feminarum+q

aequus ( aecus, Pac. 32 Rib.; Lucr. 5, 1023 Lachm. and Munro; AIQVOS, S. C. de Bacch. 1. 26), a, um, adj. [formerly referred to EIKÔ, eoika, but Pott connects it with Sanscr. ēka = one, as if properly, one and uniform; others consider it as akin to aemulor, q. v.].

A.. Of place, that extends or lies in a horizontal direction, plain, even, level, flat (esp. freq. in the strategic descriptions of the histt.;

syn.: planus, aequalis, aequabilis, par, similis, justus): locus ad libellam aequus,

level, Varr. R. R. 1, 6 fin.:

aequus et planus locus,

Cic. Caec. 17 fin.:

in aequum locum se demittere,

Caes. B. G. 7, 28: legio, quae paulo aequiore loco constiterat, id. ib. 7, 51:

in aequum locum deducere,

Sall. J. 42 (cf. in Gr. eis to isoW katabainein, Xen. Anab. 4, 6, 18).— Trop.:

sive loquitur ex inferiore loco sive aequo sive ex superiore,

i. e. before the judges, sitting on raised seats, or in the Senate, or in the assembly of the people from the rostra, Cic. de Or. 3, 6, 23:

meos multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos cum tuā summā laude,

from the tribune, and on private matters, id. Fam. 3, 8.—In the histt., sometimes subst.: aequum, i, n., with a gen., level ground, a plain:

facilem in aequo campi victoriam fore,

Liv. 5, 38:

ut primum agmen aequo, ceteri per acclive jugum insurgerent,

Tac. Agr. 35:

in aequum digredi,

id. ib. 18:

in aequo obstare,

id. ib. 36; id. H. 4, 23.—Also, an eminence, if it rises without inequalities:

dum Romanae cohortes in aequum eniterentur,

up the slope, Tac. A. 2, 80.—As a level place is more favorable for military operations than an uneven one, aequus has the signif.,

Favorable, convenient, advantageous (as its opp., iniquus, uneven, has that of unfavorable, etc.).

Of place:

locum se aequum ad dimicandum dedisse,

Caes. B. C. 3, 73:

etsi non aequum locum videbat suis,

Nep. Milt. 5, 4:

non hic silvas nec paludes, sed aequis locis aequos deos,

Tac. A. 1, 68. —

Of time: judicium aequiore tempore fieri oportere, more propitious, Cic. Corn. Fragm. ap. Ascon. p. 72:

et tempore et loco aequo,

Liv. 26, 3:

tempore aequo,

Suet. Caes. 35.—

In gen., of persons or things (freq. and class.), favorable, kind, friendly, benevolent, etc.; constr. absol. with dat., or in and acc. (in poets in with abl.).

Absol.:

consequeris, ut eos ipsos, quos contra statuas, aequos placatosque dimittas,

Cic. Or. 10, 34:

nobilitate inimica, non aequo senatu,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 3 med.:

meis aequissimis utuntur auribus,

id. Fam. 7, 33:

oculis aspicere aequis,

Verg. A. 4, 372:

O dominum aequum et bonum,

Suet. Aug. 53:

boni et aequi et faciles domini,

id. Tib. 29.—

With dat.:

aequa Venus Teucris, Pallas iniqua fuit,

Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 6; id. A. A. 2, 310.—

With in and acc.:

quis hoc statuit, quod aequum sit in Quintium, id iniquum esse in Maevium,

Cic. Quint. 14.—

With in and abl.:

victor erat quamvis, aequus in hoste fuit,

Prop. 4, 18, 28.—Hence,

aequus, i, m. subst., a friend:

ego ut me tibi amicissimum esse et aequi et iniqui intellegant, curabo,

both friends and enemies, Cic. Fam. 3, 6 fin.:

aequis iniquisque persuasum erat,

Liv. 5, 45.

That is equal to another in any quality, equal, like; and of things divided into two equal parts, a half:

aequo censu censeri,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 92:

partīs,

Lucr. 3, 125; so Aur. Vict. Orig. 19, 1; and Vulg. 1 Reg. 30, 24:

aequa erit mensura sagorum,

ib. Exod. 26, 8:

pondera,

ib. Lev. 19, 36:

portio,

ib. 2 Mach. 8, 30:

aequa dementia,

Lucr. 1, 705 al.:

aequā manu discedere,

to come off with equal advantage, Sall. C. 39; so,

aequo Marte pugnare,

with equal success, Liv. 2, 6; Curt. 4, 15, 29; Flor. 4, 2, 48 al.:

urbs erat in summo nubibus aequa jugo,

Ov. P. 4, 7, 24:

aequum vulnus utrique tulit,

id. M. 9, 719 (cf. id. ib. 7, 803:

aequales urebant pectora flammae): sequiturque patrem non passibus aequis,

Verg. A. 2, 724:

pars aequa mundi,

Plin. 2, 19, 17, § 81:

utinam esset mihi pars aequa amoris tecum, i. e. aeque vicissim amaremus,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 12:

non tertiam portionem, verum aequam,

Plin. 3, 1, 1, § 5 al. —Hence the adverbial phrases,

Ex aequo, in like manner, in an equal degree, equally ( = ex isou, Hdt., Dem.), Lucr. 1, 854:

dixit et ex aequo donis formaque probata, etc.,

Ov. H. 16, 87; 20, 123; id. Am. 1, 10, 33; id. A. A. 2, 682; id. M. 3, 145; 4, 62; Liv. 36, 37:

adversarum rerum ex aequo socii sunt (Fosi Cheruscis), cum in secundis minores fuissent,

Tac. G. 36 fin. —

In aequo esse or stare, to be equal:

qui cogit mori nolentem, in aequo est, quique properantem impedit,

Sen. Phoen. 98:

ut naturam oderint, quod infra deos sumus, quod non in aequo illis stetimus,

id. Ben. 2, 29: in aequo ponere aliquem alicui, to make equal, to put on an equality, to compare:

in aequo eum (Philopoemenem) summis imperatoribus posuerunt,

Liv. 39, 50 fin. —

Morally.

Of persons, fair, equitable, impartial in conduct toward others (diff. from justus, just; v. aequitas, II.); constr. absol., with dat.; more rarely with gen.:

praetor aequus et sapiens,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 65; 2, 5, 59:

aequissimus aestimator et judex,

id. Fin. 3, 2:

praebere se aequum alicui,

id. Fam. 2, 1:

absentium aequi, praesentibus mobiles,

benevolent toward, Tac. A. 6, 36.—

Of things, fair, right, equitable, reasonable: ITA. SENATVS. AIQVOM. CENSVIT., S. C. de Bach. 1. 26: et aecum et rectum est, Pac. ap. Non. 261, 13 (Trag. Rel. p. 81 Rib.):

aequa et honesta postulatio,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 2:

quod justum est et aequum, servis praestate,

just and fair, Vulg. Col. 4, 1:

postulo primum id, quod aequissimum est, ut, etc.,

Cic. Clu. 2:

aequa lex et omnibus utilis,

id. Balb. 27:

aequissimis legibus monere,

Aur. Vict. Caes. 9, 5:

aequae conditiones,

Vell. 2, 25; see Fischer, Gr. II. 611.—Hence,

ae-quum, i, n. subst., what is fair, equitable, or just; fairness, equity, or justice, etc.: jus atque aequum, Enn. ap. Non. p. 399, 10 (Trag. v. 224 Vahl.):

utilitas justi prope mater et aequi,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 98:

aequi studium,

Aur. Vict. Caes. 24, 6.—Often with comparatives, more than is right, proper, reasonable:

lamentari amplius aequo,

Lucr. 3, 966:

injurias gravius aequo habere,

to feel too deeply, Sall. C. 50:

potus largius aequo,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 215.—Hence, aequum est, it is reasonable, proper, right, etc.; constr. with acc. and inf., in good prose also with dat. pers. and ut, Rudd. II. p. 235, n. 21: nos quiescere aequom est, Enn. ap. Diom. p. 382 P. (Trag. v. 199 Vahl.):

quae liberum scire aequom est adulescentem,

Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 25:

significant Imbecillorum esse aecum misererier omnīs,

Lucr. 5, 1023:

non est aequum nos derelinquere verbum Dei,

Vulg. Act. 6, 2:

aequius est mori quam auctoritatem imperii foedare,

Aur. Vict. Epit. 12, 7:

ut peritis? Ut piscatorem aequomst (sc. perire), fame sitique speque,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 7; so,

sicut aequum est homini de potestate deorum timide et pauca dicamus,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 16, 47.—In Plaut., with abl.:

plus vidissem quam med atque illo aequom foret,

would be becoming in me and him, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 84; id. Rud. prol. 47.—

Aequum as subst. very freq. with bonum = aequitas, equitable conduct toward others, fairness, equity, etc.:

neque quidquam queo aequi bonique ab eo impetrare,

what is right and just, Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 65:

cum de jure civili, cum de aequo et bono disputaretur,

Cic. Brut. 38:

ex aequo et bono, non ex callido versutoque jure rem judicari oportere,

id. Caecin. 23:

fit reus magis ex aequo bonoque quam ex jure gentium,

in accordance with justice and equity, Sall. J. 35.— Also without et:

illi dolum malum, illi fidem bonam, illi aequum bonum tradiderunt,

Cic. Top. 17.—So also, aequius melius, according to greater equily, Cic. Off. 3, 15; id. Top. 17.—

Of a state of mind, even, unruffled, calm, composed, tranquil, patient, enduring (cf. aequitas, II. B.);

esp. freq. with animus or mens: animus aequos optumum est aerumnae condimentum,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 71:

concedo et quod animus aequus est et quia necesse est,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 50:

quodadest memento Componere aequus,

Hor. C. 3, 29, 32:

tentantem majora, fere praesentibus aequum,

id. Ep. 1, 17, 24;

and so, aequam memento rebus in arduis Servare mentem, etc.,

id. C. 2, 3, 1.—Esp. freq. in the adv. abl.: aequo (aequiore, aequissimo) animo, with even mind, with equanimity, patiently, calmly, quietly, with forbearance: ego, nisi Bibulus adniteretur de triumpho, aequo animo essem, nunc vero aischron siôpan, Cic. Att. 6, 8:

carere aequo animo aliquā re,

id. Brut. 6:

ferre aliquid,

Nep. Dion. 6, 7; Aur. Vict. Orig. 6, 3:

accipere,

Sall. C. 3, 2:

tolerare,

id. J. 31:

quo aequiore animo Germanicus celerem successionem operiretur,

Suet. Tib. 25:

testem se in judiciis interrogari aequissimo animo patiebatur,

id. Aug. 56.—In eccl. Lat. = bono animo:

aequo animo esto,

be of good cheer, Vulg. 3 Reg. 21, 7:

aequo animo (aliquis) est? Psallat,

ib. Jacob. 5, 13.—Hence: aequi bonique facere aliquid, to regard as fair and reasonable (prop., a gen. of value, Roby, § 1191), to put up with, be content with, submit to, acquiesce in, etc.:

istuc aequi bonique facio,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 40: tranquillissimus animus meus totum istuc aequi boni [p. 59] facit, Cic. Att. 7, 7; Liv. 34, 22 fin.:

aequi istuc faciam,

it will be all the same to me, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 189.—So also:

aequi bonique dicere,

to propose any thing reasonable, Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 32.—Hence, aequē, adv., in like manner, equally, just as = ex aequo, pariter, Gr. isôs, omoiôs (indicating the entire equality of two objects compared, while similiter denotes only likeness):

eā (benevolentiā) non pariter omnes egemus... honore et gloriā fortasse non aeque omnes egent,

Cic. Off. 2, 8, 30:

non possum ego non aut proxime atque ille aut etiam aeque laborare,

id. Fam. 9, 13, 2:

universa aeque eveniunt justo et impio,

Vulg. Eccl. 9, 2.

In the comic poets with cum or the comp. abl. (cf. adaeque); in Cic. and good class. authors gen. with et, atque, ac, ac si; less class. with quam, ut, quam ut; in Petr. with tamquam.

Aeque—cum:

animum advorte, ut aeque mecum haec scias,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 66, id. Poen. prol. 47: novi aeque omnia tecum, Ter Phorm. 5, 9, 43. But in Plaut. As. 4, 1, 26, tecum una postea aeque pocla potitet, una belongs with tecum to potitet, and aeque is put absol. (sc. ut tu).—

Aeque with comp. abl.:

nullus est hoc meticulosus aeque,

as this person, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 137:

qui me in terrā aeque fortunatus erit,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 51.—

Aeque—et or aeque— que (as in Gr. ison kai, isa kai, Soph. Oed. Tyr. 611;

Thuc. 3, 14). nisi aeque amicos et nosmet ipsos diligamus,

equally as ourselves, Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 67. versūs aeque prima et media et extrema pars attenditur, id. de Or. 3, 50, 192; id. Rosc. Com. 1, 2; so id. Mur. 13, 28; id. Clu. 69, 195, id. Tusc. 2, 26, 62 al.:

quod Aeque neglectum pueris senibusque nocebit,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 26.—

Aeque—atque, —ac, —ac si, as... as; as much as, as: vide ne, quem tu esse hebetem deputes aeque ac pecus, is, etc., Att. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 22, 45: pumex non aeque aridus atque hic est senex, Plaut Aul. 2, 4, 18; Ter. Phorm 1, 2, 43; Varr. R. R. 3, 8, 2:

nisi haberes, qui illis aeque ac tu ipse gauderet,

Cic. Lael. 6, 22:

sed me colit et observat aeque atque patronum suum,

id. Fam. 13, 69; 2, 2; so id. Brut. 71, 248; id. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; Cels. 6, 15; Tac. H. 4, 5; Suet. Caes. 12 al.: aeque ac si. with the subj., just as if. altogether as if:

Egnatii absentis rem ut tueare, aeque a te peto ac si mea negotia essent,

Cic. Fam. 13, 43, 3; Auct Her 2, 13, 19: quo factum est, ut jumenta aeque nitida ex castellis educeret ac si in campestribus ea locis habuisset, Nep Eum. 5. 6; Liv. 10, 7, 4; 44, 22, 5 al.—

Aeque— quam (only in Plaut. and prose writers from the Aug. per.;

neither in Cic. nor in Cæs.),

as... as, in the same manner as, as well... as, like, Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 55;

nullum esse agrum aeque feracem quam hic est,

id. Epid. 2, 3, 1:

nihil aeque eos terruit quam robur et color imperatoris,

Liv. 28, 26, 14, 5, 6, 11; so 5, 3, 4; 31, 1, 3;

in navibus posita aeque quam in aedificiis,

Plin. 2, 81, 83, § 196; so 2, 70, 72, § 180; Tac. A. 14, 38; id. H. 2, 10; 4, 52; Suet. Aug. 64, 89; id. Galb. 4 al.—

Aeque—ut, a rare combination, and unworthy of imitation (in authors of the class. per. its reception rests, for the most part, upon false readings for aeque et or aeque ac), as much as, like, cui nihil aeque in causis agendis ut brevitas placet, Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 1 Keil. accinctus aeque ut discinctus, Vulg. 3 Reg. 20, 11. Possidebitis eam (terram) singuli aeque ut frater suus, ib. Ezech. 47, 14:

idemque proficeret aeque ut rosaceum,

Plin. 23, 4, 45, § 89, where Jan reads proficeret quod rosaceum. —In Plaut. once aeque—quasi for the class. aeque ac. quem videam aeque esse maestum quasi dies si dicta sit, Plaut. As. 5, 1, 11 Fleck.—

Sometimes aeque—aeque, as well as, as much as. aeque pauperibus prodest, locupletibus aeque, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 25:

aeque discordiam praepositorum, aeque concordiam subjectis exitiosam,

Tac. Agr. 15.—

The comparison is often to be supplied from the whole sentence or context; hence, aeque stands absol. for aeque ac, etc. (ante-class. freq.; also in Cic. and Liv.), equally, as much as, as: eadem oratio non aeque valet, Enn. ap. Gell. 11, 4 (from Eurip. Hec. 295: logos... ou tauton sthenei):

satin habes, si feminarum nullast quam aeque diligam?

