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first+mining

  • 1 first mining

    English-Russian dictionary of geology > first mining

  • 2 first-mining

    English-Russian dictionary of geology > first-mining

  • 3 first mining

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > first mining

  • 4 first mining

    roboty górnicze przygotowawcze

    English-Polish dictionary for engineers > first mining

  • 5 first mining

    нарезные работы; первая стадия очистной выемки

    English-Russian mining dictionary > first mining

  • 6 first mining

    English-Russian mining dictionary > first mining

  • 7 mining

    горное дело; горная промышленность; разработка месторождения; выемка; горный, горнодобывающий, горнопромышленный, горнотехнический; добыча, отработка, горное производство
    •

    - adit-cut mining
    - advancing mining
    - alluvial mining
    - auger mining
    - bench mining
    - biological mining
    - blast mining
    - block mining
    - board-and-stoop mining
    - bore mining
    - breast mining
    - bulk mining
    - chamber mining
    - chute mining
    - coal mining
    - continuous mining
    - cross-pitch mining
    - cut-and-fill mining
    - drift mining
    - exploring mining
    - first mining
    - flame-mining
    - horizon mining
    - hydraulic mining
    - in situ mining
    - in situ solution mining
    - large-scale mining
    - layer mining
    - leaf mining
    - lode mining
    - long-face mining
    - longwall mining
    - longwall advancing mining
    - longwall retreating mining
    - machine mining
    - marine mining
    - metal mining
    - metalliferrous mining
    - moly mining
    - multilift mining
    - multiple entry mining
    - oblique mining
    - open mining
    - open-cast mining
    - open-cut mining
    - open-pit mining
    - ore mining
    - outcrop mining
    - outward mining
    - overburden mining
    - overhand mining
    - overhead mining
    - pick mining
    - pillar mining
    - pitch mining
    - pitching bed mining
    - placer mining
    - primary mining
    - quarry mining
    - quartz mining
    - remunerative mining
    - retreat mining
    - rill cut mining
    - room-and pillar mining
    - room mining
    - robot mining
    - second mining
    - selective mining
    - shovel mining
    - shrinkage mining
    - shuttle-car mining
    - sill mining
    - stop-and-go mining
    - strip mining
    - submarine mining
    - surface mining
    - thick-bed mining
    - thin-bed mining
    - third mining
    - trackless mining
    - two-lift mining
    - two-pass mining
    - two-way mining
    - ultra-deep mining
    - under-mining
    - underground mining
    - undersea mining
    - upward mining
    - waste-fill mining
    - wireless mining

    English-Russian mining dictionary > mining

  • 8 mining

    1. горное дело, разработка недр, разработка месторождений; горная промышленность 2. горный, рудный
    actual mining добычные работы; действительная добыча, выемка (руды или угля)
    adit-cut mining разработка месторождений штольней
    beach mining разработка пляжей
    bulk mining валовая разработка месторождений
    chemical mining химическая добыча
    coal mining разработка месторождений каменного угля
    drift mining разработка штольнями
    first mining подготовительные горные работы
    glory-hole mining тип открытой разработки рудного месторождения
    hydraulic mining гидравлический способ разработки месторождений
    longwall mining разработка длинными забоями, сплошная выемка
    metal mining разработка месторождений металлических руд
    offshore mining разработка шельфового месторождения
    open [opencast, opencut, openpit] mining открытая разработка месторождений
    ore mining 1. добыча руды; разработка рудных месторождений 2. рудная промышленность
    pillar mining столбовая система разработки
    pitch mining разработка крутопадающих пластов
    placer mining разработка россыпей
    primary mining подготовительные горные работы
    quartz mining разработка кварцевых жильных месторождений
    rill cut mining выборка слоя руды в диагональном направлении
    strip mining открытая разработка месторождений
    thick-bed mining разработка мощных пластов
    thin-bed mining разработка тонких пластов
    underground mining подземная разработка месторождений
    * * *
    • 1) горнодобывающий; 2) горный
    • 1) добывающий; 2) добывающий

    English-Russian dictionary of geology > mining

  • 9 the use of unit operations of mining treatment as a first step of Ni-Cd batteries recycling

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the use of unit operations of mining treatment as a first step of Ni-Cd batteries recycling

  • 10 use of unit operations of mining treatment as a first step of Ni-Cd batteries recycling

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > use of unit operations of mining treatment as a first step of Ni-Cd batteries recycling

  • 11 Rittinger, Peter von

    [br]
    b. 23 January 1811 Neutitschein, Moravia (now Now Jicin, Czech Republic)
    d. 7 December 1872 Vienna, Austria
    [br]
    Austrian mining engineer, improver of the processing of minerals.
    [br]
    After studying law, philosophy and politics at the University of Olmutz (now Olomouc), in 1835 Rittinger became a fellow of the Mining Academy in Schemnitz (now Banská Štiavnica), Slovakia. In 1839, the year he finished at the academy, he published a book on perspective drawing. The following year, he became Inspector of Mills at the ore mines in Schemnitz, and in 1845 he was engaged in coal mining in Bohemia and Moravia. In 1849 he joined the mining administration at Joachimsthal (now Jáchymov), Bohemia. In these early years he contributed his first important innovations for the mining industry and thus fostered his career in the government's service. In 1850 he was called to Vienna to become a high-ranked officer in various ministries. He was responsible for the construction of buildings, pumping installations and all sorts of machinery in the mining industry; he reorganized the curricula of the mining schools, was responsible for the mint and became head of the department of mines, forests and salt-works in the Austrian empire.
    During all his years of public service, Rittinger continued his concern with technological innovations. He improved the processing of ores by introducing in 1844 the rotary washer and the box classifier, and later his continuously shaking concussion table which, having been exhibited at the Vienna World Fair of 1873, was soon adopted in other countries. He constructed water-column pumps, invented a differential shaft pump with hydraulic linkage to replace the heavy iron rods and worked on centrifugal pumps. He was one of the first to be concerned with the transfer of heat, and he developed a system of using exhaust steam for heating in salt-works. He kept his eye on current developments abroad, using his function as official Austrian commissioner to the world exhibitions, on which he published frequently as well as on other matters related to technology. With his systematic handbook on mineral processing, first published in 1867, he emphasized his international reputation in this specialized field of mining.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1863. Order of the Iron Crown 1863. Honorary Citizen of Joachimsthal 1864. President, Austrian Chamber of Engineers and Architects 1863–5.
    Bibliography
    1849, Der Spitzkasten-Apparat statt Mehlrinnen und Sümpfen…bei der nassen Aufbereitung, Freiberg.
    1855, Theoretisch-praktische Abhandlung über ein für alle Gattungen von Flüssigkeiten anwendbares neues Abdampfverfahren, Vienna.
    1867, Lehrbuch der Aufbereitungskunde, Berlin (with supplements, 1870–73).
    Further Reading
    H.Kunnert, 1972, "Peter Ritter von Rittinger. Lebensbild eines grossen Montanisten", Der Anschnitt 24:3–7 (a detailed description of his life, based on source material).
    J.Steiner, 1972, "Der Beitrag von Peter Rittinger zur Entwicklung der Aufbereitungstechnik". Berg-und hüttenmännische Monatshefte 117: 471–6 (an evaluation of Rittinger's achievements for the processing of ores).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Rittinger, Peter von

