema› to put an end to sthb) (fam) acabado con algn ( pelearse) to finish with sb;
( matar) to do away with sb (colloq);
3
acababa de meterme en la cama cuando … I had just got into bed when …c) ( llegar a):
no acababa de gustarle she wasn't totally happy about it
verbo transitivo ‹trabajo/libro› to finish;
‹curso/carrera› to finish, complete
acabarse verbo pronominal
1 ( terminarse) [provisiones/comida] to run out;
[ problema] to be over;
[reunión/fiesta/curso] to end;
[ proyecto] to finish, come to an end;
[ año] to come to an end;
se le acabadoon las fuerzas he ran out of energy;
un trabajo que no se acaba nunca a never-ending o an endless task;
¡esto se acabó! that's it!
2 ( enf) ( comer) to finish (up)
acabado,-a
1 adjetivo
1 (completo, terminado) finished
2 fig (viejo, destrozado) worn-out, spent: como actriz está acabada, she is finished as actress
II sustantivo masculino finish: este escritorio tiene un acabado perfecto, this writing desk has a perfect finish to it
acabar
I verbo transitivo
1 to finish (off) ➣ Ver nota en finish 2 (completar) to complete
II verbo intransitivo
1 to finish, end: todo acabó bien, it all ended happily 2 acabar con (agotar las existencias) to finish something
figurado estás acabando con mi paciencia, I'm losing my patience with you
(romper algo) to break something
(matar) to kill: la droga está acabando con él, he's killing himself with drugs
(destruir, eliminar) to destroy something: hay que acabar con la tortura, we must get rid of torture
figurado las presiones acabaron con su carrera política, the overwhelming pressure finished off his political career 3 acabar de: acaba de llegar de Río, he's just arrived from Río
no acaba de decidirse, she hasn't made up her mind yet 4 acabar en: el partido de fútbol acabó en tragedia, the football match ended in tragedy 5 acabar por/acabar + gerundio acabé creyendo/por creer que estaba loca, I ended up thinking she was mad
' acabado' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acabada
- colorín
- todavía
- victoria
- vivir
- mentalizar
- puntiagudo
- terminación
English:
day
- do in
- finish
- finished
- over
- satin
- sketch
- through
- up
- use up
- gloss
- gone
- matt
- pointed
* * *acabado, -a♦ adj1. [terminado] finished2. [completo] perfect, consummate3. [fracasado] finished, ruined;como ciclista está acabado he's finished as a cyclist, his career as a cyclist is over♦ nm1. [de producto] finishacabado mate matt finish;acabado satinado satin finish2. [de piso] décor* * *I adj persona finished;producto acabado finished productII m TÉC finish* * *acabado, -da adj1) : finished, done, completed2) : old, worn-outacabado nm: finishun acabado brillante: a glossy finish* * *acabado adj (terminado) finished -
118 subsidy
фін., ек. дотація; субсидія; асигнування грошейгрошова допомога або інші ресурси, що виділяються державою для підтримки ділової, економічної та ін. діяльності окремих осіб, виробників, галузей і т. п.; ♦ дотація може мати форму готівки, безвідсоткової позики, знижки з орендної плати, звільнення від сплати податку тощо═════════■═════════agricultural subsidy сільськогосподарська субсидія • сільськогосподарська дотація; arts subsidyies субсидії на мистецькі програми; budgetary subsidy бюджетна субсидія; corrective subsidy коригувальна субсидія; employment subsidyies субсидії, які стимулюють зайнятість; export subsidy експортна субсидія; family subsidy допомога багатодітним родинам; farming subsidy сільськогосподарська субсидія; food subsidy харчова субсидія; government subsidy державна дотація; housing subsidy субсидія на житлове будівництво • дотація на житлове будівництво; industrial subsidyies промислові субсидії; mortgage interest subsidy субсидія у формі частини відсоткових виплат за заставною; price subsidy цінова субсидія; promotional subsidy експортна субсидія; public subsidy державна субсидія • субсидія від місцевої влади; rent subsidy житлова субсидія; state subsidyies державні субсидії; training subsidy дотація на навчання • субсидія на підготовку; wage subsidyies субсидії, які стимулюють зайнятість═════════□═════════subsidy for unprofitable services дотація неприбутковим підприємствам сфери обслуговування; subsidy on exports експортна субсидія; subsidy scheme програма дотацій • програма субсидій; to apply for a subsidy подавати/подати заяву на субсидію; to benefit from a subsidy використовувати/використати дотації* * *дотація, субсидія; субвенція -
