-
81 dojìti
dojìti Grammatical information: v. Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `give milk, milk'Page in Trubačev: V 53-54Old Church Slavic:Russian:doít' `milk' [verb], dojú [1sg], doít [3sg];doít' (dial.) `give milk (cow), suckle (calf)' [verb]Czech:Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:dòjiti `breast-feed, suckle, give milk' [verb], dòjīm [1sg];Čak. dojȉti (Vrgada) `breast-feed, suckle, give milk' [verb], dojĩš [2sg];Čak. dojȉt (Orbanići) `suckle, breast-feed' [verb], dojĩ [3sg]Slovene:dojíti `breast-feed, give milk, milk' [verb], dojím [1sg]Bulgarian:dojá `breast-feed, give milk, milk' [verb]Page in Pokorny: 241Comments: The straightfoward analysis * dʰoiH₁-eie meets with several difficulties. In the first place, one would rather expect * dʰoH₁i-eie in view of forms such as Latv. dêt `suck', where we are dealing with an unextended root. This reconstruction would yield * dajati, however. Skt. dáyati `suckle', has been analyzed as * dʰh₁-eie (see LIV: 142), where the same analysis is applied to OSw. dīa), but this reconstruction cannot account the Slavic form. Klingenschmitt (1982: 148) has suggested for both Slavic *dojìti and Go. daddjan that the formation is built on the present stem, i.e. *dʰ(h₁)éie gave rise to *dʰoi̯éi̯e.Other cognates:Skt. dháyati `suck' [verb]; -
82 drobìti
drobìti Grammatical information: v. Proto-Slavic meaning: `crumble, crush'Page in Trubačev: V 119Old Church Slavic:droběi (Supr.) `crushing' [pprsa]Church Slavic:Russian:drobít' `crush' [verb], drobljú [1sg], drobít [3sg]Czech:Slovak:Polish:drobić `crumble' [verb]Serbo-Croatian:dròbiti `crush, crumble' [verb], drȍbīm [1sg];Čak. drobȉti (Vrgada) `crush, crumble' [verb], drobĩš [2sg];Čak. drobȉt (Vrgada) `pulverize, crush' [verb], drobĩn [1sg]Slovene:drobíti `crumble, mince' [verb], drobím [1sg]Bulgarian:drobjá `crumble' [verb]Certainty: -Page in Pokorny: 272Comments: LIV (153) reconstructs * dʰreb- on the basis of Germanic forms such as OIc. drepa `beat, kill', OHG treffan `hit'. Since this proto-form is in conflict with Winter's law, I reconstruct *dʰrobʰ-eie- for Slavic. The discrepancy between Slavic may have something to do with the fact that the etymon is of non-Indo-European origin or Kluge's law may have played a role.Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} Unless this is a mistake for gagraban. -
83 drъžь
drъžь Grammatical information: m. jo? Proto-Slavic meaning: `shivering, tremor'Page in Trubačev: V 144Russian:Polish:Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: drugiosLithuanian:drugỹs `fever, malaria, butterfly, moth' [m io] 4Latvian:Comments: BSl. * drug- may in principle reflect * drugʰ- or * dʰrugʰ-, but to my knowledge there are no cognates outside Balto-Slavic.Notes: -
84 dura
dura Grammatical information: f. ā Proto-Slavic meaning: `hole'Page in Trubačev: V 160Belorussian:dzjurá `hole' [f ā]Ukrainian:djúra `hole' [f ā]Czech:d'úra (E. Mor. dial.) `hole' [f ā];Polish:Old Polish:Slovincian:ʒu̇̂ră `hole' [f ā]Page in Pokorny: 206Comments: West Slavic cognate of * dyra (the Ukr. and Bel. forms are borrowings from Polish). According to Sɫawski (SEJP I: 208-209), there is evidence for a Polish form dzióra. This form may derive from OPl. drać, 1sg. dziorę, or may continue an older noun * dora from the same root, which was then influenced by the Polish verb (similarly Baudouin de Courtenay apud Berneker 1899: 150 fn.). -
85 dužь