  • 12 strike

    1. noun
    1) (Industry) Streik, der; Ausstand, der

    be on/go [out] or come out on strike — in den Streik getreten sein/in den Streik treten

    2) (Finance, Mining, Oil Industry) Treffer, der (fig. ugs.)

    make a strike — sein Glück machen; (Mining) fündig werden

    3) (sudden success)

    [lucky] strike — Glückstreffer, der

    4) (act of hitting) Schlag, der
    5) (Mil.) Angriff, der (at auf + Akk.)
    2. transitive verb,
    struck, struck or (arch.) stricken
    1) (hit) schlagen; [Schlag, Geschoss:] treffen [Ziel]; [Blitz:] [ein]schlagen in (+ Akk.), treffen; (afflict) treffen; [Epidemie, Seuche, Katastrophe usw.:] heimsuchen

    strike one's head on or against the wall — mit dem Kopf gegen die Wand schlagen

    2) (delete) streichen (from, off aus)
    3) (deliver)

    who struck [the] first blow? — wer hat zuerst geschlagen?

    strike a blow against somebody/against or to something — (fig.) jemandem/einer Sache einen Schlag versetzen

    strike a blow for something — (fig.) eine Lanze für etwas brechen

    4) (produce by hitting flint) schlagen [Funken]; (ignite) anzünden [Streichholz]
    5) (chime) schlagen
    6) (Mus.) anschlagen [Töne auf dem Klavier]; anzupfen, anreißen [Töne auf der Gitarre]; (fig.) anschlagen [Ton]
    7) (impress) beeindrucken

    strike somebody as [being] silly — jemandem dumm zu sein scheinen od. dumm erscheinen

    it strikes somebody that... — es scheint jemandem, dass...

    how does it strike you? — was hältst du davon?

    8) (occur to) einfallen (+ Dat.)
    9) (cause to become)

    a heart attack struck him dead — er erlag einem Herzanfall

    be struck blind/dumb — erblinden/verstummen

    10) (attack) überfallen; (Mil.) angreifen
    11) (encounter) begegnen (+ Dat.)
    12) (Mining) stoßen auf (+ Akk.)

    strike gold — auf Gold stoßen; (fig.) einen Glückstreffer landen (ugs.) (in mit)

    13) (reach) stoßen auf (+ Akk.) [Hauptstraße, Weg, Fluss]
    14) (adopt) einnehmen [[Geistes]haltung]
    15) (take down) einholen [Segel, Flagge]; abbrechen [Zelt, Lager]
    3. intransitive verb,
    struck, struck or (arch.) stricken
    1) (deliver a blow) zuschlagen; [Pfeil:] treffen; [Blitz:] einschlagen; [Unheil, Katastrophe, Krise, Leid:] hereinbrechen (geh.); (collide) zusammenstoßen; (hit) schlagen ( against gegen, [up]on auf + Akk.)
    2) (ignite) zünden
    3) (chime) schlagen
    4) (Industry) streiken
    5) (attack; also Mil.) zuschlagen (fig.)
    6) (make a find) (Mining) fündig werden
    7) (direct course)