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 11: Aetna mons non aeque altus, id. Mil. 4, 2, 73; 4, 7, 10; id. Most. 1, 3, 85, etc.; Ter. Phorm. 3, 3, 32; Cic. Fam. 4, 6, 1; so id. ib. 5, 21; id. Fin. 4, 33, 62:

aeque sons,

Liv. 29, 19, 2;

so 29, 19, 4 al.: aeque non est dubium,

it is as little doubtful, Plin. 2, 15, 13, § 68.—

With omnes, uterque, and definite numerals, to indicate that a thing applies equally to all the objects designated, equally:

non omnia eadem aeque omnibus suavia esse scito,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 51; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 2; so Cic. Off. 2, 8, 31; id. Fin. 4, 27, 75 al.:

etsi utrique nostrum prope aeque gratae erant (litterae),

id. Fam. 13, 18; so id. Quint. 28, 86; Verg. G. 3, 118; Ov. Tr. 3, 8, 33; id. Fast. 1, 226:

aeque ambo pares,

Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 60:

duae trabes aeque longae,

Caes. B. C. 2, 10; Suet. Aug. 101. —

Sometimes absol., with several substantives, alike, equally:

Tragici et comici Numquam aeque sunt meditati,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 2, 4. imperium bonus ignavus aeque sibi exoptant, Sall. C. 11.—

In Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 42, nec est mihi quisquam, melius aeque cui velim, melius velle is, perhaps, to be taken together as a phrase, and the comp. considered as used in a restricted sense, as in melius est. Others consider the comp. as used for the simple positive; cf. adaeque.—

Justly, with equity:

mihi id aeque factum arbitror,

Plaut. Mil. 5, 22 dub. (Ritschl: jureque id factum arbitror).— Comp.: ferro quam fame aequius perituros, more willingly, Sall. H. Fragm.— Sup.:

aequissime jus dicere,

Aur. Vict. Epit. 11, 2:

judicas ut qui aequissime,

Sid. 15, Ep. 11.

form, aequĭter, also occurs: praeda per participes aequiter partita est, Liv. Andr. ap. Non. 512, 31; so Pac. ib., Att. ib., and Plaut. acc. to Prisc. 1010 P.

ăvĭdĭtas, ātis, f. [avidus], an eagerness for something (either lawful or unlawful), avidity, longing, vehement desire.

In gen.:

habeo senectuti magnam gratiam, quae mihi sermonis aviditatem auxit, potionis et cibi sustulit,

Cic. Sen. 14, 46:

aviditas legendi,

id. Fin. 3, 2, 7:

suscipere verbum cum omni aviditate,

Vulg. Act. 17, 11:

gloriae,

Cic. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 16:

pecuniae,

id. Part. Or. 6, 1:

rapiendi per occasionem triumphi,

Liv. 31, 48, 2:

imperandi,

Tac. H. 1, 52:

vini,

Suet. Tib. 42 al.:

ad cibos,

Plin. 20, 16, 65, § 173.—In plur.:

bestiolarum aviditates,

Plin. 11, 6, 5, § 15:

feminarum,

id. 20, 21, 84, § 227.—

Esp.

Eagerness for money, covetousness, avarice:

Inhaeret etiam aviditas, desidia, injuria, etc.,

Plaut. Merc. prol. 29:

(justitia) eas res spernit et neglegit, ad quas plerique inflammati aviditate rapiuntur,

Cic. Off. 2, 11, 38:

utrumque incredibile est, et Roscium quicquam per aviditatem appetīsse et Fannium quicquam per bonitatem amisisse,

id. Rosc. Com. 7, 21 (B. and K., avaritiam).—

Eagerness in eating, appetite:

lactuca in cibis aviditatem incitat inhibetque eadem,

Plin. 20, 7, 26, § 64; so,

aviditatem excitare,

id. 23, 1, 7, § 12:

facere,

id. 23, 8, 75, § 144; Vulg. Eccli. 37, 33.

castĭtas, ātis, f. [castus], purity.

In gen., purity of morals, morality (postclass.):

vitae,

Gell. 15, 18, 2.—

Esp.

Purity of body, chastity (rare but class.; syn. pudicitia): ut sentiant mulieres naturam feminarum omnem castitatem pati, * Cic. Leg. 2, 12, 29 Mos.; so * Hor. C. 3, 24, 23; Plin. 24, 9, 38, § 59; Plin. Pan. 20, 2; Tac. Agr. 4; id. A. 1, 33; Val. Max. 9, 1, 2. —Hence, person.: Castĭtas, the goddess of Chastity, = Minerva, Pall. 1, 6, 14.—

Purity with regard to gain, disinterestedness (opp. avaritia), Vitr. 1, 1:

praeturae,

Macr. S. 7, 3, § 15.

castĭtas, ātis, f. [castus], purity.

In gen., purity of morals, morality (postclass.):

vitae,

Gell. 15, 18, 2.—

Esp.

Purity of body, chastity (rare but class.; syn. pudicitia): ut sentiant mulieres naturam feminarum omnem castitatem pati, * Cic. Leg. 2, 12, 29 Mos.; so * Hor. C. 3, 24, 23; Plin. 24, 9, 38, § 59; Plin. Pan. 20, 2; Tac. Agr. 4; id. A. 1, 33; Val. Max. 9, 1, 2. —Hence, person.: Castĭtas, the goddess of Chastity, = Minerva, Pall. 1, 6, 14.—

Purity with regard to gain, disinterestedness (opp. avaritia), Vitr. 1, 1:

praeturae,

Macr. S. 7, 3, § 15.

cŏmĭto, āre, 1, v. a. ( poet. collat. form of comitor), to accompany, attend, follow:

quod si Romanae comitarent castra puellae,

Prop. 2, 7, 15; Ov. P. 2, 3, 43; id. M. 14, 259; 13, 55; 8, 692:

funera,

id. P. 1, 9, 47 (Att. ap. Non. p. 85, 139, is, on account of the corruption of the text, dub.).—

Pass.:

comitor, āri,

Plin. 9, 35, 55, § 110; Just. 30, 2, 4; Ov. Tr. 3, 7, 47; Lucr. 1, 98.—Esp. freq. in part. perf.: cŏmĭtātus, a, um, accompanied, attended:

(mulier) alienis viris comitata,

Cic. Cael. 14, 34; so with an abl. added, Ov. M. 2, 441; 2, 845; 3, 215; 9, 687; 10, 9; id. Am. 1, 6, 33; Tib. 3, 2, 13; Plin. 21, 11, 38, § 65; Tac. Agr. 40; id. A. 14, 8:

trecentis feminarum comitata,

Curt. 6, 5, 26; Sen. Hippol. 1; Stat. Achill. 2, 309. —As adj.:

quod ex urbe parum comitatus exierit,

Cic. Cat. 2, 2, 4; so,

bene,

id. Phil. 12, 10, 25; Quint. 12, 8, 3; and hence, also, in comp.:

puero ut uno esset comitatior,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 39, 113; so Plin. 10, 37, 52, § 109; App. Mag. 1, p. 288, 29.

congressus, a, um, Part., from congredior.

congressus, ūs, m. [congredior], a coming or going together, in a friendly or hostile manner (class. in prose and poetry).

A friendly meeting, a social assembly, conference, conversation, etc.:

omnes congressum tuum fugiunt,

Cic. Sest. 52, 111; id. Phil. 12, 11, 26; id. Att. 1, 17, 2:

si quis congressus fuerit mihi cum Caesare,

id. ib. 11, 12, 3; id. Cael. 8, 20; Liv. 7, 4, 4; Quint. 1, 2, 20; Tac. A. 13, 46 et saep.—In plur., Cic. Or. 10, 33; id. Lael. 23, 87; Liv. 1, 19, 5; 7, 40, 3; Tac. A. 2, 28; Verg. A. 5, 733 al.—Also of the companionship of animals, Cic. N. D. 2, 48, 124; Quint. 1, 2, 20.—

Pregn., a close union, combination (very rare):

materiaï,

Lucr. 5, 68; cf.:

duriorum (consonantium) inter se,

Quint. 11, 3, 35.— In plur., Lucr. 2, 1065.—Hence, carnal union, copulation:

feminarum,

Plin. 12, 14, 30, § 54; cf. congressio, I. B.—

A hostile encounter, a contest, fight, Cic. de Or. 2, 78, 317:

cum his navibus nostrae classi ejusmodi congressus erat, ut, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 3, 13; id. B. C. 1, 46:

magnam cladem in congressu facere,

Sall. J. 59, 3; 74, 3; Tac. A. 2, 3; Verg. A. 12, 514; Val. Fl. 6, 322 al. —Also of judicial contests, Quint. 3, 6, 4.

dī-lĭgo, lexi, lectum, 3, v. a. [2. lego]. Prop., to distinguish one by selecting him from others; hence, in gen., to value or esteem highly, to love (v. amo init., and cf. faveo, studeo, foveo, cupio; very freq. and class.).

Prop.:

nihil est enim virtute amabilius, nihil quod magis alliciat ad diligendum: quippe cum propter virtutem et probitatem etiam eos, quos numquam vidimus, quodam modo diligamus,

Cic. Lael. 8, 28; cf. id. ib. 9, 29 sq.; 14, 50; id. Rep. 1, 10 fin.; 1, 12 et saep. (cf. also the passages with diligo which are cited under amo, 1. and 1. colo, II. 2. b.); Caes. B. G. 6, 19 fin.; id. B. C. 1, 61, 3; Suet. Caes. 67; Verg. A. 9, 430; Hor. C. 2, 20, 7 et saep.:

satin habes, si feminarum nulla'st, quam aeque diligam?

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 11; cf. id. ib. 3, 3, 18; Verg. A. 1, 344; Hor. C. 2, 5, 17; Suet. Caes. 50; 52; id. Aug. 62 al.:

te in germani fratris dilexi loco,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 57; cf. Verg. A. 4, 31; Suet. Calig. 24 al.: quem di diligunt, whom the gods favor, denoting a fortunate person, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 7, 18; Ter. And. 5, 6, 9; id. Phorm. 5, 6, 14. —Prov.:

diligitur nemo, nisi cui fortuna secunda est,

Ov. P. 2, 3, 23.

Transf.

Of inanimate objects:

fidem est complexus, observantiamque dilexit,

Cic. Balb. 28; cf.:

Caesaris consilia in re publica,

id. Prov. Cons. 10 fin.:

benevolentiam, diligentiam, prudentiam mirifice,

id. Att. 12, 34 fin.:

aviae memoriam,

Suet. Vesp. 2:

auream mediocritatem,

Hor. C. 2, 10, 6:

Cypron,

id. ib. 1, 30, 2 et saep. —

Very rarely, of inanimate subjects, to love, choose, affect:

montes amant cedrus, larix, etc.... montes et valles diligit abies,

Plin. 16, 18, 30, § 73 sq. —

With inf. for amare, to do willingly or habitually, to be fond of doing:

pira nasci tali solo maxime diligunt,

Pall. Febr. 25, 1.—Hence,

dī-lĭgens, entis, P. a., prop. esteeming, loving; hence, in respect to an inanimate object, careful, assiduous, attentive, diligent, accurate with regard to it, opp. negligens (very freq. and class.).

In gen.