dužь Grammatical information: adj. jo Proto-Slavic meaning: `strong'Page in Trubačev: V 167-168Russian:djúžij `sturdy, hefty, robust, healthy' [adj jo];dúžij (dial.) `strong, healthy' [adj jo]Old Russian:djúžij `strong' [adj jo]Belorussian:dúžy `strong, vigorous' [adj jo]Ukrainian:dúžyj `strong, healthy' [adj jo]Czech:duží (rare) `firm, strong' [adj jo]Slovak:dúži `strong, big, healthy' [adj jo]Polish:dużo `much, many, (16th-18th c.) very' [adv] \{1\}Lithuanian:daũg `much, many' [adv];daũgia (dial.) `much, many' [adv]Latvian:daũdz(i) `much, many' [adv]Comments: If the Polish forms are "Ruthenianisms", there is no objection against positing a root containing a nasal, cf. dęga, dęglъ(jь)i, nedǫgъ. On the other hand, the parallellism between Pl. dużo and Lith. daũgia is suggestive. Possibly, the roots *dǫg- and *dug- were confused (cf. Shevelov 1964: 321-322, ESSJa 25: 126). The latter root may reflect *dʰougʰ-, cf. Go. daug `is useful'.Notes:\{1\} According to Bańkowski (II: 312), duży `strong' and dużo (duże) `very', which are attested since the 16th century, originate from Ukrainian. Duży `big' is recorded sporadically from 1600 onwards and more frequently since the 18th century, while dużo `much, many' occurs only since the 18th century. -
86 dyra
dyra; dyr'a Grammatical information: f. ā; f. jā Proto-Slavic meaning: `hole'Page in Trubačev: V 205Russian:dyrá `hole, gap' [f ā]Old Russian:Polabian:dară `hole, prison' [f ā]Indo-European reconstruction: dr(H)-Comments: In the ESSJa, it is argued that Ru. dyrá, which occurs alongside dirá (-> * dira), results from secondary ablaut (starting from * dъr- instead of of * dьr- `tear'. The same is suggested for -> * dura. It seems to me that such a scenario requires that there existed a formally and semantically similar root. In this particular case the root of Lith. dùrti `stab, push' has often been mentioned, but more often than not (e.g. Vasmer s.v. dyrá, Fraenkel LEW: 113, Sɫawski SEJP I: 208) the latter root is considered etymologically identical. This implies that already in Balto-Slavic both * dir- and * dur- functioned as the zero grade of * der- `tear'. Here I would like to adopt a more agnostic attitude, i.e. I prefer to separate forms belonging to the "u" ablaut series provisionally from * der- `tear'. Note that Baltic * duris firmly acute, while in the case of the verb `to tear' there are many indications for an old circumflex. -
87 dyr'a
dyra; dyr'a Grammatical information: f. ā; f. jā Proto-Slavic meaning: `hole'Page in Trubačev: V 205Russian:dyrá `hole, gap' [f ā]Old Russian:Polabian:dară `hole, prison' [f ā]Indo-European reconstruction: dr(H)-Comments: In the ESSJa, it is argued that Ru. dyrá, which occurs alongside dirá (-> * dira), results from secondary ablaut (starting from * dъr- instead of of * dьr- `tear'. The same is suggested for -> * dura. It seems to me that such a scenario requires that there existed a formally and semantically similar root. In this particular case the root of Lith. dùrti `stab, push' has often been mentioned, but more often than not (e.g. Vasmer s.v. dyrá, Fraenkel LEW: 113, Sɫawski SEJP I: 208) the latter root is considered etymologically identical. This implies that already in Balto-Slavic both * dir- and * dur- functioned as the zero grade of * der- `tear'. Here I would like to adopt a more agnostic attitude, i.e. I prefer to separate forms belonging to the "u" ablaut series provisionally from * der- `tear'. Note that Baltic * duris firmly acute, while in the case of the verb `to tear' there are many indications for an old circumflex. -
88 dъnò