    strike south — etc. sich nach Süden usw. wenden

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/118652/strike_at">strike at
    * * *
    1. past tense - struck; verb
    1) (to hit, knock or give a blow to: He struck me in the face with his fist; Why did you strike him?; The stone struck me a blow on the side of the head; His head struck the table as he fell; The tower of the church was struck by lightning.) (ein)schlagen
    2) (to attack: The enemy troops struck at dawn; We must prevent the disease striking again.) zuschlagen
    3) (to produce (sparks or a flame) by rubbing: He struck a match/light; He struck sparks from the stone with his knife.) entzünden, schlagen
    4) ((of workers) to stop work as a protest, or in order to force employers to give better pay: The men decided to strike for higher wages.) streiken
    5) (to discover or find: After months of prospecting they finally struck gold/oil; If we walk in this direction we may strike the right path.) finden, stoßen auf
    6) (to (make something) sound: He struck a note on the piano/violin; The clock struck twelve.) (an)schlagen, spielen
    7) (to impress, or give a particular impression to (a person): I was struck by the resemblance between the two men; How does the plan strike you?; It / The thought struck me that she had come to borrow money.) beeindrucken
    8) (to mint or manufacture (a coin, medal etc).) schlagen
    9) (to go in a certain direction: He left the path and struck (off) across the fields.) den Weg einschlagen
    10) (to lower or take down (tents, flags etc).) abbrechen, streichen
    2. noun
    1) (an act of striking: a miners' strike.) der Streik
    2) (a discovery of oil, gold etc: He made a lucky strike.) der Treffer
    •
    - striker
    - striking
    - strikingly
    - be out on strike
    - be on strike
    - call a strike
    - come out on strike
    - come
    - be within striking distance of
    - strike at
    - strike an attitude/pose
    - strike a balance
    - strike a bargain/agreement
    - strike a blow for
    - strike down
    - strike dumb
    - strike fear/terror into
    - strike home
    - strike it rich
    - strike lucky
    - strike out
    - strike up
    * * *
    strike1
    [straɪk]
    I. n
    1. (of labour) Streik m, Ausstand m
    sit-down \strike Sitzstreik m
    solidarity \strike Solidaritätsstreik m
    steel \strike Stahlarbeiterstreik m
    sympathy \strike Sympathiestreik m
    a wave of \strikes eine Streikwelle
    wildcat \strike esp AM wilder Streik
    to be [out] on \strike streiken
    to be on \strike against sth/sb AM etw/jdn bestreiken
    to call a \strike einen Streik ausrufen
    to call for a \strike zu einem Streik aufrufen
    to go [or come out] on \strike in [den] Streik treten, streiken
    one-\strike-and-you're-out policy Politik f des harten Durchgreifens
    II. vi streiken, in den Ausstand treten form
    ▪ to \strike for sth für etw akk streiken
    the right to \strike das Recht zu streiken, das Streikrecht
    striking workers streikende Arbeiter
    strike2
    [straɪk]
    I. n
    1. MIL Angriff m, Schlag m ( against gegen + akk)
    air \strike Luftangriff m
    military \strike Militärschlag m
    missile \strike Raketenangriff m
    nuclear \strike Atomschlag m, Atomangriff m
    pre-emptive \strike Präventivschlag m; ( fig) vorbeugende Maßnahme
    retaliatory \strike Vergeltungsschlag m, Vergeltungsangriff m
    surgical \strike gezielter Angriff
    to launch a \strike einen Angriff starten, einen Schlag durchführen
    2. (discovery) Fund m
    gold/oil \strike Gold-/Ölfund m
    to make a gold \strike auf Gold stoßen
    3. AM ( also fig: conviction) Verurteilung f a. fig
    if you're poor and you've been to prison you've already got two \strikes against you ( fig fam) wenn man arm ist und im Gefängnis war, ist man von vornherein doppelt benachteiligt
    4. AM (in baseball) Fehlschlag m
    5. STOCKEX Basispreis f einer Option
    II. vt
    <struck, struck or OLD, AM also stricken>
    1. (beat)
    ▪ to \strike sb/an animal [with sth] jdn/ein Tier [mit etw dat] schlagen; (bang against)
    ▪ to \strike sth [with sth] [mit etw dat] gegen etw akk schlagen; (bang on)
    ▪ to \strike sth [with sth] [mit etw dat] auf etw akk schlagen
    to \strike the door/table with one's fist mit der Faust gegen die Tür/auf den Tisch schlagen
    to \strike sb in the face jdn ins Gesicht schlagen
    2. (send by hitting)
    to \strike a ball einen Ball schlagen/schießen
    you struck the ball perfectly! das war ein perfekter Schlag/Schuss!
    3. usu passive (reach, damage)
    to be struck by a bullet/missile/by lightning von einer Kugel/Rakete/vom Blitz getroffen werden
    ▪ to \strike sth gegen etw akk stoßen; (drive against)
    ▪ to \strike sth gegen etw akk fahren
    ▪ to \strike sb jdn anfahren; (sail into)
    ▪ to \strike sth auf etw akk auflaufen; (collide with)
    ▪ to \strike sth mit etw dat zusammenstoßen
    her head struck the kerb sie schlug mit dem Kopf auf die Bordsteinkante
    he was struck by a car er wurde von einem Auto angefahren
    5. (knock, hurt)
    ▪ to \strike sth against/on sth mit etw dat gegen/auf etw akk schlagen
    to \strike one's fist against the door/on the table mit der Faust gegen die Tür/auf den Tisch schlagen
    to \strike one's elbow/head against [or on] sth mit dem Ellbogen/Kopf gegen etw akk schlagen
    6. (inflict)
    to \strike a blow zuschlagen
    to \strike two blows zweimal zuschlagen
    to \strike sb a blow jdm einen Schlag versetzen
    to \strike a blow against [or at] sb/sth ( fig) jdm/etw einen Schlag versetzen fig
    to \strike a blow for sth ( fig) eine Lanze für etw akk brechen geh
    the judge's ruling \strikes a blow for racial equality das Urteil des Richters ist ein wichtiger Sieg im Kampf für die Rassengleichheit
    ▪ to \strike sb/sth jdn/etw heimsuchen
    the flood struck Worcester die Flut brach über Worcester herein
    8. (give an impression)
    ▪ to \strike sb as... jdm... scheinen
    almost everything he said struck me as absurd fast alles, was er sagte, schien mir ziemlich verworren [o kam mir ziemlich verworren vor]
    how does Jimmy \strike you? wie findest du Jimmy?
    she doesn't \strike me as [being] very motivated sie scheint mir nicht besonders motiviert [zu sein]
    ▪ it \strikes sb that... es scheint jdm, dass...
    it \strikes me that she's not very motivated es scheint mir, dass sie nicht besonders motiviert ist
    to \strike sb forcibly jdn sehr beeindrucken
    ▪ to be struck by sth von etw dat beeindruckt sein
    to be struck on sb/sth ( fam: be infatuated) sich akk in jdn/etw verguckt haben fam
    10. (arouse, induce)
    to \strike sb's fancy jds Interesse erregen
    to \strike fear [or terror] into sb jdn in Angst versetzen
    11. (achieve)
    ▪ to \strike sth etw erreichen
    how can we \strike a balance between economic growth and environmental protection? wie können wir einen Mittelweg zwischen Wirtschaftswachstum und Umweltschutz finden?
    one of the tasks of a chairperson is to \strike a balance between the two sides es gehört zu den Aufgaben eines Vorsitzenden, beiden Seiten gerecht zu werden
    to \strike a deal [or AM also bargain] with sb mit jdm eine Vereinbarung treffen
    to \strike coins/a medal Münzen/eine Medaille prägen
    ▪ to \strike sth auf etw akk stoßen
    to \strike gold/oil auf Gold/Öl stoßen; ( fig fam) einen Glückstreffer landen fig
    to \strike gold ( fig fam: at the Olympics) die Goldmedaille gewinnen
    14. (play)
    to \strike a chord/note einen Akkord/Ton anschlagen
    to \strike the right note den richtigen Ton treffen
    to \strike an attitude ( pej) sich akk in Szene setzen pej
    to \strike a note of warning about sth vor etw dat warnen
    to \strike a false [or wrong] note sich akk im Ton vergreifen
    to \strike more serious note eine ernstere Tonart [o einen ernsteren Ton] anschlagen
    to \strike the right note den richtigen Ton treffen
    to \strike a pose eine Pose einnehmen
    they have chosen to \strike a pose of resistance ( fig) sie haben sich zu einer ablehnenden Haltung entschieden
    16. clock
    to \strike midnight/the hour Mitternacht/die [volle] Stunde schlagen
    to \strike twelve zwölf schlagen
    the clock struck twelve die Uhr schlug zwölf, es schlug zwölf Uhr
    ▪ to \strike sb jdm einfallen
    she was suddenly struck by the thought that... plötzlich kam ihr der Gedanke, dass...
    has it ever struck you that...? ist dir je der Gedanke gekommen dass...?
    it's just struck me that... mir ist gerade eingefallen, dass...
    18. (remove)
    to \strike camp das Lager abbrechen
    to \strike one's flag die Flaggen streichen
    to \strike sb/a name off a list jdn/einen Namen von einer Liste streichen
    to \strike sth from the record AM LAW etw aus den Aufzeichnungen streichen
    to \strike sb off the register jdm die Zulassung entziehen
    to \strike a match ein Streichholz anzünden
    to \strike sparks Funken schlagen
    20. (render)
    to be struck dumb sprachlos sein
    21.
    ▶ to \strike a chord with sb (memories) bei jdm Erinnerungen wecken; (agreement) bei jdm Anklang finden
    to \strike a responsive chord with sb bei jdm auf großes Verständnis stoßen
    ▶ to \strike a familiar note [with sb] [jdm] bekannt vorkommen
    ▶ to \strike it lucky ( fam) einen Glückstreffer landen fig
    ▶ to \strike it rich das große Geld machen fam
    III. vi
    <struck, struck or OLD, AM also stricken>
    1. (reach aim, have impact) treffen; lightning einschlagen
    lightning never \strikes in the same place ein Blitz schlägt nie zweimal an derselben Stelle ein
    ▪ to \strike at sb/sth jdn/etw treffen
    the missiles struck at troops based around the city die Raketen trafen Stellungen rund um die Stadt
    to \strike at the heart of sth etw vernichtend treffen
    we need to \strike at the heart of this problem wir müssen dieses Problem an der Wurzel packen
    to \strike at the heart of sb ( fig) jdn ins Herz treffen fig
    to \strike home ins Schwarze treffen fig
    the message seems to have struck home die Botschaft ist offensichtlich angekommen
    2. (act) zuschlagen; (attack) angreifen
    the snake \strikes quickly die Schlange beißt schnell zu
    the police have warned the public that the killer could \strike again die Polizei hat die Bevölkerung gewarnt, dass der Mörder erneut zuschlagen könnte
    ▪ to \strike at sb/sth jdn/etw angreifen; hit out nach jdm/etw schlagen
    sometimes terrorists \strike at civilians manchmal greifen Terroristen Zivilisten an
    3. (cause suffering) illness, disaster ausbrechen; fate zuschlagen
    4. clock schlagen
    midnight has just struck es hat gerade Mitternacht geschlagen
    ▪ to \strike on/upon sth etw finden
    she has just struck upon an idea ihr ist gerade eine Idee gekommen, sie hatte gerade eine Idee
    6.
    ▶ to \strike while the iron is hot ( prov) das Eisen schmieden, solange es heiß ist prov
    ▶ to \strike lucky BRIT, AUS ( fam) einen Glückstreffer landen fig
    * * *
    [straɪk] vb: pret struck, ptp struck or ( old) stricken
    1. n
    1) Streik m, Ausstand m