With praepp.:

qui in re adventitia atque hereditaria tam diligens, tam attentus esset,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 48; so, in rebus omnibus, id. Lael. 17, 62:

in exquirendis temporibus,

id. Rep. 2, 14 fin.:

in ostentis animadvertendis,

id. Div. 1, 42 fin.:

in compositione,

id. Quint. 10, 1, 79:

in philosophia,

id. ib. 129:

in eloquendo,

id. ib. 63:

in symmetria,

Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 58 al.:

ad custodiendum aliquem diligentissimus,

Cic. Cat. 1, 8, 19; so,

ad reportandum,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 3, § 6:

ad cetera,

Quint. 1, 1, 7:

diligentes circa hoc,

Plin. 31, 5, 30, § 56:

circa aerarium,

Eutr. 8, 7.—

With gen.:

omnis officii diligentissimus,

Cic. Cael. 30, 73:

veritatis,

Nep. Epam. 3:

imperii,

id. Con. 1, 2:

disciplinae,

Vell. 1, 6; cf.:

litterarum veterum,

Gell. 4, 11, 4:

compositionis,

Quint. 9, 4, 77:

aliarum rerum quae vitam instruunt,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 3, 3:

temperamenti,

Plin. Pan. 79, 5:

naturae,

attentively investigating it, Plin. 13, 4, 7, § 31; so,

medicinae,

id. 32, 3, 13, § 26 et saep.—

With dat.:

Corinthios video publicis equis assignandis et alendis, orborum et viduarum tributis fuisse quondam diligentes,

Cic. Rep. 2, 20, 32.—

Absol.:

experientissimus ac diligentissimus orator,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 21: pro cauto ac diligente, Caes. Fragm. ap. Charis. p. 101 P.;

for which: ut a diligenti curiosus distat,

Quint. 8, 3, 55; cf. id. 1, 4, 24; 2, 15, 10 et saep.—

Transf., of inanimate subjects:

assidua ac diligens scriptura,

Cic. de Or. 1, 33, 150; cf.:

diligentior notitia,

Plin. 6, 22, 24, § 84:

stilus,

Tac. Or. 39:

remedia,

Sen. Ep. 95; Plin. 3, 5, 6, § 45; Vell. 1, 4.—

In partic., with reference to domestic affairs, frugal, thrifty, economical (cf. its opp. negligens = prodigus, and Ruhnk. Rutil. Lup. p. 95, a, ed. Frotsch.):

homo frugi ac diligens, qui sua servare vellet,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 18; Plin. Ep. 2, 6, 1; cf.

opp. negligens,

ib. 4, 13, 8;

and c. c. parcus and opp. luxuriosus,

Auct. Her. 4, 34:

cum te pro illiberali diligentem (appelles),

Quint. 9, 3, 65:

ex re familiari, cujus diligentissimus erat,

Suet. Gramm. 23.—Hence, dīlĭgenter, adv. (acc. to II. A.), carefully, attentively, diligently:

accurate agatur, docte et diligenter,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 30; id. Men. 5, 6, 3; Ter. Eun. 2, 1, 1; 2, 3, 47 al.; Cic. Phil. 1, 15 fin.; id. Fam. 6, 5; id. Att. 16, 16 A. fin.; Caes. B. G. 2, 5 al.— Comp., Cic. Rep. 1, 22; id. Brut. 22, 86; Caes. B. G. 3, 16 fin.; id. B. C. 3, 8, 4; Vulg. Act. 22, 30 al.— Sup., Cic. Lael. 2, 7; id. Rep. 2, 3; Caes. B. G. 2, 28 fin.; id. B. C. 3, 81 al.—

dīlectus, a, um, P. a., loved, beloved, dear (rare).—With dat.:

pueri dilecti Superis,

Ov. M. 10, 153; so id. ib. 5, 395; 8, 758.—In sup., Stat. Th. 8, 99; Vulg. Heb. 6, 9.— Absol.:

luce mihi carior dilectior fili,

Macr. Somn. Scip. 2, 1 init.; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 74 al.— Subst.: dīlectus, i, m., = ho erômenos, a favorite, Suet. Aug. 98.

ex-āmen, ĭnis, n. [for ex-agmen, from ex and ago; cf. contamino and contagies, flamen and flagrare].

A multitude issuing forth or flying out, a swarm. Primarily and class. of a swarm of bees:

res rusticae laetae sunt tum pecudum pastu, apium examinibus, florum omnium varietate,

Cic. de Sen. 15 fin.; so,

apium,

id. Off. 1, 44, 157; id. Div. 1, 33 fin.; Liv. 4, 33 et saep.; cf. Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 29; Col. 9, 3 fin.; 9, 4 fin. et saep.; Plin. 11, 10, 10, § 23; Verg. G. 2, 452; 4, 21; 103 et saep.—

Transf., a multitude, crowd, shoal, swarm (freq. only after the Aug. per.):

locustarum,

Liv. 42, 10:

piscium,

Plin. 31, 1, 1, § 2:

pullorum (arboris),

Lucr. 5, 1364:

juvenum,

Hor. C. 1, 35, 31:

infantium,

Plin. Pan. 26, 1; cf. Just. 25, 2 fin.:

vernarum,

Hor. Epod. 2, 65; cf.

servorum,

Cic. Harusp. Resp. 12, 25:

Graium vatum,

Stat. S. 5, 3, 284:

stuprorum (i. e. feminarum stupratarum),

Prop. 2, 32, 41 (3, 30, 41 M.) et saep.—In late Lat. even of abstract things:

malorum,

Arn. 2, p. 46: maerorum, id. fin.:

aetatum,

Amm. 21, 5:

dilationum,

id. 30, 4 et saep.—

A means of examining; hence, the tongue of a balance (very rare): examen est ligula vel lignum, quod mediam hastam ad pondera adaequanda tenet, Schol. Pers. 1, 6; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 80, 14: Juppiter ipse duas aequato examine lances Sustinet, Verg. A. 12, 725; Cod. Theod. 12, 7, 1.—

Trop., a weighing, consideration, examination:

examenve improbum in illa Castiges trutina,

Pers. 1, 6:

legum,

Ov. M. 9, 552; cf.

vitae,

Stat. S. 3, 3, 203.

făcĭlis, e, adj. (archaic forms nom. sing. facil, Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 53; adv. facul, like difficul, simul; v. under adv. 2, and cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87 Müll.), [facio, properly, that may be done or made; hence, pregn.], easy to do, easy, without difficulty.

In gen.

Prop., constr. absol., with ad (and the gerund), the supine, inf., ut, and the dat.

Absol.:

nulla est tam facilis res, quin difficilis siet, quam invitus facias,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 6, 1; cf.:

facilis et plana via (opp. difficilis),

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 20:

quae facilia ex difficillimis animi magnitudo redegerat,

Caes. B. G. 2, 27 fin.; cf.

also: mihi in causa facili atque explicata perdifficilis et lubrica defensionis ratio proponitur,

Cic. Planc. 2, 5:

justa res et facilis,

Plaut. Am. prol. 33:

facilis et prompta defensio,

Cic. de Or. 1, 56, 237; cf.:

facilis et expedita distinctio,

id. Fin. 1, 10, 33:

facilia, proclivia, jucunda,

id. Part. Or. 27, 95; cf.:

proclivi cursu et facili delabi,

id. Rep. 1, 28:

ascensus,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

aditus,

id. ib. 3, 25 fin.;

descensus Averno,

Verg. A. 6, 126; Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 14, 41; cf.:

celerem et facilem exitum habere,

Caes. B. C. 3, 22 fin.:

lutum,

easy to work, Tib. 1, 1, 40:

fagus,

Plin. 16, 43, 84, § 229:

humus,

easy to cultivate, mellow, Curt. 4, 6, 5:

arcus,

Val. Fl. 1, 109:

jugum,

easy to climb, Prop. 4 (5), 10, 4:

somnus,

easy to obtain, Hor. C. 2, 11, 8; 3, 21, 4:

irae,

easily excited, Luc. 1, 173:

saevitia,

easily overcome, Hor. C. 2, 12, 26 et saep.:

aurae,

gentle, Ov. H. 16, 123:

jactura,

easily borne, Verg. A. 2, 646:

cera,

easily shaped, Ov. M. 15, 169:

victus,

copious, Verg. G. 2, 460.— Comp.:

iter multo facilius atque expeditius,

Caes. B. G. 1, 6, 2:

cui censemus cursum ad deos faciliorem fuisse quam Scipioni?

Cic. Lael. 4, 14:

faciliore et commodiore judicio,

id. Caecin. 3, 8.— Sup.:

quod est facillimum, facis,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 4; cf. Cic. Rep. 2, 3:

concordia,

id. ib. 1, 32:

hujus summae virtutis facillima est via,

Quint. 8, 3, 71:

in quibus (ceris) facillima est ratio delendi,

id. 10, 3, 31 et saep.—

With ad and the gerund:

nulla materies tam facilis ad exardescendum est,

Cic. de Or. 2, 45, 190:

ad subigendum,

id. Rep. 2, 41:

ad credendum,

id. Tusc. 1, 32, 78:

palmae ad scandendum,

Plin. 13, 4, 7, § 29.— Comp.:

faciliora ad intelligendum,

Quint. 2, 3, 8.— Sup.:

haec ad judicandum sunt facillima,

Cic. Off. 3, 6, 30; id. Fin. 2, 20.—

With ad and subst.:

faciles ad receptum angustiae,

Liv. 32, 12, 3:

mens ad pejora,

Quint. 1, 2, 4:

credulitas feminarum ad gaudia,

Tac. A. 14, 4.— Comp.:

mediocritas praeceptoris ad intellectum atque imitationem facilior,

Quint. 2, 3, 1.—

With supine:

facile inventust,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 53:

res factu facilis,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 26:

cuivis facile scitu est,

id. Hec. 3, 1, 15:

facilis victu gens,

abounding in resources, Verg. A. 1, 445 Wagn.:

(Cyclops) nec visu facilis nec dictu affabilis ulli,

id. ib. 3, 621; cf.:

sapiens facilis victu fuit,

Sen. Ep. 90, 11.— Comp.:

nihil est dictu facilius,

Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 70.— Sup.:

factu facillimum,

Sall. C. 14, 1.—

With inf.:

materia facilis est, in te et in tuos dicta dicere,

Cic. Phil. 2, 17, 42:

facilis vincere ac vinci vultu eodem,

Liv. 7, 33, 2:

facilis corrumpi,

Tac. H. 4, 39:

Roma capi facilis,

Luc. 2, 656.—So esp. freq. in the neuter, facile est, with a subject-clause:

id esse verum, cuivis facile est noscere,

Ter. Ad. 5, 4, 8:

quod illis prohibere erat facile,

Caes. B. C. 1, 50, 2:

neque erat facile nostris, uno tempore propugnare et munire,

id. ib. 3, 45, 4; Quint. 6, 4, 20:

nec origines persequi facile est,

Plin. 3, 5, 6, § 46:

quīs facile est aedem conducere,

Juv. 3, 31; 4, 103.— Comp.:

plerumque facilius est plus facere quam idem,

Quint. 10, 2, 10; 12, 6, 7.— Sup.:

stulta reprehendere facillimum est,

Quint. 6, 3, 71; 11, 1, 81.—

With ut:

facilius est, ut esse aliquis successor tuus possit, quam ut velit,

Plin. Pan. 44, 3; 87, 5; cf. with quod: facile est quod habeant conservam in villa, Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 6.—

With dat.:

terra facilis pecori,

i.e. suitable, proper, Verg. G. 2, 223; cf.:

campus operi,

Liv. 33, 17, 8:

facilis divisui (Macedonia),

id. 45, 30, 2:

neque Thraces commercio faciles erant,

Liv. 40, 58, 1:

homines bello faciles,

Tac. Agr. 21:

juvenis inanibus,

easily susceptible, open to, id. A. 2, 27; cf.:

facilis capessendis inimicitiis,

id. ib. 5, 11. —

With gen. ( poet.):

Hispania frugum facilis,

fertile in, Claud. Laud. Seren. 54.—

Adverbially, in facili, ex (e) facili, and rarely, de facili, easily:

cum exitus haud in facili essent,

not easy, Liv. 3, 8, 9 Drak.:

in facili,

Sen. Clem. 1, 7: Plin. 18, 28, 68, § 274; Dig. 26, 3, 8:

ita adducendum, ut ex facili subsequatur,

easily, Cels. 7, 9 med.:

ex facili tolerantibus,

Tac. Agr. 15 init.: ex facili, Cel. 6, 1, 1; Plin. 37, 4, 15, § 60;

for which: e facili,

Ov. A. A. 1, 356: de facili ab iis superabuntur, Firm. Math. 5, 6.—

Transf.

Of persons that do any thing with facility, ready, quick. — Constr. with ad, in, and simple abl.:

facilis et expeditus ad dicendum,

Cic. Brut. 48, 180:

sermone Graeco promptus et facilis,

Suet. Tib. 71; cf.:

promptus et facillis ad extemporalitatem usque,

id. Tit. 3:

faciles in excogitando et ad discendum prompti,

Quint. 1, 1, 1:

exiguo faciles,

content, Sil. 1, 615.—

Of things, easily moving:

oculi,

Verg. A. 8, 310:

manus,

Ov. F. 3, 536:

cervix,

Mart. Spect. 23:

canes, i. e. agiles,

Nemes. Cyneg. 50.

In partic.

Of character, easy, good-natured, compliant, willing, yielding, courteous, affable:

facilis benevolusque,

Ter. Hec. 5, 1, 35:

comes, benigni, faciles, suaves homines esse dicuntur,

Cic. Balb. 16, 36:

facilis et liberalis pater,

id. N. D. 3, 29, 73:

lenis et facilis,

id. Fam. 5, 2, 9:

facilis et clemens,

Suet. Aug. 67:

facilem populum habere,

Cic. Fam. 7, 1, 4:

facilem stillare in aurem,

Juv. 3, 122:

di,

id. 10, 8. —With in and abl.:

facilem se in rebus cognoscendis praebere,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 11, § 32; cf.:

facilis in causis recipiendis,

id. Brut. 57, 207:

faciles in suum cuique tribuendo,

id. ib. 21, 85:

faciles ad concedendum,

id. Div. 2, 52, 107.—With in and acc.:

sic habeas faciles in tua vota deos,

Ov. H. 16, 282.—With inf.:

faciles aurem praebere,

Prop. 2, 21, 15 (3, 14, 5 M.):

O faciles dare summa deos,

Luc. 1, 505.—With gen.:

facilis impetrandae veniae,

Liv. 26, 15, 1:

alloquii facilis (al. alloquiis),

Val. Fl. 5, 407.— Absol.:

comi facilique naturā,

Suet. Gramm. 7:

facili ac prodigo animo,

id. Vit. 7.— Comp.:

facilior aut indulgentior,

Suet. Vesp. 21; Quint. 7, 1, 27; Flor. 4, 11, 2.— Sup.:

quid dicam de moribus facillimis,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11.—

Of fortune, favorable, prosperous:

res et fortunae tuae... quotidie faciliores mihi et meliores videntur,

Cic. Fam. 6, 5, 1; Liv. 23, 11, 2.— Adv. in four forms: facile, facul, faculter, and faciliter.

făcĭlĕ (the class. form).

easily, without trouble or difficulty:

facile cum valemus recta consilia aegrotis damus,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 9:

quis haec non vel facile vel certe aliquo modo posset ediscere?