dъnò Grammatical information: n. o Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `bottom'Page in Trubačev: V 174-175Old Church Slavic:Russian:Czech:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:dnȍ `bottom' [n o];Čak. dnȍ (Vrgada, Orbanići) `bottom' [n o]Slovene:dnọ̀ `bottom' [n o]Bulgarian:dắno `bottom, floor' [n o]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: dubnoLithuanian:dùgnas `bottom' [m o] 4Indo-European reconstruction: dʰubʰ-no-Certainty: -Comments: The Slavic vacillation between root-final *b and *p does not have a Baltic counterpart. In East Baltic, however, the full grade * daub- occurs both with acute and circumflex tone, e.g. Latv. duôbjš `deep'. The acute variant could be attributed to Winter's law, which would be in accordance with PGm. * deupa- `deep'< * dʰeub-, but this would leave us without an explanation for the other forms. The many formal problems connected with this root have made it a prime example of a borrowing from a substratum language (cf. Kuiper 1995). -
89 dъxъ
dъxъ Grammatical information: m. o Proto-Slavic meaning: `breathing, breath'Page in Trubačev: V 178Old Church Slavic:Russian:Czech:Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:dȃh `breathing, breath' [m o];Čak. då̑h (Vrgada) `breathing, breath' [m o], då̑ha [Gens];Čak. dȃh (Orbanići) `breath' [m o], dȃha [Gens]Slovene:dàh `breathing, breath' [m o];dáh `breathing, breath' [m o] \{1\}Bulgarian:dăx `breathing, breath' [m o]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: duṣosLithuanian:dùsas `short breath, asthma' [m o]Indo-European reconstruction: dʰus-o-Page in Pokorny: 268Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} Both forms are absent from Pleteršnik's dictionary. -
90 dьbrь
dьbrь Grammatical information: f. i Proto-Slavic meaning: `valley, ravine'Page in Trubačev: V 176-177Old Church Slavic:Russian:débri `jungle, thickets, dense forest' [Nompf i]Old Czech:debř `valley' [f i]Old Polish:Serbo-Croatian:Slovene:Latvian:Indo-European reconstruction: dʰubʰ-r-i-Certainty: -Comments: I have reconstructed * dьbrь on the strength of the Old Church Slavic and East Slavic evidence, but is plausible that the original form was * dъbrь (-> *dъnò), cf. OPl. debrz. Secondary forms with *i also occur in Baltic, e.g. Latv. dibęns `bottom' alongside dubęns.Other cognates: -
91 dьrvьn̨a
dьrvьn̨a Grammatical information: f. jā Proto-Slavic meaning: `field'Russian:derévnja `village, (dial.) field, wasteland, ploughed field' [f jā]Old Russian:derévnja `village, field' [f jā] \{1\}Lithuanian:dirvà `(arable) land, field' [f ā] 2/4Latvian:dìrva2 `(arable) land, field' [f ā]Indo-European reconstruction: dr(H)-u-Comments: The reconstruction of a zero grade implies that the sequence ere in the Russian forms originates from the so-called vtoroe polnoglasie.Other cognates:Skt. drū́vā- `spelt' [f]Notes:\{1\} The meaning `field' is attested in the Domostroj. -
92 edìnъ
edìnъ; edьnъ Grammatical information: num. o Proto-Slavic meaning: `one'Page in Trubačev: VI 11-13Old Church Slavic:Russian:odín `one' [num o], odnogó [Gens], odná [Nomsf]Czech:Polish:Old Polish:Slovincian:jȧ̃dĕn `one' [num o]Serbo-Croatian:jèdan `one' [num o], jȅdna [Nomsf];Čak. jedå̃n (Vrgada) `one' [num o], jednȁ [Nomsf], jednȍ [Nomsn];Čak. jedãn (Orbanići) `one, some, a certain, a' [num o], jenȁ [Nomsf], jenȍ [Nomsn]Slovene:edín `only, lonesome' [num o];jedín `only, lonesome' [num o];édǝn `one' [num o];jédǝn `one' [num o];èn `one' [num o]Bulgarian:edín `one' [num. o]Indo-European reconstruction: h₁edʰ-HiH-no-IE meaning: oneCertainty: +Page in Pokorny: 284, 286Comments: In view of Ru. odín, Gsg. odnogó etc., the form *jedьnь must be due to analogy. The vowel of the second syllable behaves similarly to a so-called "tense jer": in