119 inscrire
inscrire [ɛ̃skʀiʀ]➭ TABLE 391. transitive verba. ( = marquer) [+ nom, date] to note down ; [+ but] to scoreb. ( = enregistrer) [+ étudiant] to register2. reflexive verba. [personne] to register (à at)• s'inscrire à un parti/club to join a party/clubb. ( = apparaître) un message s'est inscrit sur l'écran a message came up on the screenc. ( = s'insérer) cette mesure s'inscrit dans un ensemble the measure is part of a package* * *ɛ̃skʀiʀ
1.
1) ( enregistrer) [institution, enseignant] to enrol [BrE] [élève]; to register [étudiant]faites-vous inscrire à la mairie pour le tournoi — put your name down at the Town Hall for the tournament
2) ( écrire) to write down [nom, rendez-vous]
2.
s'inscrire verbe pronominal1) ( faire enregistrer) École to enrol [BrE]; Université to registers'inscrire à un parti/club — to join a party/club
2) ( faire partie de)3)* * *ɛ̃skʀiʀ vt1) (= écrire) (sur son calepin) to note down, to write down, (sur un mur, une affiche) to write2) (= inclure) to put downinscrire qch au budget [dépenses, crédits, travaux, réparations] — to budget for sth
3) SPORT, [but, essai] to scoreIl a inscrit son troisième but de la partie. — He scored his third goal of the game.
4) (dans la pierre, le métal) to inscribe5) (comme membre, élève)inscrire qn à (club, école) — to enrol sb at
6) MATHÉMATIQUE, [figure géométrique] to inscribe* * *inscrire verb table: écrireA vtr1 ( enregistrer) [institution, enseignant] to enrolGB [élève]; to register [étudiant]; je l'ai inscrite à l'école du quartier/à un cours de violon I enrolled her at the local primary school/for violin lessons; inscrire qn sur une liste to enter sb's name on a list; inscrire une question à l'ordre du jour to place an item on the agenda; se faire inscrire à to join; se faire inscrire sur les listes électorales to get oneself put on the electoral roll; faites-vous inscrire à la mairie pour le tournoi put your name down at the Town Hall for the tournament;2 ( écrire) to write down [nom, rendez-vous].B s'inscrire vpr1 ( faire enregistrer) Scol to enrolGB; Univ to register, to matriculate; s'inscrire à l'université to register at the university; s'inscrire à un parti/club to join a party/club; s'inscrire à un examen to enter for an exam; s'inscrire à un tournoi to enter (one's name) for a tournament; s'inscrire au chômage to register as unemployed; s'inscrire sur les listes électorales to get oneself put on the electoral roll;2 ( faire partie de) s'inscrire dans le cadre de to be in line with; s'inscrire dans la logique de to fit into the scheme of; s'inscrire dans une stratégie/un plan de restructuration to be part of a strategy/a restructuring programmeGB; s'inscrire dans une volonté de réforme to be part and parcel of a desire for reform; le nouveau bâtiment s'inscrit mal dans l'architecture du quartier the new building does not fit in well with the architecture of the area;3 s'inscrire en faux contre qch to dispute the validity of sth.[ɛ̃skrir] verbe transitif1. [écrire - chiffre, détail] to write ou to note (down)inscris ton nom au tableau/sur la feuille write your name (up) on the board/(down) on the sheetje ferai inscrire son nom sur la tombe I'll have his name engraved ou inscribed on the tombstone(faire) inscrire un enfant à l'école to register ou to enrol a child for school, to put a child's name down for schoolles étudiants inscrits à l'examen the students entered for the exam, the students sitting the exam (UK)se faire inscrire sur les listes électorales to register as a voter, to put one's name on the electoral registerinscrire quelqu'un (pour un rendez-vous) to