Cic. de Or. 2, 57, 232:

vitia in contraria convertuntur,

id. Rep. 1, 45.— Comp.:

cave putes, aut mare ullum aut flammam esse tantam, quam non facilius sit sedare quam, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 42 fin.:

quo facilius otio perfruantur,

id. ib. 1, 5: id hoc facilius eis persuasit, quod, etc., Caes, B. G. 1, 2, 3.— Sup.:

ut optimi cujusque animus in morte facillime evolet tamquam e custodia,

Cic. Lael. 4, 14:

facillime fingi,

id. Cael. 9, 22:

facillime decidit,

id. Rep. 2, 23:

mederi inopiae frumentariae,

Caes. B. G. 5, 24, 6 et saep.—

To add intensity to an expression which already signifies a high degree, certainly, unquestionably, without contradiction, beyond dispute, by far, far (often in Cic.;

elsewh. rare): virum unum totius Graeciae facile doctissimum,

Cic. Rab. Post. 9, 23:

facile deterrimus,

id. Tusc. 1, 33, 81:

genere et nobilitate et pecunia facile primus,

id. Rosc. Am. 6, 15; cf.:

virtute, existimatione, nobilitate facile princeps,

id. Clu. 5, 11:

facile princeps,

id. Div. 2, 42, 87; id. Fam. 6, 10, 2; id. Univ. 1; Flor. 3, 14, 1:

facile praecipuus,

Quint. 10, 1, 68:

facile hic plus mali est, quam illic boni,

Ter. And. 4, 3, 5: Pe. Sed tu novistin' fidicinam? Fi. Tam facile quam me, as well as I do myself, Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 68.—With verbs that denote superiority (vincere, superare, etc.):

post illum (Herodotum) Thucydides omnes dicendi artificio, mea sententia, facile vicit,

Cic. de Or. 2, 13, 56; cf. id. Off. 2, 19, 59; id. Rep. 1, 23; cf.

also: stellarum globi terrae magnitudinem facile vincebant,

id. ib. 6, 16 fin.; id. de Or. 1, 33, 150:

Sisenna omnes adhuc nostros scriptores facile superavit,

id. Leg. 1, 2, 7; cf. id. de Or. 3, 11, 43:

facile palmam habes!

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 80.— In naming a large amount, quite, fully:

huic hereditas facile ad HS. tricies venit testamento propinqui sui,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 14, § 35.—

With a negative, non facile or haud facile, to add intensity, not easily, i.e. hardly:

mira accuratio, ut non facile in ullo diligentiorem majoremque cognoverim,

Cic. Brut. 67, 238:

sed haud facile dixerim, cur, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 3 fin.; cf.:

de iis haud facile compertum narraverim,

Sall. J. 17, 2:

animus imbutus malis artibus haud facile libidinibus carebat,

id. C. 13, 5. —

Readily, willingly, without hesitation:

facile omnes perferre ac pati,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 35; cf.:

te de aeternitate dicentem aberrare a proposito facile patiebar,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 33, 81:

disertus homo et facile laborans,

id. Off. 2, 19, 66:

ego unguibus facile illi in oculos involem,

Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 6.— Comp.:

locum habeo nullum, ubi facilius esse possim quam Asturae,

Cic. Att. 13, 26, 2.—

(Acc. to facilis, II. B.) Pleasantly, agreeably, well:

propter eas (nugas) vivo facilius,

Plaut. Curc. 5, 2, 6:

cum animo cogites, Quam vos facillime agitis, quam estis maxume Potentes, dites, fortunati, nobiles,

Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 56:

facillime agitare,

Suet. Vit. Ter. 1:

ubi Crassus animadvertit, suas copias propter exiguitatem non facile diduci,

not safely, Caes. B. G. 3, 23, 7.—

făcul (anteclass.), easily: nobilitate facul propellere iniquos, Lucil. ap. Non. 111, 19; Pac. ib. 21:

haud facul, ut ait Pacuvius, femina una invenietur bona,

Afran. ib. 22:

advorsam ferre fortunam facul,

Att. ib. 24.—

‡ făculter, acc. to the statement of Paul. ex Fest. p. 87, 1 Müll.; cf. Mart. Cap. 3, § 325. —

făcĭlĭter (post-Aug.; predominating in Vitruvius; censured by Quint. 1, 6, 17), easily:

ferrum percalefactum faciliter fabricatur,

Vitr. 1, 4, 3 et saep.; Mart. Cap. 3, § 325.

gaudĭum, ii (apoc. form gau, like cael for caelum, do for domum: replet te laetificum gau, Enn. ap. Auson. Technop. 144; Ann. 451 Vahl.), n. [id.], inward joy, joy, gladness, delight (opp. laetitia, joy which shows itself externally).

Lit.

In gen.

Sing.:

cum ratione animus movetur placide atque constanter, tum illud gaudium dicitur: cum autem inaniter et effuse animus exsultat, tum illa laetitia gestiens vel nimia dici potest, quam ita definiunt sine ratione animi elationem,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 6, 13; Sall. C. 48, 1:

voluptas dicitur etiam in animo... non dicitur laetitia nec gaudium in corpore,

id. Fin. 2, 4, 13 (cf. under B.):

veluti ex servitute erepta (plebs) gaudium atque laetitiam agitabat,

Sall. C. 48, 1:

exsultare laetitia, triumphare gaudio,

Cic. Clu. 5, 14: meum factum probari abs te triumpho gaudio, Caes. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 16, A, 2:

non possum non confiteri, cumulari me maximo gaudio, quod, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 1:

gaudio compleri, gaudio afficere,

id. Fin. 5, 24, 69 sq.:

tuis litteris perlectis exsilui gaudio,

id. Fam. 16, 16, 1; cf.:

cum tuas litteras legissem, incredibili gaudio sum elatus,

id. ib. 10, 12, 2; id. Rep. 3, 30:

gaudium, tristitiam ostendimus (manibus),

Quint. 11, 3, 86:

missa legatio quae gaudio fungeretur,

to express their joy, offer their congratulations, Tac. H. 2, 55:

prae gaudio ubi sim nescio,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 67; cf.:

nimio gaudio paene desipere,

Cic. Fam. 2, 9, 2:

exclamare gaudio,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 30; cf.:

lacrimare gaudio,

id. Ad. 3, 3, 55: Ha. Gaudio ero vobis. Ad. At edepol nos voluptati tibi, Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 47:

quid illud gaudii est?

Ter. And. 5, 5, 7.—With an object-genitive:

gaudium periculosi saltus superati,

Liv. 42, 55, 4.—

Plur.: quocum multa volup ac gaudia clamque palamque, Enn. ap. Gell. 12, 4 (Ann. v. 247 Vahl.):

cum me tantis affecistis gaudiis,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 105; more freq., the outward expressions of joy:

feminarum praecipue et gaudia insignia erant et luctus,

Liv. 22, 7, 12 (cf. sing.:

gaudio exultans,

id. 21, 42, 3):

quibus gaudiis exsultabis?

Cic. Cat. 1, 10, 26:

ita varie per omnem exercitum laetitia, maeror, luctus atque gaudia agitabantur,

Sall. C. 61 fin.:

o qui complexus et gaudia quanta fuerunt!

Hor. S. 1, 5, 43:

gaudia prodentem vultum celare,

id. ib. 2, 5, 104:

in tacito cohibe gaudia clausa sinu,

Prop. 2, 25 (3, 20), 30 (cf. gaudeo, II. A.):

hunc scio mea solide gavisurum gaudia,

Ter. And. 5, 5, 8:

scin' me in quibus sim gaudiis?

id. Eun. 5, 9, 5.—Prov.:

Gaudia principium nostri sunt doloris,

Ov. M. 7, 796.—

In partic., sensual pleasure, delight, enjoyment (rare; not in Cic.; cf.

above the passage,

Cic. Fin. 2, 4, 13; usually in plur.):

dediti corporis gaudiis per luxum et ignaviam aetatem agunt,

Sall. J. 2, 4:

mutua gaudia,

Lucr. 4, 1205; 5, 854:

communia,

id. 4, 1196; cf. ib. 1106; Tib. 1, 5, 39; Hor. C. 3, 6, 28:

non umquam reputant quanti sibi gaudia constent,

Juv. 6, 365:

vini atque cibi,

id. 10, 204:

cenae,

id. 15, 41.—In sing.:

mihi sibique pestiferum hinc abstulit gaudium,

Liv. 1, 58, 8.—

Transf., also, like our joy, for an object which produces joy, a cause or occasion of joy (mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

ceterum hoc gaudium magna prope clade in Samnio foedatum est,

Liv. 7, 34, 1:

non animo solum patrio gratum munus, sed corpori quoque salubre gaudium (sc. reditus filii) fuit,

id. 37, 37, 7:

cupidus falsis attingere gaudia palmis, i. e. conjugem,

Prop. 1, 19, 9:

fugiunt tua gaudia,

Ov. H. 15, 109; Phaedr. 4, 20, 27; Petr. 79, 10.—

Of inanim. and abstr. things:

non omnes (arbores) florent, et sunt tristes quaedam, quaeque non sentiant gaudia annorum,

Plin. 16, 25, 40, § 95:

flos est gaudium arborum,

id. ib.:

adamas opum gaudium,

id. 20 praef. § 2.

hībernus, a, um, adj. [root Sanscr. himas, Gr. chiôn, snow, v. hiems; for hiemernus (hīm-), cf. cheimerinos], of or belonging to winter, wintry, winter -.

Adj.:

hiberno tempore,

Lucr. 5, 699:

tempus,

id. 5, 940; cf.:

in aprico maxime pratuli loco, quod erat hibernum tempus anni, considerent,

Cic. Rep. 1, 12:

temporibus hibernis,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 26:

menses,

id. ib.:

annus,

i. e. winter-time, Hor. Epod. 2, 29:

exortus solis,

Plin. 6, 17, 21. §

57: occasus,

id. 5, 5, [p. 852] 5, §

34: navigatio,

Cic. Att. 15, 25:

ignis,

id. de Sen. 14, 46:

grando,

Ov. M. 5, 158; cf.

nix,

Hor. C. 4, 12, 4:

cubiculum,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 1, § 2:

tunica,

winter dress, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 94; cf.:

calceatus feminarum,

Plin. 16, 8, 13, § 34:

pira,

id. 16, 26, 43, § 106:

agni,

id. 8, 47, 72, § 187:

Alpes,

wintry, cold, Hor. S. 2, 5, 41; so,

Caucasus,

Val. Fl. 6, 612;

and transf. Borysthenidae,

i. e. inhabiting a cold country, Prop. 2, 7, 18:

Cori,

stormy, Verg. A. 5, 126:

flumen,

Hor. S. 1, 7, 27:

mare,

id. Epod. 15, 8:

aequor,

id. S. 2, 3, 235:

Neptunus,

id. Epod. 17, 55:

noctes,

Verg. A. 6, 355:

pulvis,

a dry winter, id. G. 1, 101; quoted in Plin. 17, 2, 2, § 14:

Lycia,

cold, Verg. A. 4, 143:

legiones,

lying in winter-quarters, Suet. Calig. 8:

tumulus vergens in occidentem hibernum,

to the south-west, Liv. 44, 46, 5.—

In neut. adverb.:

increpui (sc. Arcturus) hibernum, et fluctus movi maritimos,

stormily, tempestuously, Plaut. Rud. prol. 69.—

Subst.: hībernum, i, n., the winter:

hiberno,

in the winter, Cael. Aur. Tard. 3, 1, 2.—

hīberna, ōrum, n. (sc. castra), winter-quarters:

tres (legiones), quae circum Aquileiam hiemabant, ex hibernis educit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10, 3:

in hiberna in Sequanos exercitum deduxit,

id. ib. 1, 54 fin.; 2, 35, 3; 3, 2, 1; 3, 29 fin.;

4, 38, 4 et saep.: quo (tempore) neque frumenta in hibernis erant neque multum a maturitate aberant,

in the winter camp, winter magazines, id. B. C. 1, 48, 5 Oud. N. cr.:

consules hiberna egerunt,

Liv. 9, 28, 2:

hiberna aedificavit,

id. 23, 48, 2; 7, 38, 4.—

(Sc. loca.) The range of cattle in winter, Dig. 32, 1, 67.—

(Sc. tempora.) Winters = years, Verg. A. 1, 266.

hībernus, a, um, adj. [root Sanscr. himas, Gr. chiôn, snow, v. hiems; for hiemernus (hīm-), cf. cheimerinos], of or belonging to winter, wintry, winter -.

Adj.:

hiberno tempore,

Lucr. 5, 699:

tempus,

id. 5, 940; cf.:

in aprico maxime pratuli loco, quod erat hibernum tempus anni, considerent,

Cic. Rep. 1, 12:

temporibus hibernis,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 26:

menses,

id. ib.:

annus,

i. e. winter-time, Hor. Epod. 2, 29:

exortus solis,

Plin. 6, 17, 21. §

57: occasus,

id. 5, 5, [p. 852] 5, §

34: navigatio,

Cic. Att. 15, 25:

ignis,

id. de Sen. 14, 46:

grando,

Ov. M. 5, 158; cf.

nix,

Hor. C. 4, 12, 4:

cubiculum,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 1, § 2:

tunica,

winter dress, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 94; cf.:

calceatus feminarum,

Plin. 16, 8, 13, § 34:

pira,

id. 16, 26, 43, § 106:

agni,

id. 8, 47, 72, § 187:

Alpes,

wintry, cold, Hor. S. 2, 5, 41; so,

Caucasus,

Val. Fl. 6, 612;

and transf. Borysthenidae,

i. e. inhabiting a cold country, Prop. 2, 7, 18:

Cori,

stormy, Verg. A. 5, 126:

flumen,

Hor. S. 1, 7, 27:

mare,

id. Epod. 15, 8:

aequor,

id. S. 2, 3, 235:

Neptunus,

id. Epod. 17, 55:

noctes,

Verg. A. 6, 355:

pulvis,

a dry winter, id. G. 1, 101; quoted in Plin. 17, 2, 2, § 14:

Lycia,

cold, Verg. A. 4, 143:

legiones,

lying in winter-quarters, Suet. Calig. 8:

tumulus vergens in occidentem hibernum,

to the south-west, Liv. 44, 46, 5.—

In neut. adverb.:

increpui (sc. Arcturus) hibernum, et fluctus movi maritimos,

stormily, tempestuously, Plaut. Rud. prol. 69.—

Subst.: hībernum, i, n., the winter:

hiberno,

in the winter, Cael. Aur. Tard. 3, 1, 2.—

hīberna, ōrum, n. (sc. castra), winter-quarters:

tres (legiones), quae circum Aquileiam hiemabant, ex hibernis educit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10, 3:

in hiberna in Sequanos exercitum deduxit,

id. ib. 1, 54 fin.; 2, 35, 3; 3, 2, 1; 3, 29 fin.;

4, 38, 4 et saep.: quo (tempore) neque frumenta in hibernis erant neque multum a maturitate aberant,

in the winter camp, winter magazines, id. B. C. 1, 48, 5 Oud. N. cr.:

consules hiberna egerunt,

Liv. 9, 28, 2:

hiberna aedificavit,

id. 23, 48, 2; 7, 38, 4.—

(Sc. loca.) The range of cattle in winter, Dig. 32, 1, 67.—

(Sc. tempora.) Winters = years, Verg. A. 1, 266.

illūdo ( inl-), si, sum, 3 (acc. to the first conj. illudiabant, Gell. 1, 7, 3; perf. subj. inlusseris, Cic. Lael. 26, 99 Bait., Lahm.), v. n. and a. [in-ludo].