strong postion we find i (sometimes e), in weak position the vowel is lost. This behaviour might be linked to the j of *jьnъ. Though the j, which before words beginning with a front vowel had arisen as an automatic Hiatustilger, is absent in *jedinъ/jedьnъ, it is conceivable that it conformed to the pattern of *jьnъ. The problem with this hypothesis is that forms with *jn- < *jьn appear to be lacking. Andersen's reconstruction *edeino- next to *edino- (1996: 116) is, in my opinion, an unsatisfactory explanation for the alternation mentioned above. The origin of the element *jed- < *(h₁)edʰ- is unclear. Pokorny's reconstruction *ed- is in conflict with Winter's law.Notes: -
93 edьnъ
edìnъ; edьnъ Grammatical information: num. o Proto-Slavic meaning: `one'Page in Trubačev: VI 11-13Old Church Slavic:Russian:odín `one' [num o], odnogó [Gens], odná [Nomsf]Czech:Polish:Old Polish:Slovincian:jȧ̃dĕn `one' [num o]Serbo-Croatian:jèdan `one' [num o], jȅdna [Nomsf];Čak. jedå̃n (Vrgada) `one' [num o], jednȁ [Nomsf], jednȍ [Nomsn];Čak. jedãn (Orbanići) `one, some, a certain, a' [num o], jenȁ [Nomsf], jenȍ [Nomsn]Slovene:edín `only, lonesome' [num o];jedín `only, lonesome' [num o];édǝn `one' [num o];jédǝn `one' [num o];èn `one' [num o]Bulgarian:edín `one' [num. o]Indo-European reconstruction: h₁edʰ-HiH-no-IE meaning: oneCertainty: +Page in Pokorny: 284, 286Comments: In view of Ru. odín, Gsg. odnogó etc., the form *jedьnь must be due to analogy. The vowel of the second syllable behaves similarly to a so-called "tense jer": in strong postion we find i (sometimes e), in weak position the vowel is lost. This behaviour might be linked to the j of *jьnъ. Though the j, which before words beginning with a front vowel had arisen as an automatic Hiatustilger, is absent in *jedinъ/jedьnъ, it is conceivable that it conformed to the pattern of *jьnъ. The problem with this hypothesis is that forms with *jn- < *jьn appear to be lacking. Andersen's reconstruction *edeino- next to *edino- (1996: 116) is, in my opinion, an unsatisfactory explanation for the alternation mentioned above. The origin of the element *jed- < *(h₁)edʰ- is unclear. Pokorny's reconstruction *ed- is in conflict with Winter's law.Notes: -
94 ȅrxъkъ
ȅrxъkъ Grammatical information: m. o Accent paradigm: cPage in Trubačev: -Slovene:Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: erʔkṣ-Lithuanian:erškėtỹs `thorn-bush' [m jo] 3b \{1\}, ẽr(k)šk̨is, ẽrkšis `thorn-bush' [m jo]Latvian:ẽr(k)šk̨is `thorn-bush' [m jo];ẽrkšis `thorn-bush' [m jo]Indo-European reconstruction: HerHks-Comments: The š of Sln. rẹ̑šǝk may have originated in a form *erš-ьcь < *erx-iko- (cf. Andersen 1996: 140). Bezlaj has proposed to link the Slovene word to SCr. rèkeš `eryngo' (Dubrovnik), with metathesis (1977: 17). The etymological connection with Skt. r̥kṣára- is attractive, notwithstanding the fact that the Baltic forms seem to require a laryngeal.Other cognates:Skt. r̥kṣara- `thorn'Notes:\{1\} There are many variants, e.g. erškẽtis, erškė̃tis, (Žem.) érškẽtis (cf. Derksen 1996: 51, 149). -
95 ȇdlь
ȇdlь; edlà Grammatical information: f. i; f. ā Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `spruce, fir'Page in Trubačev: VI 14-15Russian:Czech:Old Czech:Slovak:Polish:Old Polish:jedla [f ā]Serbo-Croatian:jéla `fir' [f ā];jȅla `fir' [f ā];Čak. jȅla (Vrgada) `tree-trunk' [f ā]Slovene:ję̑l `spruce, fir' [f i], jelȋ [Gens];ję̑la `spruce, fir' [f ā]Bulgarian:jelá `fir' [f ā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: edli-Lithuanian:ẽglė `spruce, fir' [f ē] 2Latvian:Old Prussian:Indo-European reconstruction: h₁edʰ-l-iIE meaning: spruce, firPage in Pokorny: 289-290Comments: Connecting the name of the `spruce' or `fir-tree' with Lith. ãdata `needle' and adýti `to darn', as advocated by Fraenkel ( Fraenkel I: 117-118) and Pokorny, is semantically attractive but does not make much sense in relation to Lat. ebulum (cf. Andersen 1996: 119).Other cognates:Lat. ebulum `dwarf-elder, danewort (sambucus ebulus)' [n], ebulus `dwarf-elder, danewort (sambucus ebulus)' [f];Notes: -