    official/unofficial strike — offizieller/wilder Streik

    to be on strike — streiken, im Ausstand sein

    to be on official/unofficial strike — offiziell/wild streiken

    to come out on strike, to go on strike — in den Streik or Ausstand treten

    See:
    2) (= discovery of oil, gold etc) Fund m

    a lucky strike — ein Treffer m, ein Glücksfall m

    3) (BASEBALL) verfehlter Schlag; (TENPIN BOWLING) Strike m, alle zehne

    to get a strike to have the strike (Cricket) — alle zehne werfen, abräumen (inf) schlagen

    three strikes and you're out — wenn du den Ball dreimal verfehlst, bist du draußen

    it/she has two strikes against it/her ( esp US inf ) — es/sie hat zwei Nachteile

    4) (FISHING)
    5) (MIL: attack) Angriff m
    6) (= act of striking) Schlag m
    2. vt
    1) (= hit) schlagen; door schlagen an or gegen (+acc); nail, table schlagen auf (+acc); metal, hot iron etc hämmern; (stone, blow, bullet etc) treffen; (snake) beißen; (pain) durchzucken, durchfahren; (misfortune, disaster) treffen; (disease) befallen

    to strike one's fist on the table, to strike the table with one's fist — mit der Faust auf den Tisch schlagen

    to strike sb/sth a blow — jdm/einer Sache einen Schlag versetzen

    to be struck by lightning —

    he struck his forehead in surprise to strike 38 ( per minute) — er schlug sich (dat) überrascht an die Stirn 38 Ruderschläge (pro Minute) machen

    2) (= collide with, meet person) stoßen gegen; (spade) stoßen auf (+acc); (car) fahren gegen; ground aufschlagen or auftreffen auf (+acc); (ship) auflaufen auf (+acc); (sound, light) ears, eyes treffen; (lightning) person treffen; tree einschlagen in (+acc), treffen

    to strike one's head against sth — mit dem Kopf gegen etw stoßen, sich (dat) den Kopf an etw (acc) stoßen

    3) (= sound) instrument zu spielen anfangen; string, chord, note anschlagen; (clock) schlagen

    that struck a familiar note — das kam mir/ihm etc bekannt vor

    See:
    → note
    4) (HORT) cutting schneiden; (plant) roots schlagen
    5) (= occur to) in den Sinn kommen (+dat)

    to strike sb as cold/unlikely etc — jdm kalt/unwahrscheinlich etc vorkommen

    the funny side of it struck me later — erst später ging mir auf, wie lustig das war

    6) (= impress) beeindrucken

    how does it strike you? — wie finden Sie das?, was halten Sie davon?

    See:
    → also struck
    7) (= produce, make) coin, medal prägen; (fig) agreement, truce sich einigen auf (+acc), aushandeln; pose einnehmen

    to strike a match —

    to be struck blind/deaf/dumb — blind/taub/stumm werden, mit Blindheit/Taubheit/Stummheit geschlagen werden (geh)

    to strike fear or terror into sb/sb's heart —

    strike a light! (inf) — ach du grüne Neune! (inf), hast du da noch Töne! (inf)

    8) (= find) gold, oil, correct path finden, stoßen auf (+acc)
    See:
    → oil
    9) (= make) path hauen
    10) (= take down) camp, tent abbrechen; (NAUT) flag, sail einholen, streichen; mast kappen, umlegen; (THEAT) set abbauen
    11) (= remove) streichen

    stricken from a list/the record — von einer Liste/aus dem Protokoll gestrichen werden

    3. vi
    1) (= hit) treffen; (lightning) einschlagen; (snake) zubeißen; (tiger) die Beute schlagen; (attack, MIL ETC) zuschlagen, angreifen; (disease) zuschlagen; (panic) ausbrechen

    to strike at sb/sth (lit) — nach jdm/etw schlagen; ( fig : at democracy, existence ) an etw (dat) rütteln

    to be/come within striking distance of sth — einer Sache (dat) nahe sein

    to come within striking distance of doing sth — nahe daran sein, etw zu tun

    they were within striking distance of success —

    See:
    → home, iron
    2) (clock) schlagen
    3) (workers) streiken
    4) (match) zünden, angehen
    5) (NAUT: run aground) auflaufen (on auf +acc)
    6) (FISHING) anbeißen
    7)

    inspiration struck — er/sie etc hatte eine Eingebung

    to strike on a new idea — eine neue Idee haben, auf eine neue Idee kommen

    8) (= take root) Wurzeln schlagen
    9)