Neutr., to play at or with any thing, to sport with, amuse one's self with (syn. colludo; cf. ludificor).

In gen. (very rare):

illudo chartis,

amuse myself with writing, Hor. S. 1, 4, 139:

ima videbatur talis illudere palla,

Tib. 3, 4, 35.—

In partic., pregn.

To make sport or game of, to jest, mock, or jeer at, to ridicule (class.).

With dat.:

ut ne plane videaris hujus miseri fortunis et horum virorum talium dignitati illudere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 19, 54:

ut semper gaudes illudere rebus Humanis!

Hor. S. 2, 8, 62:

illudere capto,

Verg. A. 2, 64:

discrimini publico,

Suet. Tib. 2:

inlusit Neroni fortuna,

Tac. A. 16, 1 init.; cf. id. ib. 15, 72 fin. —

In aliquem or aliquo:

ego te pro istis factis ulciscar, ut ne impune in nos illuseris,

Ter. Eun. 5, 4, 20; cf.:

quae cum dixisset in Albucium illudens,

Cic. de Or. 3, 43, 171:

adeon' videmur vobis esse idonei, In quibus sic illudatis?

Ter. And. 4, 4, 19.—

Absol.:

illuseras heri inter scyphos, quod dixeram controversiam esse, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 7, 22. —

To sport or fool away a thing, i. e. to destroy or waste in sport; in mal. part., to violate, abuse ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose).

With dat.:

cui (frondi) Silvestres uri assidue capraeque sequaces Illudunt,

Verg. G. 2, 375:

pecuniae illudere,

Tac. H. 2, 94 fin.:

C. Caesar etiam matri ejus illusit,

id. A. 15, 72:

pueritiae Britannici,

id. ib. 13, 17:

feminarum illustrium capitibus,

Suet. Tib. 45.—

Absol.:

tum variae illudant pestes,

Verg. G. 1, 181.—

Act. (in all the meanings of I.).

In gen., to play at or with any thing ( poet. and very rare):

illusas auro vestes,

i. e. lightly interwoven, Verg. G. 2, 464 (dub. al. inclusas); imitated by Avien. Perieg. 1258; cf. the periphrase: illusa pictae vestis inania, Prud. steph. 14, 104.—

In partic., pregn.

To scoff or mock at, to make a laughing-stock of, to ridicule (so most freq.):

satis superbe illuditis me,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 22:

ut is, qui illusus sit plus vidisse videatur. Quid autem turpius quam illudi?

Cic. Lael. 26, 99:

miseros,

id. de Or. 2, 58, 237:

illusi ac destituti,

id. Quint. 16, 51:

facetiis illusus,

Tac. A. 15, 68:

pergisne eam, Laeli, artem illudere, in qua primum excello ipse?

Cic. Rep. 1, 13:

artes,

Ov. M. 9, 66:

ipsa praecepta (rhetorum),

Cic. de Or. 1, 19, 87:

illud nimium acumen (opp. admirari ingenium),

id. ib. 1, 57, 243:

voces Neronis, quoties caneret,

Tac. A. 14, 52: verbis virtutem superbis, [p. 887] Verg. A. 9, 634.—

To destroy, ruin, violate, abuse (very rare):

vitam filiae,

Ter. And. 5, 1, 3: illusique pedes (i. e. crapulā) vitiosum ferre recusant Corpus, ruined, i. e. staggering, Hor. S. 2, 7, 108:

corpus alicujus,

Tac. A. 1, 71.

illūdo ( inl-), si, sum, 3 (acc. to the first conj. illudiabant, Gell. 1, 7, 3; perf. subj. inlusseris, Cic. Lael. 26, 99 Bait., Lahm.), v. n. and a. [in-ludo].

Neutr., to play at or with any thing, to sport with, amuse one's self with (syn. colludo; cf. ludificor).

In gen. (very rare):

illudo chartis,

amuse myself with writing, Hor. S. 1, 4, 139:

ima videbatur talis illudere palla,

Tib. 3, 4, 35.—

In partic., pregn.

To make sport or game of, to jest, mock, or jeer at, to ridicule (class.).

With dat.:

ut ne plane videaris hujus miseri fortunis et horum virorum talium dignitati illudere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 19, 54:

ut semper gaudes illudere rebus Humanis!

Hor. S. 2, 8, 62:

illudere capto,

Verg. A. 2, 64:

discrimini publico,

Suet. Tib. 2:

inlusit Neroni fortuna,

Tac. A. 16, 1 init.; cf. id. ib. 15, 72 fin. —

In aliquem or aliquo:

ego te pro istis factis ulciscar, ut ne impune in nos illuseris,

Ter. Eun. 5, 4, 20; cf.:

quae cum dixisset in Albucium illudens,

Cic. de Or. 3, 43, 171:

adeon' videmur vobis esse idonei, In quibus sic illudatis?

Ter. And. 4, 4, 19.—

Absol.:

illuseras heri inter scyphos, quod dixeram controversiam esse, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 7, 22. —

To sport or fool away a thing, i. e. to destroy or waste in sport; in mal. part., to violate, abuse ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose).

With dat.:

cui (frondi) Silvestres uri assidue capraeque sequaces Illudunt,

Verg. G. 2, 375:

pecuniae illudere,

Tac. H. 2, 94 fin.:

C. Caesar etiam matri ejus illusit,

id. A. 15, 72:

pueritiae Britannici,

id. ib. 13, 17:

feminarum illustrium capitibus,

Suet. Tib. 45.—

Absol.:

tum variae illudant pestes,

Verg. G. 1, 181.—

Act. (in all the meanings of I.).

In gen., to play at or with any thing ( poet. and very rare):

illusas auro vestes,

i. e. lightly interwoven, Verg. G. 2, 464 (dub. al. inclusas); imitated by Avien. Perieg. 1258; cf. the periphrase: illusa pictae vestis inania, Prud. steph. 14, 104.—

In partic., pregn.

To scoff or mock at, to make a laughing-stock of, to ridicule (so most freq.):

satis superbe illuditis me,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 22:

ut is, qui illusus sit plus vidisse videatur. Quid autem turpius quam illudi?

Cic. Lael. 26, 99:

miseros,

id. de Or. 2, 58, 237:

illusi ac destituti,

id. Quint. 16, 51:

facetiis illusus,

Tac. A. 15, 68:

pergisne eam, Laeli, artem illudere, in qua primum excello ipse?

Cic. Rep. 1, 13:

artes,

Ov. M. 9, 66:

ipsa praecepta (rhetorum),

Cic. de Or. 1, 19, 87:

illud nimium acumen (opp. admirari ingenium),

id. ib. 1, 57, 243:

voces Neronis, quoties caneret,

Tac. A. 14, 52: verbis virtutem superbis, [p. 887] Verg. A. 9, 634.—

To destroy, ruin, violate, abuse (very rare):

vitam filiae,

Ter. And. 5, 1, 3: illusique pedes (i. e. crapulā) vitiosum ferre recusant Corpus, ruined, i. e. staggering, Hor. S. 2, 7, 108:

corpus alicujus,

Tac. A. 1, 71.

jŭbĕo, jussi, jussum (jusso for jussero, Verg. A. 11, 467; Sil. 12, 175:

justi for jussisti,

Ter. Eun. 5, 1, 15.— Inf.:

jusse,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 48:

jussitur for jubetur,

Cato, R. R. 14), 2, v. a. [perh. = jus habere, to regard as right, hence], to order one to do something, to bid, tell, command (syn.: mando, impero, praecipio).

In gen.:

jubesne? jubeo, cogo atque impero,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 97:

ut justi (jussisti),

Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 85:

defessa jubendo, est saeva Jovis conjux,

Ov. M. 9, 198:

sic jubeo, stat pro ratione voluntas,

Juv. 6, 223.

With an objectclause:

jubeto, istos foras exire,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 16:

hae me litterae Dolabellae jubent ad pristinas cogitationes reverti,

Cic. Att. 9, 13, 2:

Perdicca pueros equos jussit conscendere,

Curt. 10, 8, 4:

eos suum adventum exspectare jussit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 27 so with pass.:

deos iratos Tarentinis relinqui jussit,

Liv. 27, 16, 8.—

With ut or ne:

jubet sententiam ut dicat suam,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 50:

jubere ut haec quoque referret, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 28; Liv. 28, 36, 2; Curt. 8, 5, 38; 5, 13, 19; Suet. Tib. 22:

jussitque ut quae venissent naves Euboeam peterent,

Liv. 32, 16; Hor. S. 1, 4, 121.—

Esp. of decrees of the people: senatus decrevit populusque jussit, ut, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 67, § 161; id. Pis. 29, 72; id. Dom. 17, 44; Gell. 5, 19 (cf. II. B. infra):

quod ne fieret, consules jusserunt,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 52. —

With subj. alone (ante-class. and postAug., Madv. Gr. §

390): jube, mihi denuo respondeat,

Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 24; Liv. 30, 19, 2; 24, 10, 4; cf. esp. Ter. Eun. 3, 27, 3 sq. Weissenb.;

28, 36, 2: rescribat multa jubeto,

Ov. Am. 1, 11, 19; id. M. 8, 795: 11, 588 al.—

With dat. pers.:

qui scribae... deos iratos Tarentinis relinqui jussit,

Liv. 27, 16, 8:

Hercules sacrorum custodibus jussit, ne mulierem interesse permitterent,

Macr. S. 1, 12, 28:

quibus jusserat, ut instantibus resisterent,

Tac. A. 13, 40:

Britannico jussit, exsurgeret,

id. ib. 13, 15:

suis rex cultu feminarum abstinere jussit,

Curt. 5, 6, 8.—

With acc. pers. vel rei:

jube famulos, rem divinam mihi apparent,

Plaut. Stich. 2, 2, 71:

litterae non quae te aliquid juberent, sed, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 26:

sed tu jussisses Eurysthea,

Mart. 9, 66, 7:

neque jubere caedem fratris palam audebat,

Tac. A. 13, 15:

Nero jussit scelera,

id. Agr. 45.—

With acc. rei and dat. pers.:

tributum iis Drusus jusserat modicum,

imposed, Tac. A. 4, 72; cf.

II. B. 2. infra: pacem jubebo Omnibus,

Stat. Th. 7, 32.—

Pass.:

quod jussi sunt faciunt,

Caes. B. G. 3, 6:

consules jubentur scribere exercitum,

Liv. 3, 30:

opto ut ea potissimum jubear, quae, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 9, 26:

Germanos non juberi, non regi,

Tac. H. 4, 76:

jussi sunt aegri deferri,

Suet. Tib. 11; cf.:

locus lautiaque legatis praeberi jussa,

Liv. 28, 39, 19.—

In partic.

To wish, desire, entreat, bid:

jubeto habere bonum animum,

Plaut. Pers. 2, 5, 2:

sperare nos amici jubent,

Cic. Fam. 14, 1, 2: valde jubeo gaudere te, id. ib. 7, 2, 3:

Caesar te sine cura esse jussit,

id. Att. 12, 6, 3:

Dionysium jube salvere,

salute him for me, id. ib. 4, 14. —So ellipt.:

jubeo Chremetem,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 1.—

In polit. lang.

To order, decree, ratify, approve the introduction of a proposed law:

quae scisceret plebs aut quae populus juberet,

Cic. Flac. 7, 15; Sall. J. 40, 3:

legem populus Romanus jussit de civitate tribuenda,

Cic. Balb. 17, 38:

dicere apud populum de legibus jubendis aut vetandis,

id. de Or. 1, 14, 60.— Absol. with de:

de omnibus his—populum jussisse,

Liv. 38, 45.—

To designate, appoint, assign:

Tullum Hostilium regem populus jussit,

Liv. 1, 22, 1 Weissenb.:

id modo excepere ne postea eosdem tribunos juberent,

id. 3, 30:

quem vos imperatorem jussistis,

Sall. J. 85, 11:

postquam ei provinciam Numidiam populus jussit,

allotted, id. ib. 84, 1.—

Hence the formula, Velitis, jubeatis, with which the magistrates called upon the people to confirm any thing proposed to them:

rogationem promulgavit: vellent, juberent Philippo regi bellum indici,

Liv. 31, 6.—

Med. t. t., to prescribe, order:

quod jussi ei dari bibere, date,

Ter. And. 3, 2, 4; Petr. 56, 3:

aegrotus, qui jussus sit vinum sumere,

Cic. N. D. 3, 31, 78.—

Transf.:

qui modo, si volucres habuissem regna jubentes, In populo potui maximus esse meo,

Ov. F. 5, 461.

mĭsĕrĭcors, cordis, adj. [misereo-cor], tender-hearted, pitiful, compassionate, merciful (class.).—Of persons and things:

credc misericors est,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 141:

misericordem se praebere,

Cic. Caecin. 10, 26:

misericors et mansuetus,

Auct. Her. 2, 17, 25:

misericordem esse in aliquem,

Cic. Lig. 5, 15; Curt. 9, 6, 12; Sen. Contr. 3, 23, 1:

sint misericordes in furibus aerarii,

Sall. C. 52, 12:

animus,

Cic. Inv. 1, 55, 106:

Dominus est,

Vulg. Jacob. 5, 11:

(Deus) miseretur ei, quem viderit misericordem,

Lact. Div. Just. Epit. 5.— Comp.:

misericordior nulla est me feminarum,

Plaut. Rud. 1, 5, 23:

in illā gravi L. Sullae turbulentāque victoriā quis P. Sulla mitior, quis misericordior inventus est?