96 edlà
ȇdlь; edlà Grammatical information: f. i; f. ā Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `spruce, fir'Page in Trubačev: VI 14-15Russian:Czech:Old Czech:Slovak:Polish:Old Polish:jedla [f ā]Serbo-Croatian:jéla `fir' [f ā];jȅla `fir' [f ā];Čak. jȅla (Vrgada) `tree-trunk' [f ā]Slovene:ję̑l `spruce, fir' [f i], jelȋ [Gens];ję̑la `spruce, fir' [f ā]Bulgarian:jelá `fir' [f ā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: edli-Lithuanian:ẽglė `spruce, fir' [f ē] 2Latvian:Old Prussian:Indo-European reconstruction: h₁edʰ-l-iIE meaning: spruce, firPage in Pokorny: 289-290Comments: Connecting the name of the `spruce' or `fir-tree' with Lith. ãdata `needle' and adýti `to darn', as advocated by Fraenkel ( Fraenkel I: 117-118) and Pokorny, is semantically attractive but does not make much sense in relation to Lat. ebulum (cf. Andersen 1996: 119).Other cognates:Lat. ebulum `dwarf-elder, danewort (sambucus ebulus)' [n], ebulus `dwarf-elder, danewort (sambucus ebulus)' [f];Notes: -
97 eterъ
eterъ Grammatical information: prn.Page in Trubačev: VIII 187Old Church Slavic:Church Slavic:Upper Sorbian:Lower Sorbian:wótery, wótary, wótory `some' [prn o]Indo-European reconstruction: io-tero-IE meaning: someoneCertainty: +Page in Pokorny: 283Comments: It cannot be decided whether this pronoun continues PIE *io-tero- or *h₁e-etero-, cf. Skt. yatará- `which of the two' vs. Av. atāra- `this one of the two'. The Sorbian forms may have been influenced by *vъtorъ `second'.Other cognates:Skt. yatará- `which of the two' -
98 evьja
evьja; evьn̨a Grammatical information: f. iā; f. jā Proto-Slavic meaning: `granary, drying shed'Page in Trubačev: -Russian:évnja (W. dial.) `granary, drying shed' [f jā];ëvnja (Psk.) `granary, drying shed' [f jā];evnjá (dial.) `drying shed without a ceiling' [f jā]Belorussian:ëŭnja `granary, drying shed' [f jā];éŭnja `granary, drying shed' [f jā];jaŭja (dial.) `granary, drying shed' [f jā] \{1\}Ukrainian:jévnja `granary, drying shed' [f jā]Polish:Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: iouiaHLithuanian:jáuja `granary, drying shed, threshing shed' [f ā] 1 \{3\}Latvian:jaũja `threshing floor' [f ā]Old Prussian:Indo-European reconstruction: ieu-iH-eh₂IE meaning: granaryCertainty: +Page in Pokorny: 512Comments: It is evident that *evьja is a borrowing from Baltic. The Baltic word is a derivative of the word for `grain', Lith. javaĩ, which lacks a Slavic counterpart. The resyllabification of *iau̯-iā to *iau-i̯ā may account for the metatonical acute tone of both the Lithuanian and the Latvian form, if we assume that the original form was *iau̯-ìā. The East Slavic word *ovinъ apparently underwent the e- > o- shift (I do not share Andersen's objections to Trubačëv's Proto-Slavic reconstruction *evinъ, theoretical though it is).Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} The form without -n- has been recorded from 1540 onwards in many different shapes, e.g. ev'ja, jav'ja, evga and javga. According to Anikin (2005: 143), only the form jaŭja is known in the living language. The other forms are limited to areas that were inhabited by Lithuanians.\{2\} Since 1554 many variants have been recorded, e.g. jawia, jawgia, jewia, jowia. \{3\} There are many variants, viz. jáujė, jáujis, jáujas, jáujus. \{4\} The oldest source (1604) has the spelling jawyge (Toporov II: 21). -