    (= go in a certain direction) to strike across country — querfeldein gehen

    * * *
    strike [straık]
    A s
    1. Schlag m, Hieb m, Stoß m
    2. (Glocken) Schlag m
    3. Schlag(werk) m(n) (einer Uhr)
    4. WIRTSCH Streik m, Ausstand m:
    be on strike streiken;
    go on strike in (den) Streik oder in den Ausstand treten;
    on strike streikend
    5. Bowling: Strike m (Abräumen beim 1. Wurf)
    6. Angeln:
    a) Ruck m mit der Angel
    b) Anbeißen n (des Fisches)
    7. Münzherstellung: Prägungsmenge f
    a) Streichen n (der Schichten)
    b) (Streich)Richtung f
    9. umg Treffer m, Glücksfall m:
    a lucky strike ein Glückstreffer
    10. MIL
    a) (besonders Luft-) Angriff m
    b) (Atom) Schlag m
    B v/t prät struck [strʌk], pperf struck, stricken [ˈstrıkən]
    1. schlagen, Schläge oder einen Schlag versetzen (dat), allg treffen:
    strike sb in the face jemanden ins Gesicht schlagen;
    strike together zusammen-, aneinanderschlagen;
    she was struck by a stone sie wurde von einem Stein getroffen;
    he was struck dead by lightning er wurde vom Blitz erschlagen;
    strike me dead! sl so wahr ich hier stehe!
    2. ein Messer etc stoßen ( into in akk)
    3. einen Schlag führen: → blow2 1
    4. MUS einen Ton, auch eine Glocke, Saite, Taste anschlagen: → chord1 2, note A 9, A 11
    5. a) ein Streichholz anzünden, ein Feuer machen
    b) Funken schlagen
    6. mit dem Kopf, Fuß etc stoßen oder schlagen ( against gegen)
    7. stoßen oder schlagen gegen oder auf (akk), zusammenstoßen mit, SCHIFF auflaufen auf (akk), einschlagen in (akk) (Geschoss, Blitz)
    8. fallen auf (akk) (Licht), auftreffen auf (akk), das Auge oder Ohr treffen:
    a sound struck his ear ein Laut schlug an sein Ohr;
    strike sb’s eye jemandem ins Auge fallen
    9. fig jemandem einfallen oder in den Sinn kommen:
    an idea struck him ihm kam oder er hatte eine Idee
    10. jemandem auffallen:
    what struck me was … was mir auffiel oder worüber ich staunte, war …
    11. Eindruck machen auf (akk), jemanden beeindrucken:
    be struck by beeindruckt oder hingerissen sein von;
    be struck on a girl umg in ein Mädchen verknallt sein
    12. jemandem gut etc vorkommen:
    how does it strike you? was hältst du davon?;
    it struck her as ridiculous es kam ihr lächerlich vor
    13. stoßen auf (akk), (zufällig) treffen oder entdecken, Gold etc finden: → oil A 1, rich A 7
    14. Wurzeln schlagen: → root1 A 1
    15. THEAT Kulissen etc abbauen
    16. ein Zelt etc abbrechen: → camp1 A 1
    17. SCHIFF
    a) die Flagge, Segel streichen
    b) (weg)fieren: → flag1 A 1, A 2, sail A 1
    18. den Fisch mit einem Ruck (der Angel) auf den Haken spießen
    19. a) seine Beute schlagen (Habicht etc)
    b) die Giftzähne schlagen in (akk) (Schlange)
    20. TECH glatt streichen
    21. a) MATH den Durchschnitt, das Mittel nehmen
    b) WIRTSCH die Bilanz, den Saldo ziehen
    c) WIRTSCH eine Dividende ausschütten: → balance A 7, mean3 B 1, B 2
    22. streichen ( off von einer Liste etc): → Medical Register, roll A 2, strike off 2, strike through
    23. eine Münze, Medaille schlagen, prägen
    24. die Stunde etc schlagen (Uhr): → twelve A
    25. fig jemanden schlagen, heimsuchen, treffen (Unglück, Not etc), befallen (Krankheit)
    26. jemanden erfüllen ( with mit Schrecken, Schmerz etc)
    27. jemanden blind, taub etc machen: → dumb A 3
    28. ein Tempo, eine Gangart anschlagen
    29. eine Haltung oder Pose an-, einnehmen
    30. WIRTSCH einen Handel abschließen: → bargain Bes Redew
    a) WIRTSCH die Arbeit niederlegen,
    b) Feierabend machen
    C v/i
    1. a) (zu)schlagen, (-)stoßen: → iron A 1
    b) fig zuschlagen:
    2. schlagen, treffen:
    a) jemanden oder nach jemandem schlagen,
    b) fig zielen auf (akk): → root1 A 1
    3. fig zuschlagen, angreifen
    4. zubeißen (Schlange)
    5. (on)
    a) schlagen, stoßen (an akk, gegen)
    b) SCHIFF auflaufen (auf akk), (auf Grund) stoßen
    6. fallen (Licht), auftreffen (Lichtstrahl, Schall etc) (on auf akk)
    7. strike on auf Öl, Erz etc stoßen ( → B 13)
    8. schlagen (Uhr): → hour 3
    9. sich entzünden (Streichholz)
    10. ELEK sich (plötzlich) entladen (Funke): → strike across
    11. einschlagen, treffen (Blitz, Geschoss)
    12. BOT Wurzeln schlagen
    13. den Weg einschlagen, sich (plötzlich) wenden ( beide:
    to the right, etc nach rechts etc):
    strike for home umg heimgehen;
    a) einbiegen in (akk), einen Weg einschlagen,
    b) fig plötzlich verfallen in (akk), etwas beginnen;
    strike into a gallop in Galopp verfallen;
    strike into a subject sich einem Thema zuwenden
    14. WIRTSCH streiken ( for um; against gegen)
    15. SCHIFF die Flagge streichen (to vor dat) (auch fig)
    16. GEOL streichen (Schicht)
    17. Angeln:
    a) anbeißen (Fisch)
    b) den Fisch mit einem Ruck (der Angel) auf den Haken spießen
    18. (durch)dringen (to zu; into in akk; through durch) (Kälte etc)
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (Industry) Streik, der; Ausstand, der

    be on/go [out] or come out on strike — in den Streik getreten sein/in den Streik treten

    2) (Finance, Mining, Oil Industry) Treffer, der (fig. ugs.)

    make a strike — sein Glück machen; (Mining) fündig werden

    [lucky] strike — Glückstreffer, der

    4) (act of hitting) Schlag, der
    5) (Mil.) Angriff, der (at auf + Akk.)
    2. transitive verb,
    struck, struck or (arch.) stricken
    1) (hit) schlagen; [Schlag, Geschoss:] treffen [Ziel]; [Blitz:] [ein]schlagen in (+ Akk.), treffen; (afflict) treffen; [Epidemie, Seuche, Katastrophe usw.:] heimsuchen

    strike one's head on or against the wall — mit dem Kopf gegen die Wand schlagen

    2) (delete) streichen (from, off aus)

    who struck [the] first blow? — wer hat zuerst geschlagen?

    strike a blow against somebody/against or to something — (fig.) jemandem/einer Sache einen Schlag versetzen

    strike a blow for something — (fig.) eine Lanze für etwas brechen

    4) (produce by hitting flint) schlagen [Funken]; (ignite) anzünden [Streichholz]
    5) (chime) schlagen
    6) (Mus.) anschlagen [Töne auf dem Klavier]; anzupfen, anreißen [Töne auf der Gitarre]; (fig.) anschlagen [Ton]
    7) (impress) beeindrucken

    strike somebody as [being] silly — jemandem dumm zu sein scheinen od. dumm erscheinen

    it strikes somebody that... — es scheint jemandem, dass...

    8) (occur to) einfallen (+ Dat.)

    be struck blind/dumb — erblinden/verstummen

    10) (attack) überfallen; (Mil.) angreifen
    11) (encounter) begegnen (+ Dat.)
    12) (Mining) stoßen auf (+ Akk.)

    strike gold — auf Gold stoßen; (fig.) einen Glückstreffer landen (ugs.) (in mit)

    13) (reach) stoßen auf (+ Akk.) [Hauptstraße, Weg, Fluss]
    14) (adopt) einnehmen [[Geistes]haltung]
    15) (take down) einholen [Segel, Flagge]; abbrechen [Zelt, Lager]
    3. intransitive verb,
    struck, struck or (arch.) stricken
    1) (deliver a blow) zuschlagen; [Pfeil:] treffen; [Blitz:] einschlagen; [Unheil, Katastrophe, Krise, Leid:] hereinbrechen (geh.); (collide) zusammenstoßen; (hit) schlagen ( against gegen, [up]on auf + Akk.)
    2) (ignite) zünden
    3) (chime) schlagen
    4) (Industry) streiken
    5) (attack; also Mil.) zuschlagen (fig.)
    6) (make a find) (Mining) fündig werden

    strike south — etc. sich nach Süden usw. wenden

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Stoß ¨-e m.
    Streik -s m.
    Treffer - m. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: struck)
    or p.p.: stricken•) = anzünden v.
    auffallen v.
    drücken v.
    schlagen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: schlug, geschlagen)
    stoßen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: stieß, gestossen)
    streiken v.
    treffen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: traf, getroffen)