Cic. Sull. 26, 72.— Sup.:

quando misericordissimus exstitisset,

Aug. Ep. 48:

canes misericordissimi,

Sid. Ep. 8, 6.—

Mean, pitiful, contemptible:

qui autem natura dicuntur iracundi aut misericordes aut invidi aut tale quid,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 37, 80.— Hence, adv.: mĭsĕrĭcordĭter, tenderheartedly, pitifully, compassionately, mercifully (ante- and post-class.): crudeliter illi, nos misericorditer, Quadrig. ap. Non. 510, 20; Lact. 6, 18, 9; Aug. Civ. Dei, 3, 31; 5, 23.— Comp.:

misericordius,

Aug. Doctr. Chr. 1, 16.— Sup.:

misericordissime,

Aug. Ep. 149.

mundus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. mund, purificari], clean, cleanly, nice, neat, elegant.

Lit. (class.;

syn.: lautus, nitidus, purus): supellex,

Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 7:

caena,

id. C. 3, 29, 14:

ager,

Gell. 19, 12, 8:

mundissimum cubile desiderat (animal),

Col. 7, 9, 14:

jam intus mundissimumst,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 7.— Poet., with abl., = ornatus: Ostia munita est: idem loca navibus pulchris Munda facit, adorned, Enn. ap. Tert. p. 258 Müll. (Ann. v. 146 Vahl.).—

Transf.

Of mode of living, neat, fine, elegant, smart, genteel:

cultus justo mundior,

too elegant dress, Liv. 8, 15.— As subst.: mundus, i, m. (sc. homo), an elegant or nice person, Cic. Fin. 2, 8, 23.—

Of quality, not coarse, fine (post-class.):

annonae, of wheat,

Lampr. Alex. Sev. 42, 3:

panis,

id. ib. 37, 3.—

Trop.

Of speech, neat, fine, elegant ( poet. and in postclass. prose):

verba, Ov A. A. 3, 479: versus, quibus mundius nihil reperiri puto,

Gell. 19, 9, 10:

in Gallos mundius subtiliusque est, quam cum Gallis aut contra Gallos,

id. 17, 2 med. —

Subst.: mun-dum, i. n., only in the phrase: in mundo (esse or habere), in readiness (ante-class.): tibi vita seu mors in mundo est, Enn. ap. Charis. p. 181 P. (Ann. v. 457 Vahl.:

in mundo pro palam et in expedito ac cito, Charis.): nempe habeo in mundo,

Plaut. Pers. 1, 1, 46:

mihi in mundo sunt virgae,

id. As. 2, 1, 16; 2, 2, 50:

nescio quid vero habeo in mundo,

id. Stich. 3, 2, 23; id. Ps. 1, 5, 85 Ritschl.—

In eccl. Lat., morally pure, upright, free from sin:

cor mundum crea in me, Deus,

Vulg. Psa. 50, 12:

beati mundo corde,

id. Matt. 5, 8.—Hence, adv., in two forms (both, for the most part, anteand post-class.).—

mundē, cleanly, neatly, prettily:

(copia) in suo quaeque loco sita munde,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 5: verrite aedes, spargite munde, Titin. ap. Charis. p. 183 P.:

parum munde et parum decenter,

Sen. Ep. 70, 20:

munde facti versus,

Gell. 10, 17, 2:

quam mundissime purissimeque fiat,

Cato, R. R. 66, 1.—

mun-dĭter, cleanly, neatly.

Lit.:

cum sedulo munditer nos habeamus,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 26.—

Trop., decently, with propriety:

dicere,

App. Mag. p. 296, 14.

mundus, i, m. ( neutr. collat. form, mundum: legavit quidam uxori mundum omne penumque, all her toilet, Lucil. ap. Gell. 4, 1, 3, and ap. Non. 214, 17) [1. mundus], toilet ornaments, decorations, dress (of a woman).

Lit.:

mundus muliebris est, quo mulier mundior fit: continentur eo specula, matulae, unguenta, vasa unguentaria, et si qua similia dici possunt, veluti lavatio, riscus... Unguenta, quibus valetudinis causā unguimur, mundo non continentur,

Dig. 34, 2, 25:

munditiae et ornatus et cultus, haec feminarum insignia sunt: hunc mundum muliebrem appellārunt majores nostri,

Liv. 34, 7, 9: virginalis, Att. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 142 Müll.:

quamvis auro, veste, gemmis, omnique cetero mundo exornata mulier incedat,

App. M. 2, p. 118. —

Transf.

In gen., an implement (ante- and post-class.):

operae messoriae mundus,

implements for the harvest work, App. M. 6 init.:

Cereris,

the mystical casket of Ceres, id. Mag. p. 282 (the expression in mundo esse and habere belongs to the adj. mundus, v. mundus, II. B.).—

Like the Gr. kosmos, the universe, the world, esp. the heavens and the heavenly bodies: ut hunc hac varietate distinctum bene Graeci kosmon, nos lucentem mundum nominaremus, the heavens, Cic. Univ. 10: nam quem kosmos Graeci, nomine ornamenti appellaverunt. eum nos a perfectā absolutāque elegantiā, mundum, Plin. 2, 4, 3, § 8: concussit micantia sidera mundus, heaven shook, Cat. 64, 206:

aetherius,

Tib. 3, 4, 17:

arduus,

Verg. G. 1, 240:

aestuat infelix angusto limite mundi,

Juv. 10, 169. Also: mundus caeli, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2 (Sat. v. 10, p. 156 Vahl.):

o clarissima mundi Lumina,

Verg. G. 1, 5 sq.:

immensi copia mundi,

Ov. M. 2, 157:

ipse mundus deorum hominumque causā factus est...Est enim mundus quasi communis deorum atque hominum domus, aut urbs utrorumque,

the world, Cic. N. D. 2, 62, 154:

innumerabiles,

id. Ac. 2, 17, 55:

e tabulā pictos ediscere mundos,

parts of the world, Prop. 5, 3, 37.—

Transf.

The world, i. e. the earth, the inhabitants of the earth, mankind ( poet.):

quicumque mundo terminus obstitit,

Hor. C. 3, 3, 53:

spes miseri mundi,

Luc. 5, 469; Stat. S. 3, 3, 87:

fastos evolvere mundi,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 112:

mundum laedere,

mankind, Claud. Ruf. 1, 87:

nullā in parte mundi cessat ebrietas,

Plin. 14, 22, 29, § 149; 30, 1, 2, § 8; Flor. 2, 12, 1; Just. 30, 4, 9:

(Alexander) scrutatur maria ignota, et, ut ita dicam, mundi claustra perrumpit,

Sen. Ep. 119, 7:

mundi principio,

Juv. 15, 147.—

The heavens, i. e. the sky, the weather (post-class.):

tepida indulget terris clementia mundi,

Grat. Fal. 288:

ad Eoos tractūs mundique teporem,

Luc. 8, 365.—

The sun (perh. only in Manilius):

quā mundus redit,

Manil. Astron. 1, 36; id. ib. 3, 591.—

Euphemistically for the Lower World, the infernal regions. The opening into this mundus was at Rome, in the Comitium, and was kept covered with a stone (lapis manalis); three times in the year, on the 24th of August, the 5th of October, and the 8th of November, days sacred to the gods of the infernal regions, this round pit was opened, and all sorts of fruits were thrown into it as offerings, Varr. ap. Macr. S. 1, 16, 18; Paul. ex Fest. s. v mundus, p. 154 Müll., and s. v. manalem lapidem, p. 128 ib.—

Esp. (eccl. Lat.), the world as opposed to the church; this world, the realm of sin and death, as opposed to Christ's kingdom of holiness and life:

non pro mundo rogo,

Vulg. Johan. 17, 9:

de mundo non sunt,

id. ib. 17, 16:

princeps hujus mundi (i. e. Satan),

id. ib. 12, 31;

14, 30: regnum meum non est de hoc mundo,

id. ib. 18, 36; cf. id. Eph. 2, 2; 6, 12.

nē (old forms nei and ni; v. the foll.), adv. and conj., the primitive Latin negative particle, no, not; whereas the negative particle non is a derivative (v. non init.) [prob. of pronominal origin; cf. the Anglo-Saxon na and ne (Engl. no), whence naht (Engl. not) is derived; Sanscr. na, not].

Adv., with a single word of a proposition (in early Latin): NE MINVS TRINVM NOVNDINVM, not less than, etc., S. C. de Bacch.; cf. with DVM NE MINVS SENATORIBVS C. ADESENT, twice in the same S. C.;

and in the form ni: DVM NI MINVS VIGINTI ADSIENT,

Inscr. Grut. 207, 3. So too:

DVM NE AMPLIOREM MODVM PRATORVM HABEANT QVAM, etc.,

Inscr. Orell. 3121 (Sententia de finibus inter Genuates et Viturios regundis lata A. U. C. 637). So, ne minores (verres) quam semestres, Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 21. In the time of Plautus the usage was unsettled, non and ne being used indifferently for simple negation; cf. Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 105; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. 1156.—

To this is allied the adverbial use of ne in all periods of the language.

Ne... quidem, applies the negation with emphasis to the word between them, not even:

ne sues quidem id velint, non modo ipse,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 38, 92:

ne in oppidis quidem... ne in fanis quidem,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 2:

Philippus non item: itaque ne nos quidem,

id. Att. 14, 12, 2:

nulla ne minima quidem aura fluctus commovente,

id. Tusc. 5, 6, 16:

non potest dici satis, ne cogitari quidem, quantum, etc.,

id. Mil. 29, 78:

vita beata, quam ne in deo quidem esse censes, nisi, etc.,

id. N. D. 1, 24, 67:

ut in foro et in judicio... ne non timere quidem sine aliquo timore possimus,

id. Mil. 1, 2:

ne tondere quidem Vellera possunt,

Verg. G. 3, 561;

so after a negative, repeating it with emphasis: non enim praetereundum est ne id quidem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, § 155:

nulla species ne excogitari quidem potest ornatior,

id. de Or. 3, 45, 179:

non praetermittam ne illud quidem,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 2:

Caesar negat se ne Graeca quidem meliora legisse,

id. ib. 2, 16, 5:

numquam illum ne minima quidem re offendi,

id. Lael. 27, 103; Liv. 28, 42, 16; but when ne... quidem precedes, the negative of the principal verb is omitted:

sine quā ne intellegi quidem ulla virtus potest,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 13, 31:

neque enim ipsius quidem regis abhorrebat animus,

Liv. 29, 12, 10: ne quidem (with no intervening word), not even (late Lat.), Gai Inst. 1, 67; id. ib. 3, 93.—

In composition, to make an absolute negation of the principal idea. So in neque and nequiquam; also in nescio and nevolo; and in nefas, nefandus, nepus (for non purus), nequeo, neuter, neutiquam; in nemo, nego, nihil, nullus, numquam, and nusquam; and, lastly, with a paragogic c before o: necopinans and neglego; negotium (i. e. nec-lego; nec-otium). —

With a proposition (in all periods of the language, and exclusively),

In imperative sentences, to signify that something must not be done.

With imper.: SI HOMINEM FVLMEN IOVIS OCCISIT, NE SVPRA GENVA TOLLITOR, let him not be raised, Leg. Reg.: HOMINEM MORTVVM IN VRBE NE SEPELITO NEVE VRITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Cic. Leg. 2, 23; cf.: MVLIERES GENAS NE RADVNTO NEVE LESSVM FVNERIS ERGO HABENTO, ib.: SI NOLET, ARCERAM NE STERNITO, let him not spread, he need not spread, ib. (cf. Gell. 20, 1, 25):

VECTIGAL INVITEI DARE NEI DEBENTO,

Inscr. Orell. 3121; cf.

art. ni, II.: abi, ne jura: satis credo,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 20; 4, 5, 5:

ah, ne saevi tantopere,

Ter. And. 5, 2, 27:

impius ne audeto placare donis iram deorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

ne, pueri, ne tanta animis assuescite bella,

Verg. A. 6, 832.—

With subj.:

ne me moveatis,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 9, 1:

si certum est facere, facias: verum ne post conferas Culpam in me,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 96:

si denique veritas extorquebit, ne repugnetis,

Cic. Clu. 2, 6:

ne pudori Sit tibi Musa lyrae sollers,

Hor. A. P. 406.—

In wishes and asseverations: ne id Juppiter Opt. Max. sineret, etc., might Jupiter forbid it! etc., Liv. 4, 2; cf.:

ne istuc Juppiter Opt. Max. sirit, etc.,

id. 28, 28.—With utinam: utinam ne in nemore Pelio securibus Caesa accedisset abiegna ad terram trabes, would that not, Enn. ap. Cic. Top. 16, 61 (Trag. v. 280 Vahl.): utinam ne umquam, Mede Colchis cupido corde pedem extulisses, Enn ap. Non. 297, 18 (Trag. v. 311 ib.):

illud utinam ne vere scriberem!

Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 3; v. utinam.—With si:

ne vivam, si scio,

may I not live, may I die, if I know, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 8:

sed ne vivam, si tibi concedo,

id. Fam. 7, 23, 19:

ne sim salvus, si aliter scribo ac sentio,

id. ib. 16, 13, 1.—

In concessive and restrictive clauses (conceived as softened commands; cf. II. init.).

In concessions, nemo is, inquies, umquam fuit. Ne fuerit:

ego enim, etc.,

there may not have been; suppose there was not, Cic. Or. 29, 101; cf.:

pugnes omnino, sed cum adversario facili. Ne sit sane: videri certe potest,

id. Ac. 2, 26, 85; 2, 32, 102:

ne sit sane summum malum dolor: malum certe est,

id. Tusc. 2, 5, 14:

ne sint in senectute vires: ne postulantur quidem vires a senectute,

id. Sen. 11, 34:

ne sit igitur sol, ne luna, ne stellae, quoniam nihil esse potest, nisi quod attigimus aut vidimus,

id. N. D. 1, 31, 88; Liv. 31, 7:

nec porro malum, quo aut oppressus jaceas, aut, ne opprimare, mente vix constes?

though you be not crushed; supposing you are not crushed, Cic. Tusc. 4, 17, 39.—

In restrictive clauses:

sint sane liberales ex sociorum fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus aerarii, ne illi sanguinem nostrum largiantur, etc.,

only let them not; if they only will not, Sall. C. 52, 12. So, dum ne, dummodo ne, modo ne, and dum quidem ne; v. dum and modo: me vero nihil istorum ne juvenem quidem movit umquam: ne nunc senem, much less now I am old = nedum, Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 2; cf.:

vix incedo inanis, ne ire posse cum onere existumes,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 174: scuta si homines inviti dant, etsi ad salutem communem dari sentiunt: ne quem putetis sine maximo dolore argentum caelatum domo protulisse, much less can you suppose, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 52; Liv. 3, 52.—

In clauses which denote a purpose or result.