99 evьn̨a
evьja; evьn̨a Grammatical information: f. iā; f. jā Proto-Slavic meaning: `granary, drying shed'Page in Trubačev: -Russian:évnja (W. dial.) `granary, drying shed' [f jā];ëvnja (Psk.) `granary, drying shed' [f jā];evnjá (dial.) `drying shed without a ceiling' [f jā]Belorussian:ëŭnja `granary, drying shed' [f jā];éŭnja `granary, drying shed' [f jā];jaŭja (dial.) `granary, drying shed' [f jā] \{1\}Ukrainian:jévnja `granary, drying shed' [f jā]Polish:Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: iouiaHLithuanian:jáuja `granary, drying shed, threshing shed' [f ā] 1 \{3\}Latvian:jaũja `threshing floor' [f ā]Old Prussian:Indo-European reconstruction: ieu-iH-eh₂IE meaning: granaryCertainty: +Page in Pokorny: 512Comments: It is evident that *evьja is a borrowing from Baltic. The Baltic word is a derivative of the word for `grain', Lith. javaĩ, which lacks a Slavic counterpart. The resyllabification of *iau̯-iā to *iau-i̯ā may account for the metatonical acute tone of both the Lithuanian and the Latvian form, if we assume that the original form was *iau̯-ìā. The East Slavic word *ovinъ apparently underwent the e- > o- shift (I do not share Andersen's objections to Trubačëv's Proto-Slavic reconstruction *evinъ, theoretical though it is).Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} The form without -n- has been recorded from 1540 onwards in many different shapes, e.g. ev'ja, jav'ja, evga and javga. According to Anikin (2005: 143), only the form jaŭja is known in the living language. The other forms are limited to areas that were inhabited by Lithuanians.\{2\} Since 1554 many variants have been recorded, e.g. jawia, jawgia, jewia, jowia. \{3\} There are many variants, viz. jáujė, jáujis, jáujas, jáujus. \{4\} The oldest source (1604) has the spelling jawyge (Toporov II: 21). -
100 ědro
ědro Grammatical information: n. o Proto-Slavic meaning: `bosom'Page in Trubačev: VI 43Old Church Slavic:Church Slavic:Czech:ňadro `breast, bosom' [n o];ňadra `breast, bosom' [Nompn o]Old Czech:ňadra `breast, bosom' [Nompn o];ňádra `breast, bosom' [n o]Polish:Serbo-Croatian:jȅdro `sail' [n o], jèdra [Nom p];jèdro (Vuk) `sail' [n o] \{1\};Čak. ȉdro `sail' [n o], idrå̃ [Nom p];Čak. jȁdro (Novi) `sail' [n o]Slovene:jádrọ `sail, "bosom" of a net' [n o];nẹ̑drọ `bosom' [n o];nẹ̑drje `bosom' [n jo], nẹ̑drja `bosom' [Nomp jo]Comments: The forms with n- originate from the syntagms *vъn ědra and *vъn ědrěxъ, cf. vь nědrěxъ (Supr. 244, 26)Notes:
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Forms of activity and interpersonal relations — in sociology can be described as follows: first and most basic are animal like behaviors, i.e. various physical movements of the body. Then there are actions movements with a meaning and purpose. Then there are social behaviors, which are… … Wikipedia
Forms of juggling — This is an outline of the most popular forms of juggling as practiced by amateur, non performing, hobby jugglers. This list is based on the current trends in the Western world (Europe and North America) for ball, club and ring juggling, and is… … Wikipedia
Forms of cricket — Various forms of cricket exist and the sport may broadly be divided between major and minor versions. Major cricket includes several variations in which top class players have taken part such as Test cricket, first class cricket, single wicket,… … Wikipedia