    English-german dictionary > strike

  • 13 Albert, Wilhelm August Julius

    [br]
    b. 24 January 1787 Hannover, Germany
    d. 4 July 1846 Clausthal, Harz, Germany
    [br]
    German mining official, successful applier of wire cable.
    [br]
    After studying law at the University of Göttingen, Albert turned to the mining industry and in 1806 started his career in mining administration in the Harz district, where he became Chief Inspector of mines thirty years later. His influence on the organization of the mining industry was considerable and he contributed valuable ideas for the development of mining technology. For example, he initiated experiments with Reichenbach's water-column pump in Harz when it had been working successfully in the transportation of brine in Bavaria, and he encouraged Dörell to work on his miner's elevator.
    The increasing depths of shafts in the Harz district brought problems with hoisting as the ropes became too heavy and tended to break. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, iron link chains replaced the hempen ropes which were expensive and wore out too quickly, especially in the wet conditions in the shafts. After he had experimented for six years using counterbalancing iron link chains, which broke too easily, in 1834 he conceived the idea of producing stranded cables from iron wires. Their breaking strength and flexibility depended greatly on the softness of the iron and the way of laying the strands. Albert produced the cable by attaching the wires to strings which he turned evenly; this method became known as "Albert lay". He was not the first to conceive the idea of metal cables: there exists evidence for such cables as far back as Pompeii; Leonardo da Vinci made sketches of cables made from brass wires; and in 1780 the French engineer Reignier applied iron cables for lightning conductors. The idea also developed in various other mining areas, but Albert cables were the first to gain rapidly direct common usage worldwide.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1835, "Die Anfertigung von Treibseilen aus geflochtenem Eisendraht", Karstens Archiv 8: 418–28.
    Further Reading
    K.Karmarsch, "W.A.J.Albert", Allgemeine deutsche Biographie 1:212–3.
    W.Bornhardt, 1934, W.A.J.Albert und die Erfindung der Eisendrahtseile, Berlin (a detailed description of his inventions, based on source material).
    C.Bartels, 1992, Vom frühneuzeitlichen Montangewerbe zur Bergbauindustrie, Bochum: Deut sches Bergbau-Museum (evaluates his achievements within the framework of technological development in the Harz mining industry).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Albert, Wilhelm August Julius

  • 14 Blackett, William Cuthbert

    [br]
    b. 18 November 1859 Durham, England
    d. 13 June 1935 Durham, England
    [br]
    English mine manager, expert in preventing mine explosions and inventor of a coal-face conveyor.
    [br]
    After leaving Durham college of Physical Science and having been apprenticed in different mines, he received the certificate for colliery managers and subsequently, in 1887, was appointed Manager of all the mines of Charlaw and Sacriston collieries in Durham. He remained in this position for the rest of his working life.
    Frequent explosions in mines led him to investigate the causes. He was among the first to recognize the role contributed by coal-dust on mine roads, pioneered the use of inert rock-or stone-dust to render the coal-dust harmless and was the originator of many technical terms on the subject. He contributed many papers on explosion and was appointed a member of many advisory committees on prevention measures. A liquid-air rescue apparatus, designed by him and patented in 1910, was installed in various parts of the country.
    Blackett also developed various new devices in mining machinery. He patented a wire-rope socket which made use of a metal wedge; invented a rotary tippler driven by frictional contact instead of gearing and which stopped automatically; and he designed a revolving cylindrical coal-washer, which also gained interest among German mining engineers. His most important invention, the first successful coal-face conveyor, was patented in 1902. It was driven by compressed air and consisted of a trough running along the length of the race through which ran an endless scraper chain. Thus fillers cast the coal into the trough, and the scraper chain drew it to the main gate to be loaded into trams.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knight of Grace of the Order of St John of Jerusalem. OBE. Honorary MSc University of Durham; Honorary LLD University of Birmingham. Honorary Member, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. Honorary Member, American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. Royal Humane Society Medal.
    Further Reading
    Transactions of the Institution of Mining Engineers (1934–5) 89:339–41.
    Mining Association of Great Britain (ed.), 1924, Historical Review of Coal Mining London (describes early mechanical devices for the extraction of coal).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Blackett, William Cuthbert

  • 15 Born, Ignaz Edler von

    [br]
    b. 26 December 1742 Karlsburg, Transylvania (now Alba lulia, Romania)
    d. 24 July 1791 Vienna, Austria
    [br]
    Austrian metallurgical and mining expert, inventor of the modern amalgamation process.
    [br]
    At the University of Prague he studied law, but thereafter turned to mineralogy, physics and different aspects of mining. In 1769–70 he worked with the mining administration in Schemnitz (now Banská Stiavnica, Slovakia) and Prague and later continued travelling to many parts of Europe, with special interests in the mining districts. In 1776, he was charged to enlarge and systematically to reshape the natural-history collection in Vienna. Three years later he was appointed Wirklicher Hofrat at the mining and monetary administration of the Austrian court.
    Born, who had been at a Jesuit college in his youth, was an active freemason in Vienna and exercised remarkable social communication. The intensity of his academic exchange was outstanding, and he was a member of more than a dozen learned societies throughout Europe. When with the construction of a new metallurgic plant at Joachimsthal (now Jáchymov, Czech Republic) the methods of extracting silver and gold from ores by the means of quicksilver demanded acute consideration, it was this form of scientific intercourse that induced him in 1786 to invite many of his colleagues from several countries to meet in Schemnitz in order to discuss his ideas. Since the beginnings of the 1780s Born had developed the amalgamation process as had first been applied in Mexico in 1557, by mixing the roasted and chlorinated ores with water, ingredients of iron and quicksilver in drums and having the quicksilver refined from the amalgam in the next step. The meeting led to the founding of the Societät der Bergbaukunde, the first internationally structured society of scientists in the world. He died as the result of severe injuries suffered in an accident while he was studying fire-setting in a Slovakian mine in 1770.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1774 (ed.), Briefe an J.J.Ferber über mineralogische Gegenstände, Frankfurt and Leipzig.
    1775–84, Abhandlungen einer Privatgesellschaft in Böhmen, zur Aufnahme der
    Mathematik, der vaterländischen Geschichte und der Naturgeschichte, 6 vols, Prague. 1786, Über das Anquicken der gold-und silberhaltigen Erze, Rohsteine, Schwarzkupfer
    und Hüttenspeise, Vienna.
    1789–90, co-edited with F.W.H.von Trebra, Bergbaukunde, 2 vols, Leipzig.
    Further Reading
    C.von Wurzbach, 1857, Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Österreich, Vol. II, pp. 71–4.
    L.Molnár and A Weiß, 1986, Ignaz Edler von Born und die Societät der Bergbaukunde 1786, Vienna: Bundesministerium für Handel, Gewerbe und Industrie (provides a very detailed description of his life, the amalgamation process and the society of 1786). G.B.Fettweis, and G.Hamann (eds), 1989, Über Ignaz von Born und die Societät der
    Bergbaukunde, Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaft (provides a very detailed description).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Born, Ignaz Edler von