Ut ne, that not, lest, so that not (very rare after the August. period; in Livy only in a few doubtful passages; in Cæsar, Seneca, and Tacitus not at all; v. under II.): quos ego ope meā Pro incertis certos... Dimitto, ut ne res temere tractent turbidas, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 1, 45, 199 (Trag v. 189 Vahl.): vestem ut ne inquinet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 17. pergunt turbare usque, ut ne quid possit conquiescere, id. Most. 5, 1, 12:

haec mihi nunc cura est maxima, ut ne cui meae Longinquitas aetatis obstet,

Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 19:

ego, pol, te ulciscar, ut ne impune nos illuseris,

id. Eun. 5, 4, 19:

excitandam esse animadversionem et diligentiam, ut ne quid inconsiderate negligenterque agamus,

Cic. Off. 1, 29, 103:

equidem soleo dare operam, ut de suā quisque re me ipse doceat, et, ut ne quis alius assit, quo, etc.,

id. de Or. 2, 24, 102.—

Ut... ne separated:

quam plurimis de rebus ad me velim scribas, ut prorsus ne quid ignorem,

Cic. Att. 3, 10, 3:

ut causae communi salutique ne deessent,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 63, § 140:

lata lex est, ne auspicia valerent, ut omnibus fastis diebus legem ferri liceret: ut lex Aelia, lex Fufia ne valeret,

id. Sest. 15, 33; id. N. D. 1, 7, 17:

vos orant atque obsecrant, judices, ut in actore causae suae deligendo vestrum judicium ab suo judicio ne discrepet,

id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 14.—

Qui ne, quo ne, and quomodo ne (ante- and post-class. for ut ne):

ego id agam, mihi qui ne detur,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 35:

moxque ad aram, quo ne hostis dolum persentisceret, aversusque a duce assistit,

Dict. Cret. 4, 11: quaeritis maximis sumptibus faciendis, quomodo ne tributa conferatis, Gr. hôs mê, Rutil. Lup. 1, 9.

In the several uses of the adv. ne, described above, the transition to its use to connect clauses is clearly seen (v. esp. I. B. 3. and 4.). In intentional clauses, and after verbs of fearing and avoiding, ne becomes a conjunction.

In intentional clauses for ut ne, that not, lest: nolite, hospites, ad me adire: ilico isti! Ne contagio mea bonis umbrave obsit, approach me not; let not my presence harm you, i. e. lest my presence should harm you, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 12, 26 (Trag. v. 405 Vahl.):

omitto innumerabiles viros, quorum singuli saluti huic civitati fuerunt... ne quis se aut suorum aliquem praetermissum queratur,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1; 1, 7, 12; 1, 5, 9:

Caesarem complexus obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20.—Esp. after verbs expressing forethought, care, etc.:

vide sis, ne quid imprudens ruas,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 128:

considera, ne in alienissimum tempus cadat adventus tuus,

Cic. Fam. 15, 14, 4:

Cocceius, vide, ne frustretur,

Cic. Att. 12, 18, 3 et saep.—

After verbs signifying to fear, frighten, etc. (esp. metuo, timeo, vereor, horreo, paveo, terreo, conterreo; also, timor est, metus est, spes est, periculum est), to express the wish that something may not take place; represented in English by that (because in English the particle depends on the idea of fearing, not of wishing):

metuo et timeo, ne hoc tandem propalam flat,

that it will be discovered, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 38:

timeo ne malefacta mea sint inventa omnia,

id. Truc. 4, 2, 61:

vereor ne quid Andria apportet mali,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 46:

metuebat ne indicarent,

Cic. Mil. 21, 57:

mater cruciatur et sollicita est, ne filium spoliatum omni dignitate conspiciat,

id. Mur. 41, 88:

hic ne quid mihi prorogetur, horreo,

id. Att. 5, 21, 3:

id paves, ne ducas tu illam, tu autem ut ducas,

Ter. And. 2, 2, 12:

esse metus coepit, ne, etc.,

Ov. M. 7, 715:

terruit gentīs, grave ne rediret Saeculum Pyrrhae,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 5:

non periclumst, nequid recte monstres,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 55:

pavor ceperat milites, ne mortiferum esset vulnus,

Liv. 24, 42 —

When the dependent clause is negative, with non or nihil, that not:

vereor ne exercitum firmum habere non possit,

Cic. Att. 7, 12, 2:

unum vereor ne senatus Pompeium nolit dimittere,

id. ib. 5, 18, 1:

timeo ne non impetrem,

id. ib. 9, 6, 6; id. Tusc. 1, 31, 76.—

With the negative before the verb:

non vereor, ne quid temere facias,

Cic. Fam. 2, 7, 1; 2, 1, 4:

timere non debeo, ne non iste illā cruce dignus judicetur,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 67, § 171.—

After verbs signifying to avoid, warn, hinder, forbid, refuse (caveo, impedio, resisto, interdico, refuto, rarely veto), instead of the simple object, that not, lest:

qui cavet, ne decipiatur, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:

cavete, judices, ne nova proscriptio instaurata esse videatur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 53, 153; id. Fam. 3, 12, 4;

v. caveo: casus quidam ne facerem impedivit,

Cic. Fat. 1, 1:

unus ne caperetur urbs causa fuit,

Liv. 34, 39. [p. 1194]

- nĕ (also apocopated n' and only n), interrog. and enclit. part. [weakened from nē]. It simply inquires, without implying either that a negative or an affirmative reply is expected (cf. num, nonne), and emphasizes the word to which it is joined;

which is always, in classic Latin, the first word of the clause (ante- class. after other words: sine dote uxoremne?

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 94; 1, 2, 141; id. As. 5, 2, 78; id. Mil. 3, 1, 92). In direct questions it is translated by giving an interrogative form to the sentence; in indirect interrogations by whether.

In direct interrogations, with indic.:

meministine me in senatu dicere? etc.,

Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7:

potestne rerum major esse dissensio?

id. Fin. 3, 13, 44:

tune id veritus es?

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 1:

jamne vides, belua, jamne sentis? etc.,

id. Pis. 1, 1:

quid, si etiam falsum illud omnino est? tamenne ista tam absurda defendes?

id. N. D. 1, 29, 81; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 15, 44:

quiane auxilio juvat ante levatos?

Verg. A. 4, 538:

tun' te audes Sosiam esse dicere?

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 217:

valuistin?

id. Trin. 1, 2, 12.—After an elided s:

satin habes, si feminarum nulla'st: quam aeque diligam?

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 11:

pergin autem?

id. ib. 1, 3, 41:

vin commutemus?

id. Trin. 1, 2, 21 al. —

Esp. with rel. pron.; ellipt.: quemne ego servavi? i. e. do you mean the one whom? etc., Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 13: quodne vobis placeat, displiceat mihi? can it be that what pleases? etc., id. ib. 3, 1, 19; id. Merc. 3, 3, 12; id. Am. 2, 2, 65;

so quin for quine,

id. Trin. 2, 2, 79 Brix ad loc.; id. Bacch. 2, 3, 98; id. Most. 3, 2, 50 al.—So with ut and si:

utine adveniens vomitum excutias mulieri?

Plaut. Merc. 3, 3, 15; id. Rud. 4, 4, 19:

sin, saluti quod tibi esse censeo, id. consuadeo,

id. Merc. 1, 2, 32.—

In indirect interrogations, with subj., whether:

ut videamus, satisne ista sit justa defectio,

Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 43:

Publilius iturusne sit in Africam et quando, ex Aledio scire poteris,

id. Att. 12, 24, 1:

videto vasa, multane sient,

Cato, R. R. 1:

quem imitari possimusne, ipse liber erit indicio,

Varr. L. L. 7, § 4 Müll.; cf. id. ib. 10, § 9.—

Sometimes affixed to an interrogative pronoun, Plaut. Cist. 4, 1, 2:

quone malo mentem concussa? Timore deorum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 295; cf.:

uterne Ad casus dubios fidet sibi certius?

id. ib. 2, 2, 107; and:

illa rogare: Quantane?

id. ib. 2, 3, 317.—

-ne is sometimes used for nonne, where an affirmative reply is expected:

misine ego ad te epistulam?

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 22; id. Trin. 1, 2, 92; 99; id. Most. 2, 1, 15:

rectene interpretor sententiam tuam,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 17, 37; id. Fin. 2, 32, 104.—

Rarely = num:

potestne virtus servire?

Cic. de Or. 1, 52, 226:

potesne dicere?

id. Tusc. 1, 27, 67; id. Sen. 16, 56.—

With an, annon, or anne, in the second interrogation, v. an.—With necne, v. neque.—Sometimes pleonastic with utrum, followed by an (mostly anteclass.):

est etiam illa distinctio, utrum illudne non videatur aegre ferendum... an, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 27, 59:

sed utrum strictimne attonsurum dicam esse an per pectinem, nescio,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 18 Brix ad loc.; id. Most. 3, 1, 151; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 42; cf. Madv. Gram. § 452, obs. 1.—Sometimes, in the second interrogation, ne for an (mostly poet.):

Smyrna quid et Colophon? Majora minorane fama?

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 3:

ut in incerto fuerit, vicissent victine essent,

Liv. 5, 28, 5:

cum interrogaretur, utrum pluris patrem matremne faceret,

Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4.

nē, interj. (incorrectly written nae), = nai, nê, truly, verily, really, indeed (only joined with pers. pron. ego, tu, and with the demonstratives ille, iste, hic, and their advv.; in class, prose usually with a conditional clause).

In gen.:

ne ego homo infelix fui, Qui non alas intervelli,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 169; cf.:

ne ego haud paulo hunc animum malim quam, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 99:

ne ego, inquam, si ita est, velim tibi eum placere quam maxime,

id. Brut. 71, 249. So, ne tu, etc., id. Phil. 2, 2, 3; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 54; Liv. 26, 6, 15: ne ille, Naev. ap. Non. 73, 18 (Trag. Rel. p. 9 v. 40 Rib.); Plaut. Ps. 3, 1, 3; Cic. Cat. 2, 3, 6:

ne iste,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 24; id. Heaut. 4, 1, 8 al.—

Connected with other affirmative particles, as hercle, edepol, mecastor, medius fidius:

ne tu hercle,

Plaut. As. 2, 4, 6; id. Curc. 1, 3, 38: ne ille hercle, id. Bacch. 2, 3, 76:

edepol ne ego,

id. Men. 5, 5, 10:

edepol ne tu,

id. ib. 1, 2, 50:

ne ista edepol,

id. Am. 2, 2, 213:

ne istuc mecastor,

id. Men. 5, 1, 34 (729 Ritschl):

ne ille, medius fidius,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 30, 74; cf.:

medius fidius ne tu,

id. Att. 4, 4, 6, § 2.— Rarely with a pron. poss.:

edepol ne meam operam, etc.,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 1. (All passages in which ne stands in classic prose without a pronoun are probably corrupt; cf. Haase in Reisig's Vorles. p. 379 sq.; v. Liv. 26, 31, 10; 34, 4, 16 Weissenb.)

nē (old forms nei and ni; v. the foll.), adv. and conj., the primitive Latin negative particle, no, not; whereas the negative particle non is a derivative (v. non init.) [prob. of pronominal origin; cf. the Anglo-Saxon na and ne (Engl. no), whence naht (Engl. not) is derived; Sanscr. na, not].

Adv., with a single word of a proposition (in early Latin): NE MINVS TRINVM NOVNDINVM, not less than, etc., S. C. de Bacch.; cf. with DVM NE MINVS SENATORIBVS C. ADESENT, twice in the same S. C.;

and in the form ni: DVM NI MINVS VIGINTI ADSIENT,

Inscr. Grut. 207, 3. So too:

DVM NE AMPLIOREM MODVM PRATORVM HABEANT QVAM, etc.,

Inscr. Orell. 3121 (Sententia de finibus inter Genuates et Viturios regundis lata A. U. C. 637). So, ne minores (verres) quam semestres, Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 21. In the time of Plautus the usage was unsettled, non and ne being used indifferently for simple negation; cf. Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 105; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. 1156.—

To this is allied the adverbial use of ne in all periods of the language.

Ne... quidem, applies the negation with emphasis to the word between them, not even:

ne sues quidem id velint, non modo ipse,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 38, 92:

ne in oppidis quidem... ne in fanis quidem,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 2:

Philippus non item: itaque ne nos quidem,

id. Att. 14, 12, 2:

nulla ne minima quidem aura fluctus commovente,

id. Tusc. 5, 6, 16:

non potest dici satis, ne cogitari quidem, quantum, etc.,

id. Mil. 29, 78:

vita beata, quam ne in deo quidem esse censes, nisi, etc.,

id. N. D. 1, 24, 67:

ut in foro et in judicio... ne non timere quidem sine aliquo timore possimus,

id. Mil. 1, 2:

ne tondere quidem Vellera possunt,

Verg. G. 3, 561;

so after a negative, repeating it with emphasis: non enim praetereundum est ne id quidem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, § 155:

nulla species ne excogitari quidem potest ornatior,

id. de Or. 3, 45, 179:

non praetermittam ne illud quidem,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 2:

Caesar negat se ne Graeca quidem meliora legisse,

id. ib. 2, 16, 5:

numquam illum ne minima quidem re offendi,

id. Lael. 27, 103; Liv. 28, 42, 16; but when ne... quidem precedes, the negative of the principal verb is omitted:

sine quā ne intellegi quidem ulla virtus potest,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 13, 31:

neque enim ipsius quidem regis abhorrebat animus,

Liv. 29, 12, 10: ne quidem (with no intervening word), not even (late Lat.), Gai Inst. 1, 67; id. ib. 3, 93.—

In composition, to make an absolute negation of the principal idea. So in neque and nequiquam; also in nescio and nevolo; and in nefas, nefandus, nepus (for non purus), nequeo, neuter, neutiquam; in nemo, nego, nihil, nullus, numquam, and nusquam; and, lastly, with a paragogic c before o: necopinans and neglego; negotium (i. e. nec-lego; nec-otium). —

With a proposition (in all periods of the language, and exclusively),

In imperative sentences, to signify that something must not be done.