put somebody ou somebody's name down for an appointmentet la liste des passagers? — il n'y est pas inscrit non plus the passenger list? — he's not listed there ou his name's not on it eitherson style l'inscrit dans la tradition italienne her style places ou situates her within the Italian traditioninscrire un prix littéraire/un disque d'or à son palmarès to add a literary prize/a gold disc to one's list of achievementsinscrire une question à l'ordre du jour to put ou to place a question on the agenda————————s'inscrire verbe pronominal (emploi réfléchi)a. [club, parti, bibliothèque] to joinb. [université] to register ou to enrol atc. [concours, rallye] to enter ou to put one's name down for————————s'inscrire verbe pronominal intransitifle numéro de téléphone va s'inscrire sur vos écrans the phone number will come up ou be displayed ou appear on your screens2. DROITs'inscrire en faux contre une politique/des allégations (figuré) to strongly denounce a policy/deny allegations3. BOURSEs'inscrire en hausse/baisse to be (marked) up/downles valeurs industrielles s'inscrivent en baisse de 13 points à la clôture industrial shares closed 13 points down————————s'inscrire dans verbe pronominal plus préposition(soutenu) [suj: événement, attitude] to be consistent with, to be in keeping with, to be in line with[suj: œuvre] to take its place incette mesure s'inscrit dans le cadre de notre campagne this measure comes ou lies within the framework of our campaign -
120 centro
m centre, AE centerdi bersaglio bull's eyecentro commerciale shopping centrecentro della città town or city centre, AE downtowncentro residenziale residential areacentro storico old (part of) townfare centro hit the bull's eyefig hit the nail on the head* * *centro s.m.1 (scient.) centre, (amer.) center: (fis.) centro di gravità, di curvatura, centre of gravity, of curvature; (mecc.) centro di inerzia, centre of gyration; (geol.) centro sismico, focus; (anat.) centro nervoso, nerve centre; (mat.) conica a centro, central conic2 ( punto, area nel mezzo di qlco.) centre: il centro del bersaglio, the bull's eye; al centro di una stanza, di una piazza, in the middle of a room, of a square // (sport): palla al centro, ball on the centre spot; tirare dal centro, to shoot from the centre of the field // far centro, to hit the bull's eye (o to hit the bull); (fig.) to hit the mark // essere al centro dell'attenzione, to be the centre of attention // (pol.) il Centro, the Centre3 ( di città e simili) (town) centre: abita in centro, he lives in the centre of the town (o in the town centre); è andata in centro a fare spese, she's gone to the town centre to do the shopping; il centro storico di Milano, the old town centre of Milan4 ( punto, area principale di una attività) centre: centro di potere, power centre; centro di profitti, profit centre; centro di distribuzione, distribution centre; centro di vendita, sales outlet; centro di costo, burden centre; centro di produzione, di servizi, production, service centre; centro degli affari, business centre5 ( aggregato urbano, città, paese) centre, town; resort: centro industriale, industrial town; centro agricolo, agricultural centre (o town); centro turistico, tourist centre (o resort); centro balneare, seaside resort; centro di sport invernali, winter resort; centro residenziale, residential centre (o district); centro direzionale, office district6 ( complesso di impianti e attrezzature) centre; institute: centro di studi atomici, institute for atomic research; centro culturale, sportivo, arts, sports centre; centro commerciale, shopping centre; centro di orientamento professionale, vocational guidance centre; centro di prima accoglienza, transit camp, reception centre; centro di detenzione, detention centre // (inform.): centro di calcolo, computer centre; centro elaborazione dati, data processing centre; centro meccanografico, punched card centre, tabulating department.* * *['tʃɛntro]1. smfare centro — to hit the bull's eye, Calcio to score, fig to hit the nail on the head