  • 16 Crælius, Per Anton

    [br]
    b. 2 November 1854 Stockholm, Sweden
    d. 7 August 1905 Stockholm, Sweden
    [br]
    Swedish mining engineer, inventor of the core drilling technique for prospecting purposes.
    [br]
    Having completed his studies at the Technological Institute in Stockholm and the Mining School at Falun, Crælius was awarded a grant by the Swedish Jernkontoret and in 1879 he travelled to Germany, France and Belgium in order to study technological aspects of the mining, iron and steel industries. In the same year he went to the United States, where he worked with an iron works in Colorado and a mining company in Nevada. In 1884, having returned to Sweden, he obtained an appointment in the Norberg mines; two years later, he took up employment at the Ängelsberg oilmill.
    His mining experience had shown him the demand for a reliable, handy and cheap method of drilling, particularly for prospecting purposes. He had become acquainted with modern drilling methods in America, possibly including Albert Fauck's drilling jar. In 1886, Crælius designed his first small-diameter drill, which was assembled in one unit. Its rotating boring rod, smooth on the outside, was fixed inside a hollow mandrel which could be turned in any direction. This first drill was hand-driven, but the hydraulic version of it became the prototype for all near-surface prospecting drills in use worldwide in the late twentieth century.
    Between 1890 and 1900 Crælius was managing director of the Morgårdshammar mechanical workshops, where he was able to continue the development of his drilling apparatus. He successfully applied diesel engines in the 1890s, and in 1895 he added diamond crowns to the drill. The commercial exploitation of the invention was carried out by Svenska Diamantbergborrings AB, of which Crælius was a director from its establishment in 1886.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    G.Glockemeier, 1913, Diamantbohrungen für Schürf-und Aufschlußarbeiten über und unter Tage, Berlin (examines the technological aspects of Crælius's drilling method).
    A.Nachmanson and K.Sundberg, 1936, Svenska Diamantbergborrings Aktiebolaget 1886–1936, Uppsala (outlines extensively the merits of Crælius's invention).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Crælius, Per Anton

  • 17 Trevithick, Richard

    [br]
    b. 13 April 1771 Illogan, Cornwall, England
    d. 22 April 1833 Dartford, Kent, England
    [br]
    English engineer, pioneer of non-condensing steam-engines; designed and built the first locomotives.
    [br]
    Trevithick's father was a tin-mine manager, and Trevithick himself, after limited formal education, developed his immense engineering talent among local mining machinery and steam-engines and found employment as a mining engineer. Tall, strong and high-spirited, he was the eternal optimist.
    About 1797 it occurred to him that the separate condenser patent of James Watt could be avoided by employing "strong steam", that is steam at pressures substantially greater than atmospheric, to drive steam-engines: after use, steam could be exhausted to the atmosphere and the condenser eliminated. His first winding engine on this principle came into use in 1799, and subsequently such engines were widely used. To produce high-pressure steam, a stronger boiler was needed than the boilers then in use, in which the pressure vessel was mounted upon masonry above the fire: Trevithick designed the cylindrical boiler, with furnace tube within, from which the Cornish and later the Lancashire boilers evolved.
    Simultaneously he realized that high-pressure steam enabled a compact steam-engine/boiler unit to be built: typically, the Trevithick engine comprised a cylindrical boiler with return firetube, and a cylinder recessed into the boiler. No beam intervened between connecting rod and crank. A master patent was taken out.
    Such an engine was well suited to driving vehicles. Trevithick built his first steam-carriage in 1801, but after a few days' use it overturned on a rough Cornish road and was damaged beyond repair by fire. Nevertheless, it had been the first self-propelled vehicle successfully to carry passengers. His second steam-carriage was driven about the streets of London in 1803, even more successfully; however, it aroused no commercial interest. Meanwhile the Coalbrookdale Company had started to build a locomotive incorporating a Trevithick engine for its tramroads, though little is known of the outcome; however, Samuel Homfray's ironworks at Penydarren, South Wales, was already building engines to Trevithick's design, and in 1804 Trevithick built one there as a locomotive for the Penydarren Tramroad. In this, and in the London steam-carriage, exhaust steam was turned up the chimney to draw the fire. On 21 February the locomotive hauled five wagons with 10 tons of iron and seventy men for 9 miles (14 km): it was the first successful railway locomotive.
    Again, there was no commercial interest, although Trevithick now had nearly fifty stationary engines completed or being built to his design under licence. He experimented with one to power a barge on the Severn and used one to power a dredger on the Thames. He became Engineer to a project to drive a tunnel beneath the Thames at Rotherhithe and was only narrowly defeated, by quicksands. Trevithick then set up, in 1808, a circular tramroad track in London and upon it demonstrated to the admission-fee-paying public the locomotive Catch me who can, built to his design by John Hazledine and J.U. Rastrick.
    In 1809, by which date Trevithick had sold all his interest in the steam-engine patent, he and Robert Dickinson, in partnership, obtained a patent for iron tanks to hold liquid cargo in ships, replacing the wooden casks then used, and started to manufacture them. In 1810, however, he was taken seriously ill with typhus for six months and had to return to Cornwall, and early in 1811 the partners were bankrupt; Trevithick was discharged from bankruptcy only in 1814.
    In the meantime he continued as a steam engineer and produced a single-acting steam engine in which the cut-off could be varied to work the engine expansively by way of a three-way cock actuated by a cam. Then, in 1813, Trevithick was approached by a representative of a company set up to drain the rich but flooded silver-mines at Cerro de Pasco, Peru, at an altitude of 14,000 ft (4,300 m). Low-pressure steam engines, dependent largely upon atmospheric pressure, would not work at such an altitude, but Trevithick's high-pressure engines would. Nine engines and much other mining plant were built by Hazledine and Rastrick and despatched to Peru in 1814, and Trevithick himself followed two years later. However, the war of independence was taking place in Peru, then a Spanish colony, and no sooner had Trevithick, after immense difficulties, put everything in order at the mines then rebels arrived and broke up the machinery, for they saw the mines as a source of supply for the Spanish forces. It was only after innumerable further adventures, during which he encountered and was assisted financially by Robert Stephenson, that Trevithick eventually arrived home in Cornwall in 1827, penniless.
    He petitioned Parliament for a grant in recognition of his improvements to steam-engines and boilers, without success. He was as inventive as ever though: he proposed a hydraulic power transmission system; he was consulted over steam engines for land drainage in Holland; and he suggested a 1,000 ft (305 m) high tower of gilded cast iron to commemorate the Reform Act of 1832. While working on steam propulsion of ships in 1833, he caught pneumonia, from which he died.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Trevithick took out fourteen patents, solely or in partnership, of which the most important are: 1802, Construction of Steam Engines, British patent no. 2,599. 1808, Stowing Ships' Cargoes, British patent no. 3,172.
    Further Reading
    H.W.Dickinson and A.Titley, 1934, Richard Trevithick. The Engineer and the Man, Cambridge; F.Trevithick, 1872, Life of Richard Trevithick, London (these two are the principal biographies).
    E.A.Forward, 1952, "Links in the history of the locomotive", The Engineer (22 February), 226 (considers the case for the Coalbrookdale locomotive of 1802).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Trevithick, Richard