With imper.: SI HOMINEM FVLMEN IOVIS OCCISIT, NE SVPRA GENVA TOLLITOR, let him not be raised, Leg. Reg.: HOMINEM MORTVVM IN VRBE NE SEPELITO NEVE VRITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Cic. Leg. 2, 23; cf.: MVLIERES GENAS NE RADVNTO NEVE LESSVM FVNERIS ERGO HABENTO, ib.: SI NOLET, ARCERAM NE STERNITO, let him not spread, he need not spread, ib. (cf. Gell. 20, 1, 25):

VECTIGAL INVITEI DARE NEI DEBENTO,

Inscr. Orell. 3121; cf.

art. ni, II.: abi, ne jura: satis credo,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 20; 4, 5, 5:

ah, ne saevi tantopere,

Ter. And. 5, 2, 27:

impius ne audeto placare donis iram deorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

ne, pueri, ne tanta animis assuescite bella,

Verg. A. 6, 832.—

With subj.:

ne me moveatis,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 9, 1:

si certum est facere, facias: verum ne post conferas Culpam in me,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 96:

si denique veritas extorquebit, ne repugnetis,

Cic. Clu. 2, 6:

ne pudori Sit tibi Musa lyrae sollers,

Hor. A. P. 406.—

In wishes and asseverations: ne id Juppiter Opt. Max. sineret, etc., might Jupiter forbid it! etc., Liv. 4, 2; cf.:

ne istuc Juppiter Opt. Max. sirit, etc.,

id. 28, 28.—With utinam: utinam ne in nemore Pelio securibus Caesa accedisset abiegna ad terram trabes, would that not, Enn. ap. Cic. Top. 16, 61 (Trag. v. 280 Vahl.): utinam ne umquam, Mede Colchis cupido corde pedem extulisses, Enn ap. Non. 297, 18 (Trag. v. 311 ib.):

illud utinam ne vere scriberem!

Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 3; v. utinam.—With si:

ne vivam, si scio,

may I not live, may I die, if I know, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 8:

sed ne vivam, si tibi concedo,

id. Fam. 7, 23, 19:

ne sim salvus, si aliter scribo ac sentio,

id. ib. 16, 13, 1.—

In concessive and restrictive clauses (conceived as softened commands; cf. II. init.).

In concessions, nemo is, inquies, umquam fuit. Ne fuerit:

ego enim, etc.,

there may not have been; suppose there was not, Cic. Or. 29, 101; cf.:

pugnes omnino, sed cum adversario facili. Ne sit sane: videri certe potest,

id. Ac. 2, 26, 85; 2, 32, 102:

ne sit sane summum malum dolor: malum certe est,

id. Tusc. 2, 5, 14:

ne sint in senectute vires: ne postulantur quidem vires a senectute,

id. Sen. 11, 34:

ne sit igitur sol, ne luna, ne stellae, quoniam nihil esse potest, nisi quod attigimus aut vidimus,

id. N. D. 1, 31, 88; Liv. 31, 7:

nec porro malum, quo aut oppressus jaceas, aut, ne opprimare, mente vix constes?

though you be not crushed; supposing you are not crushed, Cic. Tusc. 4, 17, 39.—

In restrictive clauses:

sint sane liberales ex sociorum fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus aerarii, ne illi sanguinem nostrum largiantur, etc.,

only let them not; if they only will not, Sall. C. 52, 12. So, dum ne, dummodo ne, modo ne, and dum quidem ne; v. dum and modo: me vero nihil istorum ne juvenem quidem movit umquam: ne nunc senem, much less now I am old = nedum, Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 2; cf.:

vix incedo inanis, ne ire posse cum onere existumes,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 174: scuta si homines inviti dant, etsi ad salutem communem dari sentiunt: ne quem putetis sine maximo dolore argentum caelatum domo protulisse, much less can you suppose, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 52; Liv. 3, 52.—

In clauses which denote a purpose or result.

Ut ne, that not, lest, so that not (very rare after the August. period; in Livy only in a few doubtful passages; in Cæsar, Seneca, and Tacitus not at all; v. under II.): quos ego ope meā Pro incertis certos... Dimitto, ut ne res temere tractent turbidas, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 1, 45, 199 (Trag v. 189 Vahl.): vestem ut ne inquinet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 17. pergunt turbare usque, ut ne quid possit conquiescere, id. Most. 5, 1, 12:

haec mihi nunc cura est maxima, ut ne cui meae Longinquitas aetatis obstet,

Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 19:

ego, pol, te ulciscar, ut ne impune nos illuseris,

id. Eun. 5, 4, 19:

excitandam esse animadversionem et diligentiam, ut ne quid inconsiderate negligenterque agamus,

Cic. Off. 1, 29, 103:

equidem soleo dare operam, ut de suā quisque re me ipse doceat, et, ut ne quis alius assit, quo, etc.,

id. de Or. 2, 24, 102.—

Ut... ne separated:

quam plurimis de rebus ad me velim scribas, ut prorsus ne quid ignorem,

Cic. Att. 3, 10, 3:

ut causae communi salutique ne deessent,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 63, § 140:

lata lex est, ne auspicia valerent, ut omnibus fastis diebus legem ferri liceret: ut lex Aelia, lex Fufia ne valeret,

id. Sest. 15, 33; id. N. D. 1, 7, 17:

vos orant atque obsecrant, judices, ut in actore causae suae deligendo vestrum judicium ab suo judicio ne discrepet,

id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 14.—

Qui ne, quo ne, and quomodo ne (ante- and post-class. for ut ne):

ego id agam, mihi qui ne detur,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 35:

moxque ad aram, quo ne hostis dolum persentisceret, aversusque a duce assistit,

Dict. Cret. 4, 11: quaeritis maximis sumptibus faciendis, quomodo ne tributa conferatis, Gr. hôs mê, Rutil. Lup. 1, 9.

In the several uses of the adv. ne, described above, the transition to its use to connect clauses is clearly seen (v. esp. I. B. 3. and 4.). In intentional clauses, and after verbs of fearing and avoiding, ne becomes a conjunction.

In intentional clauses for ut ne, that not, lest: nolite, hospites, ad me adire: ilico isti! Ne contagio mea bonis umbrave obsit, approach me not; let not my presence harm you, i. e. lest my presence should harm you, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 12, 26 (Trag. v. 405 Vahl.):

omitto innumerabiles viros, quorum singuli saluti huic civitati fuerunt... ne quis se aut suorum aliquem praetermissum queratur,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1; 1, 7, 12; 1, 5, 9:

Caesarem complexus obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20.—Esp. after verbs expressing forethought, care, etc.:

vide sis, ne quid imprudens ruas,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 128:

considera, ne in alienissimum tempus cadat adventus tuus,

Cic. Fam. 15, 14, 4:

Cocceius, vide, ne frustretur,

Cic. Att. 12, 18, 3 et saep.—

After verbs signifying to fear, frighten, etc. (esp. metuo, timeo, vereor, horreo, paveo, terreo, conterreo; also, timor est, metus est, spes est, periculum est), to express the wish that something may not take place; represented in English by that (because in English the particle depends on the idea of fearing, not of wishing):

metuo et timeo, ne hoc tandem propalam flat,

that it will be discovered, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 38:

timeo ne malefacta mea sint inventa omnia,

id. Truc. 4, 2, 61:

vereor ne quid Andria apportet mali,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 46:

metuebat ne indicarent,

Cic. Mil. 21, 57:

mater cruciatur et sollicita est, ne filium spoliatum omni dignitate conspiciat,

id. Mur. 41, 88:

hic ne quid mihi prorogetur, horreo,

id. Att. 5, 21, 3:

id paves, ne ducas tu illam, tu autem ut ducas,

Ter. And. 2, 2, 12:

esse metus coepit, ne, etc.,

Ov. M. 7, 715:

terruit gentīs, grave ne rediret Saeculum Pyrrhae,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 5:

non periclumst, nequid recte monstres,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 55:

pavor ceperat milites, ne mortiferum esset vulnus,

Liv. 24, 42 —

When the dependent clause is negative, with non or nihil, that not:

vereor ne exercitum firmum habere non possit,

Cic. Att. 7, 12, 2:

unum vereor ne senatus Pompeium nolit dimittere,

id. ib. 5, 18, 1:

timeo ne non impetrem,

id. ib. 9, 6, 6; id. Tusc. 1, 31, 76.—

With the negative before the verb:

non vereor, ne quid temere facias,

Cic. Fam. 2, 7, 1; 2, 1, 4:

timere non debeo, ne non iste illā cruce dignus judicetur,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 67, § 171.—

After verbs signifying to avoid, warn, hinder, forbid, refuse (caveo, impedio, resisto, interdico, refuto, rarely veto), instead of the simple object, that not, lest:

qui cavet, ne decipiatur, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:

cavete, judices, ne nova proscriptio instaurata esse videatur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 53, 153; id. Fam. 3, 12, 4;

v. caveo: casus quidam ne facerem impedivit,

Cic. Fat. 1, 1:

unus ne caperetur urbs causa fuit,

Liv. 34, 39. [p. 1194]

- nĕ (also apocopated n' and only n), interrog. and enclit. part. [weakened from nē]. It simply inquires, without implying either that a negative or an affirmative reply is expected (cf. num, nonne), and emphasizes the word to which it is joined;

which is always, in classic Latin, the first word of the clause (ante- class. after other words: sine dote uxoremne?

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 94; 1, 2, 141; id. As. 5, 2, 78; id. Mil. 3, 1, 92). In direct questions it is translated by giving an interrogative form to the sentence; in indirect interrogations by whether.

In direct interrogations, with indic.:

meministine me in senatu dicere? etc.,

Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7:

potestne rerum major esse dissensio?

id. Fin. 3, 13, 44:

tune id veritus es?

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 1:

jamne vides, belua, jamne sentis? etc.,

id. Pis. 1, 1:

quid, si etiam falsum illud omnino est? tamenne ista tam absurda defendes?

id. N. D. 1, 29, 81; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 15, 44:

quiane auxilio juvat ante levatos?

Verg. A. 4, 538:

tun' te audes Sosiam esse dicere?

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 217:

valuistin?

id. Trin. 1, 2, 12.—After an elided s:

satin habes, si feminarum nulla'st: quam aeque diligam?

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 11:

pergin autem?

id. ib. 1, 3, 41:

vin commutemus?

id. Trin. 1, 2, 21 al. —

Esp. with rel. pron.; ellipt.: quemne ego servavi? i. e. do you mean the one whom? etc., Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 13: quodne vobis placeat, displiceat mihi? can it be that what pleases? etc., id. ib. 3, 1, 19; id. Merc. 3, 3, 12; id. Am. 2, 2, 65;

so quin for quine,

id. Trin. 2, 2, 79 Brix ad loc.; id. Bacch. 2, 3, 98; id. Most. 3, 2, 50 al.—So with ut and si:

utine adveniens vomitum excutias mulieri?

Plaut. Merc. 3, 3, 15; id. Rud. 4, 4, 19:

sin, saluti quod tibi esse censeo, id. consuadeo,

id. Merc. 1, 2, 32.—

In indirect interrogations, with subj., whether:

ut videamus, satisne ista sit justa defectio,

Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 43:

Publilius iturusne sit in Africam et quando, ex Aledio scire poteris,

id. Att. 12, 24, 1:

videto vasa, multane sient,

Cato, R. R. 1:

quem imitari possimusne, ipse liber erit indicio,

Varr. L. L. 7, § 4 Müll.; cf. id. ib. 10, § 9.—

Sometimes affixed to an interrogative pronoun, Plaut. Cist. 4, 1, 2:

quone malo mentem concussa? Timore deorum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 295; cf.:

uterne Ad casus dubios fidet sibi certius?

id. ib. 2, 2, 107; and:

illa rogare: Quantane?

id. ib. 2, 3, 317.—

-ne is sometimes used for nonne, where an affirmative reply is expected:

misine ego ad te epistulam?

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 22; id. Trin. 1, 2, 92; 99; id. Most. 2, 1, 15:

rectene interpretor sententiam tuam,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 17, 37; id. Fin. 2, 32, 104.—

Rarely = num:

potestne virtus servire?

Cic. de Or. 1, 52, 226:

potesne dicere?

id. Tusc. 1, 27, 67; id. Sen. 16, 56.—

With an, annon, or anne, in the second interrogation, v. an.—With necne, v. neque.—Sometimes pleonastic with utrum, followed by an (mostly anteclass.):

est etiam illa distinctio, utrum illudne non videatur aegre ferendum... an, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 27, 59:

sed utrum strictimne attonsurum dicam esse an per pectinem, nescio,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 18 Brix ad loc.; id. Most. 3, 1, 151; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 42; cf. Madv. Gram. § 452, obs. 1.—Sometimes, in the second interrogation, ne for an (mostly poet.):

Smyrna quid et Colophon? Majora minorane fama?

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 3:

ut in incerto fuerit, vicissent victine essent,

Liv. 5, 28, 5:

cum interrogaretur, utrum pluris patrem matremne faceret,

Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4.

nē, interj. (incorrectly written nae), = nai, nê, truly, verily, really, indeed (only joined with pers. pron. ego, tu, and with the demonstratives ille, iste, hic, and their advv.; in class, prose usually with a conditional clause).

In gen.:

ne ego homo infelix fui, Qui non alas intervelli,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 169; cf.:

ne ego haud paulo hunc animum malim quam, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 99:

ne ego, inquam, si ita est, velim tibi eum placere quam maxime,

id. Brut. 71, 249. So, ne tu, etc., id. Phil. 2, 2, 3; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 54; Liv. 26, 6, 15: ne ille, Naev. ap. Non. 73, 18 (Trag. Rel. p. 9 v. 40 Rib.); Plaut. Ps. 3, 1, 3; Cic. Cat. 2, 3, 6:

ne iste,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 24; id. Heaut. 4, 1, 8 al.—

Connected with other affirmative particles, as hercle, edepol, mecastor, medius fidius:

ne tu hercle,

Plaut. As. 2, 4, 6; id. Curc. 1, 3, 38: ne ille hercle, id. Bacch. 2, 3, 76:

edepol ne ego,

id. Men. 5, 5, 10:

edepol ne tu,

id. ib. 1, 2, 50:

ne ista edepol,

id. Am. 2, 2, 213:

ne istuc mecastor,

id. Men. 5, 1, 34 (729 Ritschl):

ne ille, medius fidius,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 30, 74; cf.:

medius fidius ne tu,

id. Att. 4, 4, 6, § 2.— Rarely with a pron. poss.:

edepol ne meam operam, etc.,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 1. (All passages in which ne stands in classic prose without a pronoun are probably corrupt; cf. Haase in Reisig's Vorles. p. 379 sq.; v. Liv. 26, 31, 10; 34, 4, 16 Weissenb.)