2.* * *['tʃɛntro]sostantivo maschile1) (punto mediano) centre BE, center AE, middle, midpointal o nel centro di in the centre o middle of; il centro del bersaglio — the bull's eye
fare centro — to be right o dead on target, to hit the bull's eye; sport to score (a hit)
3) fig. (punto fondamentale) centre BE, center AE; (di problema, questione) heart, coreal centro di — at the centre of [attenzione, discussioni]
4) pol.5) (di città)centro (città) — town o city centre
in centro — in the city centre, downtown AE
6) (aggregato urbano) town7) geogr.centro Europa, Italia — Central Europe, Italy
8) anat. centre BE, center AE•centro di accoglienza — emergency centre, reception centre o camp
centro commerciale — shopping centre o arcade, (shopping) mall
centro nervoso — anat. nerve centre
centro (di) ricerche — research establishment o centre
centro storico — old town, historic centre
* * *centro/'t∫εntro/sostantivo m.1 (punto mediano) centre BE, center AE, middle, midpoint; al o nel centro di in the centre o middle of; il centro del bersaglio the bull's eye2 (colpo centrato) fare centro to be right o dead on target, to hit the bull's eye; sport to score (a hit)3 fig. (punto fondamentale) centre BE, center AE; (di problema, questione) heart, core; al centro di at the centre of [attenzione, discussioni]4 pol. il centro the centre5 (di città) centro (città) town o city centre; in centro in the city centre, downtown AE; il centro di New York downtown New York6 (aggregato urbano) town7 geogr. centro Europa, Italia Central Europe, Italycentro abitato built-up area; centro di accoglienza emergency centre, reception centre o camp; centro commerciale shopping centre o arcade, (shopping) mall; centro direzionale business centre; centro di gravità centre of gravity; centro nervoso anat. nerve centre; centro operativo operations centre; centro ospedaliero hospital complex; centro (di) ricerche research establishment o centre; centro sportivo sports centre; centro storico old town, historic centre.
См. также в других словарях:
Industrial arts — is an umbrella term originally conceived in the early 20th century to describe educational programs which featured fabrication of objects in wood and/or metal using a variety of hand, power, or machine tools. Many also cover topics such as small… … Wikipedia
industrial arts — pl.n. the mechanical and technical skills used in industry, esp. as a subject for study in schools … English World dictionary
industrial arts — noun a course in the methods of using tools and machinery as taught in secondary schools and technical schools • Hypernyms: ↑course, ↑course of study, ↑course of instruction, ↑class * * * the methods of using tools and machinery, as taught in… … Useful english dictionary
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industrial arts — noun a) The practical arts, such as engineering, metalworking or carpentry. b) the teaching of the knowledge and skills needed to work with tools and machinery … Wiktionary
industrial arts — in.dustrial arts n [U] AmE a subject taught in school about how to use tools, machinery etc … Dictionary of contemporary English
industrial arts — in,dustrial arts noun uncount AMERICAN a school course in the skills needed to work in industry … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
industrial arts — indus′trial arts′ n. pl. edu the techniques of using tools and machinery, as taught in secondary and technical schools • Etymology: 1840–50 … From formal English to slang
industrial arts — noun plural but singular in construction Date: circa 1925 a subject taught in elementary and secondary schools that aims at developing manual skill and familiarity with tools and machines … New Collegiate Dictionary
industrial arts — the methods of using tools and machinery, as taught in secondary and technical schools. [1840 50] * * * … Universalium
industrial arts — crafts learned in school (such as woodworking, electronics, etc.) … English contemporary dictionary