  • 18 Garforth, William Edward

    [br]
    b. 1845 Dukinfield, Cheshire, England
    d. 1 October 1921 Pontefract, Yorkshire, England
    [br]
    English colliery manager, pioneer in machine-holing and the safety of mines.
    [br]
    After Menzies conceived his idea of breaking off coal with machines in 1761, many inventors subsequently followed his proposals through into the practice of underground working. More than one century later, Garforth became one of the principal pioneers of machine-holing combined with the longwall method of working in order to reduce production costs and increase the yield of coal. Having been appointed agent to Pope \& Pearson's Collieries, West Yorkshire, in 1879, of which company he later became Managing Director and Chairman, he gathered a great deal of experience with different methods of cutting coal. The first disc machine was exhibited in London as early as 1851, and ten years later a pick machine was invented. In 1893 he introduced an improved type of deep undercutting machine, his "diamond" disc coal-cutter, driven by compressed air, which also became popular on the European continent.
    Besides the considerable economic advantages it created, the use of machinery for mining coal increased the safety of working in hard and thin seams. The improvement of safety in mining technology was always his primary concern, and as a result of his inventions and his many publications he became the leading figure in the British coal mining industry at the beginning of the twentieth century; safety lamps still carry his name. In 1885 he invented a firedamp detector, and following a severe explosion in 1886 he concentrated on coal-dust experiments. From the information he obtained of the effect of stone-dust on a coal-dust explosion he proposed the stone-dust remedy to prevent explosions of coal-dust. As a result of discussions which lasted for decades and after he had been entrusted with the job of conducting the British coal-dust experiments, in 1921 an Act made it compulsory in all mines which were not naturally wet throughout to treat all roads with incombustible dust so as to ensure that the dust always consisted of a mixture containing not more than 50 per cent combustible matter. In 1901 Garforth erected a surface gallery which represented the damaged roadways of a mine and could be filled with noxious fumes to test self-contained breathing apparata. This gallery formed the model from which all the rescue-stations existing nowadays have been developed.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1914. LLD Universities of Birmingham and Leeds 1912. President, Midland Institute 1892–4. President, The Institution of Mining Engineers 1911–14. President, Mining Association of Great Britain 1907–8. Chairman, Standing Committee on Mining, Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Fellow of the Geological Society of London. North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers Greenwell Silver Medal 1907. Royal Society of Arts Fothergill Gold Medal 1910. Medal of the Institution of Mining Engineers 1914.
    Bibliography
    1901–2, "The application of coal-cutting machines to deep mining", Transactions of the Federated Institute of Mining Engineers 23: 312–45.
    1905–6, "A new apparatus for rescue-work in mines", Transactions of the Institution of Mining Engineers 31:625–57.
    1902, "British Coal-dust Experiments". Paper communicated to the International Congress on Mining, Metallurgy, Applied Mechanics and Practical Geology, Dusseldorf.
    Further Reading
    Garforth's name is frequently mentioned in connection with coal-holing, but his outstanding achievements in improving safety in mines are only described in W.D.Lloyd, 1921, "Memoir", Transactions of the Institution of Mining Engineers 62:203–5.
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Garforth, William Edward

  • 19 Stanley, Robert Crooks

    [br]
    b. 1 August 1876 Little Falls, New Jersey, USA
    d. 12 February 1951 USA
    [br]
    American mining engineer and metallurgist, originator of Monel Metal
    [br]
    Robert, the son of Thomas and Ada (Crooks) Stanley, helped to finance his early training at the Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, by working as a manual training instructor at Montclair High School. After graduating in mechanical engineering from Stevens in 1899, and as a mining engineer from the Columbia School of Mines in 1901, he accepted a two-year assignment from the S.S.White Dental Company to investigate platinum-bearing alluvial deposits in British Columbia. This introduced him to the International Nickel Company (Inco), which had been established on 29 March 1902 to amalgamate the major mining companies working the newly discovered cupro-nickel deposits at Sudbury, Ontario. Ambrose Monell, President of Inco, appointed Stanley as Assistant Superintendent of its American Nickel Works at Camden, near Philadelphia, in 1903. At the beginning of 1904 Stanley was General Superintendent of the Orford Refinery at Bayonne, New Jersey, where most of the output of the Sudbury mines was treated.
    Copper and nickel were separated there from the bessemerized matte by the celebrated "tops and bottoms" process introduced thirteen years previously by R.M.Thompson. It soon occurred to Stanley that such a separation was not invariably required and that, by reducing directly the mixed matte, he could obtain a natural cupronickel alloy which would be ductile, corrosion resistant, and no more expensive to produce than pure copper or nickel. His first experiment, on 30 December 1904, was completely successful. A railway wagon full of bessemerized matte, low in iron, was calcined to oxide, reduced to metal with carbon, and finally desulphurized with magnesium. Ingots cast from this alloy were successfully forged to bars which contained 68 per cent nickel, 23 per cent copper and about 1 per cent iron. The new alloy, originally named after Ambrose Monell, was soon renamed Monel to satisfy trademark requirements. A total of 300,000 ft2 (27,870 m2) of this white, corrosion-resistant alloy was used to roof the Pennsylvania Railway Station in New York, and it also found extensive applications in marine work and chemical plant. Stanley greatly increased the output of the Orford Refinery during the First World War, and shortly after becoming President of the company in 1922, he established a new Research and Development Division headed initially by A.J.Wadham and then by Paul D. Merica, who at the US Bureau of Standards had first elucidated the mechanism of age-hardening in alloys. In the mid- 1920s a nickel-ore body of unprecedented size was identified at levels between 2,000 and 3,000 ft (600 and 900 m) below the Frood Mine in Ontario. This property was owned partially by Inco and partially by the Mond Nickel Company. Efficient exploitation required the combined economic resources of both companies. They merged on 1 January 1929, when Mond became part of International Nickel. Stanley remained President of the new company until February 1949 and was Chairman from 1937 until his death.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    American Society for Metals Gold Medal. Institute of Metals Platinum Medal 1948.
    Further Reading
    F.B.Howard-White, 1963, Nickel, London: Methuen (a historical review).
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Stanley, Robert Crooks

  • 20 Kegel, Karl

    [br]
    b. 19 May 1876 Magdeburg, Germany
    d. 5 March 1959 Freiberg, Saxony, Germany
    [br]
    German professor of mining who established the mining of lignite as a discipline in the science of mining.
    [br]
    Within the long tradition of celebrated teachers at the Mining Academy in Freiberg, Kegel can be considered as probably the last professor teaching the science of mining who was able to cover all the different disciplines. As was the case with a number of his predecessors, he was able to combine theoretical research work with the teaching of students and to support his theories with the practical experience of industry. He has apprenticed at the Mansfeld copper mines, went to the School of Mines at Eisleben (1896–8), worked as an engineer with various mining companies and thereafter became a scholar of the Berlin Mining Academy (1901–4). For twelve years he taught at the Bochum School of Mining until, in 1918, he was appointed Professor of Mining at Freiberg. There, one year later, as a new approach, he introduced lectures on brown-coal mining and mineral economics. He remained Professor at Freiberg until his first retirement in 1941, although he was active again between 1945 and 1951.
    In 1924 Kegel took over a department at the State Research Institute for Brown Coal in Freiberg which he extended into the Institute for Briquetting. In this field his main achievement lies in the initially questioned theory that producing briquettes from lignite is a molecular process rather than the result of bituminous factors. This perception, among others, led Rammler to produce coke from lignite in 1951. Kegel's merits result from having established all the aspects of mining and using lignite as an independent subdiscipline of mining science, based on substantial theories and an innovative understanding of applied technologies.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1941, Bergmännische Gebirgsmechanik, Halle (Saale). 1948, Brikettierung der Braunkohle, Halle (Saale).
    1953, Lehrbuch des Braunkohlentagebaus, Halle (Saale).
    Further Reading
    E.Kroker, "Karl Kegel", Neue deutsche Biographie, Vol. XI, p. 394 (a reliable short account).
    Bergakademie Freiberg (ed.), 1976, Karl Kegel 1876–1959. Festschrift aus Anlaß seines
    100. Geburtstages, Leipzig (contains substantial biographical information).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Kegel, Karl

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